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The Westerly Drifting of Nomades, from the Fifth to the Nineteenth Century

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The Westerly Drifting of Nomades, from the Fifth to the Nineteenth Century The Westerly Drifting of Nomades, from the Fifth to the Nineteenth Century. Part VI. The Kirghises, or Bourouts, the Kazaks, Kalmucks, Euzbegs, and Nogays. Author(s): Henry H. Howorth Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 1 (1872), pp. 226-242 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2840961 . Accessed: 15/06/2014 10:18 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 185.44.78.76 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:18:09 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 226 II. IT. 1OWORTH.-The WesterlyD}ifting of tionson thetruthful principles of ethnology, and to thateffect I have thusfirmly expressed my humble opinion. Mr.COOPER said: Someallusion having been made to the current superstitionsrespecting the evil eye havingalso prevailedat one timnein Egypt,I rise to observethat the allusionis onlyapparently borneout bythe numerous ocular amulets found in Egyptiantombs. In truth,these charms, consisting of sculpturedrepresentation ofthe rightsymbolical eye, either singly or in variousgeometrical multi- ples (four,ninie, fourteen, twenty-eight, etc.), were really as much designedto invokea blessingas to deprecateor avertan evil. The eye,the symbol of the all-watchfulHeserei (Osiris), is foundon the oldestmonuments of the Haniiticraces; and was not,I believe,con- nectedwith any idea of phallicenergy till the influenceof a later Semiticcultus, derived in the eighteenthdynasty from the Ramesaic kings,and culminated under their corrupt successors, the Ptolemnies. The followinggentlemen also tookpart in the discussionon the foregoingpapers and exhibitions:Professor Busk, Mr. C. Charles- worth,Dr. CarterBlake, Dr. Nicholas,Mr. A. L. Lewis,Mr. J. W. Flower,Col. Lane Fox, Rev. GeorgeSincltair, Mr. Wake, and the President. The followingpapers by HENRY H. HoWORTH, M.A.I., Esq., were taken as read: The WESTERLY DRIFTING of NOMADES, froim the FIFTH to the NINETEENTHCENTURY.-PART VI. The KIRGHISES,or Bou- ROUTS,the KAZAKS, KALMUCKS, EUZBEGS, and NOGAYS. IN tracingthe pedigreeof the Turkishraces, we have arrivedat their firstemigrations across the Volga and the Oxus, the two frontierrivers of the moretypical Turkland. We have stripped Persia, Turkey,and SouthernRussia, of the Turk elementin theirpopulations. We must now cross those rivers,and enter the more properhomeland of the Turks-so held,at least,in popular estimation. Our difficulties,of course,increase very much,and our conclusionsare necessarilymore tentative, as we journeyaway fromthe haunts of civilisation. The countrywe have to deal withis the stoniyand sandy steppe,reaching from the Volga to the Desert of Gobi,and fromthe Sea of Aral and the Caspian to the Ural Mountainsand the Steppe of Baraba- a hungryland, a land of robbersand nomades,whose ethnology offersas confusinga subject for investigationas could be de- siredby the most patient unwinderof puzzles. We shall tra- verse a small portionof the groundcovered by the firstpart of this paper; and be able, perhaps,to correcta few errors,for whicha widerarea of observationhas suggesteda betteranswer. Our method,as previously,will consist in graduallyunpeeling -thevarious layers of populations,until we arriveat the primitive kernel of the whole. This content downloaded from 185.44.78.76 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:18:09 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions JNoincades,fromw Fifth to Ni)ieteenth(Century. 227 A greatportion of the area which we proposeto investigate is occupied by the Khirgises,and is fromthem known as the KhirghizSteppes-wastes describedpicturesquely by Atkinson, and morevaluably by Levchine. Like most predatoryand dis- integratedraces, they have no connectedhistory. They can tell of renownedchieftains, of marvellousescapes, of successfulraids, of all the more strikingincidents in the career of theirances- tors,the natural subject matterof ballads and traditions;but of their own origin,etc., they speak as empiricistsconstruct history. The ethnographyof these steppes has been verymuch con- fused by a not unnaturalmistake. The name Kirghiz is un- knownto the tribesto whomit is commonlyapplied in Europe. They invariablycall themselvesKazaks. It is a name indi- genous to a race of robbers,now inhabitingthe nmountainsof Kaschgar Khoten, etc.,generally known as Bourouts,Eastern Kirghises,Rock, Wild, or Black Kirghises,whose origin and historyis differentfrom that of the so-called Kirghises of the Great, Middle, and Little Hordes. When the Cossacks con- quered Siberia, they found these real Kirghises living in the Eastern Altai, and afterwardsapplied the name to the neigh- bouring tribes of Kazaks, whose language,manners, etc., were sufficientlylike theirsto pardon the classification. From the Cossacks,the name has spreadinto the pages of westernwriters. In this examination,we must distinguishthem. The name Kirghiz,or Bourout,will be applied to the Kirghises proper, while the so-calledKirghises of the threehordes will be referred to as Kazaks. The confusedhistory of tlle Bouroutshas been collected by RadlofftLevchine and others,and fronmthem I shall take the followingepitome. They are now most distinctlya Turkish race; that they were not always so is most certain,and will appearpresently. During the supremacyof the Yuen or Mongol dynastyin China,the Opon (Ob or Obi) was the south-western, and the Joussethe north-easternboundary of the countryof the Kirghises, while the Jenissei flowed through their country (Klaproth). When the Cossacks invaded Siberia,at the begin- ning of the seventeenthcentury, they were livingon the black and whiteJousse, on the Abakan, and the neighbourhoodof the Sayan Mountains; that is,they still occupiedtheir ancient seats. Hence, they pillaged for a whole centurythe New Russian colonies,dividing their nominal allegiance between the Russians, the EasternMongols, and the Soongars. At length,just at the beginningof the seventeenthcentury, the -Russians,in concert with the Kontaisch of the Soongars,tired of their robberies, drovethem out of their old country,alnd forcedthemii to settle This content downloaded from 185.44.78.76 on Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:18:09 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 228 H. H. HOWOUTti.-The WesterlyDriftimg of in the mountainouscountry between Arizitchdzan and Kashgar, where they are now found,and are under the protectionof China,Russia, and the Khans of Kokand. Radloffsuggests they have been called Kara Kirghises,or Black Kirghises,from the obstinacywith which they have clung to their old idolatry. Believers still call the unconverted"kara kapir",or black infidels. They are only nominallyMussulmans; shaving the head, performingcertain ablutions,and repeatingoccasionally some Arabic sentence,more as a charm than as attachingany meaningto it. They have neithermosques nor priestsamong them,and say no prayers. They are almost entirelyoccupied in rearing cattle and brigandage. Luxury is a misnomerto apply to any of theirextravagances. Travellersremark on the monotoniythat exists amongthem; the rich being distinguished merelyby a somewhatlarger yourt,or more embroideredcoat. They are very fond of music, and very hospitable and trust- worthyto their guests,contrasting favourably with the Kazaks. In war,and to their enemies,they are describedby all their neighboursas cruel,vindictive, and untameable. In their old homes,the Kirghiseswere borderedon tlheeast by the greatplains reachingto the Baikal Sea, now occupiedby verybroken and disintegratedtribes. It seems to be verywell established,that the YakouLts, who now live farto thenorth-east, on the Lena, who are a Turkishrace, isolated entirelyfrom the rest of the Turks,and surroundedby strangers,have onlyvery lately arrivedin theirpresent homes. Theirtraditions all agree in a veryrecent migration down the Lena, froma countrywhere theyformerly lived as brothersof the same kin with the Bou- routs. Now these Bourouts cannot be the Bouriats of Lake Baikal, who are Mongols,and not Turks. They were,no doubt, the Bouroutsof whomwe have just written-i.e.,the Kirghises. Their name,we know,agrees with tribal names foundamong the Turks of the Baraba Steppe,generally called the Barabinski; and manywriters, notably Fischer and De Lessep,have affirmed the identityof the Yakouts and the Barabinski. The latterare verynearly related, as theyused to be veryclose neighboursof the Kirghises; and I have no hesitationin making all three- viz.,the Bourouts,or Kirghises,the Yakouts, and Barabinski- fragmentsof an ancientrace, which has been dispersedby the arrival of the Russians,or, perhaps, by the far-reachingambi- tion of the S'oongars,a race which,on the Lena and the deserts of Baraba,has preservedfor us a pictureof what the Siberian, and probably all the Asiatic Turks, were, before they were sophisticatedby contactwith Mohammedanism.This
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