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Environmental Impact of Invertebrates for Biological Control of Arthropods

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Environmental Impact of Invertebrates for Biological Control of Arthropods Methods and Risk Assessment This page intentionally left blank Environmental Impact of Invertebrates for Biological Control of Arthropods Methods and Risk Assessment Edited by Franz Bigler and Dirk Babendreier Agroscope, FAL Reckenholz Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture Zürich Switzerland and Ulrich Kuhlmann CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre Delémont Switzerland CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxon OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi-publishing.org © CAB International 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Environment impact of invertebrates for biological control of arthropods : methods and risk assessment / edited by Franz Bigler and Dirk Babendreier and Ulli Kuhlmann. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-85199-058-3 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-85199-058-4 (alk. paper) 1. Insect pests--Biological control. 2. Arthropod pests--Biological control. 3. Arthropoda as biological pest control agents. 4. Pesticides-- Environmental aspects. I. Bigler, Franz. II. Babendreier, Dirk. III. Kuhlmann, Ulli. IV. Title. SB933.3.E58 2006 632Ј.96--dc22 2005020627 ISBN-10: 0-85199-058-4 ISBN-13: 978-0-85199-058-3 Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge. Contents Contributors vii Foreword Joop C. van Lenteren xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Current Status and Constraints in the Assessment of Non-target Effects 1 Dirk Babendreier, Franz Bigler and Ulrich Kuhlmann 2 Selection of Non-target Species for Host Specificity Testing 15 Ulrich Kuhlmann, Urs Schaffner and Peter G. Mason 3 Host Specificity in Arthropod Biological Control, Methods for Testing 38 and Interpretation of the Data Joop C. van Lenteren, Matthew J.W. Cock, Thomas S. Hoffmeister and Don P.A. Sands 4 Measuring and Predicting Indirect Impacts of Biological Control: 64 Competition, Displacement and Secondary Interactions Russell Messing, Bernard Roitberg and Jacques Brodeur 5 Risks of Interbreeding Between Species Used in Biological Control and 78 Native Species, and Methods for Evaluating Their Occurrence and Impact Keith R. Hopper, Seth C. Britch and Eric Wajnberg 6 Assessing the Establishment Potential of Inundative Biological 98 Control Agents Guy Boivin, Ursula M. Kölliker-Ott, Jeffrey Bale and Franz Bigler 7 Methods for Monitoring the Dispersal of Natural Enemies from Point 114 Source Releases Associated with Augmentative Biological Control Nick J. Mills, Dirk Babendreier and Antoon J.M. Loomans 8 Risks of Plant Damage Caused by Natural Enemies Introduced for 132 Arthropod Biological Control Ramon Albajes, Cristina Castañé, Rosa Gabarra and Òscar Alomar v vi Contents 9 Methods for Assessment of Contaminants of Invertebrate Biological 145 Control Agents and Associated Risks Mark S. Goettel and G. Douglas Inglis 10 Post-release Evaluation of Non-target Effects of Biological Control Agents 166 Barbara I.P. Barratt, Bernd Blossey, Heikki M.T. Hokkanen 11 Molecular Methods for the Identification of Biological Control Agents 187 at the Species and Strain Level Richard Stouthamer 12 The Usefulness of the Ecoregion Concept for Safer Import of Invertebrate 202 Biological Control Agents Matthew J.W. Cock, Ulrich Kuhlmann, Urs Schaffner, Franz Bigler and Dirk Babendreier 13 Statistical Tools to Improve the Quality of Experiments and Data Analysis 222 for Assessing Non-target Effects Thomas S. Hoffmeister, Dirk Babendreier and Eric Wajnberg 14 Principles of Environmental Risk Assessment with Emphasis on the 241 New Zealand Perspective Abdul Moeed, Robert Hickson and Barbara I.P. Barratt 15 Environmental Risk Assessment: Methods for Comprehensive Evaluation 254 and Quick Scan Joop C. van Lenteren and Antoon J.M. Loomans 16 Balancing Environmental Risks and Benefits: a Basic Approach 273 Franz Bigler and Ursula M. Kölliker-Ott Glossary 287 Index 291 Contributors Albajes, Ramon, Universitat de Lleida, Centre UdL-IRTA, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ34-973-702571. Fax number: ϩ34-973-238301. Alomar, Òscar, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, 08348 Cabrils (Barcelona), Spain. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ34-93-750-9961. Fax number: ϩ34-93-753- 3954. Babendreier, Dirk, Agroscope, FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ41-44-377-7217. Fax number: ϩ41- 44-377-7201. Bale, Jeffrey, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ44-121-414-5908. Fax number: ϩ44-121-414-5925. Barratt, Barbara, AgResearch, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ64-3-489-9059. Fax number: ϩ64-3-489-3739. Bigler, Franz, Agroscope, FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ41-44-377-7235. Fax number: ϩ41-44- 377-7201. Blossey, Bernd, Department of Natural Resources, 122E Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-607-255- 5314. Fax number: ϩ1-607-255-0349. Boivin, Guy, Centre de Recherche et de Développement en Horticulture, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 430 Boul. Gouin, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec J3B 3E6, Canada. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-450-346-4494. Fax number: ϩ1-450-346-7740. Britch, Seth, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 501 South Chapel Street, Newark, DE 19713, USA. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-302-731-7330 ext. 239. Fax number: ϩ1-302-737-6780. Brodeur, Jacques, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101, rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal vii viii Contributors (Québec), Canada H1X 2B2. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-514-872-4563. Fax number: ϩ1-514-872-9406. Castañé, Cristina, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, 08348 Cabrils, (Barcelona), Spain. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ34-93-750-9961. Fax number: ϩ34-93-753- 3954. Cock, Matthew, CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ41-32-421-4870. Fax number: ϩ41-32-421-4871. Gabarra, Rosa, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, 08348 Cabrils (Barcelona), Spain. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ34-93-750-9976. Fax number: ϩ34-93-753- 3954. Goettel, Mark, Environmental Health, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, PO Box 3000, 5403 – 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1 Canada. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ44-403-317-2264. Fax number: ϩ44-403-382-3156. Hickson, Robert, Ministry of Research, Science and Technology, PO Box 5336, Wellington, New Zealand. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ64- 4-917-2917. Fax number: ϩ64-4-471-1284. Hoffmeister, Thomas, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Bremen, Leobener Str. NW2, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. Email: hoffmeister@uni- bremen.de. Phone number: ϩ49-421-218-4290. Fax number: ϩ49-421-218-4504. Hokkanen, Heikki, Department of Applied Zoology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. Email: heikki.hokkanen@helsinki.fi. Phone number: ϩ358- 9191-58371. Fax number: ϩ358-9191-58463. Hopper, Keith, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 501 South Chapel Street, Newark, DE 19713, USA. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-302-731-7330 ext. 238. Fax number: ϩ1-302- 737-6780. Inglis, Douglas, Food Safety and Quality, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-403-317-3355. Fax number: ϩ1-403-382-3156. Kölliker-Ott, Ursula, Agroscope, FAL Reckenholz, Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture, Reckenholzstr. 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ41-44-377-7181. Fax number: ϩ41- 44-377-7201. Kuhlmann, Ulli, CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ41-32-421- 4882. Fax number: ϩ41-32-421-4871. Loomans, Antoon, Plant Protection Service, Section Entomology, PO Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ31-317-496825. Fax number: ϩ31-317-421701. Mason, Peter, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, Research Centre, K.W. Neatby Building, Central Experimental Farm, 960, Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OC6, Canada. Email: [email protected]. Phone number: ϩ1-613-759-1908. Fax num- ber: ϩ1-613-759-170.
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  • Neuroptera.Pdf

    Neuroptera.Pdf

    9 April, 2002 PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 104(2), 2002, pp. 437-446 CONSTRUCTION OF A DEFENSIVE TRASH PACKET FROM SYCAMORE LEAF TRICHOMES BY A CHRYSOPID LARVA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) Thomas Eisner, James E. Carrel, Eileen Van Tassel, E. Richard Hoebeke, and Maria Eisner (TE, ME) Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]; mle3@ cornell.edu); (JEC) Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]); (EVT) Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]); (ERH) Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract. The behavior of a chrysopid larva from Arizona is described, identified as Ceraeochrysa lineaticornis ( Fitch), which constructs its trash packet from the trichomes of sycamore leaves ( Platanus wrightii S. Watson). The trichomes are particularly dense on the underside of the leaves. To fashion the packet, the larva uses trichomes stuck loosely to the leaf, and others that it plucks from the leaf surface. The packet on the mature larva weighs on average 2.2 mg, an equivalent of approximately two leaf undersides worth of trichomes. Evidence is presented indicating that the packet provides the larva with protection against predation. It is argued that the trichomes are defensive in the sycamore tree itself, and that the chrysopid provides yet another example of an insect that benefits from utilization of a plant defense. Interestingly, the chrysopid benefits the sycamore tree itself.