Notes

Note: All references are to works by , unless otherwise stated.

Introduction

1. 'Paul Vellacott: of Peterhouse, 1939-1954', The Sex 114 Oune 1956), 1-4. For Vellacott's style, see his 'The Diary of a Country Gentleman in 1688', CHJ 2 (1926-28), 48-62. 2. '', The Contemporary Review 200 (1961), 501-5, esp. 502. Cf. Frank Eyck, G. P. Gooch: A Study in and Politics (1982), esp. pp. 311-405; John D. Fair, : A Scholar and Romantic in the Public Realm (1992), esp. pp. 167-215; SMH, pp. 4-6; and 'Harold Temperley and ', in H. W. V. Temperley, The Foreign Policy of Canning 1822-1827 (1966), p. viii. 3. C. Thomas Mcintire, 'Introduction Herbert Butterfield on Christianity and History', WCH, pp. xxiv-xxv. 4. SM, pp. 40, 45, 71-2, review of Symondson, EHR 87 (1972), 644; and DHI I, p. 403. Cf. C. Thomas Mcintire, 'Introduction Herbert Butterfield on Christianity and History', WCH, pp. xxv-xxvi. 5. 'Early Youth', BP, 7. Cf. Adolf Harnack, Christianity and History (1898); What is Christianity? (1901). 6. John L. Clive, 'The Prying Yorkshireman', New Republic 186 (23 June 1982), 31. 7. EH, pp. 88-90; GNP, pp. 196-206; and GH, pp. 220-4. 8. ' History as the Organisation of Man's Memory', in Knowledge Among Men, ed. Paul H. Oehser, (1966), p. 31. 9. For Butterfield on his writings, see 'My Literary Productions', BP, 269/3. 10. Review of Carr, CR 83 (2 December 1961), 172. 11. CH, pp. 19f. Cf. review of Widgery, The Sunday Times (16 July 1960), 27. 12. Cf. C. Thomas Mcintire, 'Introduction Herbert Butterfield on Christianity and History', WCH (1979), pp. xlv-xlvi; and S. W. Sykes, 'Theology through History', in David F. Ford (ed.), The Modem Theologians: An Introduction to Christian Theology in the Twentieth Century (1989) II, pp. 25-7. 13. , 'Introduction', OH (1981), p. 7. 14. WIH, p. vi. 15. The Present State of Historical Scholarship (1965), p. 4; and 'Some Trends in Scholarship 1868-1968, in the Field of Modem History', TRHS Fifth Series 19 (1969), 177. 16. W. H. Walsh, An Introduction to of History (1967), pp. 11-17. 17. Ernst Troeltsch, Der Historismus und seine Probleme (1922). Troeltsch offered his resolution as 'Ethics and the ', in Christian Thought: Its History and Application, ed. F. von Hugel (1923), pp. 39-129. 18. WIH, pp. 109-32. 19. HHR, pp. 101-30; and 'Moral Judgements in History' (1965), esp. p. 11. 20. See John L. Herkless, 'Meinecke and the Ranke-Burckhardt Problem', HT 9 (1970), 290-321.

217 218 Notes

21. See esp. Alfred J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic (1936). 22. In the Journal of Philosophy 39 (1942), 35-48, extensively reprinted. 23. So terrp.ed by William Dray, Laws and Explanation in History (1957), pp. 1, 18. 24. William H. Walsh, 'Colligatory Concepts in History', in Studies in the Nature and Teaching of History, ed. W. H. Burston and David Thompson (1967), pp. 65-106. 25. Sidney Hook, ed., Philosophy and History (1963); H.-G. Gadamer, Truth and Method (1965); Haskell Fain, Between Philosophy and History (1970); Hayden V. White, Metahistory (1973); and Peter Munz, The Shapes of Time (1977). 26. The discussion is recorded in Scientific Change, ed. Alastair C. Crombie (1963), pp. 370-95. 27. See David Bebbington, Patterns in History (1979), pp. 145-53. Cf. William H. Walsh, An Introduction to Philosophy of History (1967), pp. 42-7, 73-92; Patrick Gardiner, The Nature of Historical Explanation (1952), pp. 32-4; and G. H. von Wright, Explanation and Understanding (1971), esp. pp. 1-33. 28. 's famous statement appears in his 1824 'Preface' to his Geschichten der Romanischen und Germanischen VOlker von 1494 bis 1514. G. G. Iggers, 'The Image of Ranke in German and American Historical Thought', HT 2 (1962), 17-40, demonstrates that Ranke should not be read as a crude empiricist. 29. John B. Bury, The Science ofHistory (1903), pp. 18-19, cf. pp. 7, 42. For Bury's modifications of this view, see 'Cleopatra's Nose', Rationalist Philosophical Annual (1916), 16-23; and 'A Letter on the Writing of History' CHJ 2 (1927), 196-7. Cf. CH, p. 110; GIH, p. 111. 30. See Harvey J. Kaye, The British Marxist (1984), for Dawson, Eternity in Time, ed. Stratford Caldecott and John Morrill, (1997). 31. John Kenyon, The History Men (1983), pp. 242-50. 32. For critical assessments of Toynbee, see Toynbee and History, ed. M. F. Ashley Montagu (1956). 33. , 'Sir Herbert Butterfield', CR 101 (16 November 1979), 7. 34. HHR, p. 141; 'Universal History and the Comparative Study of Civilization', in Sir Herbert Butterfield, Cho Yun Hsu and William H. McNeill on Chinese and World History, ed. N. H. Fehl (1971), p. 23. 35. EH, pp. 133-6; HHR, p. 102. 36. Review of Carr, CR 83 (2 December 1961), 172. 37. John L. Clive, 'The Prying Yorkshireman', New Republic 186 (23 June 1982), 35. 38. Esmond Wright, 'Professor Sir Herbert Butterfield', Contemporary Review 235 (December 1979), 293. 39. P. G. Lucas, review of MHP, Universities Quarterly 10 (1956), 188. 40. E. H. Carr, What is History? (1961), p. 69. 41. Karl Li:iwith, 'History and Christianity', in Reinhold Niebuhr: His Religious, Social and Political Thought, ed. C. W. Kegley and R. W. Bretall (1956), p. 290. 42. Hugh F. Kearney, review of CH, The Month Third Series 3 (1950), 145. 43. W. Stanford Reid, 'Professor Butterfield and a Christian Interpretation of History', His 16 (May 1956), 23-5. 44. Adam Watson, 'Introduction', to OH, p. 7. 45. Ibid., p. 8. For a much more critical discussion see George Watson, 'The War against the Whigs', Encounter New Series 1 (1986), 19-25. Notes 219

46. Esmond Wright, 'Professor Sir Herbert Butterfield', Contemporary Review 235 (1979), 294. 47. John L. Clive, 'The Prying Yorkshireman', New Republic 186 (23 June 1982), 32. 48. Michael Hobart, 'History and Religion in the Thought of Herbert Butterfield', JHI 32 (1971), 543. 49. W. R. Matthews, 'The Philosophy of History', review of CH, Journal of Education 82 (1950), 354. SO. W. A. Speck, 'Herbert Butterfield and the Legacy of a Christian ', in A Christian View of History? eds. George Marsden and Frank Roberts (1975), p. lOS. 51. H. P. Rickman, 'The Horizons of History', Hibbert Journal 56 (1956--7), 168. 52. William A. Speck, 'Herbert Butterfield on the Christian and Historical Study', FH 4 (1971), 64. 53. W. Stanford Reid, 'The Problem of the Christian Interpretation of History', FH S (1973), 102. 54. Louis J. Voskuil, 'History: Sound and Fury Signifying Nothing?' Pro Rege (March 1988), 6. SS. , 'History and Judgment: Butterfield, Niebuhr, and the Technical Historian', The Frontier (August 1950), 301-14; 'History's Theme', Observer (23 October 1949), 7; and 'The Tragedy of History', The Observer (2 September 1951), 7. 56. Ernst Nagel, 'History of History', review of MHP, Nation 182 (3 March 1956), 184. 57. C. Thomas Mcintire, 'Introduction Herbert Butterfield on Christianity and History', WCH, p. xxxix; cf. pp. l-li and xlix-l. 58. Kenneth W. Thompson, 'Butterfield, Herbert', International Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences. XVIII (1979), p. 95. 59. Harold T. Parker, 'Herbert Butterfield', in Some 20th Century Historians, ed. S. W. Halperin (1961), p. 100; cf. pp. 94-7. 60. For example, , 'St Augustine', DH, p. 19; and Kenneth W. Thompson, 'Butterfield, Herbert', in The International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences. XVIII (1979), p. 91. 61. Denis Brogan, 'Sir Herbert Butterfield as a Historian: An Appreciation', DH, pp. 3-7. 62. Michael Hobart, 'History and Religion in the Thought of Herbert Butterfield', JHI 32 (1971), 552-3. 63. Kenneth W. Thompson, 'Butterfield, Herbert', in The International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences. XVIII (1979), pp. 94-S. 64. Butterfield wrote of a 'Namier School' without naming its membership. The term included Romney Sedgwick and John Brooke, probably also Lucy Sutherland and Betty Kemp, and possibly Ian R. Christie. 65. On different categories of evidence, see Richard Pares, 'Round the Georgian Mulberry Bush', review of GH, The 54 (23 November 1957), 698. For discussions of Butterfield's critique of Namier, see M. S. Anderson, Historians and Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715-1789 (1979), pp. 221-9; and John Kenyon, The History Men (1983), pp. 261-9. For Butterfield, see W. R. Fryer, 'English Politics in the Age of Burke: Herbert Butterfield's Achievement', Studies in Burke and His Time 11 (1970), 1519-42, and on the 220 Notes

Namier side, Ian R. Christie, 'George III and the Historians-Thirty Years On', H 71 (1986), 205-21. 66. OMS, pp. 1, 5, 30, 41. 67. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution (1957), esp. p. 283; cf. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (rev. edn 1970), p. 85. 68. A. Rupert Hall, 'On Whiggism', 21 (1983), 45-59; Adrian Wilson and T. G. Ashplant, 'Whig History and Present-centred History', HJ 31 (1988), 1-16; Ernst Mayr, 'When is Whiggish?' [HI 51 (1990), 301-9; Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams, 'De-centring the "Big Picture": The Origins of Modem Science and the Modern Origins of Science', British Journal for the History of Science 26 (1993), 407-32; and Regis Cabral, 'Herbert Butterfield (1900-1979) as a Christian Historian of Science', Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 27 (1996), 547-64. 69. Kenneth W. Thompson, 'Butterfield, Herbert', The International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences: XVIII (1979), p. 93. 70. Maurice Cowling, 'Herbert Butterfield 1900--1979', PBA 65 (1979), 609. 71. Adrian Wilson and T. G. Ashplant, 'Whig History and Present-centred History', Hf 31 (1988), 5. 72. Malcolm R. Thorp, Herbert Butterfield and the Reinterpretation of the Christian Historical Perspective (1997) does not resolve the central problem. See esp. pp. 145-54. 73. George Gale, 'Herbert Butterfield, Historian', Encounter 53 (November 1979), 89; cf. , 'A Englishman and His History', 243 (28July 1979), 22. 74. E. H. Harbison, reviews of HHR, WMQ Third Series 9 (1952), 416; and CH, in Theology Today 7 (1950), 404. 75. Patrick Gardiner, review of Butterfield, CH, Mind 60 (1951), 134. 76. John Kenyon, The History Men (1983), pp. 230, 261, and review of OH, The Observer (28 June 1981), 32. 77. Noel Annan, Our Age: Portrait of a Generation (1990), p. 270. Cf. Annan, The Dons: Mentors, Eccentrics and Geniuses (1999), pp. 264-6.

1 The Romantic Imagination

1. 'My Early Life' and 'Early Youth', BP, 269/3 and 7 respectively; and HN, pp. 17-18. 2. 'Universal History and the Comparative Study of Civilization', in Sir Herbert Butterfield, Cho Yun Hsu and William H. McNeill on Chinese and World History, ed. N.H. Fehl (1971), pp. 26-7; cf. CH, pp. 11-12. 3. 'My Early Life', BP, 269/3. 4. 'Personal/Early Youth', BP, 7; cf. 'Paul Vellacott: Master of Peterhouse 1939-1954' (1956), 2-3. The Whig Interpretation was dedicated to Vellacott. 5. 'My Literary Productions', BP, 269/3. 6. HN, 'Preface', and p. 22. 7. HN, pp. 7-8. 8. HN, p. 71. 9. HN, pp. 112-13. 10. HN, p. 8. Notes 221

11. HN, pp. 12-13. 12. HN, pp. 1, 9-11; cf. pp. CH, 11-12. 13. HN, pp. 10, 13-14. 14. HN, p. 24. 1S. HN, p. lS; cf. UET, p. 98. 16. HN, pp. 17-18, 23. 17. HN, pp. 17-23. 18. HN, pp. 3-4. 19. HN, p. 97; cf. pp. 98, 107. 20. HN, p. 4. 21. HN, pp. 31-2, 96. 22. HN, p. S. 23. HN, pp. 2, 3S-7, 96, 106-7. 24. HN, pp. 29, SO. 2S. HN, pp. 9S-6. 26. HN, p. lOS; cf. David Lowenthal, The Past is A Foreign Country (198S), esp. pp. 18S, 216, 226-7. 27. HN, pp. S4-S; cf. p. 8. 28. Cf. , Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals, ed. L. A. Selby Bigge (197S), pp. 83-4. But see also Hume, 'Of the Study of History', in Essays Moral, Political and Literary (1898) II, pp. 388-91. 29. HN, pp. 34, 43. 30. HN, pp. 102-3; cf. p. 112. 31. HN, pp. 103-4. 32. HN, p. 40; cf. pp. 111-12. 33. HN, pp. 9, 82. 34. HN, pp. 67-70, 80. 3S. HN, p. 7S. 36. HN, pp. 99-100; cf. p. 42. 37. HN, p. 81. 38. HN, p. 81; cf. pp. 46-S2, 87. 39. HN, pp. 82-3; cf. p. 8; CH, pp. 67, 94-6. 40. HN, pp. 83-4. 41. HN, p. 86. 42. HN, pp. 90-1. 43. HN, p. 18. 44. HN, p. 71. 4S. HN, p. 113. 46. 'My Early Life', BP, 269/3, A. Wahl, review of PTN, Historische Zeitschrift 14S (1931), 181-2. Cf. H. W. V. Temperley, The Life of Canning (190S); and John D. Fair, Harold Temperley (1992), pp. 181-9. 47. UET, pp. 4-7. 48. SMH, p. 4; 'Harold Temperley and George Canning' (1966), xvi-xvii; 'Some Trends in Scholarship 1868-1968, in the Field of Modem History', TRHS Fifth Series 19 (1969), 168. 49. UET, p. 8. SO. SMH, p. 2; cf. UET, p. S; 'Harold Temperley and George Canning', in H. W. V. Temperley, The Foreign Policy of Canning 1822-1827 (1966), p. xxi; 222 Notes

and 'Introduction to the Second Edition', in Harold W. V. Temperley, Frederic the Great and Kaiser Joseph (1968), p. ix. See also G. P. Gooch, 'Historical Novels', Contemporary Review 117 (1920), 204-12; H. W. V. Temperley, 'Maurus Jokai and the Historical Novel', Contemporary Review 86 (1904), 107-14; and Foreign Historical Novels (1929). 51. 'Introduction to the Second Edition' (1968), pp. xi-xii. 52. PTN, pp. 3-4, 9-11. Cf. Savoie Lottinville, The Rhetoric of History (1976), p. 96; cf. pp. 34-5; and Lottinville, 'Sir Herbert Butterfield as a Narrative Historian', in Herbert Butterfield: The Ethics of History and Politics (1980), pp. 20-30. 53. CH, p. 26. 54. HN, pp. 22-4. 55. F. Crossfield Happold, The Approach to History (1928), p. 37. 56. HN, p. 27; cf. 'Introduction to the Second Edition', in H. W. V. Temperley, Frederic the Great and Kaiser Joseph (1968), p. xix. 57. SMH, pp. 3-4; 'Harold Temperley and George Canning', in H. W. V. Temperley, The Foreign Policy of Canning 1822-1827 (1966), pp. xi-xvii. Cf. H. W. V. Temperley and Charles K. Webster, 'The Duel between Castlereagh and Canning in 1809', CHJ 3 (1929), 83-95. 58. PTN, esp. pp. 107-29, 149-54, 202-76, 310-36 and 345-66. 59. 'My Literary Productions', BP, 269/3. 60. 'Harold Temperley and George Canning', in H. W. V. Temperley, The Foreign Policy of Canning 1822-1827 (1966), p. ix. 61. Lefebvre described The Tactics as an 'excellent study', in his Napoleon (1969), I, 310. The relevant portions of Lefebvre's Napoleon (1, pp. 254-75, and II, pp. 3-7, 13-32), clearly not oriented to Butterfield's starting-point, provide an instructive comparison with The Peace Tactics. 62. 'Introduction to the Second Edition', in H. W. V. Temperley, Frederic the Great and Kaiser Joseph (1968), p. xxi. 63. 'My Literary Productions', BP, 269/3. 64. Temperley's Life of Canning (1905) should be compared with his more sober The Foreign Policy of Canning, 1822-1827 (1925). Butterfield saw Temperley's Frederick the Great and Kaiser Joseph (1915) as holding an intermediate posi­ tion. 'Introduction to the Second Edition', in H. W. V. Temperley, Frederic the Great and Kaiser Joseph (1968), p. xxi.

2 Butterfield's Critique of the Whig Interpretation

1. Published in by Bell, with facsimile reprints in 1950 and 1959. All references are to this edition. 2. Owen Chadwick, Freedom and the Historian (1969), p. 37. 3. WIH, pp. 3-6; cf. John W. Derry, 'Whig Interpretation of History', in The Blackwell Dictionary of Historians (1988), pp. 448-50. 4. Raison D'Etat (1975), p. 7. 5. P. B. S. Blaas, Continuity and Anachronism (1978), p. 10. Contra Jack H. Plumb, The Death of the Past (1969), p. 42, n. 1. Plumb may have been influenced by Geoffrey Barraclough, History in a Changing World (1955), p. 9; and E. H. Carr, What is History? (1961), pp. 35-7. Notes 223

6. WIH, pp. v-vi. 7. WIH, p. 11; cf. HHR, p. 162. 8. WIH, pp. 11-12, 92, 105-6. 9. HN, pp. 82-S, 99-106. 10. WIH, p. 10; cf. pp. 9, 17. 11. WIH, p. 14; cf. pp.l3, 29-30. 12. WIH, pp. 30-2. 13. WIH, pp. 34, SO; cf. pp. 35, 42. 14. WIH, pp. 49 and 35, respectively. In fact, Acton acknowledged that Luther 'was a profound conservative and a reluctant innovator', Lectures on Modern History (1906), p. 95. Cf. Heinrich Boehmer, Luther and the in the Light of Modern Research (1930), pp. 1-30; and Wilhelm Pauck, 'The Historiography of the German Reformation During the Past Twenty Years', Church History 9 (1940), 305-40. 15. WIH, pp. 35-6; cf. pp. 94-5; HHR, p. 121. 16. WIH, pp. 36, 39; and review of Carr, CR 83 (2 December 1961), 172. 17. Hayden V. White, Metahistory (1973), pp. 168-78, 188-9. 18. WIH, p. 41. 19. WIH, p. 42; EH, pp. 92-4. Paul de Rapin-Thoyras published his Dissertation sur les Whigs et les Tories, in 1717. It was translated as A Dissertation on the Rise, Progress, Views, Strength, Interests, and Characters of the Two Parties of the Whigs and Tories, and reprinted in The History ofEngland as well Ecclesiastical as Civil (1785/89), Volume II at pp. 1034-48. Rapin adopted a dispassionate rather than partisan view of the role of tories and whigs in England's devel­ opment, esp. at pp. 1047-8. 20. WIH, p. 43. 21. WIH, pp. 18, 46. 22. WIH, pp. 62, 63. Butterfield was probably alluding to Ranke's proposition that each generation and 'epoch is immediate to God' and 'that God, exist­ ing in no particular time, gazes over the whole historic humanity in its totality and finds them all equally valuable'. See Ranke, 'The Epochs of Modern History' [1854], in The Secret of World History, ed. Roger Wines (1981), pp. 159-60; cf. CH, pp. 65-6. 23. WIH, pp. 32-3; cf. pp. S-6; HHR, p. 128. 24. An allusion to Temperley's romanticism. See UET, p. 8; and 'Introduction to the Second Edition', in H. W. V. Temperley, Frederic the Great and Kaiser Joseph (1968), p. xii. 25. WIH, pp. 14-15; cf. pp. 14, 90-1. 26. WIH, p. 16; cf. HN, pp. 109-11. 27. WIH, pp. 10-11; cf. GH, p. 195. 28. WIH, p. 19. 29. WIH, p. 47. 30. WIH, pp. 19-20. 31. WIH, p. 58. 32. WIH, p. 61. Contra Acton, 'The Study of Modern History', in Lectures on Modern History (1906), p. 3. 33. 'History and the Marxian Method' (1933), 355. 34. WIH, p. 21; cf. pp. 14-15. 35. WIH, pp. 42-5; cf. George Watson, Lord Acton's History of Liberty (1994). 224 Notes

36. WIH, pp. 18, 20, 37-62, 72, 75-89, 127; cf. LMW, pp. 21-37; and The Historical Development of the Principle of Toleration in British Public Life (1957). 37. WIH, p. 71; cf. p. 21. 38. WIH, p. 99. 39. WIH, pp. 65-7. 40. WIH, pp. 67-8; cf. PTN, p. 275. 41. WIH, p. 69. 42. WIH, pp. 68-9. 43. WIH, pp. 71-2. 44. Ranke, 'Preface' to Geschichten der Romanischen und Germanischen VOlker von 1494 bis 1514, as translated by Roger Wines as 'Introduction' to the 'History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations', in The Secret of World History (1981), pp. 55-9, at p. 58. 45. WIH, p. 72. The italics are mine. 46. WIH, pp. 66-7, 73. 47. WIH, pp. 73-4. 48. WIH, p. 73. 49. WIH, p. 92. SO. WIH, p. 93. 51. WIH, pp. 91, 125; cf. p. 61. 52. WIH, p. SO; cf. HHR, pp. 168-73, 175-8. 53. WIH, pp. 20-5. 54. WIH, pp. 7, 24, 25. 55. WIH, pp. 96-7. 56. WIH, pp. 101, 102; cf. pp. 25-6. 57. WIH, pp. 102-3. 58. WIH, p. 103; cf. p. 97. 59. Roy Stone De Montpensier, 'Maitland and the Interpretation of History', American Journal ofLegal History 10 (1966), 259-81, esp. at 264-5, 275, note 37. 60. WIH, pp. 48-9. 61. WIH, p. 77. 62. WIH, p. 23. 63. WIH, p. 45. 64. Cf. PTN, p. 32. 65. WIH, p. 103. 66. WIH, pp. 1, 2. 67. WIH, pp. 104-5; cf. pp. 131-2; HHR, pp. 156-7. 68. WIH, p. 106. 69. Cf. WIH, pp. 23-4, 29-30. 70. A. Rupert Hall, 'On Whiggism', History of Science 21 (1983), 49-58. 71. George Watson, 'The War against the Whigs', Encounter (New Series) 1 (1986), 19-24. 72. Adrian Wilson and T. G. Ashplant, 'Whig History and Present-Centred History', HJ 31 (1988), esp. 1-11.

3 Butterfield's Critique of Acton

1. Butterfield did mention Henry Hallam. WIH, p. 4; cf. p. 30. 2. E. H. Carr, What is History? (1961), p. 35. Carr was not correct. See].]. Auchmuty, 'Acton: The Youthful Parliamentarian', Historical Studies 9 Notes 225

(1959/61), 131-9. For Fox, see J. R. Dinwiddy, 'Charles James Fox as Historian', HJ 12 (1969), 23-34. 3. WIH, p. v; cf. Carl C. Becker review of WIH, JMH 4 (1932), 278. 4. Butterfield, private letter toP. B. M. Blaas, dated 18 June 1970; see also 'My Literary Productions', BP, 269/3. 5. Hence the lack of any analysis of anachronism in The Whig Interpretation, as noted by Marshall Poe in 'Butterfield's Sociology of Whig History: A Contribution to the Study of Anachronism in Modern Historical Thought', Clio 25 (1996), 345-52, 354-5, 358-61. 6. WIH, pp. 5, 64-5, 107, 117. 7. H. W. V. Temperley, Research and Modem History (1930), pp. 13, 19-20; cf. Temperley, The Life of Canning (1905), pp. 10, 108. See also Owen Chadwick, 'Acton and Butterfield', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38 (1987), 387-8. 8. Review of Carr, CR 83 (2 December 1961), 172; cf. MHP, pp. 86-94; Acton, 'German Schools of History', EHR 1 (1886), 13; and 'The Study of History', in Lectures on Modem History (1906), pp. 7, 18, 19. 9. R. H. Murray, Erasmus and Luther (1920); and John B. Bury, History of the Papacy in the 19th Century (1864-1878), ed. R. H. Murray (1930). 10. Acton, 'The Study of History', in Lectures on Modem History (1906), p. 5. Cf. WIH, pp. 120-5; cf. PTN, pp. 255-7. 11. WIH, pp. 109f. 12. Owen Chadwick, 'Sir Herbert Butterfield', CR 101 (16 November 1979), 6; cf. Chadwick, 'Acton and Butterfield', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38 (1987), 401; and Acton and History (1998), p. 186. 13. For the controversy between Acton and , see Friedrich Engel de Janosi, 'The Correspondence between Lord Acton and Bishop Creighton', CHJ 6 (1940), 307-21; John Kenyon, The History Men (1983), pp. 125-37; Hugh Tulloch, Acton (1988), pp. 103-6, 116; and Roland Hill, Lord Acton (2000), pp. 296-303. See also Louise Creighton, The Life and Letters of Mandell Creighton (1904), I, pp. 227-9, 274-5, 333-41, 368-76. Creighton, an Anglican Churchman of the liberal school, published the first two volumes of his History of the Papacy During the Period of the Reformation in 1882. The work was completed in 1894. Acton reviewed the initial volumes appreciatively. See Academy 22 (1882), 407-9. In his 1885 Inaugural Lecture on 'The Teaching of Ecclesiastical History', Creighton endorsed the expres­ sion of moral judgements in the writing of history, but required that judge­ ment be regulated 'by a view of all the conditions of the time'. See his Historical Lectures and Addresses ed. Louise Creighton (1903), esp. pp. 10-11. Creighton published volumes III and IV of his History of the Papacy in February 1887. These covered the inception of the Inquisition and the rule of Alexander VI. In this context Creighton asserted in his Preface his case for adjusting moral judgements to the practices and standards of the age. Apparently unaware of the fervour of Acton's contrary convictions, Creighton, as editor, asked him to review these volumes for the English Historical Review. Acton responded with one of the most scathing reviews he ever wrote. See the EHR 2 (1887), 571-81, esp. at 577-8. The full text of Acton's letter of explanation to Creighton, dated 5 April 1887, is printed in Essays on Freedom and Power, ed. (1948, reprinted 1955), pp. 329-39. Himmelfarb gives Creighton's reply of 9 April 1887, at pp. 341-5. Although the correspondence lapsed, Acton sought to articulate his standpoint in his Introduction to A. L. Burd's edition of Machiavelli's 226 Notes

The Prince; and review in The Nineteenth Century 31 (1892), 696-700. Creighton's review of the same work neither accepted nor rejected the posi­ tion taken by Acton, see EHR 7 (1892), 355-7. 14. Acton, Inaugural Lecture on the Study of History (1895); first reprinted as 'The Study of History', in Acton, Lectures on Modem History (1906), pp. 1-28, 319-42. 15. G. M. Trevelyan, 'Bias in History', H 32 (1947), 13. 16. Cf. Mandell Creighton, Persecution and Tolerance (1895), and esp. his address 'Heroes', The Comhill Magazine (1898), 729-40. A. Fish, 'Acton, Creighton and Lea: A Study in History and Ethics', Pacific Historical Review 16 (1947), 59-69, shows Creighton to be closer to Acton than is generally appreciated. 17. MHP, pp. 92-3. After Acton's death, his son stated that 'during what was almost our last conversation, he [Acton] solemnly abjured me not to rash-judge others as he had done, but to ... make allowance for human weakness'. Richard Maximilian Dalburg Acton, Letter to the Editor, , 28 October 1906. 18. Acton, 'The Study of Modern History' (1905), p. 2. 19. Ibid., pp. 24-5. 20. Ibid., p. 27. 21. Acton, Lectures on the French Revolution (1910), p. 92. 22. Acton review of Lea, A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, EHR 3 (1888), 773-88. For Lea's response, see 'Ethical Values in History', AHR 9 (1904), 233-46, esp. 233-5. 23. WIH, p. 72. 24. Ranke, tr. Roger Wines as 'Introduction' to the 'History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations', in The Secret of World History (1981), pp. 55-9, at p. 58. 25. WIH, pp. 107, 131. 26. WIH, pp. 2-3, 130. 27. WIH, p. 109. 28. Acton to Creighton, 5 April 1887, in Essays on Freedom and Power, ed. Gertrude Himmelfarb (1948, reprinted 1955), pp. 335-6. Butterfield argued that Acton's famous statement to Creighton was an expression of his liber­ alism rather than his Catholicism; cf. WIH, pp. 109-12. 29. WIH, pp. 110-11. 30. Acton to Creighton, 5 April 1887, in Essays on Freedom and Power, ed. Gertrude Himmelfarb (1948, reprinted 1955), p. 340. 31. WIH, pp. 113-14. 32. WIH, p. 115. 33. HHR, p. 117; Moral Judgments in History (1965), pp. 4-5. 34. WIH, p. 115. 35. WIH, p. 115. 36. WIH, pp. 116-17. 37. WIH, p. 117. 38. WIH, pp. 118-19; cf. pp. 74-5. 39. WIH, p. 123. 40. WIH, pp. 124-5. 41. WIH, p. 118; cf. HHR, pp. 104-6. 42. WIH, pp. 126-7. 43. WIH, p. 129. Cf. , Experience and Its Modes (1933), pp. 86-168; and Gertrude Himmelfarb, The New History and the Old (1987), Notes 227

pp. 179-81. The whig drive to come to a 'judgment of values' transgressed the inherent limits and specific focus of history as a discipline. WIH, pp. 64-5; cf. MHP, p. 1, n. 1, and p. 97, n. 5. 44. WIH, pp. 120, 130, 118 respectively. 45. H. G. Wood, Christianity and the Nature of History (1934), pp. 18-19, 181-3. Wood argued that it is 'part of the historian's task to keep in view long-period results and not to be duped by short-period excesses', at p. 133; cf. pp. 113-23. Cf. C. V. Wedgwood, Truth and Opinion (1960), pp. 45-6, and esp. p. 48. 46. F. A. Hayek, 'The Historians' Responsibility', Time and Tide (13 January 1945), 27-8; and 'The Acton Revival', The Freeman. (23 March 1953), 461-2. Cf. 'Tendencies in Historical Study in England', Irish Historical Studies 4 (1945), 209; and 'Official History', Studies 38 (1949), 133-4. 47. C. J. Cadoux, The Protestant Interpretation of History (1947), esp. pp. 6-10. 48. Conyers Read, 'The Social Responsibilities of the Historian', AHR 55 (1950), 275-85. 49. HHR, pp. 101-30; and 'The Scientific versus the Moralistic Approach in International Affairs' (1951). 'Moral judgement' was a live issue at Chatham House. Cf. Arnold Toynbee, 'The Writing of Contemporary History for Chatham House', IA 29 (1953), 137-40; Max Beloff, 'The Writing of International History', IA 29 (1953), 542-43; and Geoffrey Barraclough, 'History, Morals, and Politics', IA 34 (1958), 1-15. 50. Adrian Oldfield, 'Moral Judgments in History', HT 20 (1981), 260-77; see esp. 264 and 264 note 6. He found Butterfield guilty of 'either confused thinking or careless writing', 264. However, he was not correct in suggesting that the point about the incompleteness of evidence was only brought forward in Butterfield's later writing on 'moral judgements'. Also, his short discussion of Butterfield does not sufficiently distinguish between the judgement that certain actions are sinful, and the condemnation of sinful persons. Cf. Stuart Barton Babbage, 'The Place of Moral Judgments in the Interpretation of History', in The Churchman 78 (1964), 32-47. In his dis­ cussion, Babbage neglected The Whig Interpretation in favour of Butterfield's later restatements, ibid., 38-41. 51. CH, pp. 29, 30; cf. HHR, p. 112. 52 . HHR, p. 104; cf. pp. 105, 118; CH, pp. 45-6; cf. MHP, p. 94; Moral Judgments in History (1965), pp. 5-10. 53. Following Karl Popper's The Poverty of Historicism (1944/45) and The Open Society and its Enemies (1945), Berlin stood in opposition to determinism, including all forms of deterministic historical interpretation. He regarded deterministic beliefs as injurious to individual responsibility. See Isaiah Berlin, Historical Inevitability (1954), pp. 46-8 and 76-9. 54. Ibid., p. 52. 55. Butterfield to Isaiah Berlin, 16 May 1953 and 21 September 1953, BP; 531/B82 and 122/6 respectively. Berlin's conclusion was that there is a basic fallacy at the root of the anti-moral judgements position, Historical Inevitability (1954), pp. 47-8. Owen Chadwick, while more attracted to Butterfield's position than that of·Acton, concluded that 'The doctrine of Butterfield cannot be quite right, because it is impossible to obey'. Chadwick, 'Acton and Butterfield', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38 (1987), 404. The answer would seem to lie in a fuller recognition of the inelucta­ bility and provisionality of such judgements. 228 Notes

56. Moral Judgments in History (1965), p. 11. Knowles' 'Inaugural Lecture' appears in The Historian and Character and Other Essays, (1963) at pp. 1-15. Knowles sided with Butterfield. The historian does not 'try' men, but 'con­ templates' them. 'He watches the stream of events and the actions of men, and records them as best he may.' Ibid., pp. 13-14. 57. Review of Burston and Thompson, EHR 84 (1969), 642-3. 58. Ann Low-Beer, 'Moral Judgments in History and History Teaching', in Studies in the Nature and Teaching of History (1967), pp. 137-58. Low-Beer based her remarks, at pp. 137-9, on Butterfield's 'Moral Judgments in History', HHR, pp. 101-30. Her statement on the moral element in descrip­ tive language is at p. 140. 59. Moral Judgments in History (1965), p. 8. 60. PTN, pp. 143-5. 61. Arthur Child, 'Moral Judgment in History', Ethics 61 (1951), 297-308, at 306. 62. WIH, p. 67. 63. WIH, pp. 71-2. 64. E.H. Carr to Butterfield, 2 February 1960, and Butterfield's reply to Carr, 12 February 1960, BP, 531/ClO and 531/Cll respectively. 65. WIH, p. 129. 66. Ranke continued, 'This value gives to the contemplation of history, and of individual lives in history, a unique delight, so that every epoch must be regarded as something valid in itself, fully deserving of such respect', 'The Epochs of Modern History', in The Secret of World History, tr. Roger Wines (1981), p. 159; cf. pp. 160-1. Cf. CH, pp. 65-7; and review of Iggers, EHR 86 (1971), 339. 67. Ranke, 'The Great Powers', tr. Roger Wines, in The Secret of World History (1981), p. 122. 68. Ranke, 'On the Relation of and Distinction Between History and Politics', tr. Roger Wines, in The Secret of World History (1981), pp. 110-11. 69. Ranke to his brother Heinrich, tr. Roger Wines, in The Secret of World History (1981), p. 241. 70. Ranke to his son Otto, tr. Roger Wines, in The Secret of World History (1981), p. 259. 71. Cf. PTN, p. 32. 72. Cf. WIH, pp. 102-3.

4 Machiavelli and the English Tradition

1. For Machiavelli scholarship to this point, see P. H. Harris, 'Progress in Machiavelli Studies', Italica 18 (1941), 1-11. 2. SM, pp. 9, 137; and 'Bolingbroke and the Patriot King', CR 54 (10 March 1933), 308-10. 3. SM, p. 28. 4. SM, pp. 29, 30; cf. p. 36. 5. SM, pp. 30-1. 6. SM, pp. 27-8, 33, 37-9, 45-55. 7. For Ranke's 'Guicciardini's Storia d' Italia', tr. Roger Wines, see The Secret of World History (1981), pp. 77-98. 's remark concerning Notes 229

Butterfield's attribution of rigidity to Machiavelli seems not to appreciate that in Butterfield, Machiavelli functions as the counterpoint to a depiction of Guicciardini in which the latter plays the role of Ranke. See Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modem Political Thought (1978), I, p. 169; cf. pp. 137-8. 8. SM, pp. 24-5; cf. pp. 22-3, 38, 96, 114-15. 9. SM, p. 31; cf. p. 38. 10. SM, pp. 19-20. 11. SM, pp. 57-71. Cf. Maurice Cowling, 'Herbert Butterfield, 1900-1979', PBA 65 (1979), 598. 12. SM, pp. 72-3; cf. p. 76. 13. SM, pp. 74, 76. 14. SM, pp. 77-8. 15. SM, p. 93. 16. SM, p. 22. 17. SM, p. 104. 18. SM, p. 112. 19. SM, pp. 103 and 80 respectively; cf. pp. 10-11, 98, 102-4, 110-13. 20. SM, pp. 20-2, 118, 126-9; CH, pp. 103; review of Chabod, HJ 2 (1959), 79. 21. SM, p. 124; cf. pp. 122-3, 128. 22. SM, p. 129. 23. SM, p. 83. 24. SM p. 102; cf. pp. 81-3. 25. Acton, review of ]. R. Seeley, A Short History of Napoleon, Vol. I; and ]. C. Ropes, The First Napoleon, Vol. II, EHR 2 (1887), 603, 593, respectively. 26. N, pp. 20, 64-5, 105, 124-5. 27. Butterfield to]. H. A. Watson, 25 August 1953, BP, 531/W30. 28 . N, pp. 13-14. 29. N, pp. 18 and 13 respectively; cf. EH, p. 131. 30. N, pp. 14-15. 31. EH, pp. 131 and 110, respectively. 32. N, p. 17; cf. CH, p. 38. 33. N, p. 15. 34. N, p. 16. 35. N, pp. 16-17; cf. pp. 15-18, 39-43, 135; CH, p. 38. 36. N, p. 96. 37. N, esp.pp. 18-20,49,54-7,60-2,81,84,89-90,102-4,114,126-33. 38. N, pp. 125. 39. N, p. 79; cf. p. 26. 40. G. M. Trevelyan to Butterfield, 5 December 1939, BP, 531/T126. 41. G. M. Trevelyan, British History in the Nineteenth Century and After (1782-1919) (1937), p. 475. 42. NH, CR 62 (6 June 1941), 474-5. 43. NH, 474. 44. NH, 474. 45. NH, 474. 46. NH, 475. 47. Maurice Cowling, 'Herbert Butterfield, 1900-1979', PBA 65 (1979), 600. 48. SM, p. 76. 49. N, p. 44. 230 Notes

SO. N, p. 18; cf. LMW, pp. 21-59; The Historical Development of the Principle of Toleration in British Public Life (1957), pp. S, 9-17. 51. 'Bolingbroke and the Patriot King', CR 54 (10 March 1933), 308-310; cf. SM, pp. 135-62. 52. SM, p. 136. 53. SM, p. 72, 138-9, 143, 149, 153-9. 54. SM, pp. 82, 148-9; The Discontinuities betWeen the Generations in History (1972), pp. 18-20; cf. OMS, p. 200. 55. SM, p. 71. 56. SM, pp. 51-2. 57. SM, p. 83. 58. SM, pp. 84-6. 59. W. S. McKechnie, Magna Carta: A Commentary on the Great Charter of King John (1905, 1914); cf. Magna Carta in the of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1969), p. 25; and EH, p. 56. 60. EH, 1970 ed., p. i. In preparation, Butterfield probably drew upon G. P. Gooch, English Democratic Ideas in the Seventeenth Century (1898, 1927); and Political Thought from Bacon to Halifax (1914, 1915). 61. EH, pp. vi, 2, 72, 82. 62. EH, pp. 96 f. 63. EH, pp. 12-14, 20-1. Butterfield's use of 'tory' and 'whig' here should be regarded as analogical, and not strictly historical. Cf. Robert Willman, 'The Origins of "Whig" and "Tory" in English Political Language', HJ 17 (1974), 247-64. 64. EH, pp. 31-40, 47-76. 65. EH, pp. 18-46, 73. Coke's anachronistic method lay at the root of the prob­ lem expounded by Maitland in 'Why the History of English Law is not Written' (1888). EH, pp. 35, SO, 52. See also F. W. Maitland, 'A Prologue to a History of English Law', Law Quarterly Review 14 (1898), 13-33; and Paul Vinogradoff, 'Magna Carta, C. 39: Nullus Liber Homo', in Magna Carta Commemoration Essays (1915), pp. 78-95. On the legal-historical fiction, see L. L. Fuller, 'What Motives Give Rise to the Historical Legal Fiction?' in Recueil d'etudes sur les sources de droit en l'honneur de Franrois Geny. II (1934), pp. 157-76; Lord Sankey, 'The Historian and the Lawyer: Their Aims and Their Methods', H 21 (1936), 97-108; and W. L. Burn, 'The Historian and the Lawyer', H 28 (1943), 17-36. 66. EH, p. 72. 67. EH, pp. 72-8. Cf. David Douglas, English Scholars 1660...1730 (1939). 68. EH, p. 73. 69. EH, p. 78; cf. pp. 69, 73. 70. EH, p. 80. 71. EH, pp. 80-1. 72. EH, p. 81. 73. EH, p. 82. 74. EH, pp. 84, 85. 75. EH, pp. 83-4. 76. EH, pp. 86-90. 77. EH, p. 87. 78. EH, pp. 88-90. The 1930s context is important. Butterfield did not believe that Germany was wholly responsible for the war of 1914. He considered Notes 231

that Germany had legitimate grievances after 1919. During the Second World War he was reputedly more suspicious of Russia than Germany. Noel Annan, The Dons: Mentors, Eccentrics and Geniuses (1999), p. 246. 79. EH, p. 89. 80. EH, pp. 90-1. 81. EH, pp. 85-6, 92-4, 100-1. 82. EH, pp. 92, 94-6; cf. p. 115. 83. William Temple, Christianity and Social Order (1942, reprinted 1976), p. 55. 84. Review of Temple, CR 62 (23 May 1942), 324-5; cf. EH, pp. 134-5; CH, pp. 34-5. 85. EH, pp. 96-136. 86. Cf. Hans Kohn, 'The Genesis and Character of English Nationalism', JHI 1 (1940), esp. 82-7, 91-4. 87. EH, pp. 137-9; cf. CEH, p. 60.

5 Expository Historiography

1. J. G. A. Pocock, Virtue, Commerce, and History (1985), p. 305. 2. G. Kitson Clark, review of EH, CR 66 (4 November 1944), 60-1; cf. EH, p. 101. 3. G. H. Guttridge, review of EH, JMH 17 (1945), 47-8. 4. A. J. Woolford, 'The Interpretation of History', Scrutiny 13 (1945-46), 2-11. 5. Ibid., 6. 6. WIH, pp. 131-2; cf. EH, p. 3. 7. A. J. Woolford, 'The Interpretation of History', Scrutiny 13 (1945-46), 8-9. 8. Ibid., 9-10. 9. Ibid., 11. 10. E. H. Carr, What is History? (1961), pp. 35-6. 11. Joseph Hamburger, Macaulay and the Whig Tradition (1976), p. 229, n. 100. 12. John W. Burrow, A Liberal Descent (1981), p. 300. 13. John Kenyon, The History Men (1983), p. 273. 14. A. Rupert Hall, 'On Whiggism', History of Science 21 (1983), 45. 15. George Watson, 'The War against the Whigs', Encounter New Series 1 (1986), 23. 16. Christopher Parker, The English Historical Tradition Since 1850 (1990), p. 147. 17. David Cannadine, G. M. Trevelyan, A Life in History (1992), p. 210. 18. Michael Bentley, 'Butterfield at the Millennium,' Storia stella storiografia 38 (2000), 19, and 22 n. 19. 19. Paul Christianson, 'The Causes of the English Revolution', JBS 15 (1956), 41. 20. Reba N. Soffer, 'British Conservative Historiography', in British and German Historiography, 1750-1950 (2000), p. 391. 21. WIH, p. 63. 22. EH, p. vii. 23. Cf. CH, p. 92. 24. Review of Carr, CR 83 (2 December 1961), 174. C. Thomas Mcintire, 'Introduction: Herbert Butterfield on Christianity and History', in Writings on Christianity and History (1979), p. xxxi. C. H. Smyth, the author of the suggestion, was of course alluding to Burke's 'An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs' (1791). 232 Notes

25. Robert Walcott, review of EH, AHR SO (1945), 600. 26. EH, p. 3. 27. Review of Carr, CR 83 (2 December 1961), 174. 28. 'My Literary Productions', BP, 269/3. 29. Joseph Hamburger misrepresented The Whig Interpretation as an incorrectly applied critique of Macaulay. Macaulay and the Whig Tradition (1976), pp. 110-13. 30. William A. Speck, 'Thomas Babington Macaulay', in The Historian at Work, ed. John Cannon (1980), pp. 64-5. 31. HHR, p. 228. 32. 'Macaulay as Historian', Methodist Recorder (31 December 1959), 9, 'Reflections on Macaulay' L 90 (1973), 826-7; cf. review of Rich and Fisher, Encounter 5 (1955), 72. 33. 'Macaulay as Historian', Methodist Recorder (31 December 1959), 9. 34. William G. Carleton, 'Macaulay and the Trimmers', The American Scholar 19 (1949-50), 74-5. Joseph Hamburger, Macaulay and the Whig Tradition (1976), p. 137. 35. 'Reflections on Macaulay' L 90 (1973), 826. 36. WIH, p. 41, 'Reflections on Macaulay' L 90 (1973), 826-7; cf. T. B. Macaulay, (1913 edition, ed. Charles H. Firth), I, pp. 21-2, 89. 37. EH, pp. 4-5. 38. SMH, pp. 8-13. 39. SMH, p. 7. 40. SMH, p. 8. 41. SMH, p. 10; cf. pp. 10-11, n. 1. 42. SMH, pp. 13-19, 28-34. 43. SMH, p.19. 44. SMH, pp. 9-10; cf. HHR, p. 241; and T. B. Macaulay, History of England, ed. Charles H. Firth (1913), I, pp. 270 ff. 45. SMH, pp. 21-2. 46. SMH, p. 8. 47. Louis Gottschalk, review of SMH, JMH 17 (1945), 273-4. 48. SMH, pp. 2-4. 49. 'Introduction to the Second Edition', in H. W. V. Temperley, Frederic the Great and Kaiser Joseph (1968), pp. xvi-xix; cf. H. W. V. Temperley, 'Introductory Essay' to Henry Marczali, Hungary in the Eighteenth Century (1910), pp. xvii-lxiv. SO. 'Antidote to Dogmatic History', TT 27 (12 January 1946), 29-30; 'Limits of Historical Understanding' L 37 (26 June 1947), 997-8; 'Reflections on the Predicament of our Time', CJ 1 (1947), 5-13; 'The Predicament of Central Europe', TT 31 (14 January 1950), 31-2; and 'The Predicament that Leads to War', TT 31 (21 January 1950), 56. 51. 'Broadcasting and History', The BBC Quarterly 6 (1951), 134. 52. LMW, p. 23; cf. review of Trevelyan, CR 66 (10 February 1945), 188. 53. HHR, pp. 165-6. 54. 'Broadcasting and History', The BBC Quarterly 6 (1951), 133. 55. Contra WIH, pp. 71-5. 56. Cf. HN, pp. 7-8, 70-1, 112-13. 57. 'Lord Acton', CJ 6 (1953), 483; MHP, p. 66; RIH, 16-17; and review of Carr, CR 83 (2 December 1961), 172. Of course, these references are not a strict Notes 233

endorsement of Buckle or nineteenth-century positivist historiography. They imply a greater openness towards generalisation and a desire to derive the insight that validly formulated generalisations might provide. 58. Louis Gottschalk, 'The Scope and Subject Matter of History', University Review 8 (1941-42), 75-83; The Historian's Use of Generalisation', in The State of the Social Sciences (1956), pp. 436-50; and 'Categories of Histo­ riographical Generalisation', in Generalisation in the Writing of History, (1963), pp. 113-29. 59. WIH, pp. 102-3. 60. HHR, pp. 100; cf. 'The History of Historiography and the History of Science', in Melanges Alexandre Koyre (1964), II, p. 60. 61. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1930). For the debate on Weber's thesis to this time, see Ephraim Fischoff, 'The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism: The History of a Controversy', Social Research 11 (1944), 53-77. 62. SMH, pp. 25-6; cf. DHI, I, pp. 396-7; 'Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism', BP, 479. 63. 'Acton: His Training, Methods and Intellectual System', in Studies in Diplo­ matic History and Historiography in Honour of G. P. Gooch, ed. A. 0. Sarkissian, (1961), p. 188. 64. SMH, p. 7; cf. 'The Teaching of English History', CJ 2 (1948), 4; and GH, p. 214. 65. 'Journal of Lord Acton: Rome 1857', CHJ 8 (1946), 186-204; LA (1948); 'Gasquet and the Acton-Simpson Correspondence', CHJ 10 (1950), 75-105; 'Acton and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew' CHJ 11 (1953) 27-47; 'Lord Acton', CJ 6 (1953), 475-85; MHP, pp. 62-99; 'Acton: His Training, Methods and Intellectual System' (1961). Cf. Hugh Tulloch, Acton (1988), pp. 11-13, 108-9; and George Watson, Lord Acton's 'History ofLiberty' (1994), pp. 48-50. 66. LA, p. 6; and 'Acton: His Training, Methods and Intellectual System' (1961), p. 188. 67. 'Lord Acton', CJ 6 (1953), 485. 68. 'Acton: His Training, Methods and Intellectual System' (1961), p. 196; cf. G. E. Fasnacht, Acton's Political Philosophy (1952), esp. pp. 135, 140-8, 205-6. 69. 'Lord Acton', CJ 6 (1953), 475, 485. 70. 'Lord Acton', CJ 6 (1953), 484, 482, respectively; cf. 476, LA, pp. 6, 13; Moral Judgments in History (1965), pp. 4-5. 71. Geoffrey R. Elton, 'Herbert Butterfield and the Study of History', HJ 27 (1984), 733. In response, Chadwick defended Acton studies. However, he did not relate the depth of Butterfield's interest in Acton to his call for 'expository history' and 'historical thinking', even though he confirmed the insight and cogency of Butterfield's description of the later Acton. Owen Chadwick, 'Acton and Butterfield', Journal of Ecclesiastical History 38 (1987), 386-7, 397, 405. 72. Geoffrey R. Elton, The Practice of History (1969), p. 30. 73. LA, p. 7; 'Lord Acton', CJ 6 (1953), 483-4. 74. SMH, p. 11. 75. WIH, pp. 42-3; OMS, p. 173; cf. revised 1957 edn., p. 189. Cf. A. Rupert Hall, 'On Whiggism', History of Science 21 (1983), 58. Later discussion has revolved around the incompatibility of the contra-anachronistic methodology 234 Notes

advocated in The Whig Interpretation, with the 'present-minded' view of 'modern science' adopted in OMS. See A. Cunningham and P. Williams, 'De­ centering the "Big Picture": The Origins of Modern Science and the Modern Origins of Science', in the British Journal for the History of Science 26 (1993), 407-32; and, from a different standpoint, Regis Cabral, 'Herbert Butterfield as a Christian Historian of Science', in Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 27 (1996), 547-64. Both view OMS as an example of Christian histo­ riography, but their discussion of methodological considerations neglects Butterfield's announcement of what we have termed 'expository historio­ graphy' in 1944. Cf. Regis Cabral, at 555. An important repositioning of the is offered by A. Cunningham and P. Williams, at 425. See also H. Floris Cohen, The Scientifzc Revolution: a Historiographical Inquiry (1994), pp. 112-15, 227-9, 494-501. 76. WIH, p. 13.

6 Providence

1. WIH, pp. 23, 48-9, 77. 2. HN, p. 81; WIH, pp. 48-9; SMH, p. 19; CH, pp. 94, 96, 108; MHP, p. 140; GH, p. 207; DIH I, p. 376; DIH II, p. 488; OH, p. 219. 3. Friedrich Meinecke, Machiavellism (1957), p. 388, esp. n. 2. 4. 'My Literary Productions', BP, 269/3. 5. Unsigned editorial, TLS 48 (20 May 1949), 329. 6. C. S. Lewis to Butterfield, 29 November 1949; to Butterfield, 17 December 1949; and Karl LOwith to Butterfield, 18 May 1950, BP, 101/1. 7. CH, pp. 107, 128. 8. Cf. CH, pp. 45-6. 9. CH, pp. 28-9. 10. EH, p. 133; CH, pp. 29, 62, 112-13; 'A Historian Looks at the World We Live In', Religion in Education 18 (1951), 46-8. 11. CH, p. 67. 12. CH, pp. 6-8, 28. 13. OMS, p. 168. Cf. Elie Halevy, A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century I (1949), pp. 389-451. 14. CEH, pp. 14-15, 31-2, 62-3. 15. 'A Historian Looks at the World We Live In', Religion in Education 18 (1951), 47. 16. 'Christianity and Politics', Orbis 10 (1967), 1235-6; cf. CEH, p. 41. 17. CH, p. 29. 18. CH, p. 106. 19. The Remembrance of Things Past (1968), p. 7. 20. CH, pp. 41-2, 45, 88, 105-6. 21. CH, p. 46: 'The Tragic Element in International Conflict', Review of Politics 12 (1950), 154; and HHR, pp. 37-8. 22. CH, pp. 38-42; cf. V. A. Demant, Religion and the Decline of Capitalism (1952), p. 73. 23. CH, p. 42. 24. CH, pp. 30-8; ICTC, p. 25. Notes 235

25. CH, p. 34. 26. Review of Temple, CR 62 (1942), 324-5; cf. CH, pp. 34-5. 27. CH, pp. 35-46, 53-6, 64-5. 28. CH, p. 47; cf. OMS, p. 194. 29. CH. pp. 57-8, 68-91. 30. CH, p. 69. 31. CH, p. 52; cf. pp. 38, 48-67; SMH, pp. 28-30. 32. CH, p. 57. 33. CH, p. 70. 34. CH, p. 80. 35. CH, p. 70; cf. EH, p. 136. 36. GIH, pp. 106, 110-11. 37. CH, pp. 50, 61, 70-8. 38. CH, p. 97; cf. p. 61. 39. CH, p. 98; cf. p. 61. 40. CH; p. 94. 41. HHR, p. 81. 42. WIH, p. 68. 43. WIH, pp. 131-2. 44. CH, p. 108; cf. p. 98; cf. Patrick Gardiner, review of CH, Mind 60 (1951), 134. 45. CH, p. 95; cf. p. 106. 46. CH, pp. 26, 27; cf. p. 88. 47. HHR, pp. 68-9, 94; cf. 'Introduction to the Second Edition', in H. W. V. Temperley, Frederic the Great and Kaiser Joseph (1968), p. xix. 48. RIH, 3; cf. review of Carr, CR 83 (2 December 1961), 172. 49. RIH, 7; CH, pp. 110-11; 'In Memoriam ', CR 86 (6 February 1965), 234. Cf. , Is History Becoming a Social Science? The Case of Contemporary History (1977), pp. 5, 9-13. 50. Review of Jordan, TLS 55 (20 April 1956), 233; 'Toleration in Early Modern Times', JHI 38 (1977), 582-3; CH, pp. 6-7; cf. CNL, 95-6. 51. CH. pp. 108-10. 52. CH, p. 94; cf. EH, p. 134. 53. CH, p. 95; cf. EH, p. 134. 54. CH, p. 109. 55. CH, p. 94; MHP, pp. 136-42. 56. MHP, p. 106. 57. CH, p. 95; cf. pp. 96-7. 58. CH, pp. 93-4; cf. review of Temple, CR 62 (23 May 1942), 324-5. 59. CH, p. 96; cf. pp. 97, 103. 60. CH, p. 97. 61. CH, p. 111; cf. GIH, p. 110. 62. CH, p. 98; cf. EH, p. 111. 63. CH, pp. 99-100. 64. CH, pp. 98-9; cf. EH, p. 85. 65. John Telford, Man's Partnership with Divine Providence (1919), pp. 2-5, 83-100. 66. Ibid., pp. 17-24, 103-26. 67. Ibid., p. 10; cf. p. 110. 236 Notes

68. Ibid., pp. 172-5, 277-96. 69. E. Griffith-Jones, Providence-Divine and Human (1925), pp. 17-19, 67-111 and 108-11 respectively. 70. Thomas Stevenson, in Divine Providence in the Light of Personality (1930), pp. 11-25; cf. pp. 218-34. 71. L. E. Elliott-Binns, Divine Providence and Human Destiny (1943), pp. 32f., 61-86. 72. CEH, p. 36; GIH, p. 106; EH, pp. 118-21. 73. OMS, p. 198. 74. HHR, p. 37; cf. 'A Historian Looks at the World We Live In', Religion in Education 18 (1951), 45. 75. CH, p. 60. 76. CH, p. 100. 77. CH, p. 100. 78. CH, p. 106. 79. 'Internationalism and the Defence of the Existing Status Quo', Christianity and Crisis 17 (10 June 1957), 75; 'Morality and an International Order', in The Aberystwyth Papers. International Politics 1919-1969, ed. Brian Porter (1972), pp. 341-7. 80. CH, p. 103. 81. CH, p. 103; cf. 'Reflections on the Predicament of Our Time', CJ1 (1947), 10. 82. CH, p. 104. 83. CH, p. 106; cf. p. 29. 84. 'Christianity and Politics', Orbis 10 (1967), 1246. 85. CH, p. 112; cf. ICTC, p. 107. 86. HHR, p. 54. 87. GIH, pp. 118, 120. 88. Cf. G. C. Berkouwer, The Providence of God (1952), esp. pp. 50-187. 89. ICTC, p. 107; cf. 'The Prospect for Christianity', Religion in Life 22 (1953), 371. 90. HHR, p. 54. 91. CEH, p. 57; cf. 'Tendencies in Historical Study in England', Irish Historical Studies 4 (1945), 223. 92. CH, p. 135. 93. CH, p. 132. 94. CH, p. 131; CEH, pp. 14, 45, 52-6; 'The Contribution of Christianity to our Civilisation', Methodist Recorder (3 May 1951), 1. 95. CEH, p. 25. 96. 'The Protestant Church and the West', L 39 (24 june 1948), 1008. 97. CEH, pp. 53-6; DHI, I, p. 409. 98. HHR, p. 150; 'The Prospect for Christianity', Religion in Life 22 (1953), 378. 99. CH, pp. 135-6; CEH, pp. 62-3; 'The Prospect for Christianity', Religion in Life 22 (1953), 371-6. 100. CH, pp. 24-5, 41-6, 57, 95-9, 105-6; cf. 'Christianity and Politics', Orbis 10 (1967), 1234. 101. CH, pp. 93-112; cf. WIH, pp. 34-63. 102. CH, pp. 111-12. 103. GIH, p. 115. Notes 237

7 Technical History

1. 'Christianity and the Historian', L 41 (7 April 1949), 559-60, 581-3; CH, 19-25; cf. CNL, 88-96; HHR, pp. 134-57. 2. CH, p. 19; cf. p. 12. 3. Possibly Butterfield had in view two recent works: Dorothy Stimson, Scientists and Amateurs: A History of the Royal Society (1948); and R. H. Syfret, 'The Origins of the Royal Society', Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 5 (1948), 75-137. 4. CH, p. 19; cf. HHR, pp. 134-8. 5. CH, p. 19; cf. HHR, pp. 134-5. 6. CH, p. 23. 7. CH, pp. 20, 23; cf. p. 63. 8. CH, p. 20. 9. CH, p. 20. Roy A. Clouser has argued that all theories necessarily include in their structure, distinct from the subject matter of the theory itself, the pre­ sumption of a divine (non-dependent) entity as well as creaturely (depend­ ent) entities. The choice of religious basis may be detected by identifying the entity deemed or presumed to be non-dependent. The Myth of Religious Neutrality (1991), esp. pp. 9-93. 10. CH, p. 21; cf. CNL, 89. 11. CH, pp. 21-2; cf. CNL, 90. 12. CH, p. 22; cf. CNL, 90. 13. CH, pp. 20-1; cf. CNL, 88. 14. CH, p. 21; cf. GIH, pp. 106-7. 15. HHR, p. 138. 16. DHI, I, p. 401; cf. HHR, pp. 139-40; OMS, pp. 133-44. 17. OMS, p. 198; GIH, pp. 105-6; DHI, I, p. 401. 18. OMS, pp. 91, 98-9, 149-50. 19. DHI, I, p. 401; cf. EH, pp. 119-20; OMS, pp. 144-58; LMW, pp. 15-20. 20. HHR, pp. 135-6. 21. CNL, 88-9. 22. WIH, p. 72. 23. CH, p. 22; cf. p. 107; CNL, 89. 24. Lord Acton, 'The Study of History', in Lectures on Modern History (1906), p. 20. 25. Lord Acton, 'Letters to Contributors to the Modern History' [12 March 1898], in Lectures on Modern History (1906), p. 316. 26. Ibid., p. 318. Cf. The Cambridge Modern History: Its Origin, Authorship and Production (1907). 27. , On the Writing of History (1939), p. 27. For Oman's account, see 'The Hundred Days, 1815', in The Cambridge Modern History IX: Napoleon (1906), pp. 616-45. 28. John B. Bury, The Science of History (1903), pp. 18-19. 29. Butterfield first used the term 'technical historian' in print in order to dis­ tinguish Arnold Toynbee's classical historical scholarship from his post-Spenglerian interpretation of world history. Review, 'History in 1934', The Bookman 87 (1934), 142. 30. G. N. Clark, Historical Scholarship and Historical Thought (1944), p. 9. 238 Notes

31. Ibid., pp. 9-10. 32. Ibid., pp. 10-11. 33. Ibid., p. 11. 34. Ibid., pp. 19-20. 35. CH, p. 23. 36. CH, p. 22. 37. 'The History-Teacher and Over-Specialisation', CR 65 (27 November 1943), 103. 38. CH, p. 23; cf. EH, p. 121; CNL, 91; HHR, pp. 127-8, 135. 39. CH, p. 24; cf. CNL, 91-2. 40. HHR, p. 159; MHP, pp. 22, 99. 41. SMH, p. S. 42. SMH, p. 6, 'The Present State of Historical Scholarship' (1965), p. 3. 43. HHR, p. 160. 44. CNL, 93; HHR, p. 142. 45. MHP, pp. 27-30, 95. 46. George Gale, 'Herbert Butterfield, Historian', Encounter 53 (1979), 90; cf. CH, p. 9; HHR, p. 115. 47. 'Foreword' to E. H. Dance, History Without Bias? (1954), p. 8. 'My Early Life', indicates that this was a certain F. C. Moore. He held the view that Butterfield's Christianity would inevitably stand in the way of his progress as a scholar. That Butterfield should recall this man's attitude some thirty-five years later suggests that his assertions had a lasting impression. BP, 269/3. 48. CH, p. 11. 49. CH, pp. 23-4; cf. CNL, 91-2. SO. CNL, 93-4; cf. HHR, pp. 141-2, 157. 51. HHR, p. 143; CNL, 94-5. 52. CH, p. 24. 53. CH, pp. 24 and 22, respectively; cf. CNL, 89-90. 54. HHR, pp. 136-7; cf. p. 142. 55. HHR, pp. 102-3. 56. CH, p. 93; HHR, pp. 147-8. 57. HHR, p. 136; cf. p. 101. 58. CH, p. 113; cf. p. 107. 59. CH, p. 25; cf. pp. 114, 126-8.

8 Butterfield's Critique of Interpretations

1. 'Tendencies in Historical Study in England', Irish Historical Studies 4 (1945), 213; cf. Andrew Boyle, The Climate of Treason (1979), pp. 73-4. 2. Maurice Cowling, 'Herbert Butterfield, 1900-1979', PBA 69 (1979), 598. 3. CNL, 215-23; and HHR, pp. 66--100. Butterfield seems to have drawn generally on Karl Federn, The Materialist Conception of History (1939), esp. pp. 3-5, 203-7 and 215-54; cf. G. V. Plekhanov, Essays in Historical Materialism (1940). 4. HHR, p. 66; cf. CNL, 215-16. 5. HHR, p. 67. Notes 239

6. HHR, pp. 67-8. 7. HHR, pp. 68-9. 8. HHR, pp. 69, 70; cf. 'History as the Organisation of Man's Memory' (1966), p. 42. 9. HHR, pp. 70-1. 10. HHR, p. 71; cf. CH, p. 26. 11. HHR, pp. 71-2; cf. p. 75, CNL, 218. 12. HHR, p. 72; cf. 'History and the Marxian Method', Scrutiny 1 (4 March 1933), 339-45. 13. HHR, pp. 73-4, 84. 14. HHR, p. 74; cf. CNL, 216. 15. HHR, pp. 79--80. 16. HHR, p. 80. 17. HHR, p. 81. 18. HHR, pp. 81-2. 19. HHR, p. 83. 20. HHR, p. 85. 21. HHR, p. 86; cf. WIH, p. 72. 22. HHR, p. 87; cf. CNL, 219-20. 23. HHR, p. 87. 24. HHR, p. 88. 25. HHR, p. 89; cf. pp. 92-3. 26. CNL, 219-20, 222-3. 27. HHR, pp. 88-98; cf. CNL, 220-2. 28. 'History and the Marxian Method', Scrutiny 1 (4 March 1933), 340. 29. HHR, p. 94. 30. CH, p. 42; cf. CH, pp. 81-2; HHR, pp. 79-85; CNL, 217-18. 31. Sidney Hook, Revolution, Reform and Social Justice (1975), p. 4. Cf. Ghita Ionescu, 'The Hydra of Marxism-Leninism', TLS 76 (8 April 1977), 427; and Hook's response, 'Marxists and Non-Marxists', TLS 76 (29 April 1977), 522. 32. Review, 'History in 1934', The Bookman 87 (1934), 142; CH, p. 82; review of Toynbee, Sunday Telegraph (7 May 1961), 6; and 'Universal History and the Comparative Study of Civilization', in Sir Herbert Butterfield, Cho Yun Hsu and William H. McNeill on Chinese and World History, ed. N.H. Fehl (1971), p. 23. 33. HHR, pp. 98-9. 34. 'History and the Marxian Method', Scrutiny 1 (4 March 1933), 353. 35. Ibid., 354. 36. Ibid., 355. 37. 'Tendencies in Historical Study in England', Irish Historical Studies 4 (1945), 222; The Present State of Historical Scholarship (1965), 14-17; cf. ]. G. A. Pocock, 'British History: A Plea for a New Subject', JMH 47 (1975), 601-28. 38. CDW, p. 38; cf. EH, pp. 3-4, 72; HHR, pp. 98-9. 39. CH, p. 132; cf. CNL, 224-32. 40. Review of Kitson Clark, TLS 49 (14 July 1950), 429-31; cf. G. Kitson Clark, The English Inheritance (1950). 41. HHR, pp. 150-4; cf. CEH, pp. 25, 32, 53. 42. C.]. Cadoux, The Protestant Interpretation of History (1947), esp. pp. 6-10. 43. Review of Cadoux, CR 69 (28 February 1948), 396. 44. CNL, 136-44. 240 Notes

45. CNL, 89. 46. CNL, 137. 47. GIH, 115-20. 48. CNL, 136-44; cf. GIH, pp. 117-21. 49. HHR, p. 141. 50. CNL, 137. 51. Martin Wight, 'History and Judgement: Butterfield, Niebuhr, and the Techn­ ical Historian', The Frontier (August 1950), 303, 307, 309-10; cf. 313-14; and CH, p. 63. 52. Martin Wight, review of CH, The Observer (23 October 1949), 7. 53. Martin Wight, review of HHR, The Observer (2 September 1951), 7. 54. See R. Newton Flew, The Idea of Perfection in Christian Theology (1934), esp. pp. 313-41. 55. HHR, p. 141; cf. MHP, p. 141.

9 The Three Ways or Levels of History

1. GIH, pp. 107-8; cf. HHR pp. 131, 132; CEH, p. 5. 2. OMS, p. 91. 3. Cf. Bacon, Works, X (1861), p. 403. 4. Fulton H. Anderson, The Philosophy of Francis Bacon (1948), pp. 50--5, 289-90. 5. Bacon, Works (1861), XII, p. 132; cf. I, p. 51, and VI, pp. 96-7; cf. review of Baillie, TLS 50 (21 September), 597. 6. Leonard Krieger, Ranke: The Meaning of History (1977), p. 178. 7. GIH, p. 113; cf. CH, p. 19. 8. RIH, 2-3. For 'adding to the creation', see Dorothy Walsh, 'Philosophical Implications of the Historical Enterprise', Journal of Philosophy 34 (1937), 57-64. 9. RIH, 4. 10. RIH, 8-9. 11. GIH, p. 108. 12. GIH, p. 113. 13. GIH, p. 114; cf. SMH, pp. 19-20. 14. GIH, p. 114. 15. RIH, 11. 16. RIH, 12. 17. GIH, p. 108. 18. RIH, 15. 19. RIH; 15; cf. 'The Scientific versus the Moralistic Approach in International Affairs', 1A 27 (1951), 411. 20. RIH, 15-16. 21. RIH, 16. 22. RIH, 16; cf. History as the Emancipation from the Past (1956), pp. 11-17; review of Wood, EHR, 74 (1959), 550. 23. RIH, 16-17; cf. review of Carr CR 83 (2 December 1961), 172. 24. RIH, 17; d. CH, p. 5. 25. RIH, 1. Notes 241

26. RIH, 17. 27. RIH, 13-14. 28. See esp. DI, pp. 132-48, 181-92; and DHI, I, pp. 179-88. 29. Butterfield's later work in international relations was connected with his membership of the 'British Committee on the Theory of International Politics', established by The Rockefeller Foundation. Butterfield joined in 1958, along with Martin Wight and Desmond Williams. Later members included Hedley Bull, Michael Howard and Adam Watson. Raison D'Etat (1975), pp. 5-6. Wight and Butterfield seemed to have regarded their work as more historical and normative when compared to the more structural and rational approaches of their American counterparts. DI, p. 12. 30. ICTC, pp. 45-57. A. J. P. Taylor saw Butterfield as 'a Christian exponent of the Balance of Power'. The Trouble Makers (1957), p. 13. Cf. Martin Wight, review of COW, The Observer (16 August 1958), 7; and Alberto Coli, The Wisdom of Statecraft (1985), esp. pp. 97-9. Coil briefly considers the concept of technical history and observes that Butterfield later developed a more consciously 'expository' outlook. He appears not to locate Butterfield's work on international relations in the context of his second way as defined in his three way formulation of 1951. Ibid., pp. 38-47. 31. SMH, p. 13; cf. p. 28. 32. GH, p. 205. 33. Butterfield considered it 'not at all clear that the historian is competent to advise about policy, but he could provide the intellectual basis for th~ dis­ cussion of policy, and this seems to me to be the basis that we ought to take our stand on'. Butterfield to Arnold Toynbee, 7 June 1950, BP, 531/Tl06. 34. DHI, II, p. 498. 35. GIH, p. 109. 36. GIH, pp. 114-15. 37. GIH, p. 115. 38. HHR, 103. 39. CH, p. 14. The italics are mine. 40. HHR, p. 102. 41. Butterfield, 'My Literary Productions', BP, 269/3. Cf. 'Universal History and the Comparative Study of Civilization', in Sir Herbert Butterfield, Cho Yun Hsu and William H. McNeill on Chinese and World History, ed. N.H. Fehl (1971), p. 25. 42. OMS, p. viii; cf. pp. 171, 174; SMH, pp. 23-5; LA, pp. 19-20; and Acton, 'The Study of History', in Lectures on Modem History (1906), pp. 3-5. 43. OMS, pp. viii-xi. 44. OMS, p. 1; cf. p. 41. 45. OMS, pp. 1, 5. 46. OMS, pp. 68, 83, 61 respectively. 47. OMS, p. 104. 48. Edwin A. Burtt, The Metaphysical Foundations of Modem Physical Science (1925), esp. pp. 16-22; and Alexandre Koyre, Galileo Studies (1978), esp. pp. 157-62. 49. 'Reflections on Religion and Modern Individualism', JHI 22 (1961), 33; The Discontinuities between the Generations in History (1972), p. 5; and 'Toleration in Early Modern Times', JHI 38 (1977), 583. 242 Notes

SO. 'Some Trends in Scholarship 1868-1968, in the Field of Modern History', TRHS Fifth Series 19 (1969), 167; cf. WIH, pp. 5, 56-7; GH, pp. 195-6; and Lucien Romier, Les Origines politiques des guerres de religion, 2 vols. (1913-14). 51. WIH, pp. 6-7. 52. OMS, p. 32. 53. The Reconstruction of an Historical Episode (1951), p. 27; also MHP, p. 160. 54. Review of Berg, EHR 86 (1971), 428; cf. HN, pp. 99-100. 55. Michael Stanford, The Nature of Historical Knowledge (1986), p. 99. 56. OMS, pp. 87-9. 57. 'Science and the Royal Society' (1970), 1701; cf. CDW, p. 44. 58. OMS, pp. 85, 86, 89, 97, 106. 59. Review of Kuhn, AHR 63 (1958), 656-7; also 'The Springs of Discovery', Observer Weekend Review (9 July 1961), 17; cf. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution (1957), noting esp. 'only Herbert Butterfield ... has had particular influence on the structure of this book' at p. 283. 60. Thomas S. Kuhn, 'The Function of Dogma in Scientific Research', in Scientific Change, ed. Alistair C. Crombie (1963), pp. 347-69. 61. Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. (1962, second rev. edn 1970), esp. p. 85. 62. OMS, p. 5. 63. Review of Crombie, EHR 81 (1966), 130. 64. Thomas S. Kuhn, 'The Relations Between History and History of Science', Daedalus 100 (1971), 275, 301, n. 2.

10 The Wiles Lectures

1. Maurice Cowling pertinently observed that Butterfield ceased lay preaching in 1936, and that thereafter a 'submerged dissenting Christianity' produced 'immense trails of light between 1944 and 1956'. 'Herbert Butterfield, 1900-1979', PBA 69 (1979), 597. 2. Foreword to E. H. Dance, History Without Bias? (1954), p. 9. 3. Butterfield, 'My Literary Productions', BP, 269/3; cf. MHP, pp. xi-xii. 4. MHP, pp. 137, 139, 141. 5. MHP, pp. 32-61. 6. MHP, pp. 22; cf. 'Broadcasting and History', The BBC Quarterly 6 (1951), 134; and 'Acton: His Training, Methods and Intellectual System', in Studies in and Historiography in Honour of G. P. Gooch, ed. A. 0. Sarkissian, (1961), p. 186. 7. MHP, p. xii. Cf. D. C. Douglas, English Scholars 1660-1730 (rev. edn, 1951), and]. G. A. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law (1957). 8. MHP, pp. xii-xiii; cf. pp. 21-2; and 'The History of the Writing of History', in Rapports du XI Congres International des Sciences Historiques (1960), I, p. 36. 9. MHP, pp. 30-1. 10. MHP, p. 30. 11. MHP, p. 46; cf. pp. 45-8, 128-36. 12. MHP, pp. xii, xiv, 5-10, 39-61, 103-5, 109-11. 13. MHP, p. 8; cf. DI, p. 147. 14. MHP, pp. 86-99. Notes 243

15. MHP, pp. 136-41. 16. MHP, pp. 63-7, 72. 17. MHP, pp. 70-2. 18. MHP, pp. 72-86. 19. MHP, p. 75. 20. MHP, pp. 82, 84, 87. 21. MHP, pp. 88-91, 220-32; cf. 'Journal of Lord Acton: Rome 1857', CHI 8 (1946), 195. 22. MHP, pp. 87-8. 23. MHP, p. 94. 24. MHP, pp. 96, 125. 25. MHP, pp. 100-41. 26. MHP, pp. 86-94. 27. MHP, pp. 138-41. 28. MHP, p. 101. 29. MHP, p. 102. 30. MHP, p. 102. 31. MHP, p. 104; cf. pp. 30-1. 32. MHP, p. 103. 33. MHP, pp. 124, 125. 34. MHP, pp. 104-5. 35. MHP, pp. 106-7. 36. MHP, p. 105. The italics are mine. 37. MHP, p. 114. 38. The Reconstruction of an Historical Episode (1951), p. 27; also MHP, p. 160; cf. HN, p. 100. See Michael Stanford, The Nature ofHistorical Knowledge (1986), p. 99. 39. MHP, p. 44. 40. MHP, pp. 107, 107 n. 1, 138; and Hans Liebeschutz, Ranke (1954), p. 9; cf. pp. 4-5, 8-9. 41. MHP, p. 137. 42. MHP, p. 137. 43. MHP, p. 107. 44. MHP, p. 138. 45. MHP, pp. 139-40. 46. Cf. HHR, p. 102. 47. MHP, p. 140. 48. MHP, p. 140. 49. MHP, p. 140. SO. MHP, p. 141. 51. MHP, p. 141. 52. Rudolf Bultmann, History and Eschatology (1957), pp. 146, 154. 53. Review of Bultmann, TLS 56 (30 August 1957), 522; cf. untitled fragments on Bultmann, BP, 231. 54. to Butterfield, 5 March 1956, BP, 57/1. 55. Pieter Geyl's standpoint expressed the pluralistic character of Dutch nation­ al and intellectual life and reflected his view that the historiography of Toynbee was esoteric and unscholarly. He would not have wanted a rigorously delimited 'technical history' to place Toynbee's interpretation of 244 Notes

world history beyond the limits of scholarly criticism. Geyl was probably unaware that Butterfield first used the term 'technical historian' to distin­ guish Toynbee's classical scholarship from his post-Spenglerian interpre­ tation of world history in 1934. Did Butterfield remember this particular use of the term 'technical historian' decades later? Possibly Geyl's renown as a critic of Toynbee struck a chord. Cf. Pieter Geyl, 'Toynbee's System of Civilisations', JHI 9 (1948), 93-124; and 'Toynbee the Prophet', JHI 16 (1955), 260-74. 56. Pieter Geyl, review of MHP, CHJ 12 (1956), 89-92, at 92; cf. MHP, p. 141. 57. 'History and the Marxian Method', Scrutiny 1 (4 March 1933), 355. 58. 'The Christian and History', The Spectator 194 (29 April 1955), 543.

11 Butterfield's Critique of Namier

1. Lewis B. Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III, 2 vols. (1929, partly revised, 1957); and England in the Age of the American Revolution. (1930, second edn, revised by John Brooke and Julia Namier, 1961). 2. Romney Sedgwick, The Letters of George III to Lord Bute, 1756-1766 (1939). 3. GH, p. 202. 4. Lewis B. Namier, England in the Age of the American Revolution (1930), p. 147 incl. n. 1. 5. Ibid., pp. 148, 149. 6. Ibid., p. 148. 7. Ibid., p. 95. 8. Arnaldo D. Momigliano, 'National Versions of an International Phenomenon', TLS 71 (24 November 1972), 1417. 9. GH, pp. 195-6; cf. Butterfield to Peter Wait, 16 May 1950, BP, 531/Mll2. 10. RIH, 1-8. 11. HHR, p. 144. 12. Paper delivered to the Peterhouse Historical Society on 21 January 1963, and 'My Literary Productions', BP, in 480 at 3-4, and at 269/3 respectively. Nevertheless, Malcolm R. Thorp, Herbert Butterfield and the Reinterpretation of the Christian Historical Perspective (1997), seems to repeat the error that Butterfield was writing against Trevelyan, at p. 19. 13. Lewis B. Namier, England in the Age of the American Revolution (1930), p. 485. 14. A. J. P. Taylor, review of Watson, The Reign of George III, The Observer (2 October 1960), 28. Cf. A. J. P. Taylor, The Trouble Makers (1957), pp. 16-17, 22-3. 15. 'Lord North and Mr. Robinson, 1779', CHJ 5 (1937), 255-79; cf. 'The Yorkshire Association and the Crisis of 1779-80', TRHS Fourth Series 29 (1947), 69-91; GH, pp. 277-81. 16. SM, pp. 162-5; cf. EH, p. 86. 17. SM, pp. 164-5; cf. Lewis B. Namier, England in the Age of the American Revolution (1930), p. 416. 18. Butterfield to G. M. Trevelyan, 7 July 1948, BP, 531/T131. 19. G. M. Trevelyan to Herbert Butterfield, 11 October 1949, BP, 531/T135. 20. 'Charles James Fox and the Whig Opposition in 1792', CHJ 9 (1949), 293-330; Charles James Fox and Napoleon: The Peace Negotiations of 1806 Notes 245

(1962); and 'Sincerity and Insincerity in Charles James Fox'. PBA 57 (1972), 1-27; cf. GH, pp. 247-8. 21. G. M. Trevelyan to Butterfield, 9 March 1951, 16 March 1951 and 23 April 1951, and Butterfield in reply to G. M. Trevelyan, 15 March 1951 and 19 March 1951, BP, 374. Cf. 'England and the French Revolution', BP, 176; and 'British Museum-Fox', BP, 182/1. 22. GNP, p. viii; cf. 'Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III's Reign', JBS 4 (1965), 97. 23. R. R. Sedgwick, review of GNP, CR 71 (22 April 1950), 449-50; cf. Ninetta S. Jucker, The Jenkinson Papers 1760-1766 (1949). 24. Richard Pares, review of GNP, EHR 65 (1950), 529. 25. Richard Pares, 'George III and the Politicians', TRHS Fifth Series 1 (1951), 127-51; and King George III and the Politicians (1953). 26. Lewis B. Namier, review of Pares, King George III and the Politicians, The Sunday Times (8 February 1953). 27. Richard Pares, King George III and the Politicians (1953), pp. 29, 30. 28. Lewis B. Namier, 'History-its Subject-Matter and Tasks', History Today 2 (1952), 157-621 and Monarchy and the Party System (1952). 29. Richard Pares, 'Human Nature in Politics', L SO (17 December 1953), 1037-8. 30. Ian R. Christie to Butterfield, S November 1948, BP, 374. 31. Lewis B. Namier, 'Foreword' to John Brooke, The Chatham Administration (1956), pp. iv-vi. 32. John E. Neale, 'The Biographical Approach to History', H 36 (1951), 193-203; cf. GH, p. 201. 33. Robert Walcott, 'English Party Politics', in Essays in Modem English History in Honor of Wilbur Cortez Abbott (1941), pp. 81-131; and esp. English Politics in the Early Eighteenth Century (1956). 34. 'Riders from the Tower', TLS SS (9 March 1956), 149. Cf. 'The Namier View of History', TLS 52 (28 August 1953), xx, xxii-xxiii; 'A New Look at the Eighteenth Century', TLS 56 (15 November 1957), 683; and 'English History's Towering Outsider', TLS 70 (21 May 1971), 577-8. All unsigned. 35. Review of Brooke, CR 78 (1 December 1956), 232-3. 36. 'George III and the Namier "School"', Encounter 8 (April 1957), 70-6. 37. Review of Owen, CR 78 (25 May 1957), 614-16. 38. Both letters in CR 78 (15 June 1957), at 715. 39. Butterfield to Ross Hoffman 29 May 1957, BP, 76/2; cf. review, 'The History of Parliament', L 72 (8 October 1964), 535-7. 40. GH, pp. 7, 9. 41. GH, p. 10; cf. p. 203; and Acton, 'German Schools of History', EHR 1 (1886), 31. 42. Cf. review, 'The History of Parliament', L 72 (8 October 1964), 535. 43. GH, p. 235. 44. GH, pp. 15-36. 45. GH, pp. 39-190; cf. G. R. Crbsby, 'George III: Historians and a Royal Reputation', in Essays in Modem English History (1941), pp. 295-313; and 'George III and the Namier "School'", Encounter 8 (April 1957), 70-1. 46. GH, p. 40. 47. GH, pp. 41-168; cf. EH, pp. 12-96. 246 Notes

48. GH, pp. 169-90. 49. H. W. V. Temperley, 'The Age of Walpole and the Pelhams', in The Cambridge Modern History VI (1909), pp. 40--89; cf. D. A. Winstanley, Lord Chatham and the Whig Opposition (1912), esp. pp. 1, 15-18. SO. GH, pp. 181-90, 197. 51. GH, p. 199; cf. p. 238. Cf. W. T. Laprade, 'The Present State of the History of England in the Eighteenth Century', JMH 4 (1932), 581-603. 52. GH, pp. 235, 240, 296. 53. GH, pp. 190, 193-4. 54. GH, pp. 235-8, 248. 55. GH, pp. 8, 10, 193, 204, 297. 56. GH, p. 299. 57. Lewis B. Namier, The Structure of Politics (1957 ed.), pp. x-xi. 58. GH, p. 201. 59. GH, pp. 130, 200--2, 251, 297. 60. GH, p. 195; cf. pp. 201-4. 61. GH, p. 196; cf. GNP, p. viii; and 'George III and the Namier "School'", Encounter 8 (April 1957), 72-3. 62. GH, p. 208; cf. review of Brooke, CR 78 (1 December 1956), 232; and 'George III and the Namier "School"', Encounter 8 (April 1957), 71-2. 63. Review of The History of Parliament, EHR 80 (1965), 805. 64. Review of The History of Parliament, L 72 (8 October 1964), 537. 65. GH, 294-5, 'George III and the Namier "School"', Encounter 8 (April1957), 76. 66. GH, p. 253; cf. pp. 196-7, 243, 295, 297. In other words, an anachronistic interpretation having official or semi-official support. For later responses to The History of Parliament, see the unsigned reviews, 'Calling the House to Order', TLS 63 (9 July 1964), 581-2; 'Let Them Speak Up!', L 72 (16 July 1964), 78; and esp. A. ]. P. Taylor, 'Westminster White Elephant: The History of Parliament', The Observer Weekend Review (3 May 1964). 67. GH, p. 252. 68. GH, pp. 254-9, 274; cf. 'Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III's Reign', JBS 4 (1965), 89-90. 69. GH, pp. 261-70; cf. CarlL. Becker, 'Horace Walpole's Memoirs of the Reign of George the Third', AHR (1910-11), 255-72, 496-507. 70. GH, p. 211. 71. CH, p. 29. 72. GH, p. 211; cf. p. 246; 'George III and the Namier School', Encounter 8 (April 1957), 73; and review of Langford and McKelvey, TLS 72 (20 July 1973), 833-4. 73. GH, p. 208. 74. GH, p. 210; cf. pp. 204-11, 232. 75. GH, pp. 215, 212, 298 respectively. 76. SM, pp. 162-5; cf. GH, pp. 225-7. 77. GH, p. 229; cf. pp. 57-9, 216-28, 234; 'George III and the Namier "School"', Encounter 8 (April 1957), 73-5; and esp. SM second edn (1956), pp. 11-12. 78. GH, pp. 296-9. 79. GH, p. 212. Notes 247

80. GH, p. 287; cf. pp. 220-3, 291-3; and review of Brooke, CR 78 (1 December 1956), 232-3. 81. GH, p. 213; cf. 'Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III's Reign', JBS 4 (1965), 97. 82. GH, p. 220; cf. pp. 270-4. 83. Review of Bonsall, HJ 4 (1961), 104-6; cf. GH, pp. 219-23. 84. 'Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III's Reign', JBS 4 (1965), 95. 85. WIH, p. 72. 86. GH, pp. 202-3; cf. pp. 10-11. 87. 'A Sense of the Past', TLS 56 (27 September 1957), 577; cf. 'Eighteenth­ Century Ireland, 1702-1800' (1971), 69; and review of Langford and McKelvey, TLS 72 (20 July 1973), 833-4. 88. The Reconstruction of an Historical Episode (1951), p. 27; also MHP, p. 160. 89. GH, p. 202. 90. GH, p. 298; cf. p. 209. 91. GH, pp. 15-16, 201-2, 209-10. 92. MHP, p. 105; cf. GH, pp. 214-15. 93. GH, p. 207. 94. GH, p. 285; unsigned review of GH, TLS 56 (22 November 1957), 697-8; and Letter to the Editor, TLS 56 (29 November 1957), 721. 95. Lewis B. Namier, Letter to the Editor, TLS 56 (6 December 1957), 739; cf. Romney R. Sedgwick, 'The Namier School', L 58 (5 December 1957), 941, 943. 96. Butterfield conceded the literary point in his Letter to the Editor in reply to Sir , TLS 56 (13 December 1957), 757. 97. Richard Pares, review of GH, New Statesman (23 November 1957), 698. 98. Letter to the Editor in reply to Richard Pares, New Statesman 54 (30 November 1957), 731. 99. 'George III and the Constitution', H 43 (1958), 14-33. 100. W. R. Fryer, 'English Politics in the Age of Burke: Herbert Butterfield's Achievement', Studies in Burke and His Time 11 (1970), 1519-42. 101. Desmond Williams to Butterfield, 2 May 1958, BP, 531/W272. 102. J. H. Plumb, 'The Grand Inquisitor', The Spectator 199 (11 October 1957), 484. 103. For Desmond Williams' review of Namier's Vanquished Supremacies, Namier's reply and Williams' rejoinder and Namier's further response, see The Spectator 200 (14 February 1958), 208; (21 February 1958), 229; (28 February 1958), 264; and (7 March 1958), 329, respectively. 104. Lewis B. Namier, review of The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, Volume I, The Spectator 201 (19 December 1958), 895-6. 105. John B. Owen, 'Professor Butterfield and the Namier School', CR 79 (10 May 1958), 528-31; cf. Butterfield's Letter to the Editor in Reply to John B. Owen, CR 79 (17 May 1958), 555. 106. Romney R. Sedgwick, 'Namier's Impact on Historiography', CR 82 (25 February 1961), 348-9. 107. John Brooke, 'Namier and Namierism', HT 3 (1964), 331-47; and 'Namier and his Critics', Encounter 24 (1965), 47-9. 108. Norman C. Phillips, 'Namier and His Method', Political Science 14 (1962), 16-26. 248 Notes

109. 'Sir Lewis Namier as Historian', L 65 (18 May 1961), 873-6; cf. Ved Mehta, Fly and the Fly Bottle (1963), 190-6. 110. John Cannon, 'Lewis Bernstein Namier', in The Historian at Work, ed. John Cannon, (1980), pp. 136-53; John Kenyon, The History Men (1983), pp. 261-9; and John Vincent, An Intelligent Person's Guide to History (1996), pp. 57-68. 111. See, John Cannon, The Fox-North Coalition: Crisis of the Constitution, 1782-84 (1969); Parliamentary Reform, 1640-1832 (1973); and Aristocratic Century: the Peerage of Eighteenth-century England (1984); cf. The Whig Ascendancy, ed. John Cannon (1981), esp. pp. 177-95. The relevant article by W. R. Fryer is 'King George III: His Political Character and Conduct, 1760-1784. A New Whig Interpretation', and Modem Studies 6 (1962), 68-101. 112. See esp. J. C. D. Clark, English Society 1688-1832 (1985); and Revolution and Rebellion (1986). 113. See Frank O'Gorman, 'Edmund Burke and the Idea of Party', in Studies in Burke and his Time 11 (1969/70), 1428-41; and The Rise of Party in England: The Rockingham Whigs 1760-82 (1975); John Brewer, Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III (1976), esp. pp. 26-35; and Brian W. Hill, British Parliamentary Parties, 1742-1832: From the Fall of Walpole to the First Reform Act (1985). 114. J. Steven Watson. The Reign of George III, 1760-1815 (1960), see esp. pp. 588-9; cf. review of Watson, HJ 4: 218-21. 115. Leslie G. Mitchell, Charles James Fox and the Disintegration of the Whig Party, 1782-1794 (1971); and Charles James Fox (1992). 116. J. M. Price, 'Party, Purpose, and Pattern: Sir Lewis Namier and his Critics', JBS 1 (1961), 92. 117. Robert Walcott, 'The Idea of Party in the Writing of Later Stuart History', JBS 1 (1962), 54-61. 118. Harvey C. Mansfield, 'Sir Lewis Namier Considered', JBS 2 (1962) 28-55, esp. 52-3. 119. Robert Walcott, "'Sir Lewis Namier Considered" Considered', JBS 3 (1964) 85-108. 120. Harvey C. Mansfield, 'Sir Lewis Namier Again Considered', JBS (1964), 109-19. 121. 'Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III's Reign', JBS 4 (1965), 78-101. 122. P. J. Stanlis and C. P. Ives (eds.), 'Conference on British Studies', Burke Newsletter 4 (1963), 197-202. 123. 'Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III's Reign', JBS 4 (1965), esp. 95-7. 124. Ibid., 78-95, 97-101. 125. Ibid., 78-9, 83, 89, 90; cf. GH, pp. 249-50, 274. 126. 'Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III's Reign', JBS 4 (1965), 84. 127. Ibid., 92; cf. 96-7. 128. P. J. Stanlis and C. P. Ives (eds.), 'Conference on British Studies', Burke Newsletter 4 (1963), 199-200. Robbins took seriously ideas that Namier found distasteful. See her 'Discordant Parties: A Study of the Acceptance of Party by Englishmen', Political Science Quarterly 73 (1958), 505-29. Notes 249

129. P. ]. Stanlis and C. P. Ives (eds.), 'Conference on British Studies', Burke Newsletter 4 (1963), 200. 130. Ibid., 200. 131. Ibid., 201. 132. 'Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III's Reign', JBS 4 (1965), 95. 133. Ibid., 95. 134. Ibid., 95, 96. 135. OMS, pp. 10, 173. 136 . The Discontinuities between the Generations in History (1972), pp. 15-17; cf. EH, p. 111; SMH, pp. 30-2.

12 Challenges and Resolutions

1. HHR, pp. 249-50. 2. UET, p. 98. 3. Review of Hale and Momigliano, H 53 (1968), 172. 4. 'The History of Science and the Study of History', Harvard Library Bulletin 13 (1959), 336. S. Review of Iggers, EHR 86 (1971), 338; cf. G. G. Iggers, The German Conception of History (1968), esp. pp. 63-89. 6. Review of Berg, EHR 86 (1971), 428. 7. The Present State ofHistorical Scholarship (1965), pp. 23-4; DHI, II, pp. 497-8. 8. Review of Gillispie, TLS 69 (16 October 1970), 1179. 9. 'History as the Organisation of Man's Memory', in Knowledge Among Men, ed. Paul H. Oehser, (1966), pp. 40-2; DHI, II, pp. 488-9. 10. Review of Iggers, EHR 86 (1971), 337-42. 11. E. H. Carr, What is History? (1961), pp. 35-6. 12. Review of Carr, CR 83 (2 December 1961), 174-S. 13. Cf. MHP, pp. 27 incl. n. 1. 14. EH, pp. vii, 2, 72, 82. 15. Ved Mehta, Fly and the Fly-Bottle (1963), p. 204. 16. Thomas S. Kuhn, 'The Function of Dogma in Scientific Research', delivered 1961, published 1963. 17. Harold T. Parker, 'Herbert Butterfield', in Some 20th Century Historians: Essays on Eminent Europeans ed. S. W. Halperin (1961), pp. 99-100. 18. Ved Mehta to Butterfield, 18 December 1961, BP, in 79/1. Ved Mehta's articles appeared in The New Yorker 38 (8 December 1962), 59-147, and (15 December 1962), 47-129, respectively. Mehta's account of his interview is in the latter, at 113ff. In 1963 Mehta's articles were published in book form as Fly and the Fly Bottle: Encounters with British Intellectuals. All refer­ ences are to the first British edition. 19. Ved Mehta, 'Onward and Upward with the Arts: The Flight of the Crook- Taloned Birds II', The New Yorker 38 (15 December 1962), 120. 20. Ibid., 120. 21. Ibid., 120. 22. Butterfield to Ved Mehta, 17 January 1963, BP, in 79/1, third page, and with reference to the passage in the article at 120 as quoted above. The italics are mine. 250 Notes

23. Ved Mehta to Butterfield, 24 January 1963, BP, in 79/1. 24. Ved Mehta, Fly and the Fly-Bottle (1963), p. 200. 25. Ibid., p. 201. 26. C. Thomas Mcintire, 'Introduction Herbert Butterfield on Christianity and History', WCH, pp. xxxvii-xxxix, xlix-1; cf. xlv-xliv. 27. For example, review of Valentine, TLS 67 (25 January 1968), 87. 28. William A. Speck, 'Herbert Butterfield on the Christian and Historical Study', FH 4 (1971), 64. See in this context, J. W. Montgomery and James R. Moore, 'The Speck in Butterfield's Eye: A Reply to William A. Speck', FH 4 (1971), 74-6; and Speck's 'A Reply to John Warwick Montgomery and James R. Moore', FH S (1973), 107-8. 29. Michael Hobart, 'History and Religion in the Thought of Herbert Butterfield', JHI 32 (1971), 553. 30. Calvin Seerveld, 'The Pedagogical Strength of Christian Methodology', Koers 40 (1975), 270-1. Seerveld suggested that Butterfield's position in the 'Wiles Lectures' was not free from 'ambivalence' in that it 'halts problematically between and tries to synthetically join two conflicting positions-the ... ideal in Ranke's wie es eigentlich gewesen and a vision true to' his Christian con­ fession. Ibid., 304 n. 9. 31. WCH, p. 133. 32. WCH, pp. 133-4. 33. CH, pp. 19, 23, 24. 34. WCH, p. 139; cf. pp. 140, 144. Cf. Pieter Geyl: The true historian does not approach the evidence 'only as a technician'. Review of MHP, CHJ 12 (1956), 92. 35. Review of Hay, Sunday Telegraph (8 October 1961), 7. 36. 'Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III's Reign', JBS 4 (1965), 94. 37. Review of Davie, University of Edinburgh Gazette 32 (1961), 28. 38. Review of Widgery, Sunday Times (16 July 1961), 27. 39. 'The History of the Writing of History', in Rapports du XI Congres International des Sciences Historiques (1960), I, p. 36. 40. See W. A. Speck, 'Herbert Butterfield and the Legacy of a Christian Histo­ rian', in A Christian View of History? ed. George Marsden and Frank Roberts (1975), p. lOS; cf. HHR, p. 136. 41. WCH, p. 148. 42. Review of Danielou, TLS 58 (20 March 1959), vi-vii; and MHP, new 'Preface to the Beacon Press Edition' (1960), pp. vii-xi. 43. 'The History of the Writing of History' (1960), p. 28; History and Man's Attitude to the Past (1961); 'History as the Organisation of Man's Memory' (1966); 'Delays and Paradoxes in the Development of Historiography' (1967); The Remembrance of Things Past (1968); and 'Universal History and the Comparative Study of Civilization', in Sir Herbert Butterfield, Cho Yun Hsu and William H. McNeill on Chinese and World History, ed. N.H. Fehl, (1971), pp. 19-29. Cf. review of Finley and Lewis, Literature and History 6 (1977), 251-4. 44. 'History as the Organisation of Man's Memory' in Knowledge Among Men, ed. Paul H. Oehser, (1966), p. 33; 'Universal History and the Comparative Study of Civilization', in Sir Herbert Butterfield, Cho Yun Hsu and William H. McNeill on Chinese and World History, ed. N. H. Fehl (1971), p. 20. Notes 251

45. OH, pp. 22-79. 46. CH, pp. 1-8. 47. The Remembrance of Things Past (1968), pp. S-7; WCH, pp. 78-81; OH, pp. 80-9. 48. WCH, p. 81. 49. The Remembrance of Things Past (1968), p. 5; cf. CNL, 137-9; 'History as the Organisation of Man's Memory' in Knowledge Among Men, ed. Paul H. Oehser (1966), p. 37. SO. DHI, II, p. 466; cf. OH, pp. 80-109. 51. DHI, II, p. 476. 52. Review of Danielou, TLS 58 (20 March 1959), vi; cf. OH, p. 88. 53. OH, p. 198. 54. OH, p. 199. 55. OH, pp. 126-37. 56. OH, p. 205; cf. pp. 121-6; WCH, pp. 83-4. 57· MHP, p. 31; OH, pp. 88-9, 212; cf. Karl LOwith, Meaning in History (1949), pp. S-6, 18-19. 58. OH, p. 88; cf. CEH, pp. 13-14. 59. Review of Finley and Lewis, Literature and History 6 (1977), 253; WCH, pp. 90-4; OH, pp. 109-14, 159-62. 60. History and Man's Attitude to the Past (1961), pp. 10-11; WCH, pp. 114-16; OH, pp. 158-9, 168-72. 61. 'Universal History and the Comparative Study of Civilization' (1971), p. 22; WCH, pp. 116-17; OH, pp. 175, 210-11, 218. 62. WCH, pp. 106-32; OH, pp. 172-84. 63. WCH, pp. 120-32; CNL, 224; OH, pp. 176-84. 64. OH, pp. 216-17. 65. LMW, pp. 17-18; 'Denis Brogan', Encounter 42 (1974), 65; OH, pp. 217-19. 66. OH, p. 217. 67. OH, p. 218. 68. OH, pp. 211-15. 69. OH, p. 219; cf. DHI, II, pp. 488-9. 70. OH, p. 219. 71. OH, pp. 195, 216-20; cf. MHP, pp. 30-1, 103-4; DHI, II, pp. 488-9. 72 . 'Delays and Paradoxes in the Development of Historiography' (1967), pp. 11-15; DHI, II, pp. 491-4; OH, pp. 196-7. 73. OH, pp. 199, 200. 74. OH pp. 202-3; DHI, I, p. 376. 75. GIH, pp. 108-9, 113-14; OH, pp. 101-2. 76. CH, p. 146. Works by Herbert Butterfield

Unpublished correspondence and papers

The unpublished documents held by the Department of Manuscripts, Cambridge University Library.

Correspondence (in date order) G. M. Trevelyan to Butterfield, 5 December 1939, BP, 531/T126. Butterfield to G.M. Trevelyan, 7 July 1948, BP, 531/T131. I. R. Christie to Butterfield, 5 November 1948, BP, in 374. G. M. Trevelyan to Butterfield, 11 October 1949, BP, 531/T135. C. S. Lewis to Butterfield, 29 November 1949, BP, in 101/1. Norman Sykes to Butterfield, 17 December 1949, BP, in 101/1. Butterfield to Peter Wait, 16 May 1950, BP, 531/M112. Karl Lowith to Butterfield, 18 May 1950, BP, in 101/1. Butterfield to Arnold Toynbee, 7 June 1950, BP, 531/T106. G. M. Trevelyan to Butterfield, 9 March 1951, BP, in 374. Butterfield to G.M. Trevelyan, 15 March 1951, BP, in 374. G. M. Trevelyan to Butterfield, 16 March 1951, BP, in 374. Butterfield to G. M. Trevelyan, 19 March 1951, BP, in 374. G. M. Trevelyan to Butterfield, 23 April 1951, BP, in 374. Butterfield to Isaiah Berlin, 16 May 1953, BP, 531/B82. Butterfield to]. H. A. Watson, 25 August 1953, BP, 531/W30. Butterfield to Isaiah Berlin, 21 September 1953, BP, in 122/6. Pieter Geyl to Butterfield, 5 March 1956, BP, in 57/1. Ross Hoffmann to Butterfield, 22 May 1957, BP, in 76/2. Butterfield to Ross Hoffmann, 29 May 1957, BP, in 76/2. Desmond Williams to Butterfield, 2 May 1958, BP, 531/W272. Desmond Williams to Butterfield, 27 May 1958, BP, 531/W273. E. H. Carr to Butterfield, 2 February 1960, BP, 531/C10. Butterfield to E. H. Carr, 12 February 1960. BP, 531/C11. Ved Mehta to Butterfield, 18 December 1961, BP, in 79/1. Butterfield to Ved Mehta, 17 January 1963, BP, in 79/1. Ved Mehta to Butterfield, 24 January 1963, BP, in 79/1.

Papers 'British Museum'. Notes on Charles James Fox made April/May 1971, BP 182/1. 'England and the French Revolution', extensive drafts on Franco-British relations in 1792. BP 176. Fragments on and in relation to Rudolf Bultmann. BP 231. 'Historiography in England'. BP 348/9. Lecture on George III delivered 19 April 1963. BP 188/2.

252 Works by Herbert Butterfield 253

'My Early Life'. BP 269/3. 'My Literary Productions'. BP 269/3. Paper delivered to the Peterhouse Historical Society on 21 January 1963. BP in 480. Personal, Early Youth and Miscellaneous Comments. BP 7 and 269. 'Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism'. BP in 479. 'Why I am a Protestant'. BP in 263/3.

Supplied by courtesy of P. B. M. Blaas Butterfield toP. B. M. Blass, 18 June 1970.

Publications

1924 The Historical Novel-An Essay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [HN]. 1929 The Peace Tactics of Napoleon 1806-8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted with a new 'Preface', NY, 1972 [PTN]. 1931 The Whig Interpretation of History. London: Bell [WIH]. 1933 'Bolingbroke and the Patriot King'. CR 54 (10 March): 308-10. 'History and the Marxian Method'. Scrutiny 1 (4 March): 339-55. 1934 Review, 'History in 1934'. The Bookman 87: 141-3. 1937 'Lord North and Mr. Robinson, 1779'. CHJ 5: 255-79. 1939 Napoleon. London: Duckworth [N]. 1940 The Statecraft of Machiavelli. London: Bell. Reprinted with additional passage, 1956 [SM]. 1941 'Napoleon and Hitler'. CR 62 (6 June): 474-5 [NH]. 1942 Review, 'Capitalism and the Rise of Protestantism' of Archbishop William Temple, Christianity and the Social Order. CR 62 (23 May): 324-5. 1943 'The History-Teacher and Over-Specialisation'. CR 65 (27 November): 103-5. 1944 The Englishman and His History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reprinted with a new 'Preface-1970', Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1970 [EH]. The Study of Modem History: An Inaugural Lecture. London: Bell [SMH]. 1945 'Tendencies in Historical Study in England'. Irish Historical Studies 4: 209-23. Review, 'English Social History' of George Macaulay Trevelyan, English Social History. CR 66 (10 February): 188-9. 254 Works by Herbert Butterfield

1946 'Journal of Lord Acton: Rome 1857'. CHJ 8: 186-204. 'Notes on the Way: Antidote to Dogmatic History'. IT 27 (12 January): 29-30. 1947 'Limits of Historical Understanding'. L 37 (26 June): 997-8. 'Reflections on the Predicament of Our Time'. The Cambridge Journal!: S-13. 'The Yorkshire Association and the Crisis of 1779-80'. TRHS Fourth Series 29: 69-91. 1948 Lord Acton. London: Historical Association/Philip [LA]. 'The Protestant Church and the West' L 39 (24 June): 1008-9. Review, 'The Protestant Interpretation of History', of C. ]. Cadoux, Philip of Spain and the Netherlands: An Essay on Moral Judgments in History. CR 69 (28 February): 396, 398. 1949 Christianity and History. London: Bell [CH]. George III Lord North and the People 1779-80. London: Bell [GNP]. The Origins of Modern Science: 1300-1800. London: Bell. Revised edition, 1957. Reprinted, London: Collins, 1960 [OMS]. 'Charles james Fox and the Whig Opposition in 1792'. CHI 9: 293-330. 'The Christian and History I: The Christian and Academic History'. Christian News-Letter 333 (16 March): 88-96 [CNL]. 'The Christian and Histmy II: The Christian and the Biblical Interpretation of History'. Christian News-Letter 336 (27 April): 136-44 [CNL]. 'The Christian and History III: The Christian and the Marxian Interpretation of History'. Christian News-Letter 341 (6 July): 215-23 [CNL]. 'The Christian and History IV: The Christian and the Ecclesiastical Interpretation of History'. Christian News-Letter 341 (6 July): 224-32 [CNL]. 'Christianity and the Historian'. L 41 (7 April): 559-60, 581-3. 'Official History: Its Pitfalls and its Criteria'. Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review of Letters Philosophy and Science 38: 129-44. 1950 'Gasquet and the Acton-Simpson Correspondence'. Co-authored with Aelred Watkin. CHI 10: 75-105. 'Notes on the Way: The Predicament of Central Europe'. IT 31 (14 January): 31-2. 'Notes on the Way: The Predicament that Leads to War'. IT 31 (21 January): 56. 'The Tragic Element in International Conflict'. Review of Politics 12: 147-64. Review of John Baillie, Natural Science and the Spiritual Life. TLS SO (21 September): 597. Review, 'Church and State in England' of G. Kitson Clark, The English Inheritance. TLS 49 (14 July): 429-31 (unsigned). 1951 Christianity in European History. London: Oxford University Press, 1951, London: Collins, 1952 [The 1951 Riddell Memorial Lectures] [CEH]. History and Human Relations. London: Collins [HHR]. The Reconstruction of an Historical Episode: The History of the Enquiry into the Origins of the Seven Years War. Glasgow: Jackson [The 1951 David Murray Lecture]. Works by Herbert Butterfield 255

'Broadcasting and History'. The BBC Quarterly 6: 129-35. 'The Contribution of Christianity to our Civilisation'. Methodist Recorder (3 May): 1. 'A Historian Looks at the World we live in'. Religion in Education 18: 43-9. 'The Scientific versus the Moralistic Approach in International Affairs'. International Affairs 27: 411-42. 1952 Liberty in the Modem World. Toronto: The Ryerson Press [The 1952 Chancellor Dunning Trust Lectures] [LMW]. 'God in History'. Youth Council Newsletter (July 1952). Reprinted in Steps to Christian Understanding. Ed. R. J. W. Bevan. London: Oxford University Press, pp. 105-21 [GIH]. 1953 Christianity, Diplomacy and War. London: Epworth Press [CDW]. 'Acton and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew'. CHJ 11: 27-47. 'Lord Acton'. Cambridge Journal 6: 475--85. 'Foreword' to Edward Herbert Dance, History Without Bias? A Textbook Survey on Group Antagonisms. London: Council of Christians and Jews, pp. 7-11. 'The Prospect for Christianity'. Religion in Life: A Christian Quarterly of Opinion and Discussion 22: 371-9. 1955 Man on His Past: The Study of the History of Historical Scholarship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [The 1954 Wiles Trust Lectures]. Reprinted with a new 'Preface', Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press, 1960 [MHP]. 'The Christian and History'. The Spectator 194 (29 April): 540-3. 'The Role of the Individual in History'. H 40: 1-17 [RIH). Review, 'Holstein's Memoirs and Historical Criticism', of The Holstein Papers, Vol. I. Ed. Norman Rich and M. H. Fisher. Encounter 5 (September): 71-6, 78-9. 1956 History as the Emancipation from the Past. London: London School of Economics and Political Science. 'Paul Vellacott: Master of Peterhouse 1939-1954'. The Sex 114 (June): 1-4. Review, 'George III and Historical Method', of John Brooke, The Chatham Administration 1766-68. CR 78 (1 December): 232-3. 'Scientists and History', of Pascual Jordan, Science and the Course of History. TLS 55 (20 April): 233 (unsigned). 1957 George III and the Historians. London: Collins. Revised ed. New York: Macmillan, 1957 [GH]. The Historical Development of the Principle of Toleration in British Public Life. London: Epworth. 'George III and the Namier "School"'. Encounter 8 (April 1957): 70-6. 'Internationalism and the Defence of the Existing Status Quo'. Christianity and Crisis 17 (10June): 75-7. 'A Sense of the Past'. TLS 56 (27 September): 577 (unsigned). 'The Meaning of History', of Rudolf Bultmann, History and Eschatology. TLS 56 (30 August): 522. Review, 'The Originality of the Namier School', of John B. Owen, The Rise of the Pelhams. CR 78 (25 May): 614-16. 256 Works by Herbert Butterfield

Letter to the Editor in reply to Mr. R.R. Sedgwick. CR 78 (15 June): 715. Letter to the Editor. TLS 56 (29 November): 721. Letter to the Editor in reply to Richard Pares concerning George III and the Historians, in The New Statesman 54 (30 November): 731. Letter to the Editor in reply to Sir Lewis Namier, TLS 56 (13 December): 757. 1958 'George III and the Constitution'. H 43: 14-33. Review of Thomas S. Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought. AHR 63: 656--7. Letter to the Editor in Reply to John B. Owen. CR 79 (17 May): 555. 1959 'The History of Science and the Study of History'. Harvard Library Bulletin 13: 329-47 [The First Horblit Lecture on the History of Science, 1959]. 'Macaulay as Historian: A Centenary Assessment'. Methodist Recorder (31 December): 9. Review, 'Professor Chabod and the Machiavelli Controversies', of F. Chabod, Machiavelli and the Renaissance. HJ 2: 78-83. Review, 'Christianity and History', of Jean Danielou, The Lord of History. TLS 58 (20 March): vi-vii (unsigned). Review of H. G. Wood, Freedom and Necessity in History. EHR 74: 550-1. 1960 International Conflict in the Twentieth Century: A Christian View. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul [ICTC]. 'The History of the Writing of History'. Rapports du XI Congres International des Sciences Historiques. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell, I, pp. 25-39. 1961 History and Man's Attitude to the Past: Their Role in the Story ofCivilisation. London: University of London School of Oriental and African Studies. 'Acton: His Training, Methods and Intellectual System', in Studies in Diplomatic History and Historiography in Honour of G. P. Gooch. Ed. Arshag Ohan Sarkissian. London: Longmans, pp. 169-98. 'George Peabody Gooch'. The Contemporary Review 200: 501-5. 'Reflections on Religion and Modern Individualism'. JHI 22: 33-46. 'Sir Lewis Namier as Historian'. L 65 (18 May): 873-6. Review of B. Bonsall, Sir James Lowther and the Cumberland and Westmoreland Elections, 1754-1775. HJ 4: 104-7. Review, 'What is History?', of Edward Hallett Carr, What is History? CR 83 (2 December): 172, 174-5. Review, 'Scottish Universities and the Nineteenth Century', of G. E. Davie, The Democratic Intellect. University of Edinburgh Gazette 32: 27-9. Review, 'Starting Again', of Denys Hay, The Italian Renaissance in its Historical Background. The Sunday Telegraph (8 October): 7. Review, 'Hitting Back', of Arnold Toynbee, Reconsiderations: A Study of History. Vol. XII. The Sunday Telegraph (7 May): 6. Review of]. Steven Watson, The Reign of George III, 1760-1815. HJ 4: 218-21. Review, 'Men and Nations', of Alban G. Widgery, Interpretations of History. The Sunday Times (16 July): 27. Works by Herbert Butterfield 25 7

1962 The Universities and Education Today. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul [Lindsay Memorial Lectures, 1961] [UET]. Charles James Fox and Napoleon: The Peace Negotiations of 1806. London: Athlone Press [The 1961 ]. 1964 'The History of Historiography and the History of Science', in Melanges Alexandre Koyre, Vol. II: L'Aventure de /'esprit. Paris: Hermann, pp. 57-68. Review, 'The History of Parliament', of Lewis B. Namier and John Brooke, The History ofParliament: The House of Commons 1754-1790. 3 vols. L 72 (8 October): 535-7. 1965 The Present State of Historical Scholarship: An Inaugural Lecture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [As Regius Professor of Modern History in the , 1964]. Moral Judgments in History. London: [University of London]. 1965. 'In Memoriam Winston Churchill'. CR 86 (6 February): 234. 'Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III's Reign'. JBS 4: 78-101. Review, 'The Cambridge Modern ', of The New Cambridge Modem History. Vol. VIII: The American and French Revolutions, 1763-1793, ed. A. Goodwin, and Vol. IX: War and Peace in an Age of Upheaval, 1793-1830, ed. C. W. Crawley. Contemporary Review 207: 194-8. Review of Lewis B. Namier and John Brooke, The History ofParliament: The House of Commons 1754-1790. 3 vols. ERR 80: 801-5. 1966 'The Balance of Power', in Diplomatic Investigations. Ed. Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight. London: George Allen and Unwin, pp. 132-48 [DI]. 'Harold Temperley and George Canning', being a new introduction to a reprint of Harold W. V. Temperley, The Foreign Policy of Canning 1822- 1827. England, the Neo-Holy Alliance, and the New World. London: Cass, pp.vii-xxvi. 'History as the Organisation of Man's Memory', in Knowledge Among Men: Eleven Essays on Science, Culture and Society Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of John Smithson. Introduced by S. Dillon Ripley, ed. Paul H. Oehser. Washington DC: Simon Schuster and the Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, pp. 31, 33-42. 'The New Diplomacy and Historical Diplomacy', in Diplomatic Investigations, ed. Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight. London: George Allen and Unwin, pp. 181-92 [DI]. 'Preface' [with Martin Wight], to Diplomatic Investigations, ed. Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight. London: George Allen and Unwin, pp. 11-13 [DI]. Review of Scientific Change. Ed. Alistair C. Crombie. ERR 81: 130-2. 1967 'Christianity and Politics'. Orbis: A Quarterly Journal of World Affairs 10: 1233-46. 'Delays and Paradoxes in the Development of Historiography', in Studies in International History: Essays Presented to W: N. Medlicott, ed. K. Bourne and D. C. Watt. London: Longmans, Green, pp. 1-15. 258 Works by Herbert Butterfield

1968 The Remembrance of Things Past. Southampton: University of Southampton. 'Introduction to the Second Edition', to reprint of Harold W. V. Temperley, Frederic the Great and Kaiser Joseph. An Episode of War and Diplomacy in the Eighteenth Century. London: Cass, pp. vii-xxii. Review, 'Narrative History and the Spade-Work Behind it', of J. R. Hale, The Evolution of British Historiography from Bacon to Namier and A. D. Momigliano, Studies in Historiography. H 53: 165-80. Review, 'Master of Evasion', of Alan Valentine, Lord North. 2 vols. TLS 67 (25 January): 87. 1969 Magna Carta .in the Historiographies of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Reading: University of Reading [fhe 1968 Stenton Lecture]. 'Some Trends in Scholarship 1868-1968, In the Field of Modern History'. TRHS Fifth Series 19: 159-84. Review of Studies in the Nature and Teaching of History. Edited by W. H. Burston and David Thompson. EHR 84: 642-3. 1970 'Science and the Royal Society', in The History of the English-Speaking Peoples by Winston S. Churchill. London: Purnell Serial edition, Part 73 (September, 1970), pp. 1700-6. Review, 'Cataloguing the Discoverers', of Charles C. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2 vols. TLS 69 (16 October): 1177-9 (unsigned). 1971 'Universal History and the Comparative Study of Civilization', in Sir Herbert Butterfield, Cho Yun Hsu and William H. McNeill on Chinese and World History. Ed. and Introduced by N. H. Fehl. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, pp. 19-29. 'Eighteenth Century Ireland, 1702-1800', in Irish Historiography 1936--1970. Edited by T. W. Moody. : Irish Committee of Historical Sciences: 55-70. Review of Gunter Berg, Leopold von Ranke als akademischer Lehrer: Studien zu seinen Vorlesungen und seinem Geschichtsdenken. EHR 86: 428. Review of Georg G. Iggers, The German Conception of History. EHR 86: 337-42. 1972 The Discontinuities between the Generations in History: Their Effect on the Transmission of Political Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [The 1971 Rede Lecture]. 'Morality and an International Order', in The Aberystwyth Papers. International Politics 1919-1969. Ed. Brian Porter. London: Oxford University Press: 336-57. 'Sincerity and Insincerity in Charles James Fox'. PBA 57: 1-27 [fhe 1971 Raleigh Lecture on History]. Review of The Victorian Crisis of Faith, Edited by Anthony Symondson. EHR 87: 644-5. 1973 'Balance of Power', in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas. New York: Scribner's. Vol. I, pp. 179-88 [DHI]. 'Christianity in History', in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas. New York: Scribner's. Vol. I, pp. 373-412 [DHI]. Works by Herbert Butterfield 259

'History of Historiography', in Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas. New York: Scribner's. Vol. II, pp. 464-98 [DHI] . 'Reflections on Macaulay'. L 90 (13 December): 826-7. Review, 'The Ministry and the Favourite', of P. Langford, The First Rockingham Administration 1765-66, and James Lee McKelvey, George III and Lord Bute: The Leicester House Years. TLS 72 (20 July): 833-4. 1974 'Denis Brogan'. Encounter 42: 64-6. 1975 Raison D'Etat: The Relations Between Morality and Government. Brighton: The University of Sussex. 1977 'Toleration in Early Modern Times'. JHI 38: 573-84. Review of M. I. Finley, The Use and Abuse of History, and Bernard Lewis, History-Remembered, Recovered, Invented. Literature and History 6: 251-4. 1979 Writings on Christianity and History. Edited and with an Introduction by Carl Thomas Mcintire. New York: Oxford University Press [WCH]. 1981 The Origins of History. Edited and with an 'Introduction' by Adam Watson. London: Eyre Methuen [OH]. General Bibliography

Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalburg [First Baron]. Review of Mandell Cre\ghton, A History of the Papacy During the Period of the Reformation, Vols. I and II. Academy 22 (1882): 407-9. --'German Schools of History'. EHR 1 (1886): 7-42. --Review of Mandell Creighton, A History of the Papacy During the Period of the Reformation, Vols. III and IV. EHR 2 (1887): 571-81. --Letter to Mandell Creighton, 5 April1887, in Lord Acton, Essays on Freedom and Power. Ed. Gertrude Himmelfarb. New York: Free Press/Macmillan, 1955, pp. 329-39. --Review of J. R. Seeley, A Short History of Napoleon, Vol. I, and J. C. Ropes, The First Napoleon. EHR 2 (1887): 593-603. -- Review of H. C. Lea, A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages. EHR 3 (1888): 773-88. -- 'Introduction' to Il Principe by Niccolo Machiavelli. Ed. L. A. Bird. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1891, pp. xix-xl. -- Review of 'Mr. Burd's Machiavelli'. The Nineteenth Century 31 (1892): 696-700. -- Inaugural Lecture on the Study of History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1895. Reprinted as 'The Study of History', in Lord Acton, Lectures on Modem History. Ed. John N. Figgis and R. V. Laurence. London: Macmillan, 1906, pp. 1-28 and 319-42. --Lectures on the French Revolution. Ed. John N. Figgis and R. V. Laurence. London: Macmillan, 1910. -- 'Letters to Contributors to the Cambridge Modern History' [12 March 1898], in Lectures on Modem History. Ed. John N. Figgis and R. V. Laurence. London: Macmillan, 1906, pp. 315-18. Acton, Richard Maximilian Dalburg [Second Baron]. Letter to the Editor. The Times 28 October 1906. Anderson, Fulton H. The Philosophy of Francis Bacon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948. Anderson, M. S. 'King, Parliament, and Parties: The Problem of the First Years of George III', in Historians and Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715-1789. London: Oxford University Press, 1979, pp. 212-29. Annan, Noel Gilroy. 'People'. Review of CH. Twentieth Century 157 (1955), pp. 128-37. --Our Age: Portrait of a Generation. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1990. -- The Dons: Mentors, Eccentrics and Geniuses. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Auchmuty, James Johnston. 'Acton: The Youthful Parliamentarian'. Historical Studies 9 (1959-61): 131-9. Ayer, AlfredJ. Language, Truth and Logic. London: Gollancz, 1936. Babbage, Stuart Barton. 'The Place of Moral Judgments in the Interpretation of History'. The Churchman 78 (1964): 32-47.

260 General Bibliography 261

Bacon, Francis. The Works of Francis Bacon' Baron of Verulam Viscount St. Albans, and Lord Chancellor of England. 15 vols. Ed. James Spedding, Robert Leslie Ellis and Douglas Denon Heath. London: Longmans, Green, 1861. Barraclough, Geoffrey. History in a Changing World. Oxford: Blackwell, 1955. --'History, Morals, and Politics', IA 34 (1958): 1-15. Bebbington, David. Patterns in History. Leicester: Inter-Varsity Press, 1979. Becker, Carl Lotus. 'Horace Walpole's Memoirs of the Reign of George the Third'. AHR 16 (1910-11): 255-72 and 496-507. -.Review of WIH. JMH 4 (1932): 278-9. Beloff, Max. Letter to the Editor, 'The Writing of International History'. IA 29 (1953): 542-3. Bentley, Michael. "Butterfield at the Millennium," Storia stella storiografia 38 (2000): 17-32. Berkouwer, Gerrit Cornelis. The Providence of God [1951]. Tr. Lewis B. Smedes. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1952. Berlin, Isaiah. Historical Inevitability. London: Oxford University Press, 1954. Blaas, P. B. M. Continuity and Anachronism: Parliamentary and Constitutional Development in Whig Historiography and in the Anti-Whig Reaction Between 1890 and 1930. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1978. Boehmer, Heinrich. Luther and the Reformation in the Light of Modem Research. Tr. E. S. G. Potter. London: Bell, 1930. Bolingbroke, Henry St.John, Lord. 'Remarks on the History of England' [The Craftsman, 1730-1731]. Reprinted in The Works of Lord Bolingbroke. Vol. I, pp.292-455.London:Bohn, 1844. --'Dissertation upon Parties' [The Craftsman, 1734]. Reprinted in The Works of Lord Bolingbroke. Vol. II, pp. 5-172. London: Bohn, 1844. --'Letters on the Study and Use ofHistory' [1738]. Reprinted in The Works ofLord Bolingbroke. Vol. II, pp. 173-334. London: Bohn, 1844. --'The Idea of a Patriot King' [17 49]. Reprinted in The Works ofLord Bolingbroke. Vol. II, pp. 372-429. London: Bohn, 1844. Boyle, Andrew. The Climate of Treason. London: Hutchinson, 1979. Brewer, John. Party Ideology and Popular Politics at the Accession of George III. Cambridge: Cambridge Univesity Press, 1976. Brogan, Denis. 'Sir Herbert Butterfield as a Historian: an Appreciation', in The Diversity of History: Essays in Honour of Sir Herbert Butterfield. Eds. Elliott, J. H. and Koenigsberger, H. G. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970, pp. 3-15 [DH]. Brooke, john. The Chatham Administration 1766-68. London: Macmillan, 1956. -- 'Namier and Namierism'. HT 3 (1964): 331-47. -- 'Namier and His Critics'. Encounter 24 (1965): 47-9. Bullock, Alan. Is History Becoming a Social Science? The Case of Contemporary History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. Bultmann, Rudolf. History and Eschatology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1957. Burke, Edmund. 'An Appeal from the New To the Old Whigs. In Consequence of Some Late Discussions in Parliament, relative to the Reflections on the French Revolution' [1791], in The Works of Edmund Burke. Vol. III [Bohn's Standard Library]. London: Bell, pp. 1-115. Burn, W. L. 'The Historian and the Lawyer'. H 28 (1943): 17-36. 262 General Bibliography

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abridgment(s), abridged history, 20, Gifford Lectures, 207 37,41-6,66, 82,90, 137,170 The Historical Novel, l, 17, 18, 20, Acton, John Emerich Edward 28, 29,31, 35, 36, 41, 63, 86, Dalburg, First Baron, S, 37, 89, 94 48-57, 61, 64, 67, 69, 70, 84-S, life, career, 1-2, 13-15, 26-7, 156, 89-93, 95, 108, 120-1, 130, 156, 164, 183, 184, 193, 194, 202, 158, 160, 166-8, 170, 173, 203,207 174-S, 179, 194, 215 Man on His Past, 166, 178-80 Alexander I, Tsar, 27, 28 The Origins of History, 207, 210 anachronism, 17, 27, 30, 32, 34, The Origins of Modem Science, 13, 47-9,64, 86,93, 187,188,195 47, 93, 160, 161, 162, 163, Annan, Noel Gilroy, 15 197 Ashplant, T. G., 14 reputation, 14-15 Augustine of Hippo, 4, 9, 209 style, 15 Augustinian, 10, 13, 181 The Whig Interpretation of History, 2, Ayer, Alfred J., 6 s, 13, 17, 29, 30-47, 48, 49, 58-61, 65-7, 72-4, 80-94, 100, Bacon, Francis, 149, 162-3, 186 101, 110-14, 119, 122, 130, Baconian, Baconianism, 114, 163, 136, 137, 141, 144, 151, 161, 168,201,215 166-72, 183, 188, 190, 194-9, Becker, Carl Lotus, 48 201, 210 Bentley, Michael, 83 Wiles Lectures, 94, 103, 156, Berlin, Isaiah, S 7 164-6, 170-3, 177, 207, 210 Blaas, P. B. M., 30-1, 48 Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Lord, Cadoux, C. J., 56, 142 63, 74-S, 184, 190 Cannadine, David, 83 Bossuet, Jacques Benigne, 4, 9, 209 Canning, George, 28, 73 Brady, Robert, 77 Carleton, William G., 85 British Empire, 78, lOS Carr, Edward Hallett, 9, 10, 48, 60, Brogan, Denis, 13 199-204,206 Brooke, John, 185, 188-90, 193 Chadwick, Owen, 30, 49 Buckle, Henry Thomas, 4, 89 chance, 38, 64, 65, 104, 157-58, 169, Bultmann, Rudolf, 177 191, 192, 211 Burke, Edmund, 67, 74, 82, 91, 107, change(s), historical, 23, 30, 36-8, 167, 190 41-3, 51, ss, 56, 60, 61, 64, 65, Burrow, John W., 83 69, 73, 77-80, 121, 135, 138-9, Burtt, Edwin A., 161 156, 169, 171, 188 Bury, John Bagnell, 8, 49, 120, 121, change, historiographical, 159-61 213 Child, Arthur, 58, 60 Butterfield, Herbert Christianity, Christian religion, 1, 4, Christianity and History, 14, 94, 95, 10, 14,40, 58,61, 62, 69, 80,95, 100, 101, 111, 112, 146, 153, 96, 98, 103, lOS, 107-11, 113, 202, 212 117, 119, 125-9, 139-46, 150, George III and the Historians, 186, 156, 160, 165, 170, 177, 179-80, 191, 192 201-16

275 276 Index

Christians, 107-9, 125, 126, 139, 142, Elliott-Binns, L. E., lOS 146,209 Elton, Geoffrey Rudolph, 9, 92 Christian interpretation of history, 3, England, English, 1, 8, 33, 74-84, 96, 11, 95, 110, 119, 123, 129, 142, 98, 106, 120, 141-2, 181, 199, 143,146,178,201,209,210,215 202, 205 Christian view of man, 62, 96 English, British constitution, 33-4, Christian worldview, 14, 118, 208, 75-8, 84, 85, lOS, 189, 190, 194, 212 195, 199 Christians, lapsed, 209, 210 epic, historical, 24, 25, 36, 41, 88 Clark, George Norman, 121-3, 141, Evangelicalism, 1 213 evidence, 3, 12, 13, 20--2, 41, 42, 51, Clive, John L., 10, 11 57, 61, 82, 89, 112-16, 119, 123, Coke, Edward, 76, 77, 82 127, 134-8, 143, 159-61, 168, Collingwood, Robin G., 7, 9 170, 171, 174, 186, 190, 193, common law (of England), 77 205,206,214-16 common sense, 81, 110, 112, 215 explanation, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 39, 42, 51, complexity, 28, 36, 37, 40-3, 65, 136, 53,55, 56, 58,60, 79,88,90, 196 115, 119, 122, 127, 129, 131, Comte, Auguste, 4, 6 134, 138', 151, 152, 153, 155, concrete, the, 2, 12, 19, 24, 25, 34, 174, 175, 182, 188, 199-201, 37-42,45,56,59, 70,82, 84,86, 208, 211-14 93, 100, 114-16, 119, 125, 131, expository history, expository 134-7, 143, 145, 148, 151, 159, historiography, historical 169, 174, 178, 190, 191, 201, exposition, 3, 9, 14, 43, 72, 73, 206,208 81, 86-93, 100, 116, 134, 148, conjuncture(s), 38, 45, 61, 63, 64 149, 151-3, 155-7, 163, 168-9, Constantine, 108-9, 209 170--3, 175, 177, 180, 191, contingency, contingencies, 38, 57, 194-9,201,206,210,211,214 61,98 covering law model of historical Fain, Haskell, 7 explanation, 6, 8, 9, 155, 214 Fasnacht, G. E., 91 Cowling, Maurice, 14, 130 fixity, in history, 101 Creighton, Mandell, SO, 52-4, 57, 85 flexibility, 65, 70, 87, 153, 201, 212 Fox, Charles James, 48, 74, 183, 184, Dawson, Christopher, 8 194 De Montpensier, Roy Stone, 44 France, French, 27-8, 68, 69, 71, 74, Derry, John W., 13 82,98, 106,120,205 detailed research, 10, 17, 33, 35, 37, French Revolution, 24, 68, 69, 107, 40, 91, 152, 166-7, 180-1, 191 167 detective, detective stories, 16, 52, Fundamentalism, 1 143, 159-60 Dickens, Charles, 24 Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 7 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 3, S, 7 Gale, George, 125 diplomacy, diplomatic history, 27, Gardiner, Patrick, 15 70, 72, 88, 156 generalisation(s) (in historiography), drama of history, the dramatic in 9-10, 12, 19, 25, 26, 35, 38-44, history, 27-9, 32, 101, 102, 110, 46-7,57-68,70,84,88-93,95, 115, 119, 126, 128, 134, 136, 100, 112, 114, 116-19, 121-S, 143,180,212 129, 135-7, 141, 144-9, 151-S, Index 277

158-9, 161, 163-4, 166-72, 174, human sin, 13, 44, 52, 56-9, 79, 178,180,191,197,199,202, 96-9, 146-7, 150, 158, 175, 182, 206, 210, 214, 216 202, 211 George III, 181, 182, 184, 187, 189, human nature, unchanging, 22, 63 190, 192, 195, 196 Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 4, 5 Germany, Germans, 1, 5, 6, 56, 71, Hume, David, 6 72, 75, 90, 98, 106, 107, 120, 125, 167, 200 Iggers, Georg G., 199 Geyl, Pieter, 9, 178, 179, 180, 206 individual, the, (persons), 12, 22-9, Glorious Revolution (1688), 75, 77, 32, 34, 56, 57, 68, 96, 101-4, 79 130-3, 138, 139, 142, 144, 148, God, the divine, 3, 14, 29, 53, 54, 61, 150-2, 154-7, 173, 182, 189, 96-9, 101, 102-8, 110-11, 125, 190, 199, 201, 202, 214 127, 143-5, 148-9, 152 157, 158, individual, the, (singular 173, 176, 184, 192, 203, 207-11, propositions), 2, 5, 8, 24, 25, 215 41, 42, 45, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, God in history, 3, 111, 140, 148, 65, 8~ 89, 93, 95, 100, 122, 158 131, 135, 143, 144, 145, 149, Gooch, George Peabody, 1, 27, 166 159, 169-71, 177, 190, 191, Gottingen historians, 166-7, 210 208 Gottschalk, Louis, 88, 89 individualism, 68, 96 Griffith-Jones, E., 105 Inquisition, the, 51 Guicciardini, Francesco, 63-5, 70 international relations, 9, 156, 169 Guttridge, G. H., 81 interpretations of history, 2, 10, 19, 33, 36, 124, 130-1, 134, 145, Halevy, Elie, 96 206, 210, 212-14, 216 Halifax, George Savile, Marquis of, 2, 78 Kant, Immanuel, 4 Hall, Alfred Rupert, 47, 83 Kearney, Hugh F., 10 Hamburger, Joseph, 83, 85 Kenyon, John, 15, 83 Happold, Frederick C., 28 Kitson Clark, G, 81, 142 Harbison, E. Harris, 15 Knowles, David [Michael Clive Hardenberg, 28 Knowles], 13, 57 Harnack, Adolf, 1, 85 Koyre, Alexandre, 161 Hayek, F. A., 56 Krieger, Leonard, 149 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 4, Kuhn, Thomas S., 7, 13, 163, 201 40,210 Hempel Carl G., 6 Lea, Henry Charles, 51 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 4 Lewis, Clive Staples, 95 Historismus, 5, 8, 59-60, 177 Liberal interpretation of history, 41, History of Parliament, 184, 185, 188, 56, 85, 115-16, 124, 144, 167-8, 192 170, 215 Hitler, Adolf, 70-3, 98, 183 liberty, 30, 34, 37-9, 45, 74-8, 82, 85, Hobart, Michael, 11, 13, 205 105, 109, 142, 167, 200 Hoffman, Ross]. S., 186 Liebeschtitz, Hans, 172 Hook, Sidney, 140 Lucas, P. G., 10 Hugo, Victor, 25 Low-Beer, Ann, 57 human nature (fallen), fall of man, 3, Lowith, Karl, 10, 95 4, 95-7, 110, 143 Luther, Martin, 33, 37, 49, 197 278 Index

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 84, 85, particular, the, particularism, 2, 3, 5, 86,87 7,8, 11,20,24,25,29,33,37, Machiav~lli, Niccolo, 63-6, 76, 71, 38, 40-3, 45, 47, 48, 53-6, 59-61, 73, 74, 75, 78, 184 66, 80, 84, 86, 92-5, 100-2, 112, Machiavellianism, 67, 70, 72, 75, 76 117, 119, 122, 123, 127, 129, Magna Carta (1215), 35, 76, 200, 215 131, 135-6, 143-5, 149-53, 159, Maitland, Frederic William, 8, 44 162, 163, 167-72, 174, 177, man in the image of God, 28, 96, 192 190-2, 196-9, 208-10, 212 Mansfield, Harvey C., 194 perfection, perfectionism, map of the past, 41, 43, 159 perfectionist, 12, 146-7, 159, Marx, Karl, 4, 131, 137, 140, 179, 175, 210, 215 202,204 personality, persons, 3, 5, 8, 11, 12, Marxism, Marxist, Marxian 13, 20-9, 31, 32, 34, 38--42, 49, interpretation of history, 8, 9, 39, 52,54, 56,59,60,95,96, 100-5, 41, 113-16, 123-5, 130-41, 144, 109-11, 115, 119-22, 128, 130, 174, 210, 215 133, 134, 137-9, 142, 150-1, Matthews, W. R., 11, 204 155-6, 169, 177, 182, 184, 189, Mcintire, C. Thomas, 12, 204 190,195,199,201,203-6 McKechnie, William Sharp, 76 Peterhouse, Cambridge, 1, 2, 16, 202 mediation(s), 26, 36, 37, 45 Pocock, John Greville Agard, 81, 166 Mehta, Ved, 13, 202-6, 216 poetry, the poet, the poetic, 25, 41, Meinecke, Friedrich, 5, 59, 94, 95, 115, 117, 179 100, 125, 199 Polanyi, Michael, 7 Momigliano, Arnaldo D., 182 Popper, Karl Raimund, 6, 7 moral judgments, 5, 48-61, 67, 75, positivism, 5, 6, 8, 89 84, 91-2, 109-10, 146, 158, Postan, M. M., 9 166-8, 202 Price, Jacob M., 194 Munz, Peter, 7 process, historical, 3, 5, 14, 25, 26, 31-8,40-6,55,56, 58,60, 61, Nagel, Ernest, 6, 12 64-6,68-70,73,76,78, 79,80, Napoleon, Bonaparte, 27-9, 49, 54, 82,86,87,89,90,92-5,100-10, 55, 63, 67-73, 152, 158 115, 118, 120-1, 129, 131--40, Namier, Lewis Bernstein, 13, 94, 157, 144, 146, 152--4, 155-7, 160, 180-98,203,206,215 162, 166, 170, 172, 179, 180, Namier School, 180, 185-91, 193--4, 182-3, 188-9, 192, 196-8, 215 206 professionalisation, professional negotiation(s), 27, 29, 67 historians, 8, 9, 12, 95, 110, 119, neo-Kantianism, 5 120,123,124,202--4,216 Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holies, Protestant interpretation of history, First Duke of, 181, 187, 189 liberal, 56 providence, providential, 3, 4, 9, 10, obiter dicta, 46, 73, 211 12, 14, 19, 23, 25, 44-7, 56, 58, Oldfield, Adrian, 56 61,62,68-70,73, 76,78-80,87, Owen, John B., 185, 187, 193 91, 93, 94-112, 117-19, 123, 126, 127, 129, 132, 133, 137-9, paradigm(s), paradigm change, 7, 163 144, 148, 149, 152, 155-8, 163, Pares, Richard, 184, 185, 193 166, 168, 170, 172-7, 180-3, Parker, Christopher, 83 192,194,197,202-4,206,211, Parker, Harold T., 12, 201, 202 213, 214, 216 Index 279 providential order, 3, 4, 45, 58, 61, Seerveld, Calvin G., 205 68, 70, 73, 76, 87, 99, 101, Soffer, Reba N., 83 103-6, 108, 110, 126, 127, Speck, William A., 11, 84, 205 132-3, 144, 146, 152, 157, 158, Spengler, Oswald, 4 170, 173-5, 189, 192, 210-15 Stevenson, Thomas, 105 Prussia, Prussians, 27, 28, 58 sui generis, history as a unique Prynne, William, 77 discipline, 5, 9, 90, 214 Syllabus of Errors, 49 Ranke, Leopold von, 2, 4, 5, 8, 28, sympathetic imagination, 33,34, 39,40,49, 51, 59,60, 61, imaginative sympathy, 3, 5, 9, 64, 65, 92, 94, 95, 100, 102, 103, 35,40,41, 59,60,82, 85,87, 120, 121, 125, 149, 150, 156, 117, 187 166-8, 170-6, 179, 192, 194, sympathies, as between events, 40, 198, 199, 210 45,46 Rapin-Thoyras, Paul de, 34, 79 Read, Conyers, 56 Tawney, Richard Henry, 9, 79 reconciliation, 80, 81, 84, 104 technical historian(s), 3, 11-13, 60, Reformation, Protestant, 37, 39, 90, 62, 115-17, 123-9, 137, 139, 103, 105, 143, 160 143, 146, 150, 159, 165-6, Reid, W. Stanford, 10, 11 173-~ 180, 181, 183, 194, 195, religion, 1, 5, 11, 12, 14, 40, 45, 53, 201-4, 214, 216 69, 108, 116-29, 137, 142, 149, technical history, 2-4, 9-14, 59, 153,168,172,174,180,202, 110-29, 130, 134, 137, 139, 141, 204-6, 208-9 144-8, 152, 155-63, 165-8, resurrection (of the past), 18, 21, 26, 172-80, 181, 183, 192-6, 199, 85,86, 89,198,207 202-12, 213-15 revolution, revolutionary, 24, 25, 31, Telford, John, 105 67-9, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, Temperley, Harold William Vazeille, 107, 167 1, 16, 17, 26-9,49,88,187 Rickert, Heinrich, 5 Temple, William, Archbishop of Rickman, Hans P., 11 Canterbury, 79, 97 Rockingham, Charles Watson thinking-cap(s), 124, 160-4 Wentworth, Marquis of, 2, 74, Thompson, Kenneth W., 12, 13, 14 81,82, 190,195 Tilsit, 27, 28, 29, 70 Romanticism, Romantic movement, Toynbee, Arnold Joseph, 4, 8, 9, 140, 1-3, 16, 19, 20, 25, 27, 59, 85, 179 167 transposition(s), 45, 160, 182 Romier, Lucien, 161 Trevelyan, George Macaulay, 8, SO, Royal Society, 114, 126, 162 70, 71,83, 183,184 Russia, Russians, 27, 28, 98 Troeltsch, Ernst, 5

Stanford, Michael, 162, 172 Ultramontanes, Ultramontanism, 49, Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph 52, 92, 167 von,4 Schleiermacher, Friedrich Daniel Vatican Council (1870), 49, 53, 92, Ernst, 4 167 Scott, Walter, 20, 21, 28 Vellacott, Paul C., 1, 17, 27, 29, 165, Sedgwick, Romney R., 181, 184, 185, 183 193 Vico, Giambattista, 4 280 Index

Vienna Circle, 6 Wesley, John, 1, 96, 146 Voskuil, Louis]., 11-12 White, Hayden V., 7, 33 Wight, Martin, 12, 146, 175 Walcott, Robert, 84, 185, 194 Williams, Desmond, 193 Walsh, William H., 4, 7 Wilson, Adrian, 14 Waterloo, Battle of (1815), 114, 120 Windelband, Wilhelm, 5 Watson, Adam, 10-11, 13 Winstanley, D. A., 187 Watson, George, 47, 83 Woolford, A.]., 81-2 Weber, Max, 79, 90, 91 Wright, Esmond, 10, 11 Webster, Charles K., 28 Wyvill, Christopher, 2, 184