Available Online at http://www.recentscientific.com International Journal of CODEN: IJRSFP (USA) Recent Scientific

International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research Vol. 9, Issue, 5(I), pp. 27090-27096, May, 2018 ISSN: 0976-3031 DOI: 10.24327/IJRSR Research Article

UTILIZATION OF WILD EDIBLE PLANTS BY PALIYAR’S TRIBE OF SADHURAGIRI HILLS, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

Aadhan K* and Anand S.P

Department of Botany, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24327/ijrsr.2018.0905.2186

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History: An survey was carried out among the Paliyar tribals in Sadhuragiri hills in Western Ghats. The

Received 24th February, 2018 purpose of the study was to document the traditional wild edible plants used by Paliyar tribals. Received in revised form 19th Tribals mostly eat fresh fruits and vegetables of leafy varieties, which grow in wild and depend on March, 2018 such natural products in addition to their food. The study identifies 110 wild edible plant species Accepted 16th April, 2018 under 80 genera and 47 families. Edible fruits are 66 species in identified, leaves eaten raw, cooked Published online 28th May, 2018 vegetables and curries. Tubers of certain species are eaten curries. These wild edible plants are free from artificial chemicals and enriched with high nutrition. Key Words:

Wild edible plants, fruits, vegetables, tuber, Western Ghats.

Copyright © Aadhan K and Anand S.P, 2018, this is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative

Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original work is properly cited.

INTRODUCTION of various human societies. Among the edible plant diversity, many are nutritionally or otherwise important [6]. India is one of the second largest human populations in this planet 75% of the population is living in the rural areas. Most The scientific research conducted inside the forests reported, rural communities depend on the wild resources including wild forest as a natural habitat of the wild edible plants such edible plants to meet their food needs in periods of food crises, as cereals, fruits, tubers and vegetables. Wild edible plants as well as for additional food supplements [1]. The diversity in play a very important role in the livelihoods of rural wild plant species offers variety in family diet and contributes communities as being an integral part of the subsistence to household food security. Today, most human plant food is strategy of people in many developing countries. Locally based on rather limited number of crops, but it is clear that in available wild genetic resources can be used for new crop many parts of the world the use of wild plants is not negligible species development. In many parts of the world, wild plants [2 and 3]. are obtained from forests or wild areas are designated for extractive resources and managed by local communities. Food Wild plants have since ancient times, played a very important plants serves as alternatives to staple food during periods role in human life; they have been used for food, medicines, of food deficit and are the valuable supplements for a fiber and other purposes and also as fodder for domestic nutritional balanced diet one of the primary alternative animals. In search for wild edible food plants many of which source of income for many resource poor communities, are potentially valuable for human being has been identified to and the source of species for domestication [7]. maintain a balance between population growth and agricultural productivity, particularly in the developing countries [4 and 5]. Wild edible plants are major source of food for tribal There are at least 3000 edible plant species known to mankind, inhabitants in forests. Edible parts of wild plants such as fruits, but just about 30 crops alone contribute to more than 90% of flowers, leaves, tubers, inflorescence, roots, tubers, rhizome, the world’s calorie intake and only 120 crops are economically etc. The nature’s gift to mankind; these are not only delicious important at the national scale. This shows that several and refreshing but also the chief source of vitamins, minerals hundreds of species remain discarded or unnoticed at the hands and proteins [8]. About 1,000 species of these plants provide sustenance to tribal inhabitants in India [9, 10 and 11].

*Corresponding author: Aadhan K Department of Botany, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India Aadhan K and Anand S.P., Utilization of Wild Edible Plants By Paliyar’s Tribe of Sadhuragiri Hills, Tamil Nadu, India

Similarly a number of such little known crops and edible place was confirmed by different communities of village species found in the wild are not getting recognition, though people, Paliyar tribals in different places of investigation. The they play a crucial role in the food security of tribal and rural collected plants specimen was deposited in the Department of families. For instance, various wild species of Dioscorea, Botany, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Colocasia and Amaranthus which are the source of vitamins Tamil Nadu for future reference. and nutrients, supplement the food needs of a multitude of Paliyar Tribals families who live near to forests [12]. The indigenous people of the study area are called These are also a good source of income for many poor Paliyar/Paliyan. They are found in the hilly regions of Madurai, communities in rural areas. A scientific investigation of wild Dindigul, Theni, Thirunelveli, and Virudhunagar districts. It is edible vegetables is urgently needed to assess the potentiality belived that Paliyar’s are indigenous people of Palani hills which would be utilized at the time of food deficit or cultivated (Situated near to Kodaikanal a famous tourist place). In the as a source of food material for an ever increasing Palani hills they are found at an altitude of up to 2200m. population.Recent phytochemical investigations in fruits have Generally Paliyar’s are illiterate and they speak Tamil (Mother attracted a great deal of attention, with mainly concentrations tongue of Tamil Nadu). Paliyar’s when compared to various on their role in preventing diseases caused as a result of tribal communities in Tamil Nadu constitute redelivery a small malnutrition. Though there are many wild fruits in this region, group. there is no proper collection, improvement and agro-techniques for these crops. Hence much emphasis should be given to Paliyar’s can be grouped in to three categories based on their exploration and collection, in situ or ex situ conservation, life styles, namely, Nomadic, Seminomadic and Settled studying nutritional and anti-nutritional properties, product Nomadic Paliyar don’t built houses, they live temporarily in development and marketing [13]. rock caves called “Pudai” semi nomadic Paliyar build temporary house and confine themselves to small territories Modern scientific researchers are also trying to value these most of their huts are dark with no window or any other traditional food items to fill the gaps between growing opening to admit air. Setiled Paliyar are more less urbanized population and food production. These natural products are and live as agricultural laborers. Importance of traditional and coming from wild sources and their herbal properties folk medicine in the treatment of various human ailments is unknowingly flow in diverse ethnic preparations. Such well recognized amongst these people (Fig: 1b) [21]. preparation must be variable with the local availability plant resources, forest types, and geographical area and more specifically by different culture and tradition of ethnic groups [14, 15 and 16].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area

Sadhuragiri hills are situated in Southern Western Ghats comes under Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary Srivilliputhur Taluk, Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu. Sadhuragiri is located at 1200 meters (3,937.0 ft) mountain in the part of Western Ghats of South India. It lies between 9º. 42´ - 9 º.44” West latitude and between 77 º.37 - 77 º. - 41” East Fig 1a View of the study region longitude and it has an elevation of 881 meters above sea level. Sadhuragiri is in an area with a Tropical evergreen forest, Semi evergreen forest and Mixed deciduous forest climate. Only Hindu Paliyar tribes residing in this area (Fig: 1a).

Methods

Several field trips were carried out in Sadhuragiri hills from July 2015 to September – 2016, Covering different seasons, in order to know the phenology of the plants and Intensive and extensive field survey was made in Sadhuragiri hills and villages in Virudhunagar district. The data were collected through repeated field visits and the careful interaction with the village people and Paliyar tribes. The collected specimens were identified taxonomically with the help of available Fig 1b Author Interview with Paliyar’s Tribes Monographs, taxonomic revisions and floras and by using field keys [17, 18, 19 and 20]. The data including edible uses were RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS collected through general conversations with the informants such as elder persons, village dwellers and tribal medicine men Wild plants gathering and exploitation is a common activity of were contacted to collect data on uses of plants. Local names, the indigenous people in Paliyar tribes possesses a very good plant parts used, method of utilization were gathered from them knowledge on the wild edible plants around the Sadhuragiri with regard to each plant. The information gathered from one hills. 27091 | P a g e International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Vol. 9, Issue, 5(I), pp. 27090-27096, May, 2018

Table 1 Wild Edible Plants utilized by the Paliyar’s tribes in Sadhuragiri hills

S.No Botanical Name Family Local Name Habitat Part used Method of Consumption Edible fruits and leaves 1. Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Rutaceae Vilvam Tree Fruits& Leaves raw eating. 2. Alangium salvifolium L. Alangiaceae Alangi Shrub Fruits Edible fruits Allmania nudiflora (L.) Kumati 3. Amaranthaceae Herb Leaves Cooked vegetables R.Br.ex.Wight. Keerai 4. Alternanthera pungens H.B.K. Amaranthaceae Ottumul Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex 5. Amaranthaceae Ponnakanni Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable DC. 6. Amaranthus graecizans L. Amaranthaceae Sirukeerai Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable 7. Amaranthus spinosus L. Amaranthaceae Mullukeerai Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable 8. Amaranthus tricolor L. Amaranthaceae Keeracheadi Shrub Leaves & Stems In curries 9. Amaranthus viridis L. Amaranthaceae Pattikerae Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable 10. Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae Mundhiri Tree Fruits &Seeds Edible fruits and nuts 11. Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae Kattuseetha Tree Fruits Edible fruits Artcocarpus 12. Moraceae Pala Tree Fruits Edible fruits heterophyllus Lam. 13. Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Moraceae Aiyinipila Tree Fruits Edible fruits Raw and Boiled eating 14. Asparagus racemosus Willd. Liliaceae Thannirvittankizhangu Shrub Tuber tuber. 15. Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corrêa Rutaceae Kaattu Elumichai Tree Fruits Juice and tea 16. Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth. Fabaceae Kattuthuvarai Climber Seeds Edible seeds 17. Boerhavia diffusa L Nyctaginaceae Mukkurattai Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable 18. Boerhavia erecta L. Nyctaginaceae Serandai Herb Leaves Cooked as vegetable Edible flower and seeds 19. Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae Ilavuvam Tree Flowers & Seeds roasted 20. Borassus flabellifer L. Arecaceae Panaimaram Tree Fruits & Seeds edible fruits and seeds Cooked and edible oil 21. Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. Brasscicaceae Kadugu Herb Seeds yielding 22. Canavalia gladiate (Jacq.) DC. Fabaceae Thambatti Climber Fruits Cooked vegetables Canthium coromandelicum 23. Rubiaceae Bellakarai Shrub Fruits Edible fruits (Burm.f.) Alston 24. Capparis zeylanica L. Capparaceae Thorattimullu Shrub Fruits Edible fruits 25. Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae Kattumellakai Herb Fruits Cooked vegetables Caralluma bicolor Ramach, S. Asclepiadaceae Edible in raw shoot and 26. Kalmullaiyan Herb Shoots Joseph, H. A. John & C. Sofiya cooked curries 27. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae Mudakathan Climber Leaves Cooked as vegetable 28. Carissa carandas L. Apocynaceae Kallakai Tree Fruits Edible fruits 29. Carissa spinarum L. Apocynaceae Sirukallakai Shrub Fruits Edible fruits 30. Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae Pannaekeera Herb Leaves Cooked vegetables Raw eaten flower and 31. Cereus pterogonus Lem. Cactaceae Sathurakalli Tree Flowers cooking Young shoots raw eat and 32. Cissus quadrangularis L. Vitaceae Pirandai Climber Shoots cooked curries Cucurbitaceae Edible fruits and leaves 33. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Kovakai Climber Leaves& Fruits cooked 34. Colacasia esculenta (L.)Schott Araceae Semakeerai Herb Leaves Cooked vegetables Kayyankena 35. Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Commelinaceae Herb Leaves Leafy vegetable keerai Commelina benghalensis L. (V. Theankai 36. Commelinaceae Herb Leaves Cooked vegetables Kena, Kolar). Fam. poondu 37. Cordia sinensis Lam. Leaf & Fruit Boraginaceae Naruvihli Shrub Fruits Edible fruits Mullampanri 38. Cucumis dipsaceus Enherb. Cucurbitaceae Climber Fruits Edible fruits vellari Curcuma angustifolia Young shoot edible and 39. Zingiberaceae Kasturimanzal Shrub Rhizome Roxb. rhizome cocking purpose. 40. Decalepis hamiltonii Wight &Arn. Asclepiadaceae Magalia Climber Tuber Cooked eat tuber 41. Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Amaranthaceae Theyyakeera Herb Leaves Cooked vegetables 42. Dioscorea oppositifolia L. Dioscoreaceae Pearuvalli Climber Tuber Edible in boiled tuber Dioscorea tomentosa Koen. 43. Dioscoreaceae Kattathi Climber Tuber Edible in boiled tuber exspreng. Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) 44. Ebenaceae Thumbai Tree Fruits Edible fruits Kostel. 45. Diospyros montana Roxb. Ebenaceae Bankini Tree Leaves leaf Curries Drypetes sepiaria (Wight &Arn.) 46. Euphorbiaceae Thanuvam Shrub Fruits Edible fruits Pax&K.Hoffm. 47. Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. Elaeagnaceae Kolaga Tree Fruits Edible fruits 48. Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. Erythroxylaceae Sembulichaan Shrub Fruits Edible fruits 49. Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae Aalm Tree Fruits Edible fruits 50. Ficus microcarpa L.f. Moraceae Kalthhi Tree Fruits Edible fruits

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51 Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Arasu Tree Fruits Edible fruits 52 Flueggea leucophyrus Willd. Euphorbiaceae Sollapalam Shrub Fruits Edible fruits 53 Grewia hirsuta Vahl Tiliaceae Kallaipalam Shrub Fruits Edible fruits 54 Grewia obtusa Wall. ex Dunn. Tiliaceae Sollapalam Shrub Fruits Edible fruits 55 Grewia tiliifolia Vahl Tiliaceae Lumma Shrub Fruits Edible fruits 56 Grewia villosa Willd. Tiliaceae Jenukallai Shrub Fruits Edible fruits Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. ex 57 Asclepiadaceae Nannari Climber Tuber Make a cooling juice Schult. 58 Hibiscus lunarifolius Willd. Malvaceae Kattuveandai Shrub Fruits Cooked vegetables Hybanthus enneaspermus L.f.) Orithal 59 Violaceae Herb Leaves Cooked curries F.v.Muell thamarai Ipomoea staphylina Roem. 60 Convolvulaceae Unnagodi Climber Tuber Cooked tuber &Schult. 61 Jasminum auriculatum Vahl Oleaceae Kattumullai Climber Leaves Cooked vegetables Jasminum trichotomum B.Heyne ex 62 Oleaceae Malligai Climber Leaves Cooked vegetables Roth 63 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Unnichedi Climber Fruits Edible fruits Madhuca longifolia (J.König ex L.) 64 Sapotaceae Iluppae Tree Fruits Edible fruits J.F.Macbr. 65 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Manga Tree Fruits Edible fruits Miliusa tomentosa 66 Annonaceae - Tree Fruits Edible fruits (Roxb.) Sinclair 67 Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Magizhamaram Tree Fruits Edible fruits Moringa concanensis Nimmo ex Cooked leaf vegetables and 68 Moringaeceae Kattumurungai Tree Leaves&Fruits Dalz. & Gibson fruit curries 69 Mucuna atropurpurea Dc. Fabaceae Thelluku Climber Seeds Roasted seeds Mukia maderaspatana (L.) 70 Cucurbitaceae Musumosaki Climber Fruits Edible fruits M.Roemer. 71 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Kariveppilai Tree Leaves Cooked curries 72 Neonotonia wightii (W.A.) Lackey Fabaceae Kattuthuvarai Climber Seeds Cooked foods 73 Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Haw. Cactaceae Kalli Shrub Fruits Edible fruits 74 Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. Cactaceae Chappathikalli Shrub Fruits Edible fruits 75 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae Pulichera Herb Leaves Cooked vegetables 76 Pachygone ovata (Poir.) Diels Menispermaceae Varinkodi Climber Fruits Edible fruits 77 Passiflora edulis Sims. Passifloraceae Passion fruit Climber Fruits Edible fruits 78 Passiflora foetida L. Passifloraceae Kurangupalam Climber Fruits Edible fruits 79 Pavetta indica L. Rubiaceae Pavattai Shrub Fruits Edible fruits Edible fruits and young 80 Phoenix loureiroi Kunth Arecaceae Eecham Tree Shoots& Fruits shoot boiled eating. 81 Phyllanthus emblica L Euphorbiaceae Nellie Tree Fruits Edible fruits 82 Phyllanthus indofischeri Bennet Euphorbiaceae Nellie Tree Fruits Edible fruits 83 Phyllanthus reticulates Poir. Euphorbiaceae Poola Tree Fruits Edible fruits 84 Physalis angulata L. var. Solanaceae Potolai Herb Fruits Edible fruits Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) 85 Mimosaceae Konapuli Tree Fruits Edible fruits Benth. 86 Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Goni Herb Leaves Cooked vegetables 87 Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn. Rubiaceae Oppai Shrub Fruits Edible fruits 88 Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy Convolvulaceae Mustae Climber Leaves Cooked vegetables 89 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr. Sapindaceae Pulipoocha Tree Fruits Edible fruits 90 Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz Rhamnaceae Sodalie Shrub Fruits Edible fruits 91 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Caesalpiniaceae Oosithagarai Herb Leaves Cooked vegetables 92 Sesbanis grandiflora (L.) Poiret Fabaceae Kattuagathi Tree Leaves Cooked vegetable 93 Solanum americanum Mill. Solanaceae Kakaedagu Herb Leaves Cooked vegetables Curries leaf and edible 94 Solanum nigrum L. Solanaceae Manathakkali Herb Leaves &fruits fruits Solanum pubescens 95 Solanaceae Sundai Shrub Fruits Cooked vegetables Willd. 96 Solanum rudepannum Dunal Solanaceae Sundai Herb Fruits Edible fruits 97 Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam. Solanaceae Kattukathari Herb Fruits Cooked vegetables 98 Solanum surattense Burm. f. Solanaceae Kandankathari Herb Fruits Curries fruits 99 Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Perusundai Shrub Fruits Cooked vegetables 100 Solanum virginianum L. Solanaceae Kandakathiri Herb Fruits Edible fruits 101 Strychnos potatorum L.f Loganiaceae Theathan Tree Fruits Edible fruits 102 Syzygium arnottianum Walp. Myrtaceae Naval Tree Fruits Edible fruits 103 Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae Naval Tree Fruits Edible fruits Fruits, Leaves& Edible in fruit, leaf and 104 Tamarindus indica L Caesalpiniaceae Puli Tree Flower flower. 105 Vigna radiate (L.) Wilez Fabaceae Kattupasiparu Climber Seeds Edible seeds 106 Zaleya decandra (L.) Burm. f. Portulacaceae Konikeera Herb Leaves Cooked vegetable Young shoot edible and 107 Zingiber officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae Kattuinzii Shrub Rhizome rhizome cocking purpose. Ziziphus abyssinica Hochst. 108 Rhamnaceae Kottapalam Shrub Fruits Edible fruits exA.Rich. 109 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam Rhamnaceae Elanthai Shrub Fruits Edible fruits 110 Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae Thoratipuli Shrub Fruits 27093Edible fruits | P a g e

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35 A total of 110 plant species from, 47 families and 80 genera have been recorded as wild edible plants in the study region 30 (Table - 1), of which fruits recorded ranked first with 66 25 species, Green Leaves, Seeds, Tuber, Flowers and Shoots, rhizomesand shoots ranked next with 31 species, 8 species, 6 20 species, 3 species, 2 species, 1 species respectively (Fig: 2). 15

10 Fruits Leaves Seeds Tuber Shoot Rhizome 5 3% 2% 0 6% Tree Herb Shrub Climber 8%

Fig 4 Habit wise distributed in the study region

From the survey, it was observed that the Paliyar inhabitants 31% 66% use the wild edible plants inraw or cooked form for maintaining their health, vitality and longevity. The different plant partsare consumed as a source of supplement of edible foods, As far as the edibility is concerned, the most frequently utilized plant part species are fresh fruits (66%), followed by leaves cooked vegetables (31%), foods (13%), curries (10%), raw eaten (8%), Fig 2 Parts wise edible plants distributed in the study region seeds roasted (6%), juice& herbal tea(2%) and edible oil (1%), Among the 47 families, the most utilized species belong to according to their requirements and availability in nature (Fig: Solanaceae (10 species), Amaranthaceae (9 species), Fabaceae 5). Further, on theoccasions of festivals, worships, weddings (6 species), Euphorbiaceae (5 species), Moraceae (5 species), and other religious rituals special dishes and special wild tuber Rhamnaceae (4 species), Tiliaceae (4 species), Asclepiadaceae food and vegetable curry, cooling juice & herbal tea are (3 species), Cactaceae (3 species), Cucurbitaceae (3 species), traditionally prepared from the local plants based resources. Rubiaceae (3 species), Rutaceae (3 species), Anacardiaceae (2 species), Annonaceae (2 species), Apocynaceae (2 species), Arecaceae (2 species), Caesalpiniaceae (2 species), 70 60 Commelinaceae (2 species), Convolvulaceae (2 species), 50 Dioscoreaceae (2 species), Ebenaceae (2species), Myrtaceae (2 40 30 species), Nyctaginaceae (2 species), Oleaceae (2 species), 20 10 Passifloraceae (2species), Portulacaceae (2 species), 0 Sapindaceae (2 species), Sapotaceae (2 species), Zingiberaceae (2species) and the remaining families were represented by one species each (Fig : 3),

12 10 8

6 Fig 5 Mode of utilization by tribe’s

4 Paliyar tribes of using 22 plant wild edible species as leafy 2 vegetables [22]. These plants form an integral form of their 0 food styles and this data is very helpful for the further studies in dietary diversification for augmenting food and nutrition security for ever increasing population of our country. It would also be necessary to undertake comparative study of plants and plant parts eaten by various tribals to bring out more useful information on the use of same plant by different tribal people

[23]. Fig 3 Family wise distributions in edible plants in the study region Wild edible plants were gathered in the form of fruits, leaves, The composition of edible plants under different categories of roots, tubers, flowers etc. These plants still share a good life forms indicates thatout of 110 species; trees (32 species), proportion of tribal dishes all over world [24, 25, 26 and 27]. are predominant, followed by herbs (28 species)shrubs (27 Traditionally wild edible species have been meeting the species) and climber (22) (Fig:4). protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamin and mineral requirements of the local residents to a greater extent [28]. Fruits are mostly consumed raw and leafy vegetables are cooked, boiled or, fried,

27094 | P a g e Aadhan K and Anand S.P., Utilization of Wild Edible Plants By Paliyar’s Tribe of Sadhuragiri Hills, Tamil Nadu, India species continue to be grown, managed, or collected, 5. Hegde RS, Surya prakash S, Achoth L., Bawa KS. particularly in the rural areas of developing economies. Thus, Extraction non timber forest products in the forest of these less-recognized plants contribute to the livelihood soft Biligiri Rangan hill, India –I Contribution to rural poor and to the agricultural biodiversity [6]. income.1996; 50: 243- 251. 6. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). The Sixth The food habits of the tribals are generally developed World Food Survey, FAO, United Nations, Rome.1993. according to the availability of food and their nutritional value 7. Shrestha P. M and Dhillion S.S. Diversity and traditional and hence the food supply is traditionally based on their own knowledge concerning wild food species in a locally collection of food materials. Starvation among them due to managed forest in Nepal. Agroforestry Systems. 2006; seasonal scarcity of food is a regular phenomenon. Tribal’s 66:55 –63. knowledge in Western Ghats use wild plants in their daily life. 8. Kumar S. and Hamal I.A. Wild edibles of Kishtwar They identify these plants quickly by some character and the high altitude National Park in northwest Himalaya, name to the plants based on these characters. The review of the Jammu & Kashmir (India); Ethnobotanical Leaflet, literature indicates that the tribals have a sound knowledge on 2009; 13: 195-202. the edible plants in the vincity [29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 9. Cunningham AB. Applied ethnobotany, people wild 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 and 46]. plant use and conservation. Earth Sean publishing Ltd. CONCLUSION London and Sterling (2001). Harur Forest office Report. Tamil Nadu Forest Department, Harur range, Harur. Most of the wild edible plants may not be freely available in 2007. future due to overexploitation, habitat destruction, land-slides 10. Ravikiran G. A taste of Wild- Undiscovered riches, The and invasion of exotic plant species. Therefore, efforts are Hindu. 2008. being done to bring some of these valuable plant resources 11. Singh HB, Arora RK. Wild edible plants of India, ICAR, under cultivation in order to maintain their natural population New Delh, 1978. and gene pool in the wild. These measures will definitely 12. Roy B, Halder AC, Pal DC. Plants for Human contribute in continuous supply of wild edibles to the local Consumption in India. Botanical Survey of India, people and other forest based communities and also helps in Calcutta. 1998. their conservation. A drastic change in food styles and a 13. Sankaran M, Jai P, Singh NP, Suklabaidya A. Wild decline in traditional knowledge among the local communities edible fruits of Tripura. Natural Product Rad. 2006; have been observed. Therefore, great efforts are required to 5(4):302-305. document traditional knowledge among the local people so that 14. Sajem A. and Gosai K. Traditional use of medicinal these traditional knowledge can be preserved for the benefit of plants by the Jaintia tribes in North Cachar Hills district mankind in a holistic manner which will ultimately open new of Assam, northeast India. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. vistas in future. 2006; 2: 33.

Acknowledgements 15. Sasi R. and Rajendran A. Diversity of wild fruits in nilgiri hills of the southern western Ghats ethnobotanical The heartfelt thanks to the Tamil Nadu Forest Department and aspects. Int. J. App. Biol. Pharm. Tech. 2012; 3(1): 83- Srivilliputhur Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary Warden, 87. Forest officer. They thankful to all people of Paliyar tribes, 16. Pfoze, N.L., Y. Kumar, N. Sheikh and B. Myrboh. farmers and traditional healers living in Sadhuragiri hills for Assessment of local dependency on selected wild edible sharing their knowledge. Heartfelt thanks to tribal informant plants and fruits from senapati district, Manipur, Mr. Rajendren (Forest Watcher), Mr. Velusamy, Mr. Thothan Northeast India. Ethnobot. Res. Appl. 2012; 10: 357-367. and Mr. Ravi guided us to visit all the tribal villages of 17. Gamble JS. Flora of the Presidency of Madras. Vol. I- Sadhuragiri hills for their help in field visits. III. Allard & Co. London (Reprinted – 1956). Botanical

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How to cite this article:

Aadhan K and Anand S.P.2018, Utilization of Wild Edible Plants By Paliyar’s Tribe of Sadhuragir i Hills, Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Recent Sci Res. 9(5), pp. 27090-27096. DOI: http://dx.doi.org /10.24327/ijrsr.2018.0905.2186

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