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Print ISSN 2067-3205; Electronic 2067-3264 AcademicPres Not Sci Biol, 2018, 10(3):354-362. DOI: 10.15835/nsb10310216 Notulae Scientia Biologicae Original Article

Phytogeographical Affinities of of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, ,

Manas R. MOHANTA, Anil K. BISWAL, Sudam C. SAHU*

North Orissa University, Department of Botany, Baripada 757003 , India ; [email protected] (*corresponding author)

Abstract The phytogeography of Similipal Biosphere Reserve (SBR), Odisha, India, reveals very interesting information on distribution of tree species. Phytogeographical affinities of tree species of SBR has been analysed by obtaining the information about the species distribution at local and global scale. A total of 240 tree species were recorded and their phytogeographical affinities were compiled with different countries of the globe. An analysis of the affinities revealed that SBR has strong affinity with Sri-Lanka (46.66%) and (45.83%) followed by , , , Australia and Africa. SBR has also affinity with Himalayan vegetation possessing several and orchids find distribution in both the areas. The phytogeographical affinity of SBR supports the migration, establishment and naturalization of flora from/to SBR. This hypothesis needs further study for biogeographical mapping of Indian sub-continent.

Keywords: Biogeographical mapping; conservation of species; distribution of trees; ecological implications; Indian sub- continent Abbreviations: SBR - Similipal Biosphere Reserve

Introduction parts of the world. The fl oristic elements of India share the predominant affinities with the Indo -Malayan elements. It In recent time, remarkable changes have been observed has also affinities with Afro-Tropical and Tropical- Asian in the environment due to both man-made and natural elements (Daniel and Nair, 1986). Many workers have contributed moderately on phytogeographical study of factors resulting destruction and degradation of natural habitats. Biodiversity loss is a global phenomenon but its Indian sub-continent. Rana et al . (2001) studied the impact is greatest in the tropics , where the majority of phytogeographical affinity of Tons valley, Uttaranchal; species are distributed (Collen et al ., 2008). Tropical forests Suresh and Sukumar (1999) on Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve harbour ca 50% of total species in the world occupying only and Pragason (2014) on Eastern Ghats, Sukumar et al . 7% land area which is getting disappeared at a rate of 0.8 to (1992) on Mudumalai reserve forest; Saravanan et al . 2% per year (Sagar et al ., 2003). The phytogeo graphical (2013) on Andaman etc. Globally, studies on studies are the useful tools for assessment of the phytogeography of several regions are available such as geographical distribution, origin and ecological implications Neotropics (Gentry, 1982), Friulian plain, NE Italy (Nimis of of an area (Lausi and Nimis, 1985). and Fonda, 1997), Maxico (Rzedowski,1975)Western India is a mega biodiversity country where the floral Europe and Eastern Greenland (Hu bbard and Boulter, distribution and diversity is hi ghly influenced by its varied 2000), Tasmanian alpine flora (Kirkpatrick, 1982), Sonoran climatic, topographic and edaphic conditions. Starting from and Chihuahuan deserts (Krings, 2000), Yukon territory, the north Himalayas to the south Nilgiri hills and Western NW Canada (Lausi and Nimis, 1985),Yucatan Peninsula Ghats a wide range of diversity in flora and their habitat is (Manrique et al ., 2003), arid mountain of Oman observed. According to great British botanist Sir JD Hooker (Ghazanfar, 1991) and C oastal vegetation of Yucatan (1904), “the Indian flora is more varied than any of the Peninsula (Espejel, 1987). country of equal area in the eastern hemisphere, if not in the Phytogeographical study is useful in many aspects like globe”. Similarly the state of Odisha in Eastern India is rich conservation of species, sustainable utilization resources, in diversity and inhabited mixture of north and south study of migration of species and speciation, study on Indi an flora. JS Gamble (1892) was to comment that Orissa phenology and adaptation etc. Based on the is the meeting ground for the Himalayan and the South phytogeographical data several postulations have been given Indian Elements of the Indian flora. The available literature regarding migration of flora in Indian subcontinent. also shows significant affinity of Indian floral with other Takhtajan, (1969) postulated that the angiosperms spread

Received: 02 Dec 2017. Received in revised form: 26 Aug 2018. Accepted: 23 Aug 2018. Published online: 27 Sep 2018. Mohanta MR et al / Not Sci Biol, 2018, 10(3):354-362 355 from low to high altitudes and not in the opposite direction Extensive field studies were conducted during different and Razi, (1 955) felt that the vegetation existed in South seasons of the year in order to access floristic composition of India comprising Eastern Ghats much before the advent of the study area (Fig. 1). Collection of samples along Himalayas and Similipal was part of Gondwana land mass with their photographs were made for future references. in the Paleozoic era. Being the meeting point of the Col lected plant specimens were identified referring regional northern and southern flora, it is clear tha t SBR has major floras. All the identified plants were processed and deposited role in the migration of flora within Indian subcontinent. at Herbarium of Department of Botany, North Orissa Some bio geographers consider Similipal Hill ranges as part University. A list of tree species had been made and of Eastern Ghats of India and some other put the region categorised into various phytog eographical groups under Chotanagpur plateau. However, SBR in Odisha is according to their world distribution (Table 1). The very rich in floral diversity and a grand repository of many countries considered for the phytogeographical study were rare, endemic and threatened species. But, a comprehensive Sri-Lanka, Myanmar, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Australia account of phytogeographical affinity of taxa is lacking. The and Africa. The phytogeographical affinity was obtained present study focuses on phytogeographical affinity of tree from in consu ltation with floras like flora of Madhya species of SBR and its significance. Pradesh (Verma et al ., 1993), flora of Odisha (Saxena and et al Materials and Methods Brahmam, 1994-1996) and flora of (Singh ., 2001 ), floral diversity of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Vol-1 Study area (Biswal et al ., 2011) and trees of Simil ipal Biosphere Reserve Similipal Biosphere Reserve (SBR) in Odisha is very rich (Nayak et al ., 2014). in floral diversity and a grand repository of many rare, Results and Discussion endemic and threatened species. It is situated between 21°

28' to 22° 08' N latitude and 86° 03' to 86° 37' E longitude. The affinity of tree flora of SBR with other SBR exhibits a great degree of topographic variation and subcontinents is very extensive. The result shows highest thus provides adobe for rich biodiversity (Mishra, 2010). similarity of tree species with Sri- Lanka and least with Saxena and Brahmam (1989) categorised SBR into 6 major Africa (Fig. 2) . The affinity of SBR with Sri- Lanka is found forest types are Northern tropical moist deciduous forests, to be 46.66%, Myanmar 45.83%, China 25.00%, Thailand Northern tropical semi-evergreen forests, Dry deciduous hill and Malaysia 12.5% each, Australia 7.5% and Africa 4.58%. forest, Dry sal forests, High level Sal forests and Grasslands. All the members of Ebenaceae found in SBR are distributed There are 1076 plants recorded from the area including 60 in Sri- Lanka and some of the members of Moraceae ar e very species of ferns, 92 species of orchids and two gymnosperms similar to Sri- Lanka. , Albizia odoratissima , (Saxena and Bra hmam, 1989; Misra, 2004).The climate is Carallia branchiate , Cipadessa baccifera etc. are the plants warm and humid with an average rainfall of 173 cm . (maximum 225 cm and minimum 110 cm) and maximum with highest range of distributions among countries Indo- temperature during hot weather rise up to 43 degree Celsius African and Indo-Australlian affinity found to be very negligible; only 11 and 17 species are found to be common while minimum during winter fall as low as 4 degree Celsiu s (Mishra, 2010). respectively.

Fig. 1. Map of the study area

Mohanta MR et al / Not Sci Biol, 2018, 10(3):354-362 356 Table 1. List of 240 tree species of SBR and their affinity Sl. No Plant Name Family A B C D E F G 1 Acacia farnesiana Leguminosae ------2 Acacia lenticularis Leguminosae ------3 Acacia nilotica Leguminosae ------4 Acronychia pedunculata Rutaceae + - + - + + - 5 Actinodaphne gullavara Lauraceae - - + - - - - 6 Aegle marmelos Rutaceae ------7 Alangium salvifolium Cornaceae + + - + - - + 8 Albizia procera Fabaceae + - + - + - - 9 Albizia chinensis Fabaceae + + + + + - - 10 Albizia lebbeck Fabaceae ------+ 11 Albizia odoratissima Fabaceae + + + + + - - 12 Alchornea mollis ------13 Alphonsea lutea Annonaceae + ------14 Alphonsea ventricosa Annonaceae ------15 Apocynaceae + + - - + - + 16 Annona reticulate Annonaceae ------17 Annona squamosa Annonaceae ------18 Anogeissus acuminate Combretaceae - - + - - - - 19 Combretaceae + ------20 acidum - + + + - - - 21 Phyllanthaceae + - + - - - - 22 Phyllanthaceae + + - - - + - 23 Antidesma montanum Phyllanthaceae + + + - - + + 24 Aphanamixis polystachya Meliaceae + - + - - - - 25 octandra Phyllanthaceae - - + - - - - 26 Ardisia solanacea Primulaceae + + + - - - - 27 Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae ------28 Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae ------29 Atlantia monophylla Rutaceae + - + - - - - 30 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae - + + - - - - 31 Baccaurea ramiflora Phyllanthaceae - - + - - - - 32 Barringtonia acutangula Lecythidaceae - - - - - + - 33 Bauhinia purpurea Fabaceae ------34 Bauhinia semla Fabaceae ------35 Bauhinia variegata Fabaceae - + + - - - - 36 Bauhinia malabarica Fabaceae - - + - - - - 37 Benkara fasciculata + ------38 Bischofia javanica Phyllanthaceae - - + - - - - 39 Bombax ceiba ------40 Boswellia serrata Burseraceae ------41 Bridelia glauca Phyllanthaceae - - + - - - - 42 Bridelia retusa Phyllanthaceae + - + - - - - 43 Buchanania cochinchinensis - - + - - - - 44 Butea monosperma Fabaceae - - - - + - - 45 Callicarpa tomentosa Lamiaceae + - + + - - - 46 Canthium glabrum Rubiaceae - - + - - - - 47 Carallia branchiata Rhizophoraceae + + + + + + - 48 Careya arborea Lecythidaceae ------49 graveolens - - + - - - - 50 Casearia tomentosa Salicaceae + - - - - + - 51 Cassia fistula Fabaceae + + + - - - - 52 Cassine glauca Celastraceae + + - + - - - 53 Catunaregam spinosa Rubiaceae + ------54 Celtis tetrandra Cannabaceae - - - + - - - 55 Chionanthus mala-elengi ------56 Chionanthus ramiflorus Oleaceae - + + - + - - 57 Chloroxylon swietenia Rutaceae + ------58 Cipadessa baccifera Meliaceae + + + + + - - 59 Cleistanthus collinus Phyllanthaceae + ------60 Cleistanthus patulus Phyllanthaceae + ------Mohanta MR et al / Not Sci Biol, 2018, 10(3):354-362 357 61 Cochlospermum religiosum Bixaceae + - + - + - - 62 Cordia dichotoma Boranginaceae + - - - - - + 63 Cordia macleodii Boranginaceae ------64 Cordia monoica Boranginaceae + ------65 Crateva marmelos Capparaceae + + + - - - - 66 Crateva religiosa Capparaceae + - + - - - - 67 Euphorbiaceae + - + - - - - 68 Dalbergia lanceolaria Leguminosae + - + - - - - 69 Dalbergia latifolia Leguminosae - + - - - - - 70 Desmodium oojeinense Leguminosae ------71 Dillenia aurea Dilleniaceae - - + + - - - 72 Dillenia indica Dilleniaceae - + + + - - - 73 Dillenia pentagyna Dilleniaceae - + + + - - - 74 Dimorphocalyx glabellus Euphorbiaceae + ------75 Diospyros malabarica Ebenaceae + + - - + - - 76 Diospyros melanoxylon Ebenaceae + ------77 Diospyros Montana Ebenaceae + - - - + + - 78 Diospyros sylvatica Ebenaceae + ------79 Diospyros vera Ebenaceae + - + - - - - 80 Ehretia acuminata Boranginaceae - - + - - - - 81 Ehretia laevis Boranginaceae ------82 Elaeocarpus stipularis Elaeocarpaceae ------83 Elaeocarpus tectorius Elaeocarpaceae + + - - + - - 84 Embelia ribes Primulaceae + + - - - - - 85 Embelia tsjeriam-cottam Primulaceae + ------86 Erythrina suberosa Leguminosae - - + + - - - 87 Euonymus glaber Celastraceae ------88 Falconeria insignis Euphorbiaceae + + + - - - - 89 Ficus benghalensis Moraceae + ------90 Ficus benjamina Moraceae + - + - - - - 91 Ficus hispida Moraceae + + - - - - - 92 Ficus microcarpa Moraceae + + + - - - - 93 Ficus nervosa Moraceae + + + - - - - 94 Ficus racemosa Moraceae + + - - - - - 95 Ficus religiosa Moraceae + - + + - - - 96 Ficus rumphii Moraceae - - + - - - - 97 Ficus semicordata Moraceae - - + - - - - 98 Ficus virens Moraceae + + + - - - - 99 Ficus exasperata Moraceae + - - - - - + 100 Firmiana colorata Malvaceae ------101 Firmiana simplex Malvaceae + ------102 Flacourtia indica Salicaceae ------+ 103 Flacourtia jangomas Salicaceae ------104 Flueggea virosa Phyllanthaceae + - - - - + + 105 cowa - - + + - - - 106 Clusiaceae - - + + - - - 107 Gardenia latifolia Rubiaceae + ------108 Garuga pinnata Burseraceae - + + - - - - 109 heyneanum Phyllanthaceae - - + - - - - 110 Phyllanthaceae - - + - - - - 111 Glochidion zeylanicum Phyllanthaceae + ------112 Gmelina arborea Lamiaceae ------113 eriocarpa Malvaceae + - + - - - - 114 Grewia orbiculata Malvaceae ------115 Grewia serrulata Malvaceae ------116 Grewia tiliifolia Malvaceae + - + - - - + 117 Guazuma ulmifolia Malvaceae - - + - + - - 118 Apocynaceae - + + - - - - 119 Haldina cordifolia Rubiaceae + + - + - - - 120 Heynea trijuga Meliaceae - - + - - - - 121 Holoptelea integrifolia Ulmaceae + + - - - - - 122 Homalium napaulense Saliaceae ------Mohanta MR et al / Not Sci Biol, 2018, 10(3):354-362 358 123 Hymenodictyon orixense Rubiaceae - - + - - - - 124 Ixora pavetta Rubiaceae + - + - - - - 125 Kydia calycina Malvaceae - + + - - - - 126 parviflora Lythraceae ------127 Lagerstroemia speciosa Lythraceae + + + - - - - 128 Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae - - - - + - - 129 Lasiococca comberi Euphorbiaceae ------130 Lepisanthes rubiginosa Sapindaceae - - - - - + - 131 Ligustrum gamblei Oleaceae ------132 Litsea glutinosa Lauraceae + + + - + - - 133 Litsea monopetala Lauraceae - + + - - - - 134 Litsea nitida Lauraceae - - + - - - - 135 denticulata Euphorbiaceae - - + - - - - 136 Euphorbiaceae ------137 Sapotaceae + - + - - - - 138 Magnolia champaca Magnoliaceae - + + + - - - 139 Mallotus nudiflorus Euphorbiaceae + + + - - - - 140 Mallotus philippensis Euphorbiaceae + + + - - + - 141 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae ------142 Maytenus bailadillana Celastraceae ------143 Melia azedarach Meliaceae - + + - - - - 144 Meliosma pinnata Sabiaceae - - + - - - - 145 Meliosma simplicifolia Sabiaceae + + + - - - - 146 Memecylon umbellatum Melastomataceae + - + + - - - 147 Mesua ferrea Calophyllaceae ------148 spinosa Rubiaceae - - + - - - - 149 Micromelum minutum Rutaceae + - - - + - - 150 Miliusa tomentosa Annonaceae ------151 Miliusa velutina Annonaceae ------152 Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae - - - - - + - 153 Rubiaceae + - + - - - - 154 Morinda citrifolia Rubiaceae + - - - - + - 155 Morinda pubescens Rubiaceae + ------156 Murraya paniculata Rutaceae + - - - - + - 157 Naringi crenulata Rutaceae + + + - - - - 158 Neocinnamomum caudatum Lauraceae - - + - - - - 159 Neolamarckia cadamba Rubiaceae + ------160 Nothopegia heyneana Anacardiaceae ------161 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Oleaceae - - + - - - - 162 Ochna obtusata Ochnaceae + ------163 Ocotea lancifolia Lauraceae - - + - - - - 164 Oroxylum indicum + - + - - - - 165 Pavetta crassicaulis Rubiaceae ------166 Persea villosa Lauraceae ------167 Phyllanthus emblica Phyllanthaceae + + - - - - - 168 Pittosporum wightii Pittosporaceae ------169 Plumeria rubra Apocynaceae ------170 Polyalthia cerasoides Annonaceae ------171 Polyalthia suberosa Annonaceae + - + - - - - 172 Polyanthia simiarum Annonaceae ------173 Pongamia pinnata Leguminosae + - + - - + - 174 Premna barbata Lamiaceae ------175 Premna mollissima Lamiaceae + ------176 Proebe wightii Lauraceae ------177 Protium serratum Burseraceae ------178 Prunus ceylanica Rosaceae + - + + - - - 179 Prunus pygeoides Rosaceae ------180 Psidium guajava ------181 Psydrax dicoccos Rubiaceae + + - - + - - 182 Pterocarpus marsupium Leguminosae + ------183 Pterospermum acerifolium Malvaceae ------184 Pterospermum xylocarpum Malvaceae ------Mohanta MR et al / Not Sci Biol, 2018, 10(3):354-362 359 185 Bignoniaceae ------186 Rhus chinensis Anacardiaceae - + - - - - - 187 Salix tetrasperma Salicaceae - + - - + - - 188 Saraca asoca Leguminosae + - + - - - - 189 Schleichera oleosa Sapindaceae + - + - + - - 190 swietenioides Oleaceae - - + - - - - 191 Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae - - - - - + - 192 ------193 Sloanea sterculiacea Elaeocarpaceae - + + - - - - 194 Soymida febrifuga Meliaceae + ------195 Sterculia villosa Malvaceae - - + - - - - 196 chelonoides Bignoniaceae + + - - + - - 197 Bignoniaceae + + - - + - - 198 Streblus asper Moraceae + + + + - - - 199 Streblus taxoides Moraceae + + + + - - - 200 Strychnos nux-vomica Loganiaceae ------201 Strychnos potatorum Loganiaceae + - + - - - - 202 Styrax serrulatum Styracaceae - - + - - - - 203 Suregada multiflora Euphorbiaceae - + + + - - - 204 Symplocos cochinchinensis Symplocaceae + + - - - - - 205 Symplocos racemosa Symplocaceae - + - - - - - 206 cumini Myrtaceae + - - + + - - 207 Syzygium fruticosum Myrtaceae - - + - - - - 208 Syzygium jambos Myrtaceae - - - - - + - 209 Syzygium nervosum Myrtaceae ------210 Syzygium praecox Myrtaceae ------211 Tamarindus indica Leguminosae + - - - + - + 212 Tamilnadia uliginosa Rubiaceae + - + - - - - 213 Tarenna asiatica Rubiaceae + - - - + - - 214 Tectona grandis Lamiaceae - - - - + - - 215 Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae + ------216 Terminalia bellirica Combretaceae + - + - - - - 217 Combretaceae + - + + + - - 218 Terminalia tomentosa Combretaceae + - + - - - - 219 Toona ciliata Meliaceae - - + - + + - 220 Trema orientalis Cannabaceae ------+ 221 Trevesia palmata Araliaceae ------222 Triadica cochinchinensis Euphorbiaceae - + + + - - - 223 Turpinia cochinchinensis Staphyleaceae + + + - - - - 224 Vitex glabrata Lamiaceae - + - + - + - 225 Vitex leucoxylon Lamiaceae + - + - - - - 226 Vitex peduncularis Lamiaceae - + + + - - - 227 Vitex pinnata Lamiaceae + + + - - - - 228 Walsura trifoliata Meliaceae + ------229 Wendlandia gamblei Rubiaceae ------230 Wendlandia tinctoria Rubiaceae + - + - + - - 231 Wrightia arborea Apocynaceae + + - + - - - 232 Wrightia tinctoria Apocynaceae - - + - - - - 233 Xantolis tomentosa Sapotaceae + - + - - - - 234 Xylia xylocarpa Leguminosae - - + - + - - 235 Xylosma longifolia Salicaceae ------236 Zanthoxylum rhetsa Rutaceae + - + + - - - 237 Ziziphus rugosa Rhamnaceae + - + - - - - 238 Ziziphus glabrata Rhamnaceae ------239 Ziziphus jujuba Rhamnaceae + ------240 Ziziphus xylopyrus Rhamnaceae + ------*A= Sri- Lanka, B= China, C= Myanmar, D= Thailand, E= Malaysia, F= Australia, G= Africa

Mohanta MR et al / Not Sci Biol, 2018, 10(3):354-362 360 Environmental barriers and geographical distance are SBR . The tree species like Cassine glauca, Streblus taxoides, the major factor. Albizia lebbeck and Tremna orientalis are Streblus asper, Rhus chinensis, Psydrax dicoccos, Wrightia the plants with only Indo-African affinity and Barringtonia arborea, Symplocos cochinchinensis, Suregada multifolia, acutangula, Lepisanthes rubiginosa, Mimusops elengi, Abizia chinensis, Ficus hispida, Ficus microcarpa, Salix Semicarpus anacardium and Syzygium jambos have only tetrasperma, Falconeria insignis, Cassine glauca etc. are wildly Indo-Australian affinity. There are 20 tree species like distributed species in both the areas . Alphonsea lutea, Gardenia lotifolia, Cordia monoica etc. are found to have only Indo-Lankan affinity. Among all SBR Affinity with Thailand trees, there are 38 species found similar between Sri- Lanka A total of 30 tree species is found to be distributed in and china, 35 species among China and Myanmar and 39 both Thailand and the study area . The affinity percentage is among Sri- Lanka and Myanmar. 12.5%. The common tree species are Dillenia indica , Albizia chinensis, Xylosma longifolia, Garcinia cowa, Carallia Affinity with Sri- Lanka branchiate , Streblus taxoides, Dillenia indica, zanthoxylum Tree species of SBR show highest affinity (46.66%) with Sri- Lanka (Table 2). Out of 240 tree species of Similipal rhetsa, Wrightia arborea, Triadica cochinchinensis, Biosphere Reserve, 112 species find the distribution in Sri - Terminalia chebula, , Vitex glabrata, Vitex Lanka. Noteworthy tree species are Morinda citrifolia , peduncularis etc. Grewiaeriocarpa, Premna mollissima, Vitex pinnata, Stereospermum chelonoide s, Benkara fasciculata, Tarenna Affinity with Malaysia asiatica, Cordia dichotoma, Symplocos c ochinchinensis, Like Thailand, Malaysia shows 12 .5% affinity but its Syzygium cumini and Tamarindus indica etc. floristic distribution is different . It has 30 tree species similar to SBR which are Albizia chinensis , Albizia odoratissima, Affinity with Myanmar Albizia procera, Alstonia scholaris, Butea monosperma, SBR also exhibits very strong affinity to Myanmar Chionanthus ramiflorus, Diospyros malabarica, Elacocarpus having 110 tree species (45.83%) similar to both the region. tectorius, Lannea coro mandelica, Litsea glutinosa, Some of the common species are Turpinia cochichinensis, Micromelum minutum, Schleichera oleosa etc. Sterculia villosa, Mallotus nudiflorum, Mallotus philippensis, Meliosoma simplicifolia, Meyna spinosa, Mitragyna Affinity with Australia parvifolia, Naringi crenulata, Ocotea lancifolia, Oroxylum Australia has only 18 tree species similar to SBR with indicum, Saraca asoca, Streblus asper, etc . affinity 7.5%. The tree species namely Morinda citrifolia , Vitex glabrata, Antidesma ghaesembilla, Casearia tomentosa, Affinity with China Flueggea virosa, Mallotus philippensis, Mimusops elengi, There are 60 tree species found common to the China Pongamia pinnata, Toona ciliata, Carallia branchiata, and of the study area which is 25% of the total tree species of Syzygium jambos etc. are distributed in both the areas.

Fig. 2. Phytogeographical affinities of SBR

Table 2. Analytical result of affinities of different countries with SBR tree species S1. No. Country No. of species Percentage (%) 1 Sri -Lanka 112 46.66 2 Myanmar 110 45.83 3 China 60 25.00 4 Thailand 30 12.5 5 Malaysia 30 12.5 6 Australia 18 7.5 7 Africa 11 4.58 *Percentage is calculated out of 240 tree species of SBR

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