Strengthening the Human Dimension of an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management in the BCC Region FINAL REPORT of FAO-BCC Project EAF 09/12
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Strengthening the Human Dimension of an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management in the BCC Region FINAL REPORT of FAO-BCC Project EAF 09/12 Three countries sharing a productive ecosystem Strengthening the Human Dimension of an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management in the BCC region STRENGTHENING THE HUMAN DIMENSION OF AN ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN THE BCC REGION Edited by: Country baseline reports prepared by: Barbara Paterson, SOUTH AFRICA: Merle Sowman, Serge Raemaekers, Jackie Sunde, Natalie Schell and Oliver Schultz Merle Sowman, Serge Raemaekers, NAMIBIA: David Russell David Russell, ANGOLA: Nkosi Luyeye Luyeye Nkosi, Kelsey Draper, Copy editing: Megan Sumner van Gils Nico Willemse Layout & Design: NawaZone Citation: Paterson, B., Sowman, M., Raemaekers, S., Russel, D., Nkosi, L., Draper, K., Willemse, N., eds. 2014. Strengthening the Human Dimension of an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management in the BCC region. FINAL REPORT of FAO-BCC Project EAF 09/12. Windhoek. Benguela Current Commission. 93 pp. Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. Acknowledgements: The project was funded by the FAO/EAF Nansen project. The following people participated in the project and provided valuable information: Maria Angélica & João Baptista Chaves (IPA); Tãnia Mandinga & Miguel André (DNPA), António Barradas (INIP), Represenatives from Fishing cooperatives: José Francisco Campos, Estevão António, Francisco Chimina, Manuel Avelino, José Santos Mavungo; Pedro Afonso; Kingombo (INIP), Kwame Koranteng (FAO), Julian Fennessy (NNF) Joshua Cox & Nico Waldeck (Masifundise); Steven Law & Zukiswa Hani (Environmental Monitoring Group, EMG); Paula Cardosa; Sandile Sibiya, Abongile Ngqongwa, Vuyisani Jozana, Sbonelo Sithole, Saasa Pheeha, Denis Fredericks (DAFF); Ayanda Matoti (Department of Environmental Affairs, DEA); Samantha Peterson & John Duncan, (WWF); Dianne Scott (Development Studies, UKZN); Philile Mbatha, Maria Hauk, Lance van Sittert, (UCT); Donovan van der Heyden (Hout Bay Artisinal Fishers Association); Hashali Hamukuaya & Moses Maurihungirire, (Benguela Current Commission); Frikkie Botes, Gcobani Popose & Maria De Lourdes Bento Sardinha (BCLME SAP IMP); Erastus Kayele (Municipality of Walvis Bay); Jan Arnold, Henning du Plessis, Max Schwieger, Peya Hitula & Gabriel (Uahengo Seal Products); Alfred Muhinda (Ministry of Finance); Johannes Litembu, Rudi Cloete (MFMR), Ivory Uirab (MFMR), Claudius Ikera (MFMR), Anna Erastus (MFMR), Olivia Shuuluka (MFMR); Victor Pea (MFMR), Christo October (MFMR), Daniel Imbili & Anna Helao (NFI Union); Kavekuire Ndjitaviua (NASAWU), Erkki Shitana (NASAWU), Secille Endjala (NAFAU); Hilma Mote (Marine Advisory Council/Labour Resources and Research Institute, LARRI), Esther Ashipala, (Namibia Housing Action Group); Maria Pimenta provided invaluable support and language skills; Angus Middleton and Megan Sumner van Gils provided final copy editing and moral support. I Strengthening the Human Dimension of an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management in the BCC region List of tables V List of figures VI Abbreviations VI Executive Summary VII Executive Summary References XVII 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 1 3 Baseline Report: SOUTH AFRICA 3 3.1 Introduction 3 3.2 Overview of the Small-scale Fishery Sector 3 3.3 Institutional Dimensions 6 3.3.1 Policies/legal framework 6 3.3.2 Access/use right 7 3.3.3 Participation 8 3.3.4 Community institutions 8 3.3.5 Policy interactions and institutional linkages 9 3.3.6 Enforcement and compliance 10 3.4 Social Dimensions 10 3.4.1 Gender 11 3.4.2 Social cohesion 11 3.4.3 Religion 13 3.4.4 Values, beliefs, perceptions and goals 13 3.4.5 Livelihoods, practices, options and strategies 13 3.4.6 Health and education 14 3.4.7 Food security 16 3.4.8 Rights of fishers 16 3.5 Economic Dimensions 17 3.5.1 Poverty 18 3.5.2 Employment 20 3.5.3 Alternative economic opportunities 20 3.5.4 Trade and markets 21 3.5.5 Distribution of benefits and risks 21 3.5.6 Access to credit 22 3.6 Cultural Dimensions 22 3.6.1 Local knowledge, customary fishing practices and institutions 22 3.7 Political Dimensions 24 3.7.1 Power structures 24 3.7.2 Policies shaping distribution of costs and benefits 25 3.7.3 Transparency and accountability 25 3.8 Conclusion 26 3.9 Bibliography 26 II Strengthening the Human Dimension of an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management in the BCC region 4 Baseline Report: NAMIBIA 34 4.1 Introduction 34 4.2 Institutional Dimension 36 4.2.1 Policies/legal framework 36 4.2.2 Access/use right 38 4.2.3 Participation 39 4.2.4 Community institutions 40 4.2.5 Policy interactions 40 4.2.6 Institutional linkages 41 4.2.7 Enforcement and compliance 41 4.2.8 Social research 42 4.2.9 Capacity building 42 4.3 Social Dimension 43 4.3.1 Gender, age 43 4.3.2 Social cohesion 44 4.3.3 Religion, values, beliefs, perceptions and attitudes 44 4.3.4 Goals and aspirations 44 4.3.5 Livelihoods, practices, options, strategies 44 4.3.6 Health 44 4.3.7 Education 46 4.3.8 Food security 46 4.3.9 Rights and duties of fishers 47 4.3.10 Namibianisation 48 4.4 Economic Dimension 49 4.4.1 Poverty 49 4.4.2 Housing 50 4.4.3 Employment 50 4.4.4 Distribution of salaries/wages 51 4.4.5 Indirect employment 51 4.4.6 Alternative economic opportunities 52 4.4.7 Trade and markets 52 4.4.8 Distribution of benefits and risks 54 4.4.9 Cost of production 57 4.4.10 Access to credit 57 4.4.11 Flow of benefits 58 4.5 Cultural Dimension 58 4.5.1 Local knowledge 58 4.5.2 Customary fishing practices and institutions 58 4.6 Political Dimension 58 4.6.1 Power structures 58 4.6.2 Policies shaping distribution of cost and benefits 59 4.6.3 Political stability in the country, regional and end markets 59 4.6.4 Transparency of the decision making process 60 4.6.5 Accountability of decision makers 60 III Strengthening the Human Dimension of an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management in the BCC region 4.7 Conclusion 60 4.8 Bibliography 65 4.9 Appendix 1. Fishing industry employment breakdown 69 4.10 Appendix 2. Namibian fish exports/imports 75 5 Baseline Report: ANGOLA 78 5.1 Introduction 78 5.2 Overview 78 5.2.1 Target group 79 5.3 Institutional Dimensions 79 5.3.1 Policies/legal framework 79 5.3.2 Access/use right 80 5.3.3 Fishing method 80 5.3.4 Community institutions 80 5.3.5 Institutional linkages 81 5.3.6 Enforcement and compliance 82 5.4 Social Dimension 82 5.4.1 Gender 82 5.4.2 Religion 84 5.4.3 Livelihoods, practices, options and strategies 84 5.4.4 Health 84 5.4.5 Education 84 5.4.6 Food security 84 5.5 Economic Dimension 84 5.5.1 Employment 84 5.5.2 Alternative economic opportunities 85 5.5.3 Trade and markets 85 5.5.4 Access to credit 85 5.5.5 Flow of benefits 86 5.6 Cultural Dimension 86 5.6.1 Local knowledge 86 5.6.2 Customary fishing practices and institutions 86 5.7 Political Dimension 86 5.7.1 Conflict 86 5.8 Conclusion 86 5.9 Bibliography 87 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 88 6.1 Recommended steps 88 6.2 Approach 90 6.3 Potential indicators for the social and economic dimensions 90 6.4 Further research and analysis 91 6.5 Develop a BCC research agenda on human dimensions 92 6.6 Establish a regional social-ecological think tank 92 IV LIST OF TABLES Strengthening the Human Dimension of an Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management in the BCC region LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1. Currently available data on human dimensions of EAF in South Africa IX Table 1-2. Currently available data on human dimensions of EAF in Namibia XII Table 1-3. Currently available data on human dimensions of EAF in Angola XV Table 2-1. Framework for human dimensions in the BCC region 2 Table 3-1. Small-scale fisheries identified in the BCLME region of South Africa (adapted from EEU, 2010) 5 Table 3-2. Description of policies and legal framework 7 Table 3-3. Description of access and use rights information 8 Table 3-4. Description of participation information 8 Table 3-5. Description of community institutions information 9 Table 3-6. Description of policy interactions and Institutional linkages information 10 Table 3-7. Description of enforcement information 10 Table 3-8. Description of gender information 11 Table 3-9. Description of social cohesion information 13 Table 3-10. Description of religion information 13 Table 3-11. Description of values, beliefs, perceptions and goals information 13 Table 3-12. Historical involvement, alternative sources of income, employment 13 Table 3-13. Description of livelihoods, practices, options and strategies information 14 Table 3-14. Level of education of those aged 20 or older in ‘subsistence’ fisher households in the South African portion of the BCLME 15 Table 3-15.