DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Impact of Invertebrates for Biological Control of Arthropods

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Impact of Invertebrates for Biological Control of Arthropods Environmental Impact of Invertebrates for Biological Control of Arthropods Methods and Risk Assessment This page intentionally left blank Environmental Impact of Invertebrates for Biological Control of Arthropods Methods and Risk Assessment Edited by Franz Bigler and Dirk Babendreier Agroscope, FAL Reckenholz Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture Zürich Switzerland and Ulrich Kuhlmann CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre Delémont Switzerland CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxon OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Environment impact of invertebrates for biological control of arthropods : methods and risk assessment / edited by Franz Bigler and Dirk Babendreier and Ulli Kuhlmann. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-85199-058-3 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-85199-058-4 (alk. paper) 1. Insect pests--Biological control. 2. Arthropod pests--Biological control. 3. Arthropoda as biological pest control agents. 4. Pesticides-- Environmental aspects. I. Bigler, Franz. II. Babendreier, Dirk. III. Kuhlmann, Ulli. IV. Title. SB933.3.E58 2006 632Ј.96--dc22 2005020627 ISBN-10: 0-85199-058-4 ISBN-13: 978-0-85199-058-3 Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge. Contents Contributors vii Foreword Joop C. van Lenteren xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Current Status and Constraints in the Assessment of Non-target Effects 1 Dirk Babendreier, Franz Bigler and Ulrich Kuhlmann 2 Selection of Non-target Species for Host Specificity Testing 15 Ulrich Kuhlmann, Urs Schaffner and Peter G. Mason 3 Host Specificity in Arthropod Biological Control, Methods for Testing 38 and Interpretation of the Data Joop C. van Lenteren, Matthew J.W. Cock, Thomas S. Hoffmeister and Don P.A. Sands 4 Measuring and Predicting Indirect Impacts of Biological Control: 64 Competition, Displacement and Secondary Interactions Russell Messing, Bernard Roitberg and Jacques Brodeur 5 Risks of Interbreeding Between Species Used in Biological Control and 78 Native Species, and Methods for Evaluating Their Occurrence and Impact Keith R. Hopper, Seth C. Britch and Eric Wajnberg 6 Assessing the Establishment Potential of Inundative Biological 98 Control Agents Guy Boivin, Ursula M. Kölliker-Ott, Jeffrey Bale and Franz Bigler 7 Methods for Monitoring the Dispersal of Natural Enemies from Point 114 Source Releases Associated with Augmentative Biological Control Nick J. Mills, Dirk Babendreier and Antoon J.M. Loomans 8 Risks of Plant Damage Caused by Natural Enemies Introduced for 132 Arthropod Biological Control Ramon Albajes, Cristina Castañé, Rosa Gabarra and Òscar Alomar v vi Contents 9 Methods for Assessment of Contaminants of Invertebrate Biological 145 Control Agents and Associated Risks Mark S. Goettel and G. Douglas Inglis 10 Post-release Evaluation of Non-target Effects of Biological Control Agents 166 Barbara I.P. Barratt, Bernd Blossey, Heikki M.T. Hokkanen 11 Molecular Methods for the Identification of Biological Control Agents 187 at the Species and Strain Level Richard Stouthamer 12 The Usefulness of the Ecoregion Concept for Safer Import of Invertebrate 202 Biological Control Agents Matthew J.W. Cock, Ulrich Kuhlmann, Urs Schaffner, Franz Bigler and Dirk Babendreier 13 Statistical Tools to Improve the Quality of Experiments and Data Analysis 222 for Assessing Non-target Effects Thomas S. Hoffmeister, Dirk Babendreier and Eric Wajnberg 14 Principles of Environmental Risk Assessment with Emphasis on the 241 New Zealand Perspective Abdul Moeed, Robert Hickson and Barbara I.P. Barratt 15 Environmental Risk Assessment: Methods for Comprehensive Evaluation 254 and Quick Scan Joop C. van Lenteren and Antoon J.M. Loomans 16 Balancing Environmental Risks and Benefits: a Basic Approach 273 Franz Bigler and Ursula M. Kölliker-Ott Glossary 287 Index 291 Contributors Albajes, Ramon, Universitat de Lleida, Centre UdL-IRTA, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ34-973-702571. Fax number: ϩ34-973-238301. Alomar, Òscar, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, 08348 Cabrils (Barcelona), Spain. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ34-93-750-9961. Fax number: ϩ34-93-753- 3954. Babendreier, Dirk, Agroscope, FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ41-44-377-7217. Fax number: ϩ41- 44-377-7201. Bale, Jeffrey, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ44-121-414-5908. Fax number: ϩ44-121-414-5925. Barratt, Barbara, AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ64-3-489-9059. Fax number: ϩ64-3-489-3739. Bigler, Franz, Agroscope, FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ41-44-377-7235. Fax number: ϩ41-44- 377-7201. Blossey, Bernd, Department of Natural Resources, 122E Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-607-255- 5314. Fax number: ϩ1-607-255-0349. Boivin, Guy, Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 430 Boul. Gouin, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec J3B 3E6, Canada. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-450-346-4494. Fax number: ϩ1-450-346-7740. Britch, Seth, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 501 South Chapel Street, Newark, DE 19713, USA. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-302-731-7330 ext. 239. Fax number: ϩ1-302-737-6780. Brodeur, Jacques, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101, rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal vii viii Contributors (Québec), Canada H1X 2B2. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-514-872-4563. Fax number: ϩ1-514-872-9406. Castañé, Cristina, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, 08348 Cabrils, (Barcelona), Spain. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ34-93-750-9961. Fax number: ϩ34-93-753- 3954. Cock, Matthew, CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ41-32-421-4870. Fax number: ϩ41-32-421-4871. Gabarra, Rosa, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, 08348 Cabrils (Barcelona), Spain. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ34-93-750-9976. Fax number: ϩ34-93-753- 3954. Goettel, Mark, Environmental Health, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, PO Box 3000, 5403 – 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1 Canada. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ44-403-317-2264. Fax number: ϩ44-403-382-3156. Hickson, Robert, Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, PO Box 5336, Wellington, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ64- 4-917-2917. Fax number: ϩ64-4-471-1284. Hoffmeister, Thomas, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. NW2, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. Email: hoffmeister@uni- bremen.de. Phone number: ϩ49-421-218-4290. Fax number: ϩ49-421-218-4504. Hokkanen, Heikki, Department of Applied Zoology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. Email: heikki.hokkanen@helsinki.fi. Phone number: ϩ358- 9191-58371. Fax number: ϩ358-9191-58463. Hopper, Keith, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 501 South Chapel Street, Newark, DE 19713, USA. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-302-731-7330 ext. 238. Fax number: ϩ1-302- 737-6780. Inglis, Douglas, Food Safety and Quality, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-403-317-3355. Fax number: ϩ1-403-382-3156. Kölliker-Ott, Ursula, Agroscope, FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ41-44-377-7181. Fax number: ϩ41- 44-377-7201. Kuhlmann, Ulli, CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ41-32-421- 4882. Fax number: ϩ41-32-421-4871. Loomans, Antoon, Plant Protection Service, Section Entomology, PO Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ31-317-496825. Fax number: ϩ31-317-421701. Mason, Peter, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Research Centre, K.W. Neatby Building, Central Experimental Farm, 960, Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OC6, Canada. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-613-759-1908. Fax num- ber: ϩ1-613-759-170.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Green Lacewings of the Genus Chrysopa in Maryland ( Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
    The Green Lacewings of the Genus Chrysopa in Maryland ( Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Ralph A. Bram and William E. Bickley Department of Entomology INTRODUCTION Tlw green lacewings which are members of the genus Chrysopa are extreme- ly lwndicia1 insects. The larvae are commonly called aphislions and are well known as predators of aphids and other injurious insects. They play an important part in the regulation of populations of pests under natural conditions, and in California they have been cultured in mass and released for the control of mealy- bugs ( Finney, 1948 and 1950) . The positive identification of members of the genus is desirable for the use of biological-control workers and entomologists in general. Descriptions of most of the Nearctic species of Chrysopidae have relied heavily on body pigmentation and to a lesser extent on wing shape, venational patterns and coloration. Specimens fade when preserved in alcohol or on pins, and natural variation in color patterns occurs in many species ( Smith 1922, Bickley 1952). It is partly for these reasons that some of the most common and relatively abundant representatives of the family are not easily recognized. The chrysopid fauna of North America was treated comprehensively by Banks ( 1903). Smith ( 1922) contributed valuable information about the biology of the green lacewings and about the morphology and taxonomy of the larvae. He also pro- vided k<'ys and other help for the identification of species from Kansas ( 1925, 1934) and Canada ( 1932). Froeschner ( 194 7) similarly dealt with Missouri species. Bickley and MacLeod ( 1956) presented a review of the family as known to occur in the N earctic region north of Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Please Scroll Down for Article
    This article was downloaded by: [USDA National Agricultural Library] On: 1 October 2008 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 790740294] Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Biocontrol Science and Technology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713409232 A critical evaluation of host ranges of parasitoids of the subtribe Diabroticina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Luperini) using field and laboratory host records Stefan Toepfer a; Guillermo Cabrera Walsh b; Astrid Eben c; Rebeca Alvarez-Zagoya d; Tim Haye a; Feng Zhang a; Ulrich Kuhlmann a a CABI Europe-Switzerland, Delémont, Switzerland b USDA ARS South American Biocontrol Laboratory, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina c Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico d Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDR-IPN, Durango, Mexico Online Publication Date: 01 January 2008 To cite this Article Toepfer, Stefan, Cabrera Walsh, Guillermo, Eben, Astrid, Alvarez-Zagoya, Rebeca, Haye, Tim, Zhang, Feng and Kuhlmann, Ulrich(2008)'A critical evaluation of host ranges of parasitoids of the subtribe Diabroticina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Luperini) using field and laboratory host records',Biocontrol Science and Technology,18:5,483 — 504 To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/09583150802001742 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583150802001742 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
    [Show full text]
  • Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests
    Prepared by CABI and EPPO for the EU under Contract 90/399003 Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests Aonidiella citrina IDENTITY Name: Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett) Synonyms: Aspidiotus citrinus Coquillett Chrysomphalus aurantii citrinus (Coquillett) Taxonomic position: Insecta: Hemiptera: Homoptera: Diaspididae Common names: Yellow scale (English) Cochenille jaune (French) Escama amarilla de los cítricos (Spanish) Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature: The original description by Coquillett is inadequate and simply refers to 'the yellow scale' on orange (Nel, 1933). A. citrina is morphologically very similar to the Californian red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), and was considered to be a variety until Nel (1933) raised it to specific level based on a comparative study of their ecology, biology and morphology. Bayer computer code: AONDCI EU Annex designation: II/A1 HOSTS A. citrina is polyphagous attacking plant species belonging to more than 50 genera in 32 families. The main hosts of economic importance are Citrus spp., especially oranges (C. sinensis), but the insect is also recorded incidentally on a wide range of ornamentals and some fruit crops including Acacia, bananas (Musa paradisiaca), Camellia including tea (C. sinensis), Clematis, Cucurbitaceae, Eucalyptus, Euonymus, guavas (Psidium guajava), Hedera helix, Jasminum, Ficus, Ligustrum, Magnolia, mangoes (Mangifera indica), Myrica, olives (Olea europea), peaches (Prunus persica), poplars (Populus), Rosa, Schefflera actinophylla, Strelitzia reginae, Viburnum and Yucca. The main potential hosts in the EPPO region are Citrus spp. growing in the southern part of the region, around the Mediterranean. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION A. citrina originated in Asia and has spread to various tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. The precise distribution of A.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera of North America 5
    Lepidoptera of North America 5. Contributions to the Knowledge of Southern West Virginia Lepidoptera Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University Lepidoptera of North America 5. Contributions to the Knowledge of Southern West Virginia Lepidoptera by Valerio Albu, 1411 E. Sweetbriar Drive Fresno, CA 93720 and Eric Metzler, 1241 Kildale Square North Columbus, OH 43229 April 30, 2004 Contributions of the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity Colorado State University Cover illustration: Blueberry Sphinx (Paonias astylus (Drury)], an eastern endemic. Photo by Valeriu Albu. ISBN 1084-8819 This publication and others in the series may be ordered from the C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 Abstract A list of 1531 species ofLepidoptera is presented, collected over 15 years (1988 to 2002), in eleven southern West Virginia counties. A variety of collecting methods was used, including netting, light attracting, light trapping and pheromone trapping. The specimens were identified by the currently available pictorial sources and determination keys. Many were also sent to specialists for confirmation or identification. The majority of the data was from Kanawha County, reflecting the area of more intensive sampling effort by the senior author. This imbalance of data between Kanawha County and other counties should even out with further sampling of the area. Key Words: Appalachian Mountains,
    [Show full text]
  • Koa Bug Investigation Section
    Koa Bug Investigation Supplemental information on this investigation can be found in the Koa Bug Images file (PDF). Concepts Analyze how an organisms’ body structure contribute to their ability to survive and reproduce. (Benchmark SC.7.5.4) Explain the interaction and dependence of organisms on one another. (Benchmark SC.7.3.2) Explain how energy moves through food webs. (Benchmark SC.7.3.1) Design and safely conduct a scientific investigation to answer a question or test a hypothesis. (Benchmark SC.7.1.1) Overview Students are introduced to the endemic Koa bug (Coleotichus blackburniae), Hawaii’s largest true bug, and they will investigate their structure and function, life cycles, and the dependence of organisms on one another. Students will build suitable habitat for the insects and make daily observations of their change, eventually identifying males from females and understanding the insect’s life cycle. In addition, information gathered from this investigation will be utilized in a future lesson on “populations”. Purpose To have students identify adaptive strategies of insects and why these features are important to insect survival. The students will understand that an organism is a living thing and that energy moves through a food web. Furthermore, they will gain an understanding of organism interactions and that each is dependent on one another. The observations they make will allow them to understand what an organism does, how it responds to its environment, and report the observable biological changes that have occurred. Students
    [Show full text]
  • Pu'u Wa'awa'a Biological Assessment
    PU‘U WA‘AWA‘A BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PU‘U WA‘AWA‘A, NORTH KONA, HAWAII Prepared by: Jon G. Giffin Forestry & Wildlife Manager August 2003 STATE OF HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF FORESTRY AND WILDLIFE TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. ii GENERAL SETTING...................................................................................................................1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 Land Use Practices...............................................................................................................1 Geology..................................................................................................................................3 Lava Flows............................................................................................................................5 Lava Tubes ...........................................................................................................................5 Cinder Cones ........................................................................................................................7 Soils .......................................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Tachinid (Diptera: Tachinidae) Parasitoid Diversity and Temporal Abundance at a Single Site in the Northeastern United States Author(S): Diego J
    Tachinid (Diptera: Tachinidae) Parasitoid Diversity and Temporal Abundance at a Single Site in the Northeastern United States Author(s): Diego J. Inclan and John O. Stireman, III Source: Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 104(2):287-296. Published By: Entomological Society of America https://doi.org/10.1603/AN10047 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/AN10047 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY Tachinid (Diptera: Tachinidae) Parasitoid Diversity and Temporal Abundance at a Single Site in the Northeastern United States 1 DIEGO J. INCLAN AND JOHN O. STIREMAN, III Department of Biological Sciences, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, 235A, BH, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 104(2): 287Ð296 (2011); DOI: 10.1603/AN10047 ABSTRACT Although tachinids are one of the most diverse families of Diptera and represent the largest group of nonhymenopteran parasitoids, their local diversity and distribution patterns of most species in the family are poorly known.
    [Show full text]
  • Jordan Beans RA RMO Dir
    Importation of Fresh Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), Shelled or in Pods, from Jordan into the Continental United States A Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment February 14, 2011 Version 2 Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Pest Risk Assessment for Beans from Jordan Executive Summary In this risk assessment we examined the risks associated with the importation of fresh beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in pods (French, green, snap, and string beans) or shelled, from the Kingdom of Jordan into the continental United States. We developed a list of pests associated with beans (in any country) that occur in Jordan on any host based on scientific literature, previous commodity risk assessments, records of intercepted pests at ports-of-entry, and information from experts on bean production. This is a qualitative risk assessment, as we express estimates of risk in descriptive terms (High, Medium, and Low) rather than numerically in probabilities or frequencies. We identified seven quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway of introduction. We estimated Consequences of Introduction by assessing five elements that reflect the biology and ecology of the pests: climate-host interaction, host range, dispersal potential, economic impact, and environmental impact. We estimated Likelihood of Introduction values by considering both the quantity of the commodity imported annually and the potential for pest introduction and establishment. We summed the Consequences of Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction values to estimate overall Pest Risk Potentials, which describe risk in the absence of mitigation.
    [Show full text]
  • NEWSLETTER• of the MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
    NEWSLETTER• of the MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Volume 38, Numbers 4 December, 1993 Impacts ofBt on Non-Target Lepidoptera John W. Peacock, David L. Wagner, and Dale F. Schweitzer USDA Forest Service, Hamden, CT; University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT; and The Nature Conservancy, Port Norris, NT, respectively Introduction gypsy moth in Oregon. Sample et a1. ing attempts bycertain birds. In another (1 993) have likewise reported a signifi­ study, Bellocq et al. (1992) showed that Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. cant reduction inspecies abundance and the use of Btk increased immigration kurstaki (Btk) is one of the pesticides richness in non-target Lepidoptera in rates andcaused d ietary shifts inshrews. most commonly employed against lepi­ field studies in eastern West Virginia. We report here a summary of our dopteran forest pests. In the eastern U.S., James et al. (1993) haveshown thatBtk is studies aimed at determining the effect where millionsofhectares of deciduous toxic to late, but not early, instar larvae of Btko n non-target Lepidoptera inboth forest have been defoliated by the ''Eu­ of the beneficial cinnabar moth, Tyria laboratoryand field studies. Laboratory ropean" gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar jacobaeae (L.). bioassays were conducted on larvae in (L.), Btk has been used extenSively to In addition to its direct effects on seven families of native eastern U.S. slow the spread of this pest and to re­ native Lepidoptera, Btk can indirectly Macrolepidoptera. Field studies were duce defoliation. In 1992 alone, over affect other animals that rely on lepi­ carried out in Rockbridge County, Vir­ 300,000 ha were treated with Btk, in­ dopterous larvae as a primary source of ginia, and were the first to evaluate non­ cluding gypsy moth suppression activi­ food.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Responses and Control of California Red Scale Aonidiella Aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
    Biological responses and control of California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) by Khalid Omairy Mohammed Submitted to Murdoch University in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education Murdoch University Perth, Western Australia March 2020 Declaration The work described in this thesis was undertaken while I was an enrolled student for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Murdoch University, Western Australia. I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. To the best of my knowledge, all work performed by others, published or unpublished, has been duly acknowledged. Khalid O. Mohammed Date: March 10, 2020 I Acknowledgements بِ ْس ِمِِاللَّ ِـه َِّالر ْح َم ٰـ ِن َِّالر ِح ِيمِ ُ َويَ ْسأَلُ َونَك َِع ِن ُِّالروحِِِۖقُ ِل ُِّالر ُوح ِِم ْنِأَ ْم ِر َِر ِب َيِو َماِأ ِوتيتُ ْم ِِم َن ِْال ِع ْل ِمِإِ ََّّل َِق ِل ايًلِ﴿٨٥﴾ The research for this thesis was undertaken in the School of Veterinary and Life Science, Murdoch University. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my supervisors Professor Yonglin Ren and Dr Manjree Agarwal “Postharvest Biosecurity and Food Safety Laboratory Murdoch” for their support with enthusiasm, constructive editing, and patience throughout the years of this wonderful project. I deeply appreciate their encouragement, assistance and for being so willing to take me on as a student. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who helped me in completing this thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Factors Regulating the Population Dynamics and Damage Potential of Pollen Beetle (Meligethes Aeneus F.) on Crops of Oilseed Rape
    Factors regulating the population dynamics and damage potential of pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.) on crops of oilseed rape Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Fakultät für Agrarwissenschaften der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Marie-Luise Tölle geboren in Gifhorn Göttingen, Mai 2014 D 7 1. Referentin/Referent: Prof. Dr. Stefan Vidal 2. Korreferentin/Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Andreas von Tiedemann Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 12.05.2011 Contents Table of contents page Chapter I General introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 The pest: Meligethes aeneus ............................................................................................. 2 Factors influencing the population dynamics of pollen beetle ............................................ 3 Possible effects of insecticides on population growth and damage of pollen beetle ........... 4 Parasitoids and parasitisation of pollen beetle ................................................................... 5 Trap cropping in oilseed rape ............................................................................................ 6 References ........................................................................................................................ 7 Chapter II Cultivar and phenology of winter oilseed rape affect the abundance and reproduction of Meligethes aeneus (Fabricius) ......................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroptera.Pdf
    9 April, 2002 PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 104(2), 2002, pp. 437-446 CONSTRUCTION OF A DEFENSIVE TRASH PACKET FROM SYCAMORE LEAF TRICHOMES BY A CHRYSOPID LARVA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) Thomas Eisner, James E. Carrel, Eileen Van Tassel, E. Richard Hoebeke, and Maria Eisner (TE, ME) Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]; mle3@ cornell.edu); (JEC) Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]); (EVT) Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]); (ERH) Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract. The behavior of a chrysopid larva from Arizona is described, identified as Ceraeochrysa lineaticornis ( Fitch), which constructs its trash packet from the trichomes of sycamore leaves ( Platanus wrightii S. Watson). The trichomes are particularly dense on the underside of the leaves. To fashion the packet, the larva uses trichomes stuck loosely to the leaf, and others that it plucks from the leaf surface. The packet on the mature larva weighs on average 2.2 mg, an equivalent of approximately two leaf undersides worth of trichomes. Evidence is presented indicating that the packet provides the larva with protection against predation. It is argued that the trichomes are defensive in the sycamore tree itself, and that the chrysopid provides yet another example of an insect that benefits from utilization of a plant defense. Interestingly, the chrysopid benefits the sycamore tree itself.
    [Show full text]