Notes and References

Abbreviations

Austrian Academy Autobiography prepared for Austrian Academy (see Chapter I, note 4) Butterfield Herbert Butterfield, 'George Peabody Gooch', in Proceedings of the British Academy (see Chapter I, note 2) CR The Contemporary Review. From Chapter 9 onwards, straight periodical references simply containing volume and page numbers normally refer to CR. G.PP. The G. P. Gooch papers Hirsch Felix E. Hirsch, 'George Peabody Gooch', in The Journal of Modern History (see Chapter I, note 2) Selbstdarstellung S. Steinberg (ed.), Die Geschichts• wissenschaft der Gegenwart in Selbstdar• stellungen (see Chapter I, note 7) What I Believe Sir James Marchant (ed.), What I Believe (see Chapter I, note 7)

In the following notes works by G. P. Gooch are cited without author reference.

Chapter 1 : Childhood

1. Holmes-Laski Letters, The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold]. Laski 1916-1935. edited by M.D. Howe (Oxford, ILondon, I

Hirsch, 'George Peabody Gooch', The Journal of Modern History, 26 (I954) 26o-7I (cited as 'Hirsch' hereafter); Fred L. Hadsel, 'George Peabody Gooch', in S. William Halperin (ed.), Some 2oth Century Historians (Chicago, I96I) pp. 2 5 5-76; Herbert Butterfreld, 'George Peabody Gooch', Proceedings of the British Academy, 55 (I97I) JI I-38 (hereafter cited as Butterfreld); Frank Eyck, 'G. P. Gooch', in W. Laqueur and G. L. Mosse (eds), Historians in Politics (London, I974) pp. !6?-90. A bibliography of Gooch's writings up to about I960 is to be found in A. 0. Sarkissian (ed.), Studies in Diplomatic History and Historiography in Honour of G. P. Gooch (Loudon, I96I) pp. 383-94 (compiled by Felix E. Hirsch). Dr Christine Krawarik kindly put a copy of her I 97 2 University of Vienna doctoral thesis on G. P. Gooch at my disposal. I was unable to consult Theresa Ulrich's I 954 Vienna dissertation on G. P. Gooch. 3· Under Six Reigns, pp. I-6, I 3; Burke's Peerage; Crockford's Clerical Directory; All Saints', North Peckham, Monthly Record; information from the Gooch, Blake, and related Sewell families; the G. P. Gooch papers, hereafter cited as G.PP. 4· Autobiography prepared for Austrian Academy about I949 (hereafter cited as Austrian Academy) (G.PP.) 5· Under Six Reigns, p. 6. 6. Information by courtesy of Patrick Strong, Keeper of College Library Collections, Eton College. 7· S. Steinberg (ed.), Die Geschichtswissenschaft der Gegenwart in Selbstdarstellungen, vol. 2 (Leipzig, I926) pp. r I r-32 (sep. I-22), (hereafter cited as Selbstdarstellung); Austrian Academy, p. I; Sir James Marchant (ed.), What I Believe (London, n.d. (about I953)) pp. 37-48 (hereafter cited as What I Believe); Under Six Reigns, pp. 6-8. H. Selbstdarstellung, p. 1; Austrian Academy, p. 1; What I Believe, p. 38; Under Six Reigns, pp. 6-8; conversations between Gooch and the author. 9· Under Six Reigns, p. 9. 10. Ibid., p. I I. 11. Selbstdarstellung, p. r. In later and fuller autobiographical writings, Laughton's part in Gooch's decision to choose history as his major interest is reduced. Sec Austrian Academy, p. 2; Under Six Reigns, p. 10, which contains some criticism of his teacher; also Buttt:rfreld, p. 3 I I . I 2. What I Believe, p. 38. I 3· Under Six Reigns, p. IO. I 4· Ibid., p. 9· I 5· Ibid. I6. Ibid. I7. Ibid., p. IO. I H. Ibid., pp. 8-I o. I 9. The Centenary History of King's College London 1828-1928 (London, I 929) on which the story of the college is based. 20. Ibid., p. 341. 2 I. Under Six Reigns, pp. 9-I 2. 22. Ibid., pp. 9-I4. 23. What I Believe, p. 3X. Notes and Riferences 453

Chapter 2: Cambridge

1. The Cambridge Review, 13 (22 October 1H91) 30. 2. Ibid., 14(I3 October 1H92)9-II. J. Under Six Reigns, p. 1 5· 4· From John Cowper Powys, Autobiography (London: John Lane The Bodley Head, 1934) pp. 1Ho-I, 185-6, 193. 5· Information kindly provided by Dr R. Robson of Trinity Colle)!;e. 6. This is confirmed by G. M. Trevelyan in a letter to Professor Felix Hirsch, quoted in Hirsch, p. 261 : 'Already as an under)!;raduate that extraordinary scholar [G. P. Gooch] was more learned in the sources of modern history than anyone in Cambridge except Lord Acton'. 7· Powys, Autobiography, p. I So. X. Selbstdarstellung, p. 3, in which Gooch still refers to the political unity of Europe, whereas in his autobiography he toned this down to its diplomatic unity; Under Six Reigns, pp. I7-20; Wl1at I Believe, pp. 38~. See now also Deborah Wormell, Sir John Seeley and the Uses of History (Cambridge University Press, 19Xo). 9. The Cambridge Review, 1 5 ( 1 89 3) 86-7. 10. Ibid., I 5 !OJ. 1 I. The last two sentences are taken from What I Believe, p. 39· 12. What I Believe, p. 39; Under Six Reigns, p. I 3· I 3· Under Six Reigns, p. 26. I4. What I Believe, p. 39· I5. The Cambridge Review 15 414. The other one was W. F. Reddaway of King's, who was also to become a historian. The special subjects chosen by Gooch were the Gothic Kingdom in Italy and tenth-century Germany. I6. Ibid., 314. 17. Ibid., 17 ( 5 March I 896) 242. 1S. Ibid., 16 170. See also p. 206, which announced the names of two others whom the examiners regarded as having submitted essays of unusual excellence. I9. G.PP., Thackeray, p. 172. 20. Ibid., pp. I6-I7. 2 I. Ibid., pp. I 7-I 8. 22. Ibid., pp. I7ff 23. Ibid., p. 40. 24. Ibid., p. 4 1. 25. Ibid., p. 51. 26. Ibid., pp. 5 I-2. 27. Ibid., p. 56. 28. Ibid., p. 64. 29. Ibid. p. So. JO. Ibid., p. 8 I. JI. Ibid. J2. Ibid., pp. 8 I-2. 33· Ibid., pp. 82-5. 34· Ibid., P· I I I. 35· Ibid., pp. IIo-I8. J6. Ibid., pp. I 54-5· 37. Ibid .. p. I 56. 454 Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

J8. Ibid .• p. I 57· 39· Ibid., p. I 58. 40. Ibid., pp. I64-8. 41. Ibid., p. I72-3. 42. G.PP. 43· Under Six Rei!!,nS, pp. 3o-1. 44· G.PP., Defoe, p. 4· 45· Ibid., pp. 2\rJO. 46. Ibid., pp. II-12. 47· Ibid., p. IS. 4S. Ibid., p. 93· 49· Ibid., p. I o6. so. Ibid., p. I I4. 5 I. Ibid., p. I I<). 52. Ibid., p. I2o. 53· Ibid., p. 127. 54· Ibid., p. I JO. 55· Ibid., p. I4L s6. Ibid., p. I42. 57· Ibid., p. 236. ss. Ibid., p. 252. 59· Under Six Rei!!,nS, p. v.

Chapter 3: Lord Acton

1. Under Six Rei!!,nS, p. 41. 2. 'Dem ich geistig das meiste verdanke.' Selbstdarstellun!!,. p. 8. For Gooch's view of Acton, see also Chapter 8. 3· W. Goetz, 'Das gelehrte Suchen nach einer Glaubensgewissheit', in Historiker in meiner Zeit (Cologne, I957) pp. I75-6. 4· See also Chapter 8. 5· Under Six Rei!!,nS, pp. 4 I-2. 6. Ibid .• p. 41. 7· Ibid. S. Quoted from Maria Theresa and Other Studies (London, I

I<). Gooch, Chambers Encyclopaedia on Lord Acton, vol. I I959 edition, pp. 52-3. 20. See Chapter <). 21. I2 May I8<)6, Acton papers. 22. 4 May I 897, Acton papers. 23. 2I September I897 (G.PP.). 24. An Autobiography and Other Essays (London: Longman, I949) p. I4. 25. Under Six Reigns, p. 3 I. 26. Ibid. 27. 4 November 1!8<)7. Acton Papers. For Acton see also, inter alia, Gertrude Himmelfarb, Lord Acton: A Study in Conscience and Politics, (London, I952); G. E. Easnacht, Acton's Political Philosophy (London, I952); H. 13utterfteld, Lord Acton, Historical Association pamphlet (London, I948). 28. An Autobiography, p. I 8. A tribute to G. M. Trevelyan by Gooch is to be found in Historical Surveys and Portraits (London, I<)66) pp. 254-8 (hereafter cited as Historical Surveys and Portraits). For Trevelyan now see Mary Moorman, George Macaulay Trevelyan. A Memoir (London: Hamish Hamilton, I98o). 29. Under Six Reigns, p. 31. 30. An Autobiography, p. 21. 31. Under Six Reigns, p. 56. 32. The History of English Democratic Ideas in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge University Press, I8g8) p. r (hereafter cited as The History of English Democratic Ideas). 33· Ibid., p. 2. In the second edition, the words from 'chiefly' to 'matter' were omitted and replaced by 'at ftrst '. 34· Ibid., p. 4· 35· Ibid., pp. 6-7. 36. Ibid., p. 8. 37· Ibid., p. 9· 38. Ibid., p. I<). 39· Ibid., pp. 73tr 40. Ibid., pp. 102ff. 41. Ibid., p. Ios. 42. Ibid., p. I 23. 43· Ibid., p. I70. 44· Ibid., p. I95· 45· Ibid., p. 204. 46. Ibid., p. 205. 47· Ibid., p. 225. 48. Ibid., p. 270. 49· Ibid., p. 271. so. Ibid., p. 272. 51. Ibid., p. 275. 52. Ibid., p. 273. 53· Ibid., p. 282. 54· Ibid., p. 286. 55· Ibid., p. 292. 56. He had, like Ludlow, signed the death warrant of Charles I. 57· The History of English Democratic Ideas, pp. 306-7. 58. Ibid., p. JI8. 456 Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

59· G.PP. 6o. EnRlish Historical Review I 3 (I HyS) 7X4-5 (hereafter cited as EHR). 61. Austrian Academy, pp. 5-6; Under Six ReiRns, pp. 56-7. 62. A favourite expression of Gooch, even when speaking English. 63. Under Six ReiRns, p. 59· 64. Introductory Note to Annals dated January I

Chapter 4: Social Work

I. Quoted as a motto in A sa Briggs, Social ThouRht and Social Action. A Study of the Work of Seebolnn Rowntree, 1871-1954 (London, Ig6I). 2. Under Six ReiRns, p. 10X. 3· This is the term applied by Briggs to Seebohm Rowntree Ill his Rowntree biography, p. 3· 4· Under Six ReiRns, p. 6o; CR, I20 (August, I921) I7H-Sy. 5· The late Professor John Hawgood, a well-known scholar, told the author that Gooch helped to arouse his interest in history by a lecture he gave at his school.. 6. Under Six ReiRns, p. 61. 7· Ibid.; see also Gooch's BBC radio interview of 2 November I965. H. Under Six ReiRns, p. 62. g. See the section on King's College, London, in Chapter 1. IO. Under Six ReiRnS, p. 65. I 1. G.PP., Defoe, p. 83. I 2. See Charles Loch Mowat, The Charity Organisation Society 186g--1913 (London, I 96 I) (hereafter cited as COS), by the distinguished historian and grandson of Sir Charles Loch, p. 2. I3. On the controversy, see Mowat, COS, pp. I2H-y; Canon Barnett, by his wife vol. 2 (Boston, I

Duncan M. Whyte, and to his colleagues F. H. Wrintmore, E. G. A. Bartlett and G. L. Dunkley for their assistance and encouragement. 23. Private information. 24. Under Six Reigns, pp. I43-6. 25. In G. P. Gooch and Sir Thomas Wittaker, The Temperance Question in Relation to Sociology and Economics (London, I906). 26. Ibid .• P· I 3. 27. Ibid., p. I4. 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid., pp. I 5-I6. 30. Under Six Reigns, p. 70.

Chapter 5: Boer War

r. Life of Lord Courtney (I920) p. 390 (hereafter cited as Courtney). 2. See Stephen Koss {ed.), The Anatomy of an Antiwar Movement: The Pro-Boers {Chicago, I973). 3· Statement of the aims of the Transvaal Committee preceding the preface to The War and Its Causes (London, I900). The pamphlet was ftrSt published late in I X99 (hereafter cited as The War and Its Causes). 4· Historical Surveys and Portraits, pp. 24 7-5 3· 5· Under Six Re(gns, p. Xo. 6. Ibid., p. 8 r. 7. Ibid., pp. 8 I-2. X. Ibid., p. X2. 9. Cf. J. A. Hobson, The War in South Africa. Its Causes and E:fiects {I9oo). Reprinted in New York by Howard Fertig, I969, see particularly pp. IX9ff. IO. The War and Its Causes, p. IO. I I. Ibid., P· I I. I2. Ibid., pp. I I-I2. I 3· Ibid., P· I 3· I4. Ibid., p. I6. I 5. Ibid., P· I 7. I6. Ibid., p. IS. I7. Ibid., p. 20. I 8. See also the reference in Under Six Reigns, p. 72, to the Boer farmers with 'their contempt for the native'. I9. The War and its Causes, p. 26. 20. Ibid., p. 30. 2r. Ibid., p. 33· 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid., p. 34· 24. Under Six Reigns, p. 76. 25. Duncan to Gooch, 27 November I90I (G.PP.). 26. Duncan to Gooch, 5 April I902 (G.PP.). 27. Duncan to Gooch, 23 November I902 (G.PP.). 28. The Heart of the Empire. Discussions of Problems of Modern City Life in England (London: T. Fisher Unwin, I90I) {hereafter cited as Tl~e Heart of the Empire). Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

29. Ibid., p. 309. 30. Cf. his article on the Elections in Austria, Westminster Review, 154 (1900) 6rsr-25. See also Chapter 6. 31. See Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Rtiform (Cambridge, Mass, 1960), Chapter II. 32. The Heart of the Empire, pp. 3 I r-12. 33- Ibid., p. JI6. 34· lbid., p. 318. 35· Ibid., p. 319. 36. Ibid., p. 320. 37· Ibid., pp. 32I-2. 38. Ibid., p. 322. 39· Ibid., p. 323. 40. Ibid., p. 323. 41. Ibid., p. 325· 42. Ibid., p. 328. 43· Ibid., p. 329· 44· Ibid., p. 3JO. 45· Ibid., p. 33 r. 46. Ibid., p. 3 I7. 47· Ibid., p. 341. 48. Ibid., p. 342. 49· Ibid., p. 343· so. Ibid., p. 361. 5 r. Ibid., p. 362. 52. Ibid., p. 373· 53· Ibid., p. 374· 54· Ibid., p. 382. 55· Ibid., p. 386. s6. Ibid., pp. 387-8. 57· Ibid., p. 389. 5H. Ibid., p. 390. 59· Ibid., p. 39 r. 6o. Ibid., pp. 393-4. 6r. Ibid., pp. 395-6. 62. Ibid., p. 397· 63. Under Six Reigns, p. 86. 64. 3 July I90I. Bryce Papers. 65. Under Six Reigns, p. 81. 66. Ibid., p. H8.

Chapter 6: Marriage and Politics

1. 'The Elections in Austria', Westminster Review, I 54 {I9oo) 6Isr-25. 2. Ibid., p. 623. J. Under Six Reigns, pp. 9o--r. 4· Ibid., p. 91. 5· 15 June I 902 (Courtney papers). Notes and References 459

6. Gooch to Courtney, I 5 June I 902 (Courtney papers). The reference to a meeting with Bourchier at this time in Under Six Reigns, p. 93, was due to a slip of memory after more than half a century. 7· F. A. Kirkpatrick (ed.) Lectures on the History of the Nineteenth Century, (Cambridge, I902) (hereafter cited as Lectures). Delivered at the Cambridge University Extension Summer Meeting, August I902. 8. Under Six Reigns, p. 9 I. See now also Elizabeth Longford, A Pilgrimage of Passion -The Life of W. S. Blunt (London, I979). 9. Lectures, p. 278. I 0. Ibid .• p. 28 I. I I. Ibid:, pp. 287-8. I 2. Ibid., p. 286. I J. Ibid., p. 305. I4. Under Six Reigns, p. 93· I 5· This is clear from correspondence, for instance from her letters to Professor Hermann Oncken of I4June I939 in the Oncken papers, and to Dr F. W. Pick of 16 June and 5 July 1939 in the Pick papers. 16. Personal knowledge. The author had the privilege of getting to know Mrs Gooch during visits to Upway Corner, Chalfont StPeter, Buckinghamshire, the family home from I939 onwards. 17. See Gooch's article in Historical Surveys and Portraits, pp. 24o--3. I8. Bath Herald, 22July I903 p. 3; Under Six Reii!,nS, pp. 10o--4. 19. The Cambridge Modern History, vol. 8 (Cambridge, I904) pp. 754-90. 20. Ibid., p. 754· 21. Ibid., p. 757· 22. Under Six Reigns, pp. 95-8. 23. The Liberal View (London, I904). A series of articles on current politics by members of the '8o Club, with a Preface by Earl Spencer. Gooch's contribution is on pp. 88-93. 24. For instance to one of the founders, the Radical journalist William Clarke. See David Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald (London, 1977) p. 56. 25. His lecture on 'Upper Chambers in Germany and Austria-Hungary' was published in Second Chambers in Practice (London, 191 I) pp. 38-54. I am greatly indebted to Captain Stephen Roskill RN for drawing my attention to the importance of the Rainbow Circle for G. P. Gooch and for giving me much useful information on the subject, and to Mr S. S. Wilson for making available minute books. There is some material on the Rainbow Circle in the 1957 Cambridge M.Litt. thesis by Leonard Alfred Clark on 'The Liberal Party and Collectivism'. For the group see also, inter alia, J. A. Hobson, Confessions of an Economic Heretic (London, 1938) pp. 94-6; Viscount Samuel, Memoirs (London, I945) p. 24. 26. Under Six Reigns, p. 144· 27. J. A. Spender, The Life of ... Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (London, 1923) vol. I p. 263; vol. II pp. I47-9. 28. Under Six Reii!,nS, p. !OJ. 29. A. K. Russell, Liberal Landslide. The General Election of 1906 (Newton Abbot, I973) pp. 7I-2. 30. The author is indebted to the Librarian of theN ational Liberal Club for a copy of the election address. Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

31. G.PP. 32. Bath Chronicle, 11 January 1906. 33· Bath Herald, 16 January 1906. 34· Bath Chronicle, 1 8 January 1906. 35· Information from the President of the Bath Liberal Association, Mr E. Bowler, in 1970.

Chapter 7: Parliament

1. Under Six Reigns, p. 105. See now John Wilson, A Life of Sir Henry Campbell• Bannerman (London, 197 3) (hereafter cited as Campbell-Bannerman). 2. 'A New Life of Asquith' in Historical Surveys and Portraits, pp. 21o-I5; Under Six Reigns, pp. 13, 14

3 r. Ibid., p. 484. ]2. Frederick Mackarness (London, I922) p. 25. (Hereafter cited as Mackarness.) 33· Under Six Reigns, p. I I9. 34· Hansard, vo!. I59 (I906) col. I67, 2ojune; ibid., col. 637, zsJune. 35· Under Six Reigns, p. I I8. In his BBC interview in I965, Gooch described Churchill as the most unpopular member of the Liberal government. See note 2. 36. Thus, Gooch, Mackarness, C. F. G. Masterman and other Liberal MPs were upset by Elgin's speech on the Transvaal Constitution in the House of Lords on I 7 December I 906, because it did not appear to be f1rm enough on the ending of indentured Chinese labour. They turned to Winston Churchill on 24 January 1907 and at once received assurances from him. Randolph S. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, Companion volume 2 part 1 (London, I 969) pp. 643-4 (hereafter cited as Winston S. Churchi/1). 37· Sec Sir Keith Hancock, Smuts, vol. 1 (Cambridge, I962) pp. 222 and 224. JH. Hansard, vol. 193 (190H), col. H67, 27 July. 39. Mackarness, op. cit., pp. 3 I-2. This section on South Africa is based, in addition to the works quoted earlier, on Eric A. Walker, Lord de Villiers and His Times (London, 1925); G. H. L. Le May, British Supremacy in South Africa 1899"""1907 (Oxford, I96s); E. T. Cook, Rights and Wron.I(S of the Transvaal War (London, 1901); Richard Price, An Imperial War and the British Workin.l( Class (London, 1972). 40. Under Six Rei.l(ns, p. 29. 41. Letters from Andrews to Gooch, 16 February and 7 October 11J37· (G.PP.). On Andrews see also Bcnarsidas Chaturvedi and Marjorie Sykes, Charles Freer Andrews (London, 1949); and now Hugh Tinker, The Ordeal o(Love (Oxford, I 9Ho). I am greatly indebted to Horace Alexander, who collaborated with Andrews, and helped to carry on his work, for background information. 42. Mackarness, p. 37; 'Lord Morley', CR, 1 IJ (I923) 545-55. reprinted in a revised form in Historical Surveys and Portraits, pp. 11)H-2o9. 43· Under Six Rei.l(ns, p. 12H. 44· Mackarness, p. 39; Under Six Rei.l(ns, p. 12H. 45· The Albany Review, 2 (I9oH) p. 4H3. See note I4. 46. Hamard, vol. 19S (IIJOH) col. 21 I6tf. 47· Hansard, vol. I (11J09) col. 564. 4H. Mackarness, p. 40. 4IJ· Hansard, vol. 3 (I I)OIJ) col. I 27Xtf so. Mackarness, pp. 42tf. 51. Hansard, vol. 4 (IIJOIJ) col. 1640, 11 May; ibid., vol. '·col. 207, 1 H May. 52. Hansard, vol. (> ( IIJOIJ) col. 1545, 22 June. 53· Ibid., vol. H, col. IJIJS· 54· Ibid., col. 1347. S 5. Ibid., col. 2oH•Jtf 56. Hansard, vol. I 1 ( JIJOIJ) col. 21 .~2. 7 October; ibid., vol. 13, col. J41J, 25 N ovem her. 57· Under Six Reigns, p. 12X. sX. l;or imtance in Mackamess, pp. Jl)tf. S'J. Ibid., pp. 4X-I). (>O. Stanley A. Wolpert, Morley and India 1906--1910 (lkrkdey, 1IJ(>7), particularly p. I OJ. Gooch: A Study in History and Politics o1. G.PP. o2. For the actual relationship between Morley and Minto see Wolpert, Morley and India 190~1910, particularly pp. 5 and o; Stephen E. Koss, John Morley at the India Qtfice 1905-1910 (Newhaven: Yale University Press, I9o9). oJ. See also an analysis of Winston Churchill's attitude in thi-s period: 'On foreign policy he took the same wrong-headed position as other Radicals on the Left and in the Liberal Party'. Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2 p. 282. 04. The Albany Review, p. 485-o. See note I4- os. Hansard, vol. I07 (I90o) col. I049· 66. Keith Robbins, Sir Edward Grey (London, I97I), p. 175 (hereafter cited as Sir Edward Grey). 67. Courtney, pp. 5484>. 68. Hansard, vol. 189 (1908) col. I263/4, 28 May. 69. Under Six ReiJ(nS, p. 140. 70. Hansard, vol. 2 (I 909) col. IOI 1. 71. Letter of 8 December I9I I to the author's father, Erich Eyck. See also Zara S. Steiner, Tile ForeiJ(n Qtfice and ForeiJ(n Policy 1898-1914 (Cambridge, 1909). 72. The Albany Review, 2 (1908), 482. See note 14. 73· Ibid. 74· Under Six ReiJ(nS, pp. IJQ-1. 75· Hansard, vol. 150 (1906) col. 24. 76. Ibid., col. 715. 77· Under Six ReiJ(nS, p. IJO. 78. Ibid. 7'J· Hansard vol. 179 (1907) col. 1343· For the Denshawai incident, sentences and debate, see also Mackarness, p. 33; Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, pp. Ios-o. Xo. Under Six ReiJ(nS, p. 91. 81.. Tile Albany Review, 2 (1908), 482-3. 82. Hansard, vol. 183 (1908) col. 1073· 83. Ibid., vol. I89 (1908) col. 496, 2I May and vol. I98 (I908) col. 213, I7 December. 84. Under Six ReiJ(nS, p. IJ9· 85. Hansard, vol. 195 (1908), col. 973· 86. 13y questions in March and April 1909 about the treatment of 13ritish subjects and other Europeans in Tabriz by royalist troops, Hansard, vol. 2 (1909) col. 1205, 18 March and vol. J, col. 898, o April. 87. Hansard, vol. 2 (1909) col. 185o-I. 88. Hansard, vol. 7 ( 1909) col. 1827-31. 89. Under Six ReiJ(nS, p. IIJ. 90. See also Howard Weinroth 'Radicalism and Nationalism: An Increasingly Unstable Equation' in A. J. A. Morris (ed.), Edwardian Radicalism 190&--1914 (London, 197 4) pp. 21 8ff ')I. Hansard, vol. 190 (1908) col. zos-8, 4 June; Under Six ReiJ(nS, P· IJ7; Campbell-Bannerman, pp. 535ff ')2. He was a member of the committee for the Relief of Russian Exiles in Northern Russia and Siberia. See the appeal of 1908 attacking the 'exile system' and inhuman conditions in gaols (T. Fisher Unwin papers, by courtesy of the National Liberal Club). 'JJ. Courtney, p. 559· Notes and References

94· Hansard, vol. 6 (I

130. G.PP. Cf. Peter Clarke, Liberals and Social Democrats (Cambridge, I978). 131. Private information. 132. As reflected in the Gooch papers and in letters from and to Gooch in other collections of papers. 133. Under Six Rei}Zns, p. 147. 134. Ibid., pp. I47-8. 135· Hansard, vol. 4 ( I909) col. 40o-3. 136. The Government's Record 1906-1913. The Liberal Publication Department (London, I913) p. 238. 137. Under Six Rei}Zns, p. I48. See also Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 2, pp. 296ff. 138. The Enp,lish Review, 3 (1909) 697-706. I 3'>· Ibid.' p. 698. 140. Hansard, vol. 197 (1908) col. 678. 141. See now A. J. A. Morris, C. P. Trevelyan: 1870"-1958. Portrait of a Radical (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, I 978) (hereafter cited as C. P. Trevelyan). 142. Hansard, vol. 197 (1908) col. 1464. 143· Ibid., vol. 2 (I909) col. 1001. 144. Ibid., col. 1002. 145· Ibid., col. 1003. 146. Ibid., col. 101o-1I. 147· Ibid., col. 1025-30. 14H. 20 April I91J, Sir Charles Trevelyan papers. 149. 30 May 1921 (G.PP.). I so. G.PP. 1s 1. Bat/1 Chronicle, 19 March I 908. 152. Ibid., 2 April 1908. 1 53· See Henry Gooch's letter to G. P. Gooch of 20 October I943 (G.PP.). The present author had the privilege of meeting Sir Henry Gooch at a function of the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London during the 1950s. 1 54· Neal Blewett, The Peers, the Parties and the People. The General Elections of 1910 (London, I972) p. 50. 155. Hansard, vol. 195 (190H) col. 683. I 56. The Enp,lish Review' 3 ( 1909) 698-<). 157. Sec the tribute to Lord Samuel in Historical Surveys and Portraits, pp. 22

r 71. Text of election address dated I January I 91 o, by courtesy of the National Liberal Club. 172. Under Six Reigns, pp. 152-3. 173. Ibid., p. 158. I74· Roy Jenkins, Asquith (New York, 1964) p. 228 and appendix A. 175. Berkshirt Chronicle, 7 November I9I 3· 176. Henry Pelling, Social Geography of British Elections 1885-1910 (London: Macmillan, 1967) p. I 11. 177. Reading Standard, 8 November 1913. 178. Ibid., 25 October Il)l3. 179. Ibid., 24 October 1913. 180. Reading Mercury, 25 October 1913. I M1. Berkshire Chronicle, 24 October I 9 I 3. 1M2. See Chapter 8. 1MJ. Reading Standard, 8 November 1913. 184. Ibid. 185. Peter Rowland, Tile Last Liberal Governments, vol. 2 (London, 197r) p. 22Hn. IM6. G.PP. 1M7. History of Our Time 1885-1911 (Home University Library, II) II) pp. 24H-

Chapter 8: History and Historians

1. The Cambridge Modtrn History, vol. 12 (1910) pp. H16-50. 2. History and Historians, p. 14. J. Ibid., p. 47· 4· Ibid., p. so. 5· Ibid., p. 6I. 6. Ibid., p. 64. 7· Ibid., p. 67. H. Published in Studies in German History (London, 194M) pp. 21N6. 9. Leopold von Ranke, Geschichten der romanisclren und gmnanisclren Volker (Berlin, 1824). English translation by G. R. Dennis (London, 11)01)). 10. History and Historians, p. 7H. For an evaluation of Ranke's views on history see also inter alia Georg G. lggcrs, The German Conception of History (Middil'town, ComtL'Cticut, I969) pp. 63-H9, and the [British] Historical Association pamphlet G ..z6, Hans Liebeschiitz, Ranke (London, 1954). 11. History and Historians, p. Ho. I 2. Leopold von Ranke, Die serbische Revolution (Hamburg, 1H.zH). I J. History and Historians, pp. H4-5. . . 14. LL-opold von Ranke, Die romiscl!en Piipste (Berlin, I HJ4-6). Enghsh translatton by E. Foster and G. R. Dennis (London, ll)oH). 1 5· History and Historians, p. H6. Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

I 6. Leopold von Ranke, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Reformation (Berlin, 1 H39-43). English translation by S. Austin and R. A. Johnson (London, I<)oo). I 7· Leopold von Ranke, Neun Bucher Preussischer Geschichte (Berlin, I 84 7-8). English translation by Sir A. and Lady D. Gordon Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg and History of Prussia (London, I 849). 1 H. History and Historians, p. 91. I<). English translation by M.A. Garvey, Civil War and Monarchy in France (London, I 8 53). 20. Leopold von Ranke, Eng/ische Geschichte (Berlin, I 8 59 and I 868). English translation by C. W. Boase and C. W. Kitchin (Oxford, I875). 21. Leopold von Ranke, Ursprung und Beginn der Revolutionskriege (Leipzig, I 875). 22. History and Historians, p. 101. 23. Ibid. 24. Ibid .• p. I 02. 2 5· Ibid .. p. '.17· 26. Johann Gustav von Droysen, Geschichte der preussischen Po/itik (Berlin, I 8 5 5-86). 27. History and Historians, p. I 37· For Droysen, see also lggers, The German Conception of History, particularly pp. I 04ff. 2H. Heinrich von Sybel, Die Begriindung des Deutschen Reiches durch Wilhelm I (Munich, 1889-94). 29. History and Historians, p. 147. 30. Heinrich von Treitschke, Deutsche Geschichte im Neunzehnten ]ahrhundert (Leipzig, 1H7

56. See also Chapter 3· 57· History and Historians, p. 380. 58. G.PP. 59· History and Historians, p. 393. 6o. Ibid., pp. 398~. 61. Under Six Reigns, p. 166. 62. 24 July 1913, from Ambleside (G.PP.). 63. 7 April 1913, from Hotel Cecil in the Strand, London {G.PP.). 64. 25-6 April 1913 (G.PP.). 65. Undated (G.PP.). 66. History and Historians, p. 447· 67. 27 May 1914. Translated from the French original {G.PP.). 68. 14 June 1914 (University of Ghent Archives). 69. J. F. C. Hearnshaw, 'Review', History, 2 (1913) 143-7. 70. A. F. Pollard, 'Review', English Historical Review, 28 (1913) pp. 753-5. 71. E. Fueter, Geschichte der neueren Historiographie {Munich, 1911). 72. F. Meinecke, 'Review', Historische Zeitschrift, 112 (1914) 15o-4. 73· L. Halphen, 'Review', Revue Historique, 116 (1914) 153-5. 74· See notes 67 and 68. 75· I am very much indebted to Longman for the information on which my account is based, and for much other help. 76. See his correspondence with Professor Geyl between 1948 and 1955 (University Library, Utrecht).

Chapter 9: A Journal at War

1. Articles by these contributors were reprinted in centenary issues of the journal in 1966. 2. Gooch, CR, 208 (1966) 5· 3· J. Scott Lidgett, My Guided Life (London, 1936) pp. 165ff. 4· Tributes to him were paid in CR, 100 (1911) 301-7. 5· Under Six Reigns, p. 162; similar sentiments were voiced by Lidgett in My Guided Life, p. 167. 6. CR, 184 (1953) 64; Harold Roberts in E. T. Williams and Helen M. Palmer, Dictionary of National Biography 1951-1960 (1971) p. 635· For the history of the journal also see Gooch, 'The Centenary of the Contemporary Review', CR, 20H (1966) 4/· 7· Under Six Reigns, p. 172. 8. Ibid. 9· CR, 106, covering July-December 1914. 10. For R. W. Seton-Watson see now Hugh Seton-Watson eta/., R. W. Seton• Watson and the Yugoslavs: Correspondence, 1906-1941, 2 vols (London and Zagreb, 1976). Before the publication of that work, Professor Hugh St'"ton• Watson and Mr Christopher Seton-Watson, distinguished historians like their father, allowt-d the author to consult the R. W. St'"ton-Watson papers, for which he wishes to express his gratitude. I I. CR. 106 (1914) 174· Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

12. 25 October (Seton-Watson papers). 13. CR, 106 (1914) 174· 14. The title of Lord Vansittart's propaganda tract in World War II, Black Record (London, 194 I). 15. CR, 106 (1914) J2X. 16. Ibid., 329. 17. Ibid., 344· 18. Ibid., 345· 19. King was hostile to Seton-Watson, whose call-up later on he helped to engineer. Sec H. N. Fieldhouse, 'Noel Buxton and A. J. P. Taylor's "The Trouble Makers",' in Martin Gilbert (ed.), A Century of Conflict (London, 1966) p. J88. 20. 25 October 1914. In October 1944, when Seton-Watson was ill, Gooch recalled that he was given a mixture of bromide and valerian in 1914 and 1925, told to drink lots of milk, to do light reading, to have breakfast in bed and to take gentle exercise. He added: 'Complete surrender is an economy of time in the long run'. (Seton-Watson papers). 21. CR, 106 (1914) 630. 22. Ibid., 637. 23. Ibid., 7H9. 24. Seton-Watson Papers. 25. Ibid. 26. CR, IOH (1915) 579· 27. Ibid., 562. 28. Ibid., 563. 2<;. Ibid. 30. Gooch was aware of Charks Freer Andrews' friendship with Hardinge, the Viceroy of India, which bridged diltcrences of political outlook. Sec B. Chaturvedi and Marjoril· Sykes, Charles Freer Andrews (London, 1949) pp. 86f. 31. CR, 107 (1915) 526. 32. John Mackinnon Robertson (1856-1933), a junior minister from 1911 to 1915. 33· Confessions of an Economic Heretic (London, 19 38) pp. 94lt~ 34· Minutes of the Rainbow Circle, 9 June 1915. 35· CR, 107 (1915) 743-53. A revised version appeared in Studies in Modern History (London, 1931) pp. 2oH-32. The summary is based on the original version in CR, 107 (1915). 3li. Under Six ReiRns, p. 174. 37. Gooch toW. H. Dawson, 9 August 191H (Dawson papers). 38. 'German Theories of thl· State', CR, 107 (1915) 744· 3<;. Ibid., 745· 40. Ibid., 747· 41. Ibid., 749· 42. Ibid., 752. 43· Ibid., 753· 44· Morel liked contributing to CR, but apparently was not quite happy about the remuneration, which elicited this reply from Gooch: 'The Contemporary never pays more than £1 a page, however distinguished the writer. If you think you can dispose of your time better elsewhere, I shall not be a bit offended, as I did not make the rule.' (16 October, no year, Morel papers). Notes and References

45· Correspondence in the Morel Papers in the British Library of Political and Economic Science, London. 46. Under Six Reigns, p. 17 3; see also Gooch and Masterman, A Century of British Foreign Policy (London, 1917) pp. 91ff.; Gooch to W. H. Dawson, 25 November 1915, re Morocco: 'it was France's greatest blunder only to do grudgingly in 1911 what she should have done spontaneously in 1904'. (Dawson Papers). 47· CR, 108 (1915) 46-57. Cf. Marvin Swartz, The Union of Democratic Control in British Politics during the First World War (Oxford, 1971); H. M. Swanwick, Builders of Peace: Being Ten Years' History of the Union of Democratic Control (London, 1924). See now also the more recent study by Keith Robbins, The Abolition of War (Cardiff, 1976). 48. See Morris, C. P. Trevelyan. 49· 18 February 1916 (Seton-Watson papers). 50. See below. Under Six Reigns, pp. 172-4. 51. CR, 108 (1915) 256. 52· Ibid., 530. 53· 20 September 1915 (Seton-Watson papers). 54· See Trevelyan's letter to Gooch of 18 March 1919 published Ill Historical Surveys and Portraits, p. 2 58. 55· 13 January (Seton-Watson papers). 56. 18 February 1916 (Seton-Watson papers). 57· Gooch to Seton-Watson, 18 February 1916: 'I am now reading Mitteleuropa. Naumann is an old friend.' (Seton-Watson papers). 58. CR, 109 (1916) 392. 59· Ibid., 515. 6o. 13 April 1916. The Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Third Series, 10 (1916) 51-76. 61. Ibid., p. 65. 62. Ibid., p. 68. 63. Ibid., p. 76. 64. Germany and the French Revolution (London, 1920). 65. 12 April 1920 (G.PP.). 66. EHR, J6 (1921) IJ6-7. 67. Thus Gooch to Dorothy Henkel, 24 August 1916 (Henkel papers). 68. CR, 109 ( 1916) 664-5. 69. Under Six Reigns, p. 179. 70. The 'stroke of fate' apparemly relates to the pressure from some mothers at the school where Miss Henkel was teaching to have her removed from it. Termination was averted by transfer to another class. Actually Miss Henkel is the daughter of an Englishwoman. 71. To Dorothy Henkel, 17 August 1916 (Henkel papers). 72. The redoubtable Colonel Charles Repington. 73· 25 August 1916 (Noel Buxton papers). 74· CR, 110 (1916) 52X. 75· Ibid. 76. Seton-Watson to Gooch, 16 October 191() (Seton-Watson papers). 77· Under Six Rei;.ns, pp. 177-X. 78. 31 October 1916 (Seton-Watson papers). 470 Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

79. Gooch to Seton-Watson, 25 April, 1915 (Seton-Watson papers); Ur1der Six Reigns, p. 178. So. 21 April 1917 (Seton-Watson papers). 81. 27 August 1917 (Seton-Watson papers). 82. Letter of thanks from Lord Hardinge to Gooch, JJune 1919 (G.PP.); Under Six Reigns, p. z8o. 83. CR, 110 (1916) 8oo. 84. See also Stephen E. Koss, Fleet Street Radical (London, 1973). ss. CR, 111 (1917) 301. 86. 27 August (Seton-Watson papers). 87. 21 September (Dawson papers). 88. CR, 112 (1917) 18. 89. In general: A. J. P. Taylor, The Trouble Makers. Dissent over Foreign Policy 179z-1939 (London, 1957). 90. 31 March and 7 April 1917. 91. 31 March 1917. 92. 7 April 1917. 93· Herbert Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History (New York, 1965), particularly pp. 11 and 16. 94· The Races of Austria-Hungary (Union of Democratic Control, 1917) p. 9. 95· Ibid., p. 2. 96. Ibid., p. 17. 97· Ibid., p. 20. 98. Ibid., p. 18. 99· Ibid., p. IO. IOO. Ibid., p. 12. 101. Ibid., p. 19. 102. Ibid., p. 19. IOJ. Ibid., p. 20. 104. Ibid., p. 21. 105. A League of Nations (London, 1917) pp. 5-'1· 106. Ibid., p. 5· 107. Ibid., p. 5· 108. Ibid., p. 5· 109. Ibid., p. 5· 110. Ibid., p. 5· II I. Ibid., p. 6. I l.Z. Ibid.' p. 7. 113. G. P. Gooch and J. H. B. Masterman, A Century of British Foreign Policy (London, 1917). p. 51. 114. Ibid., pp. 6of. 115. Ibid., p. 61. I 16. Ibid., p. 64. 117. Ibid., p. 67. 118. lbid.,p.69. 119. Ibid., p. 71. uo. Ibid., p. 76. 121. Ibid., p. 82. 122. Ibid., p. 83. Notes and References 471

123. Ibid., p. S3. 124. Ibid., pp. 9S--6. us. Ibid., p. 97· 126. An unsigned review of the book in the October issue of CR drew attention to revelations since its publication which were found to modify interpretations of the Kaiser's attitude. CR, 112 (1917) 46S4). 127. A Century of British Foreign Policy, p. 107. uS. Ibid., pp. 10S4>. 129. Under Six Reigns, p. I7S· 130. 2S July and 21 September 1917 (Dawson papers). 131. CR, 112 (1917) 429. 132. 2S October (Dawson papers). 1 33· Minute book of Rainbow Circle. 134. CR, 112 (1917) 619. I3S· Ibid., 62S-3s. Gooch also published an obituary of Lord Morley in CR, 124 (1923) s4s-ss. which was reprinted in a revised form in his Historical Surveys and Portraits, pp. 19S-209. See also Under Six Reigns, pp. 1S4'"'90. 136. Morley to Gooch, 20 and 2S June, 14 August and 13 September 1917 (G.PP.). 137. G.PP. 13S. Morley to Gooch, 2S May and 6 June 1912, 26 March and 2 April 1913 (G.PP.). 139. Under Six Reigns, pp. 1Ss. 140. 'His hero was ... Turgor ... who ... might have saved his country from the horrors of revolution, had he been allowed to remain in office.' ( 192 3 obituary, p. S46). 141. Quoted from Under Six Reigns, p. 1S9. The analysis is that of the present writer. 142. Gooch, 1923 obituary, CR, 124, S47· 143. Ibid. 144· CR, 112 (1917) ISI. I4S· Morley was very happy with the article. Morley to Gooch, 18 November and 3 December 1917 (G.PP.). 146. CR, 112 (1917) 631. 147. Ibid. 14S. Ibid., 124 (1923) s4S. 149· Ibid., S49· ISO· CR, 112{1917) 631. ISI. p. 634. IS2· p.63S· IS3· CR, 124(1923) SS2. IS4· p. SS3· ISS· p. sso. I S6. pp. S S I-2. 1 S7· Under Six Reigns, p. 1Ss. ISS. 1923 obituary, CR, 124, SS4· 1 S9· Under Six Reigns, p. 1 S6. 160. Ibid. 161. Ibid., pp. ISo-1; H. W. Nevinson, Last Changes, Last Chances (London, 1928) p. 120. 472 Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

!62. CR,II3(I9I8)22. !63. Ibid. I64. Seton-Watson to Gooch, 3I January; Gooch to Seton-Watson, 3 February (Seton-Watson papers). Parts of the letter are now published in R. W. Seton• Watson and the Yugoslavs, vol. 1 p. 313. 165. CR, rr3 (r9r8) 262. I66. Ibid., 232. I67. Gooch had reviewed the first volume in September I9I6 in CR. I68. J. L. Hammond, C. P. Scott of the Manchester Guardian (London: George Bell, I934) P· I83. I69. CR. II3(I9I8)34S· I70. 'The learned Librarian of the London Library' (Under Six Reigns, p. 204). I7I. CR. II3 (I9I8) 599· I72- Ibid., 635. I 7J. Ibid., 6 36. I74· Including Courtney, pp. 547ff. I7S· CR, 113 (r9I8) 637. 176. G.PP. I 77· British Library of Political and Economic Science, Courtney papers. I78. Amongst others L. S. Amery, Lord Bryce, Professor Gilbert Murray, Lord Parmoor and Sir George Otto Trevelyan (G.PP.). I 79· The Times Literary Supplement, I July I920. I80. CR. I 14, IOI-2. I 8I. Ibid .• I 02. I 8 2. Ibid., I o 3. Courtney, whom Gooch informed about the views put forward in the book, thought Dillon 'a bit crazy'. He agreed with Gooch that Dillon overrated the Russian statesman. Courtney to Gooch, 8 May I9I8 (G.PP.). ISJ. I July 1918 (Dawson papers). I 84. For a different view of Dernburg see Fritz Fischer, Germany's Aims in the First World War (New York, I967), p. IS9 n. 2. Ills. CR, I I4, I2r. I 86. Ibid., I 24. I ll7. 9 August I9I 8 (Dawson papers). I ll8. 24 October I9I 8 (G.PP.). See also H. W. Nevinson, Last Changes, Last Chances, p. us. I89. Edith Durham to Gooch, 20July I9I8 (G.PP.). I90. Under Six Reigns, p. I63. I9I. Marvin Swartz, The Union of Democratic Control, p. 56 passim. I 92. David Ayerst, Guardian Biography of a Newspaper (London, I 97 I) pp. 40o-6; The History of The Times, vol. 4 (London, I9S2) p. 344, n. 1. I93· CR. I I4. s8s-6. I94· Ibid., 595-6. I 9 S. Dawson papers. I96. 9 December I9I8 (G.PP.). I97· On British propaganda in the First World War, see now Cate Haste, Keep the Home Fires Burning (London, I977). Notes and References 473

Chapter 10: The Debate on the Origins of the First World War

1. 'The Rise and Fall of the German Empire', Quarterly Review, 232 (October 1919) 368-9. 2. 22 April 1922 (Henkel papers). 3· 21 March 1923 (Henkel papers). 4· Quarterly Review, 232 (October 1919) 380. 5. When Gooch was seeking permission to publish from the writers of letters for his biography of Courtney, he did not approach the former Foreign Secretary, now Viscount Grey of Fallodon, directly, but through Professor Gilbert Murray, who had defended Grey's policy. Gooch to Murray, 28 October 1919 (Gilbert Murray papers). 6. Gooch to Dawson, 6 January 1919 (Dawson papers). 7· Under Six Reigns, pp. 181-2. 8. Gooch to Dawson, 6 January 1919 (Dawson papers). 9· Sisley Huddleston, 'Review of Peacemaking at Paris', CR, 116 (1919) 586-7. 10. Minutes of the Rainbow Circle for 8 October 1919. II. CR,I17(1920)292-3. 12. Minutes of Rainbow Circle for 27 October 1920. 13. Gooch to Dawson, 1 June 1920 (Dawson papers). 14. CR, I18 (1920) 9. 15. 'National Culture and World Citizenship', delivered at Steinway Hall, London, on Sunday morning, 7 September 1919. 16. Nationalism, a tract in G. Lowes Dickinson (ed.), Swarthmore International Handbooks, vol. 3 (London: Swarthmore Press, 1920) p. 125. 17. See also Under Six Reigns, p. 262. 18. Ralph Butler, 'Review of The New Eastern Europe', CR 115 (I9I9) 465-7; Gooch to Seton-Watson, 13 February, no year (Seton• Watson papers). 19. Gooch to Seton-Watson, nJune 1919 (Seton-Watson papers). 20. He so described CR when inviting contributions, e.g., from Colonel House, 20 September 1929 (Colonel House papers). 21. G.PP. 22. Under Six Reigns, pp. 197-8. 23. Ibid., p. 197. 24. Morley to Gooch, 1 I March 1920 (G.PP.); see also Under Six Reigns, p. 2I4. 25. See Gooch's address to the Universities Congress at Edinburgh, Mancllesttr Guardian, 6 April 1934· 26. Gooch to Dawson, 5 October 1919(Dawson papers); Under Six Reigns, p. 2I7. 27. William Rothenstein, Men and Memories. Recollections Jgoo-Jgzz(London, I932) p. 369 (hereafter cited as Men and Memories). See also the visitors' book for South Villa, 76 Campden Hill Road, which records a steady stream of visitors from Germany and Austria from the end of I9IH onwards (G.PP.). 2H. CR. 118 (I92o) 39-42. 29. Ibid., Hoi-H. 30. 9 August I920 (Dclbriick papers, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin) by kind permission of Frau Helene Hobe-Dclbriick. 3 1. Gooch to Delbriick, 1 November I 920 (Delbriick papers). 32· CR, I 19 (1921) 322-45; see also Undrr Six Rrigns, p. 200. 33· Under Six Rrigns, pp. 20o-1. 474 Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

34· CR, I 29 ( I926) I 8 I. 35· Ibid., I82. 36. Under Six Reigns, pp. 2I2-I 3; G.PP. 37· See Chapter 9. 38. Ward to Gooch, 3I October I9I8, 7 and I7 January and 26july I9I9; A. R. Waller (Secretary of Cambridge University Press) to Gooch, 3 I October I9I8 (G.PP.). 39. Sir Adolphus Ward and Gooch (eds), The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy 178]-1919 (Cambridge, I922-3) p.v. (Hereafter cited as The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy). 40. Ibid., p. vii. 41. Under Six Reigns, p. 264. 42. G.PP. 43· The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, p. 340. 44· Ibid., pp. 342-3. 45· Ibid., p. 366. 46. Ibid., p. 469. 47· Ibid., pp. 486-7. 48. Ibid., p. 499· 49· Ibid., p. 494· so. Ibid., pp. 507-8. 5 I. Under Six Reigns, p. 264. See also A. Headlam-Morley, Russell Bryant and Anna Cienciala (eds), Sir James Head/am-Morley. A Memoir of the Paris Peace Conference 1919 (London: Methuen, I972) with an introduction by Agnes Headlam-Morley. The author is grateful for the assistance given to him by Professor A. Headlam-Morley. p. History of Modern Europe 1878-1919 (London: Cassell) in Chapters I6-I9. 53. Letter to the editor of the Manchester Guardian at the end of February I 922 (G.PP.). 54· This is clear from listening to a recording of I928 on the causes of the war. 55· Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs, 3 ( I923) I-29. The quotation is on p. 26. 56. Ibid., p. 27. 57· Under Six Reigns, p. 265. 58. G.PP. 59· Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs, 3 ( I923) 4 7-8. See also Under Six Reigns, pp. 273-5. 60. Journal of the British Institute of International 4ffairs, 3 (I923) 25!)-60. 61. Under Six Reigns, p. 265. 62. See William Rothenstein, Men and Memories, p. 369. 63. Germany (London: Ernest Benn, I925). 64. Ibid., p. v. 65. Ibid., p. 206. 66. In the preface to Felix Hirsch, Gustav Stresemann (Gottingen, I964) p. 9· 67. Germany, p. 264. 68. FrancirGerman Relations 1871-1914 (London: Longman, I923). 69. Germany, p. 358. 70. Deutschland (Berlin: Ernst Wasmuth, I 92 s). Notes and References 475

71. The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell 184lr-78, 2 vols (London: Longman, I92S). See also Under Six Reigns, pp. 269"""70. 72. Press cuttings and reports to his wife in G.PP.; Under Six Reigns, pp. 2I9"""23· 73· David Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald (London, I977). 74· William Rothenstein, Men and Memories, p. 369; MacDonald to Mrs Gooch, 2 November I928, declining an invitation (G.PP.). 75· The present writer is greatly indebted to the Right Honourable Malcolm MacDonald OM for seeing him and giving him information. 76. To Dorothy Henkel, 2I December I923 (Henkel papers). 77· Gooch, 'Lord Haldane', CR, I34 (I928) 430. 78. Minutes of I 5 February I924. Public Record Office (hereafter cited as PRO), F.0.370/202, folio 7ff. 79· Ibid., folio 1. So. Memorandum of 29 April I924· Ibid., folio 3ff. 81. Minute of 30 April I924. PRO, F.0.370/202, unnumbered folio following 1. 82. The present writer is indebted to Miss Sibyl Crowe for discussing her father's work with him. 83. Minute of 30 April I924. 84. The word histories is underlined. 85. Minutes by Crowe of 30 April I924 and by MacDonald and Parmoor of I May. PRO, F.0.370/2o2, folio 2f. 86. 24 May I924. Ibid., folio I8ff. 87. 28 May I924. PRO, F.0.370/202, folio IIff. 88. Minute of 29 May I924. PRO, F.0.370/2o2, folio I3ff. 89. 30 May I924. Ibid., folio I4. 90· Minutes of 4 June I924. Ibid., folio I sf. 91. Original in G.PP., copy in PRO, F.0.370/202, folio 22f. 92. On 9 June I924. Ibid., folio 30ff. 93· Gooch had actually encouraged him to follow an academic career. The Times obituary of Kingsley Martin, I 8 February I 969. 94· Minute on letter from Rose Rosenberg to Walford Selby of 2july I924, PRO, F.0.370/202, folio 29. 95· Original in G.PP., copy in PRO, F.0.370/2o2, folio 52f. 96. PRO, F.0.37o/2o2, folio 48ff. 97· IS August I924· Ibid., folio 46. 98. Report by Gaselee of 20 August I924, PRO, F.0.370/2o2, folio 44ff. 99· Gooch wrote to Dorothy Henkel on 24 August I924 that after finishing his book on Germany 'there is awaiting me a new and important literary task of which you shall hear later' (Henkel papers). IOO. Crowe on 22 August I924, MacDonald on 25 August I924. PRO, F.0.37o/2o2, folio 45f. IOI. 9 September I924. PRO, F.0.37o/2o2, folio s6a. I02. IO September I924. PRO, F.0.37o/2o2, folio s6a. I03. Ibid., folio 57· I04. To Dawson, 28 October I924 (Dawson papers). IOS. To Dorothy Henkel, 24 August I924 (Henkel papers). Io6. 9 December I924 (Mendelssohn Bartholdy papers). I07. PRO, F.0.370/2o2, folio 98f. Io8. Ibid., folio 99· Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

109. The Times 12 November 1924. 110. The Times 15 November 1924. 11 I. Report on the publication of British Documents on the Origins of the War (hereafter cited as BD) by Headlam-Morley, Gaselee and Sir Maurice Hankey, dated 4 August 1928, p. 3, para. 7· By courtesy of· Mr C. J. Child of the Historical Section of the Cabinet Office, L 5138/5/402. The PRO reference is f.0.37o/290. 112. PRO, F.0.370/202, folio 118ff. 113. Translation of letter from German (G.PP.). 114. G.PP. 115. 9 December 1924 (Mendelssohn Bartholdy papers). 116. Under Six Reigns, p. 243· 117. Letter of condolence from Prebendary Wilson Carlile to Gooch, 30 January (G.PP.). 118. 20 October !1922 (G.PP.). 119. Information from Mr Bernard Gooch. 120. 5 February 1926 (Haldane papers, from the National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh). 121. Under Six Reigns, p. 224. 122. 1 October 1925 (William Rothenstein papers). 123. Official Report of 4 August 1928 on BD, p. 4, first footnote. 124. BD, XI p. vi. 125. The dispatches in which Headlam-Morley, Gooch and Temperley were interested were straightway set up in type and printed by the Foreign Office, which undertook clearance. The editors then used the galleys as proofs on which changes could still be made, for instance, if a foreign government sustained its objection to the whole or to part of a dispatch. 126. Wilhelm Eduard v. Schoen, Erlebtes. Beitriige zur Geschichte der neuesten Ztit (Stuttgart, 1921). 127. Phipps to Headlam-Morley of 22 March 1926, enclosing Berthelot's letter to himself of 20 March 1926. PRO, F.0.370/239, folio 147ff. 121!. Letters of 23 and 24 March 1926. PRO, F.0.370/239, folio 152ff. 129. BD, XI, 42 of 9 July 1914, 52 of 16 July 1914, 66 of 18 July 1914 and 69 of 20 July 1914. 130. Memorandum for Gaselee, I6June 1926. PRO, F.0.370/239, folio 209f. 131. BD, XI, P· x. 132. Ibid., p. xii. IJ3. BD, XI 42 34· 134· Ibid., 563 303. 135. Ibid., 42 34f; 52 40f; 66 52f; 69 54f. 136. Ibid., 129 129f. 137. Ibid., 320b 203. 131!. Ibid., xii. 139· Ibid., vii. 140. Ibid., v. 141. Independent testimony on Gooch's personal attitude is provided in his letter to Dr R. W. Seton-Watson of 3 March 1926: 'I am so sorry you are held up by the delay of Headlam-Morley's book [BD, XI). I feared that would be the result of the decision to refer documents to other governments .... I am much too Notes and References 477

small a mortal to accelerate the processes of a government department.' (Seton• Watson papers). 142- Gaselee's reply to the editors' memorandum of 21 June 1926. PRO, f.O.J7o/240, folio 255f. 143· Gooch and Temperley to Gaselee, 18 July 1926. PRO, f.0.370/240, folio 276ff. 144· To Gooch, 27 July 1926. Ibid., folio 28 If. 145· foreign Office record of interview, PRO, f.0.370/240, folio 306ff. 146. Letter from Gooch dated 3 August 1926, enclosing his record of the interview. Ibid., folio 3 Ioff. 147· Agreed record of interview on 18 November 1926. PRO, f .0. 370/240, folio 1 56ff. 14!L PRO, f.O.J7o/265, folio 27ff. 149· In their letter of I 8 July I 926. 150- Memorandum dated 14 february 1927. PRO, f.0.370/265, folio 24ff. 1 5 I. Ibid., folio 26. 152. Ibid., folio 34f. I 53· Apparently the provision of ;J. full-time typing clerk. Ibid., folio 38ff. 154· 28 february 1927. Ibid., folio 36. I 55· 1 March 1927. Ibid. 156. 1 March 1927. Ibid., folio 37· 157· Ibid., folio 42. 158. G.PP.; Colonel House papers. 159· British Parliamentary Papers, Accounts and Papers cxxv {Cd.3882) {1908) 457-67. See also Gaselee to Gooch, resp. Temperley, 26 March 1927. PRO, f.O.J7o/265, folio 61f. 160. Temperley to Gaselee of 8 April 1927. PRO, f.0.370/265, folio 101f. 161. Gaselee to Temperley, 19 April 1927. Ibid., folio 103f. The despatch was printed in BD IV 3 56ff. 162. PRO, f.0.370/265, folio 14of. 163. Temperley to Gaselee, 26 April 1927. Cambon played down the objections to the franco-Siamese treaty. Temperley agreed to leave out, for instance, the words that the french ambassador 'did not treat this objection seriously'. The despatch is published with omissions indicated by dots in BD 11 325 268-'70. The omissions occur on p. 269. 26 April 1927. PRO, f.O.J7o/265, folio 158tf 16 May 1927. Ibid., folio 157. Headlam-Morley wrote: 'The french are entirely without conscience in this matter, and it would save trouble if they are made to understand the point of VIew'. Gaselee on 29 April and IOJune 1927, Headlam-Morley on 8June 1927. PRO, f.0.370/265, folio 156£. 16!L 29 April 1927. Ibid., folio 160. 169. To Gaselee, PRO, f.0.370/265, folio 170. 170. Ibid., folios 167-8. 17 I. On 16 May 1927, ibid., folio 157f. 172. Sa tow to Temperley, 1 1 May and 9 June 1927 (the last quoting Gasek-e 's letter of 31 May 1927); Temperley to Gaselee, 23 May 1927; galleys 14 (vol. 1) and 45 (vol. u)(Temperley papers). Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

I73· Gooch and Temperley to Gaselee, 2 January I928. PRO, F.O.J7o/29o, folio zf. I74· BD, 111 203. I75· Minute by Gaselee dated 29 June I928, giving the background of the dispute. PRO, F.0.370/29o, folio 93ff. I76. PRO, F.O.J7o/29o, folio 43-"9· I77· I 1 April 1928. Ibid., folio so. 178. 12 April I928. PRO, F.O.J7o/29o, folio 46. 179· For Phillippe Berthelot and other persons and aspects covered in this chapter see Gordon A. Craig and Felix Gilbert (eds), The Diplomats 191!}-1939 (Princeton, 195 3). I So. Berthelot to Chamberlain, I 8 May I928 and Chamberlain's reply to Berthelot, 22 May 1928, both translated from French; Gaselee's minute of 29 May I928. PRO, F.O.J7o/29o, folio 6Iff. I8I. Gaselee to Gooch and Temperley, I June I928. PRO, F.O.J70/29o, folio 64f. I82. In his review of the second volume of Sir Sidney Lee's biography of King Edward VII in Revue des Sciences Po/itiques 5I (I928) 83-"93, Halevy complained of important omissions in BD. 183. Gooch and Temperley to Gaselee, I2June I928; Gaselee's minute of 29June 1928 to prepare the Foreign Secretary for his impending interview with the editors on his return from abroad. PRO, F.0.370/29o, folio 93ff. I84. Worthington Evans to Chamberlain, 9 July I928; minute by Gaselee, IO July I928; Chamberlain to Worthington Evans, I2 July I928. PRO, F.O.J7o/29o, folio 75ff. 185. Gaselee's minute of 29 June 1928 and his report on the editors' interview with the Foreign Secretary of 3July 1928, dated 4July; the editors' memorandum of 2 July 1928; Sir Hubert Montgomery's minute of I7 July, I928. PRO, F.O.J7o/29o, folio 82ff. I 86. 12 July I928. Ibid., folio 96ff. 187. I8 July I928. Ibid., folio 122ff. r88. Minutes of 23 July I928. Ibid., folio I 13ff. 189. Minute by Montgomer.y of 24July and by Chamberlain of 25 July 1928. Ibid., folio 117. 190. Enclosure in the despatch of the British Minister, Sir Claude MacDonald, to Lord Lansdowne of 22 November I904. BD, IV, 57, 64ff. 191. 29 June 1905. Ibid., pp. I4I-3. 192. After a conversation with Denison, Sir Claude MacDonald was convinced that it was Denison himself who had drafted amended Japanese proposals for the renewal of the British alliance in 1905. Denison also explained to MacDonald the Japanese reasons for making changes in the English draft. BD IV 143. See alsop. 65. I93· Dr Thomas Baty (r86l)-I9S4). a Briton, was a legal adviser to the Japanese Foreign Off1ce from 1916 to 1941, and again from I952. Gooch corresponded with Baty in I936, and also in 1947 when he tried to help him, presumably to find employment. Letters from Baty to Gooch between March and June 1936; Viscount Simon to Gooch, 9 July 1947 (G.PP.). 194· Dormer to Sir Victor Wellesley, Deputy Under-Secretary in charge of Far Eastern Department, of 19 June I928; various minutes by Gaselee, Montgomery and Headlam-Morley between r8 and 20 July 1928. PRO, Notes and References 479

f.O.J7o/29o, folio Io8ff. 195· Correspondence between Gaselee and Hankey between 26 July and 29 August 1928. Ibid., folio 127ff. 196. Historical Section, Cabinet Office, L 5138/5/402. The draft is dated 4 August 1928, but in fact with amendments incorporated, for instance at the suggestion of Sir Maurice Hankey, covers the situation up to September I928. The PRO reference is f.O.J7o/29o. I97· Indeed, owing to the difficulty of clearance vol. V, which dealt with the Near East between 1903 and 1909, was published before vol. IV, which was concerned with the Anglo-Russian rapprochement of 1903-'7· Vol. v appeared later in I928 with a pasted-in slip: 'Special circumstances, for which the Editors are not responsible, have caused a delay in the publication of Volume IV'. 198. Draft, PRO, f.O. 370/290, p. 4, par. Io. 199. Ibid. 200. Ibid., par. II. 20I. Ibid., p. 5, par. I 2. 202. Ibid., par. I 3. 203. Ibid., pp. 5-6, par. I4. 204. Ibid., pp. 6-7, par. IS-I8, mainly I8. 205. Ibid., p. 7, par. 19. 206. Ibid., p. 8, par. 21. 207. Ibid., par. 22. 208. Ibid., p. 7, par. 20. 209. Ibid., p. 8, par. 2I-3. 210. Ibid., par. 24. 2II. Ibid., pp. 8~, par. 25. 212. Ibid., p. 9, par. 26. 2 I3. This point was inserted in a modified version of the memorandum the editors had left with the foreign Secretary at the interview on 3 July I928. The new version is dated I2 July I928 (PRO, f.O. 370/290, folio IOiff.). See p. 9, par. 27 of the memorandum. 214. For instance from MacDonald's letter to Gooch of II August 1924. 215. Draft, PRO, f.O. 370/290, p. 10, par. 28. 2I6. Ibid., par. 29. In vol. VI, Appendix V contained extracts from the minutes of the meeting of the Committee of Imperial Defence held on 26 May I 9 I I, with a speech by Sir Edward Grey, part of which had already been published in the text (pp. 78I~o). Vol. VIII, no. 323, pp. 397-8 gave a short extract from the meeting of the committee on 2 5 April I 9 I 2, dealing with the attitude of Great Britain towards Belgium in the event of a violation of Belgian territory by Germany in time of war. 2I7. Draft, PRO, f.O. 370/290, pp. Io-II, par. 3o-32. 2I8. Ibid., pp. u-12, par. JJ. 219. Ibid., p. I2, par. 34· 220. Ibid., par. 35· 221. Ibid., par. 36. Thus far from the report presented by Headlam-Morley and his colleagues, dated 4 August I928, to the Prime Minister, the foreign Secretary and the Secretary of State for India as a basis for a communication to the editors of BD. Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

222. 2 November 1928 (G.PP.). 223. Letter of 17 June 1929. Ibid. 224. Dalton in his own handwriting added to an expression of hope that he and his colleagues would justify the confidence of Labour voters : 'and also of others in all Patties who desire Peace and International Goodwill'. 15June 1929 (G.PP.). 225. Under Six Reigns, pp. 226-34. 226. Ibid., pp. 227-30. 227. The Times, 23 February 1929. A summary ofthe lectures was published as 'Die Entstehung der Triple Entente' in Berliner Monatshefte, 7, Oune 1929) 594-"9· 228. Gooch to Albrecht Mendelssohn Bartholdy, 24 May 1925 (Mendelssohn Bartholdy papers). See also Gooch's letter to R. W. Seton-Watson of 8 May 1925, in which he called Lutz 'one of the best informed and fairest German specialists in war origins' (Seton-Watson papers). 229. Correspondence between Gooch and Temperley, the British Foreign and Stationery Offices, Hermann Lutz and the German publishers, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, between 10 February 1930 and 25 January 1935; letter from Gooch and Temperley to The Times on 5 March 1930 dissociating themselves from the German edition, and the reply by the German publishers and Lutz of 15 March, and a further letter from Gooch and Temperley to The Times on 20 April 1932; reviews by Lutz of volumes of BD in the German journal Der Weg zur Freiheit between 1932 and 1935, etc.; Foreign Office minutes, PRO, F.O. 370l346, folio 15ff, 56, 78ff; ibid., 370/405, folio 538ff; ibid., 370/500, 16ff. 230. 15 July 1930 (G.PP.). 231. Lutz to Gooch of 11 June and 23 July 1946 (G.PP.). 232.. Report by Miss Mary Hughes on the lecture by Gooch, 13 June 1930; minutes of 20 June 1930, PRO, F.O. 370l346, folio 53ff. For Miss Hughes, see A. Headlam-Morley, Russell Bryant and Anna Cienciala (eds), Sir James Head/am• Morley. A Memoir of the Paris Peace Conference (London: Methuen, 1972) particularly p. ix. 233. During the concluding stages of their work, the editors were also assisted by Miss Agatha Ramm, then at the beginning of her distinguished historical career. The present writer is indebted to Miss Ramm for a vivid picture of the atmosphere in which Gooch and Temperley worked. 234. Gooch and Temper ley to Gaselee, 17 January 1931; various minutes by Gaselee and Sir Hubert Montgomery between 21 and 23 January 1931; Gaselee's reply to the editors, 26 January 19 31, and his letter to Lord Tyrrell, the British Ambassador to France, of the same day, enclosing a memorandum from the L'liitors. PRO, F.O. 370l374, folio 27ff. 235. Extract from Annual Report for France for the year 1911, BD, vol. VII, p. 317 (no. 337). See Tyrrell to Vansittart, 26 February 1931 ;J. W. Field, an assistant of Gasek-e's, to Temperley, 4 March 1931; Gooch and Temperley to Field, 21 March 1931; Field to Gooch, 30 March 1931; Vansittart to Tyrrell, 8 April, with memorandum by Gooch and Temperley attached, and 7 May 1931. PRO, F.O. 370f374, folio 127ff, 142ff. 236. BD, VII, Appendix 111, 1!21-6. 237. Tyrrell to Vansittart of Ill October 1932, enclosing Caillaux 's seven-page k>tter to him of 12 October 19 32; Tyrrell to Caillaux on 18 October and to Gaselee on 27 October 1932; Gaselee to Tyrrell of 25 October 1932; Gooch Notes and References

and Temperley to Gaselee of 10 November, referring to Caillaux's letter to them of 7 November 1932; Gaselee to Tyrrell of 22 November 1932. PRO, F.O. 370/405, folio 437ff, 48off. 238. Sir Arthur Hardinge's despatch was published in BD, vm8o (no. 8o) with the footnote: 'Reference to this question was made in Sir F. Villiers' despatch No. 65 of November I 8, 1910 .... The despatch printed above gives, however, further and more authoritative information.' 239· Gooch and Temper ley to Gaselee, 23 January I932; Foreign Office to Sir Claud Russell, 28 January I932; Russell to Howard Smith of IO February I932, enclosing Hardinge's despatch of I91 I; Gaselee's minutes of 3 and 24 March and C. Howard Smith's of I9 March I932; Gaselee to Gooch of 8 March I932; Gooch and Temperley to Gaselee of I5 March I932; Gaselee to Russell of 22 March and Russell's reply of 8 April I932· PRO, F.O. 370/405, folio 292ff, 3 I Iff, 338ff. 240. BD, VII, p. viii. 241. Gooch and Temperley to Gaselee, I8 May I932; Walter Roberts to Gaselee from the Hague, 22 June I932. PRO, F.O. 370/405, folio 394f and 4I4. 242. BD, Vlllix. 243. G.PP. 244· Gooch to Gaselee, 22 November I932; minutes by Gaselee, Sir Hubert Montgomery and Sir Robert Vansittart between 25 and 28 November I932; list of resignation threats dated 28 November I932. PRO, F.O. 370/405, folio 44Iff. 245· The Times, 27 October I933· 246. Actually the Italian Government had replied, but in the negative. 247· Italian note, 28 February I935; Gasclee to Gooch, I 2 April I935; Gooch and Temperley to Gasclee, 23 April I935; Gooch to Gaselee, 30 June I935; Temperley to Gasclee, 26 August I935; Foreign Office Library to Rome Chancery, I2 December I935; Drummond to Foreign Office, I7 and 27 December I935 (PRO, F.O. J70/500, folio 37ff). Italian note, I3 January I936; Gooch and Temperley to Sir Stephen Gasclee, I February I936; Drummond to the Foreign Secretary, Anthony Eden, 6 May I936; Gasclee to Gooch, 6June I936 (PRO, F.O. 370/5I7, folio 37ff). Gooch to Gasclee, 29 June I936; E. M. B. Ingram (Rome) to Eden, 28 July I936; Gooch to Gasek-e, 25 August I936 (PRO, F.O. 370/518, folio I 52ff). Letter to author from Prof. H. N. V. Temperley, the son of Gooch's colleague, of 26 April I972. 248. However it was clear from the text in Die Grosse Politik that Britain was seriously prepared to consider the cession of Zanzibar in exchange for other territory and that Zanzibar would, in that case, go to Germany. Die Grosse Politik 3 I, 2 5 5-60, report by Count Metternich to Chancellor v. Bethmann Hollweg of I I March 19 I 2. 249· Memorandum by Temperley on his interview with Ormsby-Gore of 22 July I937 (Temperley papers). Harcourt memorandum published in BD, X 2 44o-3 (no. 276). 250. A friend of G. P. Gooch recently recalled to the author on one occasion remarking to Gooch that Temperley was known to be a difficult man, to which Gooch replied: 'You are telling me'. 251. G.PP. The same day The Times published a highly complimentary leader, 'A Great Work Finished'. Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

252. On 11 July 1939. 253. Proceedings of the British Academy XXV (1939) 355-

Chapter 11: Nazi Regime and Second World War

1. To Dawson, 24 May 1930 (Dawson papers). 2. To Dorothy Henkel, 5 January 1933 (Henkel papers). 3· 24 October 1930 (Henkel papers). 4· 20 December 19 31 (Henkel papers). 5· To Dawson, 24 May 1930 (Dawson papers). 6. Ibid. 7· To Dorothy Henkel, 22 October 1932 (Henkel papers). 8. To Dorothy Henkel, 22 March 1933 (Henkel papers). (). At the National Peace Congress in Oxford, Manchester Guardian, 8 July 1933· The address was published in book form in G. P. Gooch (ed.) In Pursuit of Peace (London, 1933), pp. r-rs (hereafter cited as In Pursuit of Peace). 10. Manchester Guardian, 3 March 1933. 1 1. 22 March 19 3 3 (Henkel papers). 12. To Professor Emile Cammaerts, 4 May 19 3 3 (Cammaerts papers in the University of London Library, MS 8oo/ll/ I062-1125). 13· Concluding passage, 'Is Democracy a Failure', The Spectator, 150 ( 19 3 3) 45 3-4. 14. CR, 143 (1933) 357-68. I 5· Ibid., 5 32-4 r. r6. Ibid .• 66<;-76. 17. 30 March 1933 (Dawson papers). 18. Gooch's friend, the historian Miss Winifred Taffs, criticised his attitude to Notes and References

R. W. Seton-Watson on 12 September 1934. In a further letter to the same correspondent, of 24]anuary 1935, she remarked that 'the Europe he [Gooch) would like to see is rather obscuring the faces that are moulding the Europe that is'. (Seton-Watson papers). The present writer does not believe that the latter observation is borne out by the material available to him. I9. 'The Urgency of Treaty Revision', CR, I44 (I933) I 5-23. 20. Ibid., 31-8. 21. At meeting of Council on 9 October I934, with Gooch in the chair. The account of the activities of the N ationa! Peace Council is mainly based on its papers in the British Library of Political and Economic Science at the London School of Economics and Political Science. See also Under Six Re(~ns, pp. 29 Iff. 22. Under Six Reigns, pp. 294ff. 23. In Pursuit of Peace, p. I 1. 24. Ibid., p. I4. 25. Under Six Reigns, pp. 291-2. 26. G.PP. 27. In Pursuit of Peace, pp. viiif. 28. Wiener Library Archives, Institute of Contemporary History, London. 29. Manchester Guardian, 30 June I933· 30. Ibid. 31. Temple to Gooch, 2 August I933. 8 March and 23 May I934 (G.PP.). 32. Under Six Reigns, pp. 297-8. 33· 5 August I936 (William Rothenstein papers). 34· The Hon. Secretary, Professor L. A. Willoughby, to Gooch, 3 July I933 (G.PP.). See also, 'John George Robertson', Proceedings of the British Academy, XIX(I934) 23. 35· G.PP. 36. Under Six Reigns, pp. 288-9. There is a detailed description of the European journey in the book, pp. 28241. 37· Albrecht Count Bernstorff to Gooch, 27 June I933 (G.PP.). 38. 4 October I933 (G.PP.), translated. For Friedrich Thimme see now also the essay by his daughter Professor Annelise Thimme in A. Fischer et a/., (eds.) Russ/and, Deutschland, Amerika (Wiesbaden: Steiner, I978) pp. 2I2-38. 39· CR, I46 (I934) I2~36. See also Under Six Reigns, p. 289. 40. Manchester Guardian, 2July I935· 41. Under Six Reigns, p. 304. 42. In 'German Foreign Policy', CR, I50, (October I936) 394-406. An introduction from Dufour-Feronce was dated 27 June I936 (G.PP.), and one from Lord Lothian of 9 July I936 (Lothian papers, Scottish Record Office GD4o/I 7 I 320!344), and not just after 30 June I 9 34, as stated in Under Six Reigns, p. 290. Rheinbaben wrote on 11 July, asking for an interview a few days later (G.PP.). 43· 19 December 1935 and 9 February 1936 (G.PP.). 44· Original English text, 22 December I934 (G.PP.). For Schwabach see inter alia Hans Furstenberg, Carl Furstenberg (Wiesbaden, 196 I), passim; Eckhard Wandel, Hans Schiijfer (Stuttgart, I974), pp. 239ff; Fritz Stern, Gold and Iron. Bismarck, Bleichriider and the Building of the German Empire (New York, 1977) pp. 544-7· 45· I9]anuary 1935 (Dawson papers). Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

46. 5 February I9J6 (Dawson papers). 47· 4 May I9J6 (Dawson papers). 48. I9 November I936 (Dawson papers). 49· This remark by Gooch is quoted by Paul Schwabach in a letter to him from London on I 3 June I9J6; Schwabach challenged the view tactfully (G.PP.). 50. To Dawson, 7 October I935 (Dawson papers). 51. To Professor Hermann Oncken, 24june II)J6 (Hermann Oncken papers). 52. Gooch, ' I 9 36-7: A Survey' and 'The Breakdown of the System of Collective Security' in Geneva and the Drift to War (Geneva Institute of International Relations: Problems of Peace, Twelfth series, London, I938), pp. !125; 58-74. 53· To Dr F. W. Pick, 20 October I935 (Pick papers). 54· To Dr F. W. Pick, 22 October I935 (Pick papers). 55· Address to the Historical Association on 'British Foreign Policy Since the War', summarised in The Times of 6January I9J6. The address was used as the basis for a Historical Association leaflet published the same year, later expanded into 'British Foreign Policy, I9I!/I939' in Studies in Diplomacy and Statecraft (London, I942) pp. I62-227. 56. Lecture to the National Union of Women Teachers, Manchester Guardian, 20 May II)J6. 57· To Sir William Rothenstein, 20 December II)J6 (William Rothenstein papers). s8. CR, 15I Oanuary I937) [. 59· To Sir William Rothenstein, 20 December 1936 (William Rothenstein papers). 6o. 'The European Situation', an address given to the Historical and Literary Circle of the Devonshire Club, The Times, II) November I937· 61. To Dorothy Henkel, 2I March II)J8 (Henkel papers). 62. CR, I 54 (I9J8) IJ8. 63. The HunJ!arian Quarterly IV, 4 ( I938f39) 584. 64. Ibid. 65. Oncken to Gooch, 5 October I938 (G.PP.); Gooch to Oncken, 6 October 1938 (Hermann Oncken papers). 66. To Professor Emile Cammaerts, 24 November II)J8 (Cammaerts papers in the University of London Library, MS 8oo/II/ 1062-I I 25). 67. CR, I 55, I 2!139· The discussion in the text deliberately eschews the use of the term 'appeasement', ruined by political controversy and thus quite umuitable for historical interpretation. On this see inter alia W. N. Medlicott, Contemporary EnJ!land 1914-1964 (London, I969) pp. J5(r74· The vast literature on 'appeasement' and Munich includes: M. Gilbert and R. Gott, Tile Appeasers (London, I96J); K. Robbins, Munich 1938 (London, Il)68); K. Middlemas, Diplomacy of Illusion (London, 1972); and William R. Rock, British Appeasement in the 1930s (London, I977). 68. CR, 155 (I939) 31l5. 61). In World Outlook, with a Foreword by Sir Robert Pickard dated May 1939 (London, I939) p. 153. 70. To Alfred Noyes, 10 December I939 (Noyes papers). 71. G.PP. 72. To Dr Pick, 21 September 1939 (Pick papers). 7 3· To Lord Noel Buxton, I 3 November I939 (Noel Buxton papers). 74· To Alfred Noyes, IO December I939 (Noyes papers). 75· To Dr Pick, I4 September I939 (Pick papers). Notes and References

76. To the author, 19 December 1940. 77· Ibid., 2ojuiy 1941. 78. To Alfred Noyes, 10 December 1939 (Noyes papers). 79· Ibid. So. To Lord Noel Buxton, 21 February 1940 (Noel Buxton papers). 81. Ibid., 13 November 1939 (Noel Buxton papers). 82. Ibid., 21 February 1940 (Noel Buxton papers); see also Noel Buxton, pp. 148ff. H3. To Alfred Noyes, IO December I9J9 (Noyes papers); to Dr. Pick, apparently early in I940 (Pick papers). 84. To Professor R. W. Seton-Watson, 24January I940 (Seton-Watson papers). Xs. To Dr Pick, 5 June I940 (Pick papers). 86. CR, I 56 (December I 939) 749· 87. Ibid., I 58 Ouly 1940) Io8. 88. Ibid., I84 Ouly I953) 64. 89. Ibid., I 59 Oune I94I) I 59· 90. Private information. See now P. and L. Gillman, Collar the Lot! (London, I980). 91. 25 September I940 (Rothenstein papers); private information. Sec also Under Six ReiRns, p. 299. 92. To Sir William Rothenstein, 25 September I940 (Rothcnstcin papers). 9 3. This summary is based on the verbatim monitored transcript supplied by the British Broadcasting Corporation to CR on 22 October I940 (G.PP.). 94· Austrian Academy (G.PP.). Gooch's name appears on p. 73 of the SonderfalmdunRsliste Grossbritannien (I 939), the special search list for Great Britain, from the Wiener Library, Institute of Contemporary History, London. The author is indebted to the German FL-dcral Archives for hdp. 95· To Dr Pick, I7 October I940 (Pick papers). 96. To Mrs Closs, I o November I 940, by courtesy of Professor A. Closs. 97· To Alfred Noyes, 30 December I 940 (Noyes papers). 9X. To Dr Pick, I9 April I94I (Pick papers). 99· Ibid., 2 February I 94 I (Pick papers). IOO. Ibid., I6 January I94I (Pick papers). St-'C also the letter to DrS. H. Steinberg, 13 October I 942, by courtesy of Mrs. Christine Steinberg; Under Six ReiJ.!nS, p. JIO. 101. Asa Briggs (t--d.), Essays in the History of PublishinR (London, 1974) p. 24. 102. Under Six ReiRnS, p. 3 Io. IOJ. To the author, 19 December I940. 104. To Alfred Noyes, 30 December 1940 (Noyes papers). 105. Ibid., 31 January I941. 106. To Lord Wcdgwood, 2January 1941 Oosiah Wedgwood papers). Sec also C. V. Wedgwood, The Last of the Radicals (London, 195!). 107. CR, 159 (194I) 467-71. !OX. Ibid., 524-5· IO!J. Principle no. 6, 'How to Deal with Germany after the War', addn·ss to League of Nations, Kensington branch, 1942. 110. 10 June I942 (G.PP.). 1 I 1. Friends' Quarterly Examiner, pp. 255-9 for 1944· 112. Ibid., p. 257. 113. To the author, X October 1944· Gooch: A Study in History and Politics

114. To Dr Pick, 27 December 1944 (Pick papers). 115. Ibid., 26 February 1945. 116. CR, 167 (1945) 321-3. I 17· Ibid., J22. 118. Ibid. 119. Ibid., 323.

Chapter 12: Serenity

1. Butterf1eld, 3 34· 2. Meinecke to Gooch, 20 June and 14 July 1947 (G.PP.). 3· See the 'short notice' initialled D.B.H. in EHR, 62 (July 1947) 403. 4· See inter alia the 'short notice' of Maria Theresa and Other Studies by D.B.H. in EHR, 67 (April 1952) 303; J. McManners' short notice of Louis XV, the Monarchy in Decline, ibid., 7 2 (Oct. 19 57 )7 53 ; J. P. T. Bury's short notice of Tile Second Empire, ibid., 77 (January 1962) 191. 5· Butterfield, 337· 6. CR, 199 (1961) 75· 7· Thus to Dorothy Henkel, 25 October 1948 and 29 January 1959 (Henkel papers). 8. Ibid., 21 December 1952 and 1 February 1955· 9. Ibid., 30 November 1947. 10. Ibid., 26 January 1948. 11. Editor, 'King George VI' CR, 181 (March 1952) 12()-JO. 12. To Dorothy Henkel, 25 February 1952 (Henkel papers). 13. Ibid., 26 December 195 3· 14. To Professor (later Sir) George Catlin, 9 August 1957 and 2 July 1958 (Catlin papers). 15. G.PP. 16. To Dorothy Henkel, 26 July 1949 (Henkel papers). 17. Ibid., XJuly 1956. 18. 4 May 194 7 (Meinecke papers). 19. To Dorothy Henkel, 21 March 1957 (Henkel papers). 20. Ibid., 12 March 1946. 21. Ibid., 19 March 1950. 22. Ibid., 23 October 1951. 23. Ibid., 31 August 1966. 24. Ibid., 21 October 1950. 25. Ibid., 22 March 195 5· 26. Ibid., 20 January 1963. 27. Interview with Nancy Wise, 2 November 1965 (G.PP.). 28. Under Six Reigns, pp. 314-5. 29. To Dorothy Henkel, 31 July 1947 (Henkel papers). 30. CR, 208 (February 1966) 106-7. 31. To Dorothy Henkel, 12 February 1959 (Henkel papers). 32. Ibid., 5 and 24 December 1956. 33· CR, 191 (1959) 177-8. 34· To Dorothy Henkel, 10 August 1950 (Henkel papers). Notes and References

35· Ibid., 22 March I955· 36. To the author; 20 September I945· 37· Ibid., 8 October I945· 38. To Hubertus Prinz zu Lowenstein, I 3 January I946 (Lowenstein papers). 39· To the author, I6 December I947· 40. To Dorothy Henkel, 8 March I948 (Henkel papers). 41. Ibid., 5 December I956. 42. Ibid., I8 September I957· 43· Gooch was approached by Hermann Lutz, with whom he had earlier had difficulties over the German edition of BD, for an affidavit about his anti-Nazi attiwde, which Gooch did promptly. See Lutz to Gooch, I I June and 23 July I946 (G.PP.). 44· See particularly on this the Henkel and Catlin papers. 45· Gooch wrote to Meinecke on 29 May I949: 'In England I am sometimes accused by reviewers for taking German historiography too seriously; but I do not mind, for such criticisms usually come from people who know little of the best German scholarship'. (Meinecke papers). 46. CR. I90 (July I9S6) 48-9. 47· To Dorothy Henkel, who was in Germany, I 5 January I946 (Henkel papers). 48. Ibid., 5 December I946. 49· Ibid., I2 January I947· so. To Friedrich Meinecke, 4 May I947 (Meinecke papers). 51. To Dorothy Henkel, 9 May I947 (Henkel papers); to Friedrich Meinecke, 24 May I947 (Meinecke papers). 52. 28 January I948 (Meinecke papers). 53· To Dorothy Henkel, 29 May I948 (Henkel papers). 54· 'Franco-German Co-Existence at Last', Forei$!.n Affairs, 37 (April I959), 442, reprinted in Historical Surveys and Portraits, pp. I 27-37. 55· To Dr Pick, I I July I948 (Pick papers). Frank committed suicide on 9 May I 94 5. See Helmut Heiber, Walter Frank und sein Reichsinstitut fur Geschichte des neuen Deutschlands (Stuttgart, I966). 56. To Dorothy Henkel, 3I July I948 (Henkel papers). 57· Ibid., 23 October I95I. 58. Ibid., 20 April I968. 59a. Heuss in I952 revived the peace class (Friedensklasse) of the order which King Frederick William IV had established in I 842 for science and art (Wissenschaft und Kiinste). He informed Gooch in a detailed letter on 25 November I954 that the order had elected him, and sought his agreement for the acceptance of the honour (G.PP.). With his appointment to the Order of Merit in I963, Gooch joined the select circle of those, like his old chief Bryce, who achieved the dual distinction of the British and the German order. 59b. Gooch to Heuss, I2 November I938, by courtesy of the Federal German Archives. 6o. Theodor Heuss, Taf!.ebuchbriefe 1955-1963 (Tiibingen, I970J, p. 356. 61. To Dorothy Henkel, 25 October I958 (Henkel papers). 62. Ibid., 2 January I960. 63. Ibid., 29 January I960. 64. CR, 207 (September I96s) I 53· 65. Studies in Diplomatic History and Historiography (London, I96I). Index

Sub-entries are arranged chronologically where feasible, otherwise alphabetically.

Abdul Hamid II, Sultan of Turkey, see Attlee, Clement, first Earl, 444 Ottoman Empire Aulard, Francois, 20?-8 Abel, Deryck, 449 Austria Abyssinia, see Ethiopia before First World War, 73, 94, I49, I5I--6 Acton, fmt Baron, I, 2

Bernhardi, Friedrich von, 2 51 and Boers, 61-3, 124, 289, 298 Bernstorlf, Albrecht, Count, 416, 447 Canning, George, 96 Bernstorff,Johann Heinrich, Count, 416 Carlile, Prebendary Wilson, 54-5 Berthelot, Philippe, 346-7, 367-8, 393 Carlyle, Thomas, 21o-I2, 215, 219, 226--7, Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von, 263, 322, 312 326.404,433 Carnock, first Baron (Sir Arthur Nicolson), Bevin, Ernest, 448 350, 371, 386-7, 392 Birkenhead, first Earl of, 373-81, 389 Carpenter, Dr William Boyd, 2 Birrell, Augustine, 114-I7, 166-7, 299 Cecil, Lord Robert, fltSt Viscount Cecil of Bismarck, Otto von, 198"4}, 336, 434 Chelwood, 315 Gooch on, 73,227,259,266,278,311,434 Chamberlain, Sir Austen, 428 Blunt, Wilfrid Scawen, 93, 141 and British Documents, 343-j}I passim, 397, B&kh, August, 190 400,402-4 Boers, Boer War, see South Africa Chamberlain, Joseph, 74, 87, 96, 126, 242, Bosnia (and Herzegovina), 155-6, 235, 269, 288,292.428 280, 323 and South Africa, 47, 61-8 passim, 83-4 Borha, Louis, General, 124, 259 see also tariff reform Bourchier,James David, 92 Chamberlain, Neville, 403,424,428 Brailsford, Henry Noel, 62, 147, 237-9, 255, Charity Organisation Society (C.O.S.), so, 262, 297. 305 53-4.415 Brietscheid, Rudolf, 413 Charles(, Emperor of Austria, 235, 271 Briand, Aristide, 347, 406 Charles I, King of England, 24, 4o-1, 208, Bright, John, 68, 132 214, 226 Browne, Professor Edward Granville, 92, 142 Chateaubriand, Fran~ois Rene, Viscount, 200 Browning, Oscar, 45, 47 'Children's Charter' (1908), 174-5 Bryce,James, first Viscount, 49, 52, 61, 77, China, 78, So, 84-5. 104, 276, 445 89.99,275 Chirol, Sir Valentine, 326--7 and Balkan Committee, III, 146 Churches Gooch as his parliamentary private ChurchofEngland,IOI, I07-8, I78; secretary, III-I7 Gooch and, 5-j}, I6, 27, 95, 439; and censorship, 3 1 o Broad Church, 9, I6; Gooch family Buckmaster, first Viscount, 313 and, 2, 4, 8; Gooch and, 16 Bulgaria, 148-9, 155-6, 243, 2ss. 280, 308 Dissenters, non-conformists, free churches, Bulow, Bernhard, Prince, 261, 281-2 27, IOI, I05-j}. 165 Bunting, Sir Percy, 231-2, 318 Independents, 27, 4o-2 Burke,Edmund,98, 194,256,409 Methodists, 4 Burns,John, 174-5, 324 Presbyterians, 4o-I, 117 Butler, Henry Montagu, 37-8, 47 Puritans, 4, I 6 I, 208 Butterfield, Sir Herbert, 268 Roman Catholic, 27, IOI, I I6-I7, 122-3, Buxton, Charles Roden, 117 I\,18, 205, 208, 285-6; Lord Acton Buxton, Noel, first Baron Noel-Buxton, 100, and, 29, 2I6; Mrs Else Gooch and, 95, 117, 146, 259, 330, 427-8 43\.1 and The Heart of the Empire, 72 see also Church Army, Free Religious and Balkan Committee, III, 146--8, 1 54 Movement towards World-Religion, and The Contemporary Review, 232, 244, Reformation, Society of Friends, 264,293-4.308 World Alliance of Churches Church Army, 54-5 Caillaux,Joseph, 393-4 Churchill, (Sir) Winston, 127, 163-4, 172-4, Calvin, John, 39 I83.429,444 Cambon, Paul, 36o-1, 394 Clapham, Sir John H., 220 Cambridge, IQ-17, 24, 36"4}, 320 Clarke, Sir Edward, 76 see also Trinity College, Cambridge Clauscwitz, Karl von, 25 I Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, II, 8\,1, Clcmcnccau, Georges, 3I I-20, 4II, 429 1oo, 136-7, 144-s. 176 Clyncs,John Robert, I64 490 Index

Coal mines, 103, 160 Di;l!inger, lgnaz von, 29, 194, 216 Cobden, Richard, 6X, 75--6, 292 Droyscn,Johann Gustav, 195, 197, 199 Coke, Sir Edward, 41, 1Xti Duncan, Sir Patrick, 61, tiy--71 Commonwealth (formerly the British Durham, Edith, 2N5, 306 Commonwealth), 441, 443 Communism, see Russia Ebert, Friedrich, J2H Congo, the Belgian, 7X, 134, 153, 252 Eden, Anthony, ftr~t Earl of Avon, 444-5 Constantine I, King of the Hellenes, 244, 262 Education Constantinople, see Ottoman Empire Goochand,, 27y--X4, 292, Crowe, Sir Eyre, 333-42 passim, 351, 3X6, 321' 327. J36 31J2, 394, J; see also Baltic states Cnrzon, first Marquess, 129, 246, 320, 360, Ethiopia, 40o--1, 421 J7f> Eton Colleg,·, 3-4, IQ--11 Czechoslovakia, 316, 41X, 423-33 passim, Evans, Sir Arthur, 147 446.450 Evans, Sir Laming Worthington-Evans, 370 Gooch in, 41 5 Fabians, 1oo, 40H Dahlmann, Friedrich Christoph, 197,251 Farouk, King of Egypt, 445 Dalton, Hugh, 31JI Fascism, see Italy Danzig, 4 16, 427 Fawcett, Dame Millicent, 2f>J, 307 Darwin, Charles, 7 J, 2 51 Ferdinand I, King of Bulgaria, 244-5, JON Dawson, William Harbmt, 263-4, 2N5-6, Ferdinand I, King of Rumania, 244 297, JOJ-15 passi111, 410,419-20 Fichte,Johann Gottlieb, 24N-5o, 252, 257 Deak, Ferenc, 27o--1 Firth, Sir Charles, Jf>, 44 Deedcs, Sir Wyndham Henry, 414 Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens, 1f>9, 1H4, Defoe, Daniel, 17, 23-X, 54 220,222,316, pH, 33'! Delbriick, Professor Hans, 251, 317 fitzwilliam, second Earl, 122-3 Delcasse, Thcophilc, 277-N, 321 Fox, George, 42-3 Dnnburg, Dr Bernhard, 303-4 hance I )etention colonies, 17 2 (pre-17H, 2X7 2f>2,264, 272,295 (1X71-1<)14), Xf>, If>O Diggers, 41-2 and outbreak of First World War, 2 3 3 Dillon, Dr Emile joseph, 231-\1 passim, 244, during First World War, 237-\1 262, 302, 3 IH and Treaty of Versailles ( 191 I )isannarnent, see annaments (I

and British Docum~nts, 346-50, 36o-2, Acton and, 3o-4, 218 364"""70, 393-4 German historians, 188-2oo French historians, 2oo-8 Gooch and, 227,312-13,317-18 German historians and, I 98-9 Gooch in, 16-17,23, 31-3,94,99 Gooch in, I7, 3I-3 Gervinus, Georg Gottfried, 197 see also Alsace-Lorraine, Entente Cordiale, Gey I, Pieter, 29 5 Versailles and under names of rulers, Gierke, Otto von, 31, 36, 45 etc. Giesebrecht, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 197 Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, Girondins, 203, 207 233-5,27I,283, 323,349 Gladstone, Herbert, first Viscount, 147 Francis joseph, Emperor of Austria, 27o-1, Gladstone, William Ewart, 11, 14-15, 34, 323 177. 231, 288-<)2 Frederick II, King of Prussia, Il)-20, 195, 197, domestic policy, 59, 119 2IQ-I I, 2I I, 226, 31 I, 432,437-8,448 foreign and colonial policy, 64, 79, 87, 96, Frederick William I, King of Prussia, I95, 197 140 Frederick William II, King of Prussia, 249 and religion, 7 Frederick William IV, King of Prussia, 192 Glasgow, George, 319,409 Fredericq, Professor Paul, 22o-1 Glencoe massacre(1692), 210, 227 Freeman, Edward Augustus, 213, 228 Goebbels,Joseph, 408, 435 Free Religious Movement towards World- Goerdeler, Carl Friedrich, 44 7 Religion and World-Brotherhood, 315 Goethe,Johann Wolfgang von, 12, 192-3, Free Trade, see tariff reform 197,247.256.446 Freytag, Gustav, 228 Goethe Society, English, 415.446 Froude,James Anthony, 2IQ-I2, 214 Goetz, Professor Walter, 29 Fry, Sir Edward, 137 G.O.M., see Gladstone, William Ewart Fueter, Eduard, 222, 224 Gooch, Bernard, elder son of George Peabody,94.439.441,450 Gaitskell, Hugh, 44 Gooch, Charles, eldest brother of George Gandhi, Mahatma, 125, 128, 441 Peabody, 10 Gardiner, Samuel Rawson, 36,44-5. 147, Gooch, Charles Cubirt, father of George 213-14,225,262 Peabody, 1-2, io Garnert, Richard, 4 5--6 Gooch, Else, nee Sch6n, wife of Gl'tlfge Gaselee, Sir Stephen, 331-403 passim Peabody,94-5,258, 317,392,424-5. Gaulle, Charles de, 447 439.449 George I, King of Great Britain, 24 Gooch, George Peabody, among works George III, King of Great Britain, 20, 123 quoted George V, King of Great Britain, 384,401 The History ofEn~lish Democratic Ideas in the George VI, King of Great Britain, 425, 44o-1 Seventeenth Century, 3lr'45 Gerlach, Leopold and Ludwig von, 194 Annals of Politics and Culture (1492-1899), Germany, 247-52, 256"""7 45"""7 and Reformation, 39 The War and Its Causes, 63-Weimar Republic, 40rr7 History and Historians in tire Nineteenth and Nazi regime, 400, 40 5-36 passim Century, 188-230 post-Second World War, 44fr9 German Theories ofthl· State, 247-52 492 Index

Germany and the French Revolution, Grimm, Jakob and Wilhelm, I9I 256-8 Guizot, Fran~ois,20 I -2 The Races ofAustria-HunJ~ary, 268-72 The Concert of Europe and the Balance of Hague conferences Power, 272-5 f1rst (I 899 ), 77, 8 5-7 A Century of British ForeiJ~nPolicy, 275-84 second (I 907 ), I 37-8 Life of Lord Courtney, 298-300 Hahn, Kurt, 49 Nationalism, 3 I5-I 6 Haldane, Richard Burdon, fmt Viscount, I I 8, The Cambridj~eHistory of British Foreijln I27, 233-4· 257. 282, 29I, 345 Policy, 32o-5 Gooch and, I, 32, 49, 89, I IO, I 35, 313, Recent Revelations of European Diplomacy, 317, 32Q-2, 330 JZ5-7 Halevy, Elie, 368-9 Germany, 328-9 Halifax, first Marquis of(George Savile), I86 The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell Halifax, f1rst Earl, Foreign Secretary, 403, t841r"78. 329 428 British Documents on the Orij~insof the War Hallam, Henry, I89, 208 t898-t9t4, Chapter 10 Halphen, Louis, 223 Studies in Diplomacy and Statecraft, 404 Hammond, John Laurence, 62 Before the War. Studies in Diplomacy, 404 Hampden, John, 208-9 In Pursuit of Peace, 4I I-I 3 Hankey, Sir Maurice, f1rst Baron, 373, 378, Courts and Cabinets, 437 381,387-8 Frederick the Great, 437-8 Harcourt, Lewis, first Viscount, 306, 40I-2 Maria Theresa, 437 Harcourt, Sir William, I I, 61, 99, 29I Catherine the Great, 4 3 7 Hardie,James Keir, 52, 145 Under Six Reij~ns,438-9 Hardinge, first Baron, of Penshurst, 246, Lauis XV, 438 386-7, 395 The Second Empire, 438 Hardy, George A., I 5 I, I 78 French Profiles, 438 Harnack, Adolf von, 3 I, 3 3 Historical Surveys and Portraits, 438 Harrington, James, 36, 43 Gooch, Godfrey, younger son of George Harrison, Frederic, 45, 62, 169 Peabody,94,44I,450 Hassell, Ulrich von, 447 Gooch, Sir Henry, elder brother of George Headlam-Morley, Sir James, 26I, 3I8, 325 Peabody, IO, I7I and British Documents, 3 3I-404 passim Gooch, Mary Jane, nee Blake, mother of Hearnshaw, Professor F.J. C., 8, 221 George Peabody, I-2, 345 Hegel, Georg Friedrich Wilhelm, I 98, 248, Gi\ring, Hermann, 408 25o-2, 272 Gosse, Sir Edmund, 46 Henderson, Arthur, 295, 30I, 39I, 420 Grattan, Henry, I2I-3 Henkel, Dorothy, 3 I2, 406-8 Great Britain, 27 5-84, 286 Henlein, Konrad, 41 8 British historians, 208-I 9 Henry VIII, King of England, 2I I Gooch and, 3 I 3 Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 256, 3 I 3 Greece, 48. I48-

Hobson, John Atkinson, 63, 100, 246, 254, King, Joseph, 23-17, 327 Kautsky, Benedikt, 339 Locarno, treaty of(1925), 328,406,432 Keynes, John Maynard, 314 Loch, Sir Charles, 5 3-4 494 Index

London, Gooch's social and adult education Mantoux, Paul, ()2 work in Marconi affair, I 7<;-80 Mansf1eld House, Canning Town, 52, 239 Marcks, Erich, ()2 Toynbee Hall, 52-3 Maria Theresa, Empress, 269, 437 Trinity College Mission, Camberwell, 54 Markham, Violet, 54 Working Men's College, 53 Marschall von Bieberstein, Adolf Hermann, see also Charity Organisation Sociery, 254.282 London City Mission, Social and Marshall Plan (I '14 7), 446 Political Education League Martin, B. Kingsley, 3 34, 3 35-7 London City Mission, 5 5-'7 Marx, Karl, 36 London Library, 415,431 Masaryk, Thomas, 91,260,316,416,434, Longman, publishers, 223-4, 431-2 446 Loreburn, ftrst Earl (Robert Threshie Reid), Massingham, Henry William, 62 61' 99. 320, 327 Masterman, Charles Frederick Gurney, 72, Louis XIV, King of France, 27, 195, 215, 226, 88, I II, 146, 150,154 266, 275 Masterman, Canon {later Bishop)John Louis XV, King of France, 196,438 Howard Bertram, 275 Louis XVI, King of France, 202 Maurice, Frederick Denison, 7-9, 53 Louis XVlll, King of France, 202 Maurice, General Sir Frederick, 5 J, 299 Louis-Philippe, King of the French, 201 Mazzini,Joseph, 231,315 Ludlow, Edmund, 44 Meinecke, Friedrich, 222, 329, 437, 443, Luther, Martin, 27, w. 43, 195, 226 447-8 Lutz, Hermann, J<)l-2, 402 Melanchton, Philipp, 1'15 Luxemburg, Rosa, 328 Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Albrecht, 342, 344, 416 Macarthur, Mary, 163 Merrivale, firSt Baron, 413-14 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, f1rst Baron, Metternich, Klemens Lothar Wenzel, Prince, 1Hy, 2oH-10, 215, 21

Morgan, Professor John Hartman, II7, I2I and Egypt, I4o-1 Morley, John, firSt Viscount, I, 45, 49, I38, and Macedonia, 146-54 287-92, 320, 324 'Young Turks' and, 94, 154-6, 24o-3, and Boer War, 6I-3, 75-6 261-2,286,295 and India, I28-3 5, 246 see also Balkan Committee see also 299, 3I3, 3I7 Oxford, University of, Io--I 1, 212-13, 425 Morocco Entente Cordiale(I904) and, 277, 32I, 336 Pakenham, firSt Baron, {later seventh Earl of first Moroccan crisis ( I905-6), I4 7, 277-<), Longford), 447 364 Palacky, Frantisek, 270 second Moroccan crisis ( I9II-I2), 252-3, Palestine, 264, 444-5 28I-3, 322-3,393-4 see also Jews Morrell, Philip, 232 Palm, Johann Philipp, 11)2, 203 Mowat, R. B., 336-'7 Palmerston, third Viscount, 145, 336 MOller, Otfried, I90 Papacy, 30,194,215-16,272 Munich agreement(I938), 423-4 Pares, Sir Bernard, 14 5 Murray, Sir Charles Wyndham, 105, I07-8 Paris Murray, Professor Gilbert, 62, 253-4, 32I, Gooch in, 17, 32-3 4II Paris Peace Conference ( [(.H !)), 3 13-14, Mussolini, Benito, 3 I9, 40 I, 409, 42I, 432 33'1.426 Parmoor, first Baron, 62, 21)3, 313,330, 333 Napoleon I, Emperor of the French Parnell, Charles Stewart, II8-II) and Germany, 252 Peabody, George, 1-2 French historians on, 203, 205, 208 Pears, Sir Edwin, 232, 24o--1, 254,261, .264, Gooch on, 203, 227, 229, 269, 275 295. 307-8 Hitler a 'miniature Napoleon', 426 Pearson, Professor Karl, 7 3 Napoleon lll, Emperor of the French, 203, Peel, first Viscount, 102-3 205, 208 Penn, William, 273 Nasser, Col. Gamal Abdel, 445 Penson, Dame Lillian, 393 National Peace Council, I, 4II-I4, 4I7, Persia, 136, 2M, 280 42Q-2,425,432 Persia Committee and, 139, 142-4 National Socialists, 86, 40(>-36 passim, 446, British Documents and, 373, J7(rH, 3X<; 448-9 Perez, Georg Heinrich, 192 Naumann, Friedrich, 255, 263, 448 Peters, Carl, 78, 30<; Nevinson, Henry Woodd, I46, 263-4 Pethick-Lawrence, Frederick William, first Next Five Years' Group, the(1936), 422 Baron, 4, 62, 72, 2!)6, 305 Nicholas 11, Tsar of Russia, 85, I44-5, 302 Philip of Hesse, 19 5, 226 Nicolson, Sir Arthur, second Baron Carnock, Philip 11, King of Spain, 275 350 Philippine War, see United States of America Niebuhr, Barthold George, 18(}1)0, 11)3, 200, Phipps, Sir Eric, 346-7, 367 223, 226 Pigou, Professor Arthur Cecil, 72, 305 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 241, 250 Pitt, William (the Younger), 122 Noel-Buxton, see Buxton, Noel Poincari·, Raymond, 347, J)O, 411 Northclitfe, first Viscount, 247, 303 Poland, 255, 261), 273,314,410,427,433-4, 446 O'Connell, Daniel, 48 Pollard, Professor Albert Frederick, 221-2 Old Age Pensions, I 04, I 5/9. I n-H Ponsonby, Arthur, tirst Baron, 146, 232, 253, Olivier, Sydney, tirsr Baron, 330 31 8, 3Jo-1, JJH Oncken, Professor Hermann, 321), 423, 448 Poor Law, 55, 157, 172-5, 178 Ormsby-Gore, William, {later fourth Baron sa also 'Children's Cham·r' Harlcch), 401-2 Portugal, 357, 3

Preuss, Hugo, 297 318-19,416 Price, G. Ward, 306 and origins of First World War, 318, Price, Philips, 30?-8 323-4.326,331, 34?-9 Prussia, 251-2, 256-'], 271,309,434, 43?-8 and Nazi Germany, 423, 426-7,434-5 Pruss ian School of History, 3 1, 197-200 after Second World War, 439,444-8 Prynne, William, 41 St Bartholomew, Massacre of(1572), 195, 216 Quakers, see Society of Friends Saint-Simon, Duke of, 195, 226 Quinet, Edgar, 204-5 Salisbury, first Marquess of, 64-5, 76, 85, 279. 362-3 Radowitz,Josef Maria von (the Elder), 194 Salvation Army, I 5, 55 Rainbow Circle, The, 98-100, 231,246-7, Salvemini, Professor Gaetano, 3 1!)-20 2M6, 314-15, 330, 391 Samuel, Herbert, first Viscount, 171, 174 Ranke, Leopold von, 33, 192-9, 216, 223, Sand, George, 2cr-1 226 Sarkissian, Dr A. 0., 450 Rathenau, Walter, 328 Satow, Sir Ernest, 362-4 Readingby-election(1913), 175, I7!r84 Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, 19cr-1, 228 Realpolitik, 73 Sazonoff, Sergei Dimitryevich, 404 Redmond, John, 296 Schiller, Friedrich von, 192 Reformation, 26, 39,195.212,215-16,272 Schleswig, 3 14 Reichstag, German, 31 3 Schlosser, Friedrich Christoph, 197 Rheinbaben, Werner Baron, 418 Schoen, Wilhelm Eduard von, 347 Rhodes, Cecil, 47. 64-7, 78-80, 83 Schon, Else, see Gooch, Else Richter, Eugen, 32 Schulze-Gaevernitz, Professor Gerhardt von, Ritchie, David George, 45 317 Roberts, Charles, 89, 305 Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 410 Robespierre, Maximilien, 203, 22?-8 Schwabach, Paul von, 418 Rolland, Romain, 258 Schwarz, Dr Wolfgang, 412-13 Rome, (ancient), I 8!)-90, 2 I 7 Scott, Charles Prestwich, 296 Rosebery, fifth Earl of, 29, 74, 291-2 Seeley, Sir John, 14,29-30,51,214-15 Rothenstein, Sir William, 317, ]28, 345.415, Selborne, second Earl of, 127 429 Seldin, John, 40 Rottcck, Karl von, I 97 Serbia Roumania, 244, 25 5 before First World War, 148-9 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 203, 20(..-7, 227, 256 and origin of First World War, 234-5. Rownrree, B. Scebohm, 285 306-'], 3 I8, 323-6, 347, 350 Runciman, Walter, first Viscount, 168-9 during First World War, 243-4. 255 Russell, Lord John (first Earl), 224, 329, 339, British Documents and, 34 1 345 Seton-Warson, Professor Robert William Russia during First World War, 232-44passim, under Tsars, 271,273.276,278,304-5. 253-64 passim, 270, 294-5 336 and British Documents, 343. 352 and Christians in Ottoman Empire, 8o-I, see also, 117,316,319,428 85, 94, I 36 Shackleton, Sir David James, 104 Britain's 1907Ententewith, 137-9,150, Sidgwick, Henry, 38, 167 152,233,279-81,292,321,377-8. Silesia (annexation by Frt-derick II of Prussia), 389 195. 197.226, 273 and Persia, 142-4 Simon, Ernest Darwin, first Baron, 297 Dumas in, 123, 144-5 Smuts, Field Marshal Jan, 67, 124, 3 15 Russia Conunittee (I 909-10 ). I 4s-6 Snowden, Philip, first Viscount, 342 and Macedonia, 14!r5 3 Social and Political Education League, 51-2 in First World War, 237-42, 254-5. 259 Socialism, see Labour Movement Provisional Government ( 19 17 ), 264 Society of Friends, 16, 27,42-3, 112, 312, Communist rq~ime, 295/. 307-8, 317, 406,409.411,439 . Index 497

Sociological Society; 49, 57 Trade Unions, I04, 443, passim Sorel, Albert, 32, 207 Transylvania, 27 I -2 Sosnosky, Theodor von, 235, 3I7 Treitschke, Heinrich von, 3I, 3J, I95. I98, South Africa 248, 25 I, 272 South African (Boer) War (I 89()-I 902), 34, Trevelyan, Sir Charles, 100, I I7, I45-6, 47, SD-I,6Q-7I,76, 8I-4,240,289, I65-

Spirit of, 41 5 Wilson, Woodrow, 285,293, 313-14,360 Whittaker, Sir Thomas, 103-4. 163 Winstanley, Gerrard, 41-2 Wieland, Christopher Martin, 256-7 Witte, Sergei Yulevich, Count, 302 William 11, German Emperor, 31-2, 7H, .;!7H, Wood, T. Mckinnon, 308 30\rll, 323, 326, 433 Woolf, Leonard, 272, 318-19 William Ill, of Orange, King of England, 24, Woolf, Virginia, 318 208-10, 227 World Alliance of Churches, 237 Williams, Aneurin, 240, 265 Wright, Dr C. Hagberg, 296, 308 Williams, Professor Basil, 117-1H Wyndham, George, 104,114,120 Wilson, Sir Harold, 1, 444 Wilson, Captain Leslie, 1H2-4 Zanzibar, 401-2