Research ArticleBeldar V G, et al: Ethno-medicinal used in

Ethnomedicinal Plants used in Maharashtra for Treatment of Various Diseases and Disorders Vishal G Beldar*, Parin S Sidat Email: [email protected] Abstract

Abstract Since human civilization, people have been dependent on nature for their daily needs, and chiefly on plants as a source of medicine. This reliance lead to the development of an exclusive system of knowledge known as ethnobotany, which consists of the relationship between plants and their use for various diseases and disorders by the trial and error method. The current review study is an attempt to gather the ethnomedicinal plants used in Maharashtra to treat multiple diseases and disorders. From various revealing literature sources, information has been compiled, mentioning the ’s family, parts used, method of preparation, etc. In Maharashtra, around 417 plant species belonging to 101 families have been used for primary healthcare. Plants from families like Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, and Poaceae were most frequently utilized in Maharashtra. The people of Maharashtra use these as a single dose or in combination with others. This review article includes 195 medicinal plants form various plant families.

Key words: Diseases and disorders, Ethnobotany, Ethnomedicine, Maharashtra, Traditional Medicinal Plants

Introduction such as culture, history, personal attitudes, and Since ancient times, numerous civilizations have philosophy. Their theory and practices are, in resorted to nature, chiefly on plants as a source of many cases, somewhat different from conventional medicine. Currently, a significant proportion of the medicines. The ancient use of many alternative world population, particularly that of emerging medicine practices, including experience passed nations, use plants as a primary source of medical down from generation to generation, has proven 3 aid.1 Medicinal plants are the foundation of the safety and efficacy of conventional medicine. Plants are either used as indigenous therapy or as resources (raw material) for both traditional systems isolated active principles for a common source of and modern medicine.2 medicine.4 Indigenous ethnopharmacology has been Approaches by conventional medicine vary considered as an important tool in the exploration significantly from country to country and region of new medicines. Herbal medicines are a common to region as they are affected by specific factors method of complementary and alternative medicine used on the treatment of various forms of ailments around the globe. Medical herbalism was advocated Vishal G Beldar1, Parin S Sidat2 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, due to its rarer side effects and reported efficacy Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai Marathwada against many diseases.4 Campus Jalna, Aurangabad Road, Jalna - 431203, Maharashtra, Traditionally all medicinal preparations were 2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shree Dhanvantary Pharmacy College, Kim, Surat, , India derived from plants, whether in the simple form of plant parts or the more sophisticated way of crude * Corresponding Author extracts, mixtures, etc.5 Crude herbal formulations Date of Submission: 18 Jul 2020, Date of Revision: 20 Jul 2020, Date of Acceptance: 24 Jul 2020 claimed to have major medicinal benefits with or

How to cite this article: Beldar V G, Sidat P S. Ethnomedicinal Plants used in Maharashtra for Treatment of Various Diseases and Disorders. MJPS 2020; 6(2): 12-36.

12 Manipal Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | September 2020 | Volume 6 | Issue 2 Beldar V G, et al: Ethno-medicinal Plants used in Maharashtra without additives. The synergistic interface between have slight or no side-effects, furthermore to their crude drug phytochemicals can play a leading role cultural acceptability. In India, around two million in ethnomedicine. In the discovery of new lead traditional herbal healers still practice it for curing molecule, synergistic herbal formulations used by numerous ailments.11 India holds the world’s second- the traditional healers can be used as essential tool.4 largest tribal population after . According to This knowledge became improved over abundant India’s 2001 census, the entire tribal group is 8% generations because of experimentation and of the nation’s population, in which Maharashtra complete observations of animal behaviour. Most has 47 scheduled tribal societies with 9.27% of the of the time, this knowledge is only verbally passed state’s total population.12 on from generation to generation and remains The main objective of the current review is to consequently in danger of being lost in the goodwill gather fragmented literature (ethnomedicines/ of modern medicine. Though, it signifies for the ethnobotany) on the historically used Maharashtrian native folks an opportunity of inexpensive and medicinal plants, to treat various medical conditions straightforward treatment. Ethnopharmacology (Figure 1). There are several plant species, which may serve as the primary indicator of plant are used by local people as well as traditional therapeutic efficacy that could be used to compete healers against different diseases and disorders. The with the traditional synthetic remedy in a drug literature is, however, scattered on ethnomedicinal discovery program. Therefore, the attention plants of Maharashtra. More significantly, data on and urgency of ethnobotanical investigation are the comparative investigation of recorded medicinal 6 understandable. There is currently a universal plants used in Maharashtra are uncommon or not renaissance of ethnobotanical surveys of medicinal available. Such type of comparative analysis of plants and the necessity for screening precise parts recorded medicinal plants would be helpful in the 7 of plants. The goals of ethnobotany are twofold: (1) development of new therapeutic agents for diseases To document shreds of evidence about plant use; (2) or disorders. This analysis will also address gaps in To express the roles and processes of the plant used the existing states of knowledge by establishing a for management of treatment for different ailments. model or baseline for future research activities. For drug discovery, an ethnobotanical survey is one of the most reliable approaches. Ethnomedical evidence from this method can be derived either from plants used in the systematized traditional medical system such as Ayurveda, Unani, traditional Chinese medicine, or from herbalism, folklore, and shamanism that rely on an apprenticeship system of knowledge transmitted through a modern healer or herbalist to subsequent generations.8 Figure 1: Plant parts used in the treatment India is a botanical garden of the biosphere and a gold mine of well-recorded and traditionally well Where, L-, R-Root, F-Fruit, Sd-Seed, WP-Whole Plant, practiced knowledge of the herbal remedy.9 There B-Bark, Fl-Flower, St-Stem T-Tuber, Lt-Latex, G-Gum, Bu-Bulb, Rh-Rhizome, P-Pod, In- are significant economic welfares in the expansion of indigenous medicines and the practice of medicinal Method plants for the management of several diseases.10 The published scientific literature on the India has a rich flora with an extensive diversity ethnomedicinal plants used in Maharashtra as of plants, because of the extreme dissimilarities in well as data on Maharashtra related medicinal physical and climatic conditions prevailing in the plants was gathered from various databases such nation. A large segment of the Indian population as Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google still depends on traditional medicinal plants as Scholar. The use of several keywords, such as they are abundantly existing, inexpensive, and “district name”, “ethnobotany”, “ethnomedicine”,

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“herbal medicine”, and “medicinal plants” assisted contains 195 medicinal plants from various families. in gathering the information needed. Along with (Table 1) this, we also conducted a literature survey of books The plant parts used for treatment for various about ethnomedicinal plants of Maharashtra at diseases and disorders include root, leaf, stem, the library. Database search was performed by tuber, rhizome, whole plant, etc. The most widely using both English and Marathi (Local language used parts are (in descending order); (27 %) of Maharashtra) keywords. Biological source(s), > Root (16 %) > Fruit (10 %) > Seed (10.5 %) > family, local name(s), part(s) used, method(s) of Bark (8.6 %) > Whole Plant (8 %) > Flowers (3.8 preparation/ formulations, and reference(s) of these %), other parts such as stem, tuber, latex, gum, bulb, plants were summarized in the form of tables and rhizome, pod, inflorescence (Figure 1). Asteraceae, figures. In this evaluation, care was taken for the Acanthaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, identification of herbal and medicinal plants while Fabaceae, and Euphorbiaceae were dominant taking from the primary resources. The inclusion among all the families. The number of plant species of all the medicinal plant knowledge was difficult, belonging to these families was in this order: which are used in Maharashtra for various diseases Euphorbiaceae (13) ˃ Fabaceae (10) ˃ Poaceae and disorders was difficult; however, we focused on (09) > Cucurbitaceae (08) Caesalpiniaceae (08) = getting easily accessible information for researchers. Liliaceae (08) = Amaranthaceae (08) > Asteraceae Over the last few decades, there have been many (06) =Acanthaceae (06). (Figure 2) people from various tribal communities interested in the recording and maintenance of traditional and Generally, the medicinal plants are taken orally tribal knowledge related to medicinal plants. Until for the treatment of an illness. The method of now, not much effort has been made to make this preparation of the traditional medicine or dosage knowledge accessible to the modern world. form or medications is different for each traditional healer, and it also depends upon the availability of material. Usually, parts of the plant, extract, decoction, juice, paste, and powder are given for treatment. Depending upon the disease or disorder and treatment, single or more than two plant species have been used. Among these medicinal plants, a large number of medicinal plants have been scientifically proven by various groups of researchers for multiple types of pharmacological activities.

Discussion Figure 2: Graphical representation showing the number of plants according to various families Medicinal plants used for various diseases Abrus precatorious L (Gunj) leaves are used to treat Result eye diseases, appetizer, cough and cold, gonorrhoea, Review findings and statistical study throat infection, ulcer, and inflammation. The This study recorded 417 species of plants, belonging various plant parts of Acacia nilotica (L) wild. (Vedi to 101 families, traditionally used against various Babhul, Babhul) like gum, thorns, roots, leaves, diseases and disorders in Maharashtra. Medicinal seeds, bark, pod, and flowers are used for acidity, plants discussed in the literature are being used astringent, cough and cold, diarrhoea, diabetes, dog for acidity, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, asthma, bite, and jaundice. For asthma, astringent, cough blood purifier, body pain, carminative, constipation, and cold, diarrhoea, dog bite, dysentery, gonorrhoea, cough and cold, diarrhoea, diabetes, dysentery, fever, jaundice, kidney stone, and stomachache, the whole gonorrhoea, jaundice, kidney stone, migraine, skin plant of Achyranthes Aspera L (Chirchita, Aghada, disease, ulcer, wound healing, etc. This review article Kuthri, Kutra, Aaghada) used. The fruit, root, and

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Table 1: List of medicinal plants used for various diseases with method of preparation Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Abelmoschus Malvaceae --- Fruit Digestive Disorder - Chewed the fruit 13 esculentus L. to cure the digestion problem. Fruit Cough and Cold - 3-4 Young raw 14 Abelmoschus manihot Malvaceae Ran-bhendi fruits consumed once a day for 3-4 days (L.) along with honey to test cough Abrus precatorious L Fabaceae Gunj Leaves Anti-inflammatory - Chewing with 14-18 betel nut leaves used for chronic inflammation Eye diseases - Unknown. Appetizer - Chewing with betel nut leaves is considered as a good appetizer. Cough and Cold - Unknown. Gonorrhoea - Unknown. Throat infection - Few leaves consumed daily to clear throat and voice. Ulcer - Leaf chewing in case of mouth ulcer Abutilon Indicum (L.) Malvaceae Petari, Mudra, Leaves Fever - Unknown. 13, 19 Sweet Shikka. Gangrene - Unknown. Wound healing - Leaf poultice is useful for wounds, gangrene, itching, and swelling. Acacia arabica Mimosaceae Babul Bark Bleeding disorder - Unknown. 20-21 (Lam.) Conjunctivitis - To relieve conjunctivitis, the bark extract is mixed with honey and used in the eyes Diarrhoea - Unknown Throat infection- Unknown Acacia catechu willd Mimosaceae Khair Bark Conjunctivitis - Unknown 22-23 Jaundice - Bark is mixed with water and the extract is taken into two times daily until cured Stem, Leaves Cough and Cold - Unknown. 14, 24 Skin burn - Coconut oil is mixed with Acacia chundra Willd Mimosaceae Khair ash obtained from the stem and leaves and applied on burns Acacia loucophoea Fabaceae Hivar Bark Ulcer - Unknown. 25 Gum, Thorns, Acidity - Extract of plant taken orally 14-15, 22, Roots, Leaves, (15-20 ml) once a day till cured 26-30 Seeds, Bark, Astringent - Unknown. Pod, Flowers Cough and Cold - Decoction of thorns is used as a remedy for cough. Diarrhoea – To treat diarrhoea root extract is used Leaf macerated with rice water, taken Acacia nilotica (L) Vedi Babhul, Mimosaceae orally about 50 ml each time, twice daily willd. Babhul for 3-5 days Diabetes - Unknown Dog bite - The powder of pods mixed with curd and taken orally for the treatment of dog bite. Jaundice - In cow ghee, the flowering heads are extracted and administered in the morning and evening.

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Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Whole plant, Cough and Cold - Decoction of the 31 Leaves whole plant is used in cough Red Hot Cat- Acalypha hispida Ringworm - Unknown Euphorbiaceae Tail, Chenille Burm Skin disease - Leaf paste is used in skin Plant diseases Ulcer - Leaf paste is used in ulcers Acalypha Indica L Euphorbiaceae Kuppu, Leaves, Root, Anthelmintic - The extract of 31-33 Khokali, Seed, Shoot leaves with garlic is administered as Chuda anthelmintic. Cough and Cold - Leaf juice is used in cough Ear pain - Unknown. Acalypha wilkesiana Euphorbiaceae Copperleaf Leaf Antifungal - Unknown 31 Muell Heart diseases - The leaves of this plant are eaten as vegetables in the management of hypertension. Acampe pramorsa Orchidaceae Baguri Root Wound healing - Unknown 34 Acanthospermum Asteraceae Gokharu Seed Kidney stone - Seeds of Acanthospermum 35 hispidium DC. hispidium and rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc. was crushed and then boiled in water. A cup of decoction thus prepared is drunk before the meal for 10- 15 days to cure kidney-stone. Achyranthes Aspera L. Amaranthaceae Chirchita, Whole plant, Asthma - Dried leaves are smoked in Aghada, Root, Leaves, asthma. 20, 28, 30, Kuthri, Kutra, Seed Entire plant is dried under shade and 33, 35-40, Aaghada then powdered. For the cure of asthma, 42-43 a spoonful of powder in honey is consumed. Astringent - Extract of the root is given Cough and Cold - For the treatment of cough, the whole plant powder is mixed with honey and taken twice a day. For the treatment of fever, the crushed roots are soaked in water and administered orally. Diarrhoea – Unknown Dog bite - Root/leaf powder is given to cure dog bite Dysentery - Leaf paste with jaggery and butter/curd taken twice a day to cure dysentery Gonorrhea - Unknown Jaundice - Powder from dried seeds with some sugar crystals is dissolved in water and given twice daily do cure jaundice. Kidney stone - Root paste is given in kidney stone Stomachache - Unknown Leaves, Root Asthma - Unknown. 17, 21, 32 Cough and Cold - Unknown Adathoda vasica Acanthaceae Adulsa Eye Diseases- Unknown Nees. Jaundice - Unknown Throat infection - Unknown

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Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Leaves Cough and Cold - To cure cough the 39, 44 Adhatoda zeylamica leaf juice is consumed with honey Acanthaceae Adulsa Nees Fever - To treat fever, the extract of leaves is administered. Adiantum philippens Pteridaceae Rajhans Leaves Conjunctivitis - Few drops of leaf 14, 45 L. extract applied for few days around eyes to prevent conjunctivitis. Dysentery - Leaf juice is given in dysentery Ulcer - Leaf juice is given in ulcers. Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Bel Fruit, Root, Abdominal pains - The fruit is eaten for 17, 20-21, (Linn) Correa Leaves 3-4 days to reduce abdominal pain. 24, 26-28, Asthma - To cure asthma, the fruit pulp 39-40, 43, is mixed with ginger and consumed 47-48 twice daily. Bleeding disorder – Unknown Vomiting - 2-3 spoons of the extract of root with honey is taken (only once) Diarrhoea - To cure diarrhoea fruit pulp is consumed Diabetes - To control the sugar level, the leaves of the old are eaten early in the morning. Fever - Unknown Jaundice - Decoction of leaves in which four black pepper (dried unripe berries of Piper nigrum L.) is taken orally to treat jaundice. Migraine - To cure migraine the paste from roots of plants is applied in both eyes for 4-5 days at night. Throat Infection- Eat mature fruit. Aerva lanata (L.) Amaranthaceae Hatti-Sondi Leaf Kidney stone – As a remedy against 14 Juss. ex Schult. kidney stones leaf juice and curd (1:1 ratio) is consumed in the morning.

Agave angustifolia Agavaceae Ghaypat Leaves Skin disease - Unknown. 16 Root Wound healing - Root extract is applied 34 Agave sislanta Agavaceae Kekti to old wounds. Agave veracruz Mill Agavaceae Ketaki, kektad Leaves Constipation - Leaf juice with a pinch 49 of common salt is boiled. After cooling a small quantity of jaggery is added and is consumed twice a day to cure constipation. Ageratum conizoides Asteraceae Goat weed Leaf Leprosy - Unknown. 22 L. Skin disease - Unknown Agremone mexicana Papaveraceae --- Root Digestive disorder - Root extract is 13 L. given internally Ailanthus excelsa Simaroubaceae Maharaki, Bark, Leaves, Anthelmintic - Unknown 14, 25, 28, Roxb Maharukh Fruit Diabetes - To check diabetes fruit 30, 39 flower is consumed daily once for seven days. Dysentery - To cure dysentery, the bark paste is administered with curd, twice daily. Jaundice - Bark powder is given to cure jaundice. Migraine - Leaf juice is dropped in the ear to cure migraine.

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Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Alangium salvifolium Alangiaceae Ankollakh Whole plant Anthelmintic - Unknown 25 Alhagi pseudalhagi Fabaceae Jawasi Seed Skin burn - Burnt seed powder mixed in 50 (M. Bied) oil and paste on burnt skin. Allium cepa L. Liliaceae Kanda Bulb, Leaves Anthelmintic - Unknown 13, 25, 27, Fever - The daily uptakes of onions in 29, 48 meals help in the maintenance of body temperature. Diabetes - Unknown. Epilepsy - Bulb is halved and immediately smelled to treat fit. Eye diseases - Put 1-2 drops of bulb juice instilled in eye thrice for a day. Bulb Antifungal - Unknown 14, 21, 29, Asthma - Fresh paste of bulblets is kept 36-37 under the foot sole of the child. It helps to cure asthma slowly. Ear pain - The bulb is boiled in coconut Allium sataivum L Liliaceae Lahsun oil and is used in the treatment of ear pain. Carminative - Unknown Cough and Cold - Unknown Fever - Unknown Strength promoter - Unknown Leaves Fever - The juice of the roasted leaf is 17, 44, 50- given for cold, cough, and fever. 51 Skin Burn- Leaf bulk applied externally Aloe barbadensis (L) Liliaceae Korphad on burning skin. Burm Skin disease- The leaf itself is used for skin diseases and as cosmetics to remove wrinkles and remedy burns. Aloe vera (Linn.) Liliaceae Korphad Leaves Anti-inflammatory - Unknown 16-17, 20, Burm Asthma - Pulp along with Jaggery is 33, 50- 52, taken. Blood purifier - The leaf juice is used in blood purification. Cough and Cold - Fresh part of the leaf after baking with sugar is given in fever and cough. Stomachache - Leaf is warmed in fire and then the inner portion is eaten with a small amount of sugar in case of stomachache Wound healing - Unknown Alternanthera tenella Amaranthaceae Korda-ganja Inflorescence Ear pain - Ash of inflorescence wrapped 53 Coll in leaves of Piliostigma malabararicum (Roxb.) Benth is smoked. Amaranthus blitum L. Amaranthaceae Tandulja Leaf Eye diseases - Leaf juice (50 ml) with 48 sugar is taken once a day for a week. Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae Choulaee, Whole plant- Blood purifier - Unknown 21, 30, 54 Linn Matha, Digestive disorder - Unknown Tandulja Epilepsy - Unknown Fever - Plant extract is used in fever Skin disease - Unknown

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Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Amarathus spinosa L. Amaranthaceae Katemath Stem Kidney stone - When stem is burnt ash 55 is left behind. 1-2-gm of ash powder with water is taken internally for 1-2 weeks for removing kidney stone.

Amorphophalus Araceae Kattuchena, Tubers, Corn Antibacterial - Unknown 56-57 commutatus Mogarikand Skin disease – About 5 gm of corn is crushed and swallowed to cure skin diseases. Amorphophalus Araceae Gaivar Tuber Gastric trouble - Unknown 58 bhandarensis Amorphophalus Araceae Zimikanda Tuber Gastric trouble - Unknown 58 paeonifolius Dernst Anacardium Bark, Gum, Diabetes - Unknown 17 Anacardiaceae Kaju occidentale (L) fruit Diuretic - Unknown Whole plant, Anti-inflammatory - Unknown 16, 22-23, Leaf Cough and Cold - Decoction of dried 25, 28, 39 plant is given to cure cough. Diarrhoea - Decoction of dried plant is given to cure diarrhoea. Dysentery - Unknown Kadechirayat, Andrographis Fever - Leaf juice is used to cure fever. Acanthaceae Kalmegh, paniculata Wall Jaundice - Leaves and young twigs are Bhuineem crushed and made in to paste. 20-30 gm paste taken three times daily after meal for 2-3 weeks. Malaria - Decoction of dried plant is given to cure malaria. Liver problem - Unknown

Anethum sowa (L.) Apiaceae Dill Leaves, Seed Carminative - Unknown 20

Anisochilus carbosus Fruit Stomachache - Unknown 52 Lamiaceae Jirya L. Anisomeles Leaf Stomachache - Leaf extract is used in 29 Lamiaceae Kapuri malabarica R.Br. indigestion and stomachache. Leaves Dysentery - Unknown 25, 37 L. Annonaceae Sitaphal Wound healing - Unknown

Stem bark, Cough and Cold - Stem bark is crushed 13, 21, 59 Leaf and soaked in water overnight. Two spoons of the filtered infusion are given twice a day for about 10-15 days to cure Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae Dhamoda whooping cough. Bedd Cure vomiting - The bark extract is given during vomiting. Epilepsy - Decoction of leaves given.

Arachis hypogaea L. Fabaceae Bhuimoog Seeds Anaemia - Powder of seed is taken with 29, jaggery to cure anaemia. Increase lactation - Unknown

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Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Root, Leaves, Fever – For the cure of malarial fever, 14-15, 17, Stem latex the paste of root wrapped in betel leaf is 21, 30, 33, consumed three times a day for 3-4 days. 43, 60-62 Extract of leaves given to maintain body temperature. Eye diseases - Leaf juice is poured into Bilayati, the eye to cure cataract diseases of the Argemone mexicana Bilayat/ Papaveraceae eye. L. Pivala Dhotra, Jaundice - Stem latex is given Dhotra Malaria - To treat malaria, the juice of leaves is taken twice daily. Skin disease - To cure skin diseases, root powder is mixed with sugar and consumed with water. Tetanus - Unknown

Seed, Leave, Fever - Seed powder in cow’s milk is 57, 63 Argyreia sericea Roots taken in fever. Convolvulaceae Gavli vel Dalz. Increase lactation - Leaves and fresh roots are eaten to enhance lactation.

Root, Leaf Diarrhoea - Fresh roots decoction is 48 Argyreia nervosa taken twice daily. Convolvulaceae Samundersok (Burm.f.) Boj. Wound healing - Leaf is eaten directly twice daily.

Tube Skin disease - To cure skin disease tube 63 Arisaema murrayi Araceae Khadar paste is applied.

Aristolochia bracteata Aristolochiaceae Kidmar, Root Anthelmintic - Unknown 25 Batakhbel Artocarpous Moraceae Phanas Fruit Vomiting - Fruits powdered and mixed 51, 53, 59 hetrophyllus Lam with jaggery and prepared pellets. One pellet for three days is given. Ulcer - Ash of rind spines removed from the fruit is applied on the throat or tongue for ulcer. Artocarpus Root, Stem, Asthma - Unknown 17 integrifolia Moraceae Phanas Fruits

Asminum sambac (L.) Flower, Diarrhoea - Unknown 20 Oleaceae Mogra Aiton Leaves Eye diseases - Unknown Asparagus racemosus Liliaceae Shatavari Root Acidity - Unknown 17-18, 20, wild. Asthma - To cure asthma root extract 22, 36, 39, is mixed with an equal amount of milk 48, 57-58 containing some grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) and seeds of Buchanania larzan, which is boiled and consumed with honey. Fever - Unknown Dysentery - Unknown Epilepsy - Unknown Heart tonic - Unknown Tuberculosis - Unknown Increase lactation - Root paste is consumed twice daily. Weakness - Unknown Aspidopterys cordata Malphigiaceae Shrivel, Latex Increase lactation - Latex mixed with 53 (Heyne ex Wall.) Makadvel rice grains eaten raw consumed about 15 A. Juss. g for a month.

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Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Asteracantha Acanthaceae Talimkhana Leaves, Seeds Abdominal pains - Unknown 17 longifolia (L) Dysentery - Unknown Jaundice - Unknown Tonic - Unknown Fruit Jaundice - Ripened fruit is eaten daily 23 Averrhoa caramola L. Averrhoaceae Kamarang for 15-20 days. Meliaceae Neem, Whole Plant Anti-inflammatory - Paste of various 13-15, 17- A. Juss Kadulimb parts of the plant used in inflammation. 20, 29, 44, Antiseptic - Unknown 50 Cough and Cold - To control cough stem bark extract is consumed once daily for 3-4 days. Digestive disorder - Extract of leaves taken orally. Diuretic - Unknown Dysentery - To cure dysentery, the leaf extract is administered thrice daily. Gangrene - Unknown. Head Lice - Seed paste is applied Leprosy - Unknown Skin disease - Leaves paste used externally to cure skin diseases. Worm infection - Unknown Bacopa monnieri (L.) Whole Plant Blood purifier - Unknown 15, 42 Schrophulariaceae Brahmi Penn. Jaundice - Unknown Bahunia reacemosa Leguminosae Apta Leaves Wound healing - Unknown 64 Seed, Fruit Abdominal pain - The powder of seeds 24, 29, 62 is administered with milk for 2-3 days. Asthma - Administering once daily the pulp of seeds. Balanites aegyptiaca Balanitaceae Hinganbet Eye diseases - Water extract of the (L.) fruit is poured into eyes twice a day for three days to cure cataract diseases. Wound healing - Paste of seeds is used in the healing of cuts and wounds. Root Jaundice - 1-2 gm root powder with 3-6 55 Baliospermum Euphorbiaceae --- gm jaggery is given once a day for 5-6 montanum days, to get relief from jaundice.

Baliospermum Euphorbiaceae Dathi, Lepkyo Root, Latex Constipation - In the treatment of 31, 43, 65- raziana Keshav constipation, decoction of root powder 66 is taken. Skin disease - Latex is applied externally on skin diseases.

Bambusa arundinacea Poaceae Bamboo Stem, Seed Anti-inflammatory - Paste prepared 30 (Retz) Wild from the nodal region of the stem is applied to the inflamed area. Kidney stone - Seed powder mixed in hot water is given to drink, to cure kidney stones. Bambusa vulgaris Poaceae Kalaka -- Fever - Unknown. 17 Barleria prattensis Acanthaceae Moti karav/ Leaves, Cough and cold - Extract of leaves is 13, 63 Sant. katakolsa Whole plant given. Paralysis - Whole plant paste is applied externally to treat paralysis.

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Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Basella alba L. Basellaceae Pittache pan Leaves, Seed Acidity - Leaves are eaten in case of all 16 types of acidities. Cure vomiting - Unknown. Fever - Seeds cooked with rice and eaten in fever. Basella rubra L Chenopodiaceae --- Whole plant, Migraine - To cure migraine plant paste 32 Root is applied on the forehead. Vomiting - To stop vomiting the root decoction is administered. Bauhinia racemose L Caesalpiniaceae Apataa Leaves, Anti-inflammatory - Unknown 14, 23, 29, Flowers, Asthma - To cure asthma leaf powder 37-38, 56, Bark, Root mixed in honey is consumed in the 61 morning. Bleeding disorder - Unknown Dysentery - Leaf juice is used to cure dysentery. Fever - Unknown Jaundice - Water extract of bark, leaves, and the root is taken two times daily after meal for 20-24 weeks Skin disease - Unknown Worm infection - Unknown

Begonia trichocarpa Boganiaceae Khatadya Leaf Eye diseases - Fresh leaf juice is 63 Dalz. dropped in the eye to cure opacity. Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae --- Fruit Eye diseases - Juice of fruit is taken. 13 (Thunb.) Cogn. Berberis aristata (L.) Berberidaceae Daru Haridra Root bark Anti-Inflammatory - Unknown 21 DC. Ulcer - Root bark extract used in ulcers Whole plant Eye diseases - Unknown 15 Bidens pilosa L Asteraceae Chorpushpi Ulcer - Unknown Blepharis repens Leaves Fever - Leaves’ decoction is used in 13, 29 Acanthaceae Hadsan (Vahl) Roth curing persistent fever. Blumea lacera Burn Asteraceae Kukurband Root Cholera - Unknown 22 Boerhaavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Punarnava Whole plant, Blood purifier - Decoction of root is 15, 18, 67 Root taken. Eye diseases - Root paste is applied externally. Fever - Root extract is used fever. Skin disease - Hot poultice of roots locally applied to skin disease.

Bark, Stem Anaemia - To treat anaemia bark juice is 15, 18, 26, bark, Flower, mixed with honey and given internally. 30, 32, 53, Root, Leaves, Bleeding disorder - Stem bark paste 50, 56, 66 Whole plant prepared in water. Fever - Decoction-half cup with sugar in the morning daily to reduce body heat till cure. Body pain - The patients are bathed with the hot extract of leaves for 2-3 Katesawar, days. Bombax ceiba L. Bombacaceae Sawar, Lal Dysentery - Juice of the peeled stem sawar gives orally to drink to stop dysentery. Roots and gum are used in dysentery. Gonorrhea - Bark infusion is taken. Gynaecological disorder - Bark powder is mixed in water and administered twice daily. Skin disease - Bark and thorns are used for skin disease. Ulcer - Unknown

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Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Bark, Leaf Cough and Cold - Fresh bark is chewed 63, 68 to control cough once a daily for 3-4 Boswellia serrate Burseraceae Gugala, Salai days. Roxb. ex. Coleb Stomachache - Bark powder with water is taken for stomachache. Brachiaria reptans Poaceae Chopadi Leaf Anaemia - Juice obtained by crushing 53 Linn and squeezing is taken orally. Brassica juncea L. Brassicaceae Sabarkand Seed oil Ear pain - At night, 2-3 drops of the 24 & Mohari seed oil are administered in the affected ear. Seed Jaundice - Massage mustard seed oil on 23 Brassica nigra L. Brassicaceae Mohari, Rai hands and legs thrice daily for 1-2 weeks. Bridelia Stem bark Diabetes - Stem bark powder mixed in 26, 49 airyshawii P.T.Li Euphorbiaceae Asana water is taken orally against diabetes.

Buchanania Seed Skin disease - To treat skin diseases, a 69 cochinchinensis Anacardiaceae Torab paste of dry seeds in milk is prepared (Lour.) Almeida and applied. Buchanania lanzan Anacardiaceae Charoli Seed, Bark Tonic - About 10 gm seed powder is 62 Spreng mixed with water and given early in the morning as a tonic. Typhoid - Decoction of bark drunk twice daily for three days to control typhoid. Butea monosperma Fabaceae Khakara, Root, Leaves, Allergy - Root extract is added in bath 13, 16-17, (Lam.) Palas, Flame Stem bark, water to cure allergy. 19-20, 22, Taub. of the forest Seed, Flowers Anthelmintic - Unknown 24, 27, 56, Aphrodisiac - Unknown 64, 68, Bleeding disorder - Unknown Constipation - Decoction of the stem is consumed at bedtime. Diarrhoea - Unknown Diabetes - Unknown Dysentery - Seed is used to cure dysentery Fever - Root decoction used to cure fever Skin disease - Seed is used against roundworm and skin diseases. Sunstroke - Unknown Wound healing - Leaf poultice is very useful in the treatment of wounds. Caesalpinia bonduc Fabaceae Sagargoti Seed Anthelmintic - Unknown. 25, 61 (Linn.) Roxb. Malaria - Seed powder with water is taken. Vomiting - Unknown Caesalpinina Caesalpiniaceae Khailaia Root Induce sterility - To induce sterility 69 decapetala (Roth.) root powder is mixed with root powder of Piper betel in a cup of water.

Manipal Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | September 2020 | Volume 6 | Issue 2 23 Beldar V G, et al: Ethno-medicinal Plants used in Maharashtra

Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Fabaceae Tur Seed, Leaves Eye diseases - Seed paste applied 13, 58 Millsp. externally. Ulcer - Leaves chewed in the mouth for ulcer. Root bark, Dog bite - The extract of the whole 15, 20, 24- Leaves, plant is mixed with sugar and applied 25, 30, 32, Whole plant, over dog bites. 44, 49, 53, Seed Dysentery - Powdered root bark is 70 taken in dysentery. Epilepsy - At night-time, the freshly collected leaves are wrapped on the chest Calatropics procera Asclepiadaceae Rui /Madar and abdomen of the epileptic patient R.Br. Fever - Seed extract is used in fever. Ulcer - Fresh leaves are taken in ulcers. Migraine - Few drops of latex mixed in cow ghee are drooped in the nose to cure migraine. Tonic - Unknown Wound healing - Unknown Calotropis gigantean Asclepiadaceae Rui, Amalwadi Root, Latex Jaundice - Root paste is made into the 42, 61, 71 (Linn.) R.Br. water and taken twice a day orally on jaundice up to seven days. Skin disease - Unknown Vomiting - Infusion of root to cure vomiting Capparis decidua Capparidaceae Yelya haran, Bark Digestive disorder – About 2 to 5 57, 69 (Forssk.) Edgew. Velitlaram gm of bark is crushed and taken once a day with water for treatment of the digestive disorder. Migraine - To cure migraine decoction of young branches is given. Capparis tomentosa Flower Asthma - To cure asthma paste of 32 Woolly caper Dunn. Capparidaceae flowers with salt is given once daily. bush

Capsicum annuum L. Solanaceae Mirchi Leaves Migraine - Leaf extract is applied. 13 Caralluma adscenden Stem Diabetes - Fresh stem in diabetes to 33 var. fimbriata (Wall.) Asclepiadaceae Shenguli reduce blood sugar. Grav. & Mayur Carculigo orchioides Hypoxidaceae Kali musali Tuber Sexual potency - Dried tubers are used 15 Gertn for the treatment of sexual impotence. Root bark, Asthma - Small piece of root bark is 22, 62, 69 Leaves, Bark chewed along with betel leaf thrice in a day for one week to cure asthma. Cardiospermum Kapalphodi, Sapindaceae Ear pain - Unknown halicacabum L. Kanphuti Fever - Unknown Stomachache - Fresh bark is chewed to cure stomachache. Careya aeborea Roxb. Barringtoniaceae Kujmbh Stem Hemorrhage - One spoonful of extract 13, 26 prepared in water and an equal quantity of cow ghee is consumed every two hours till cure.

24 Manipal Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | September 2020 | Volume 6 | Issue 2 Beldar V G, et al: Ethno-medicinal Plants used in Maharashtra

Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Papeeta Leaves, Fruit Anthelmintic - Unknown 21, 50 Digestive Disorder - Juice of leaves given internally Dysentery - Boiled papaya given to control dysentery Carissa carandas L Apocynaceae Karaunda, Fruit, Roots, Anthelmintic - Unknown 17, 13, 56 Karvand Ripe and Aphrodisiac - Unknown unripe fruits Appetizer - Unknown Fever- Unknown Worm infection - Unknown Unripe fruits Dysentery - Unripe fruits are used in 49 Carissa congesta Apocynaceae Karvand dysentery. Roots, Leaves Jaundice - Root and leaves extract 58 graveolens Flacourtiaceae Arni mixed with warm water and given a bath Dalz. to the child in jaundice. Leaf, Fruit, Anti-inflammatory - To cure 13-14, 27, Flowers inflammation leaf paste is applied. 43 Asthma - To cure asthma spoonful of fruit powder consumed daily once. Chambhar- Body pain - To cure joint pain and Cassia auriculata L Caesalpiniaceae awali, inflammation leaf paste is applied. Chamrawali Diabetes - Extract of fresh flowers is taken internally as a cure against diabetes. Jaundice - Unknown Cassia fistula L. Caesalpiniaceae Bahava, Fruit, Leaf, Anti-inflammatory - As a remedy 14, 47, 59, Amaltas Seeds for inflammation of body/organ fruit 61 powder is dissolved in water and consumed daily for seven days or more. Ear pain - Few drops of the leaf juice are dropped in-ears twice a day for ear pain. Skin burn - Application of paste prepared by crushing leaves and mixing with honey on the affected area of the skin. Stomachache - Unknown Cassia obtusifolia L. Caesalpiniaceae Tarota Leaves Migraine - Around 5-7 leaves are 24 crushed, and water extract is prepared and filtered, and 3-4 drops are added in both nostrils at night-time.

Cassia occidentalis L. Caesalpiniaceae Kasoda Leaf Tonsillitis - To cure tonsillitis, consume 43 leaf juice with an equal volume of honey twice daily. Cassia tora L. Caesalpiniaceae Chakunda, Leaves, Seed, Anthelmintic - Unknown 21, 24, 27, Titi, Tarota, Root Asthma - Powder of seed of this species 36, 43, 56 Dukkarsheng, and fruits of Tribulus terrestris L. are Powadya, mixed in the equal amount a spoonful Tarota per day, and it is consumed with honey for a week to cure asthma. Epilepsy - Dried powdered roots are consumed with milk twice daily. Skin disease - Application of paste obtained by crushing seeds in coconut oil. Wound healing - Root powder homogenized with fruit juice of Citrus aurantifolia to cure wounds.

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Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Root, Gum Fever - Root powder is boiled in cow’s 27, 35 urine. It is applied on the head at night Bhutya-palas, Cassine albens (Retz) Celastraceae for 3-4 days to treat fever. Bhutakhet Skin disease - Gum is applied externally for skin diseases.

Catharanthus roseus Root, Leaves Diabetes - Unknown 60, 70, 72 L Apocynaceae Sadaphuli Heart diseases - Unknown Heart tonic - Unknown Catunaregam spinosa Rubiaceae Ghela Bark, Dry Goitre - Unknown. 13, 18 (Thunb.) Tirveng fruit Paralysis - Dry fruit powder is given. Cayratia auriculata -- Wound healing - Unknown. 43 Vitaceae --- (Roxb.) Gamble Cayratia trifolia (L) Vitaceae Bailmal, Root Body pain - Root paste is applied 27, 49, 73 Domin Galgala externally to reduce muscle pains.

Celastrus paniculatus Celastraceae Malkagani Seeds Paralysis - Applying oil obtained by 13, 65, 66 Wild. boiling and crushing seeds on the paralyzed part in the morning and evening or it may also be consumed orally. Celosia argentea L. Amaranthaceae Kurdu, Seeds, Root, Aphrodisiac - Decoction of the seed is 13, 25, 33, Kombada, Leaves, taken as well as finely powdered is used. 37, 47, 54, Lemda Flowers, Asthma - Root powder is taken in 56-57, 65- Whole plant asthma. 66 Bleeding disorder - Unknown Constipation – (a) Consuming curry prepared from fried leaves. (b) Administering the water with crushed and soaked roots once daily. Diarrhoea - Unknown Fever - Unknown Gonorrhea - Unknown Gynaecological disorder- Unknown Kidney stone – (a) Plant powder with milk is taken once a day in the treatment of Kidney stone. (b) Consuming tender twigs as a vegetable and seeds with much water to get rid of kidney stones. (c) Administering the water-soaked overnight with roots twice a day. Paralysis - Extract of leaves is given. Stomachache - Unknown

Celosia cristata L. Amaranthaceae Kurdu Root Kidney stone - The root extract is 29 useful in kidney stones. Leaves, Diabetes - Unknown 13, 17, 27, Whole plant Diuretic - Unknown 60, 72 Dysentery - Decoction of the entire Centela asiatica L. Apiaceae Bramhi plant is administered for dysentery. Fever - Unknown Stimulant - Unknown

Ceropegia bulbosa Asclepiadaceae Kandil/ Tuber Eye diseases - Unknown 15 Rorb. Hamankanda Ceropegia tuberosa Parala- Tuber Anti-inflammatory - Unknown 15 Asclepiadaceae Rorb. tumbadi Fever - Unknown

26 Manipal Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | September 2020 | Volume 6 | Issue 2 Beldar V G, et al: Ethno-medicinal Plants used in Maharashtra

Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Ceropegia odorata Asclepiadaceae Sulatya kand Tuber, Leaves Eye diseases - Tuber juice is dropped in 63 Hook. F. the eye to cure opacity. Stomachache - Leaves are chewed in a stomach-ache Cheilanthes farinose Cheilanthaceae Kaulf Whole plant Appetizer -Whole plant decoction or 55 (Forsk.) powder is taken with water or milk once a day for 2-3 weeks which acts as a tonic. Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae Jangli Chawali Whole plant Anthelmintic - Unknown 25 Chlorophytu Liliaceae Safed musli Roots Weakness - Unknown 18 tuberosum (Roxb) Baker Chlorophytum Root, Tubers Appetizer - Homogenized with milk. 58, 61 borivilianum Liliaceae Safed musli Fever - Roots are given in fever. Santapau Chloroxylon swietenia Root Dysentery - Roots are given for 58 Flindersiaceae Bhera (DC.) Hiem dysentery Root Asthma - The ash of root is given early 31 Betha, in the morning daily with warm cow Chrozophora prostrate Euphorbiaceae Okharad, milk in asthma. Dalz Unhali Cough and Cold - Decoction of roots is given in cough to children (10 years old) Chrozophora rottleri Euphorbiaceae Unhali Whole plant Vomiting - Unknown 31 (Geis.) Chrysanthemum Asteraceae Sevanthi Flowers Heart diseases - Unknown 60 indicum Chrysogon fulvus Poaceae Kahandol Bark Cough and Cold - Unknown 53 Cicca acida (L.) Euphorbiaceae Rai-awala Fruit Night blindness - Unknown 31 Merr. Leaf Stomachache - During stomachache, 52 Cicer arietium L. Fabaceae Chana young leaf juice is consumed once daily. Cinnamomum veran Lauraceae Dalchini Stem bark Typhoid - Unknown 50 J.S. Presl. Cissampelos pareira L Menispermaceae Tanyal, Leaves, Root Digestive disorder - Juice of leaves is 13, 34, 52 Pahadvel, given internally. Lahan Stomachache - Once-daily root infusion Pahadvel is consumed. Wound healing - Root extract is applied to the wound until the wound is healed. Cissus Vitaceae Harsankar Twig Blood purifier - Unknown 42 quandrangularis L. Citrullus colocynthis Cucurbitaceae Indravan Root, Seeds, Anthelmintic - Unknown 14, 25, 42, (L) Fruit, Leaf Ear pain - Seeds powder is mixed with 58 coconut oil and 1-2 drops used in ear pain Fever - To check fever leaf extract (5-10 ml) is administered for 4-5 days Tonic - Unknown. Citrus aurantifolia Rutaceae Limbu Fruit Vomiting - The decoction of the fruit is 29 (Christem.) SW. used against vomiting. Citrus lemon Rutaceae Lemon Fruit Wound healing - Unknown 25 Citrus sinensis (L.) Fruit Fever - Fruit juice is used in high fever. 29 Osbeck. Rutaceae Mosambi

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Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Leaves, Diarrhoea - Decoction of the leaf is 62 Whole plant given twice a day orally for two days to cure diarrhoea. Cleom gyandria L. Capparidaceae Tilwan Vomiting - About half a cup of plant extract is given orally once in a day for two days to reduce the vomiting. Cleome viscosa L Cleomaceae Pivlitilwan, Seeds, Leaves Anthelmintic - Unknown 15, 25, 27 Bhera, Piwali Carminative - Unknown Tilwan Malaria - About 3-4 drops of leaf extract are dropped in the ear to cure malarial fever. Stimulant - Unknown Clerodendron Leaves Wound healing - Unknown 25 Verbenaceae Khanduchuka infortunatum Clitoria ternatea L. Papilionaceae Gokarna Leaves Anti-Inflammatory - For the treatment 43, of inflammation leaf juice is applied. Body pain - For the treatment of joint pain and inflammation leaf juice is applied. Coccinia grandis (L.) Cucurbitaceae Tondli, Leaf, Fruit Acidity – (a) Leaf extract is taken orally 13, 22, 27, Tongala. to reduce acidity till cure. (b) Fruit juice 50 is also given to cure acidity. Asthma - Unknown Diabetes – (a) Root juice taken four times per day for diabetes. (b) Dried 4-6 g leaf powder taken orally per day for some days to cure diabetes. Coccinia indica Cucurbitaceae Kundru Leaves Heart diseases – Consume fresh leaf 32 Wight & Arn. juice with local wine (1:1 V/V).

Leaves, Root Conjunctivitis - Leaves paste is applied. 33, 61-62 Dysentery – A spoonful of extract of leaves is taken orally thrice a day. Cocculus hirsutus Menispermaceae Vasanvel Hepatitis - About a cup full of decoction Linn of the root is mixed in cow milk and given twice a day for three days to cure hepatitis Codiaeum variegatum Leaves Diarrhoea - Decoction of crushed 31 Euphorbiaceae Croton L Juss leaves for diarrhoea taken Coleus amboiruacus Lamiaceae Panancha owa Seed Acidity - Seeds are eaten 50 Leur Colocasia esculenta L Araceae Alu Leaves, Tuber Haematinic - Consumed as a vegetable 56 Commelina Commelinacae Kena, Mothi Whole plant, Anti-inflammatory - Unknown 15, 65 benghalensis L deni Root Diuretic – Unknown Epilepsy - The powdered roots are mixed with jaggery and small-sized pills are prepared, which are consumed twice daily. Leprosy - Unknown Convolvulus arvensis Leaves Skin disease - External application of 32 Convolvulaceae Kupwel L. leaf paste alone or with some oil. Corchorus depressus Tiliaceae Harankhuri Leaves Sunstroke - Around 4-5 gm rubbed in 35 L. curd and consumed for seven days before a meal at morning sunstroke.

28 Manipal Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | September 2020 | Volume 6 | Issue 2 Beldar V G, et al: Ethno-medicinal Plants used in Maharashtra

Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Corchorus fascicularis Tiliaceae Bahuphalli Whole plant Sexual potency - Paste and powder is 18 Lam. taken Seed Fever - One teaspoon seed powder is 43 Corchorus olitoris L. Tiliaceae Bonpat taken twice a day orally in the treatment of fever Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Bhokar Fruit Cough and Cold - Fruit is used for 18, 20, 51 forst f. cough Gonorrhoea - Unknown. Kidney stone - Ripe fruits boiled in water and decoction is taken for 10-15 days. Cordia wallichii G. Boraginaceae Machkul Flower Fever - Flower juice is taken 58 Don Cordial dichotoma Ehretiaceae Lasora Fruit, Leaves, Anthelmintic - Unknown 25 Bark, Whole Plant Rhizome Leprosy - Paste of rhizome is used. 18, 69, 74 Pewo, Pewda, Stomachache - To cure stomachache Costus speciosus Zingiberaceae Penva, fresh juice is consumed with a three- (Koen.) J. E. Sm. Pushkarmula hour gap in between. Strength promoter - Unknown Coton oblongifolius Euphorbiaceae Ganasur Stem bark Jaundice - Unknown 23 Crataeva adansonii --- Wound healing - Unknown 43 Capparidaceae --- DC. Crinum asiatica L. Amaryllidaceae --- Leaves, Tuber Ear pain - Unknown 32, Wound healing - Unknown Croton Leaf, Stem Asthma - Unknown 31, 75 Euphorbiaceae Putri bonplandianum Baill Croton tiglium L. Euphorbiaceae Jamalgota Seed Gout - Unknown 15 Paralysis - Unknown Curcumis sativus L. Cucurbitaceae Cucumber Seed, Fruits Diuretic - Unknown 20 Cucumis callosus Leaves Cough and Cold - Extract of leaves is 13 Cucurbitaceae --- (Rottl.) Cogn. given to treat cough Root Stomachache - To get relief from 69 Tanman Cucumis melo L. Cucurbitaceae stomachache fresh root is crushed and Ghogari consumed with water. Cucumis sativus L. Cucurbitaceae Kakdi Fruit Acidity - Fruit juice (100 ml) taken 48 twice for a day. Cuminum cyminum Apiaceae Jire Seed Fever - Taking overnight water-soaked 29 L. seeds along with sugar early in the morning is useful against body heat. Curculigo orchiodes Hypoxidaceae Kali-musli Root, Aphrodisiac - Powder of the roots 13, 23, 42, Gaertn Rhizome, taken 54, 56, 58, Tubers Appetizer - Powder of the roots is 60, 62, 64, taken. 66 Diarrhoea - Unknown Fever - Root decoction is given orally in fever. Gynaecological disorder - The powdered tuber is consumed with milk twice daily. Jaundice - After the meal, the root extract is consumed daily for 2-4 weeks. Skin disease - Unknown. Tonic – A spoonful of an extract of the rhizome is given orally thrice in a day for five days as a tonic.

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Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Curcuma arometica Zingiberaceae Ranhalad Rhizome Blood purifier - Unknown 15 (Salish) Curcuma inodora Zingiberaceae Vedi-halad Rhizome Constipation - About 2.5 cm piece of 65-66 Blatt. the rhizome is crushed and soaked in a half glass of water; this water is taken in a single dose. Rizomes Cough and Cold - Unknown. 20, 25, 48 Throat infection - To cure throat infection, rhizome powder is boiled in Curcuma longa L Zingiberaceae Haldi, Halad milk and consumed. Ulcer - Unknown Wound healing - Unknown

Cuscuta chinensis Convolvulaceae Adharwel Stem Increase lactation - The stem extract 30 Lamk. or decoction of this plant given daily to increase lactation. Cyanodon dactylon Poaceae Harari Leaves Astringent - Unknown 60 Leaves Fever and Cold - Leaves and ginger is 50 Cymbopogon citratus Poaceae --- boiled with water and is taken orally to cure cough cold and fever. Cymbopogon martini Poaceae Dubadi, Durva Whole plant Smallpox - Infusion of the plant is 27 (Roxb.) mixed with the bathwater. This water is used for baths to cure early. Cyndon dactylon Poaceae Durva Whole plant Malaria - Unknown 25 Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Lavhala/ Rhizome, Anti-inflammatory - Unknown 15, 29 Nagarmotha Root Body Pain - Unknown Ulcer - The roots juice is used for the treatment of ulcers. Wound healing - Unknown

Dalbergia sisoo Fabaceae Sisam Root, Leaves Anthelmintic - Unknown 21, 36-37, Roxb. Asthma - To treat asthma, the filtrate 58, 61 obtained by crushing the roots and gum in the water is consumed at night. Fever – Leaves’ decoction is given for heat control. Gonorrhoea - Unknown

Datura innoxia Mill Solanaceae Dhotra Seed Dog bite - Mixture of seed powder 48 with root paste is consumed with milk. Datura metal L. Solanaceae Datura Leaves Anti-inflammatory - Leaf used in 13, 15, 20, various inflammation. 22 Asthma – Smoke of leaves and seeds is used in asthma and respiratory disorders. Paralysis - Paste of leaves applied externally. Wound healing - Leaf juice applied in wound ulcers.

Datura stomanium Solanaceae Datura Fruit Ulcer - Unknown 21 Root Jaundice - Root juice in jaundice is 33 Daucus carota L. Apiaceae Gajar given

Delonix elata (L) Caesalpiniaceae Sansada Leaves Body pain - Warmed leaves are tied on 49 Gamble body parts for muscular pain

30 Manipal Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | September 2020 | Volume 6 | Issue 2 Beldar V G, et al: Ethno-medicinal Plants used in Maharashtra

Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Dendrocalamus Poaceae Bambu, Young shoots, Body pain - Young sprouts used as 60, 64, 68, strictus Nees Vahana Culms vegetables. The paste of green culms 72 applied on fingers to check pains in finger joints. Tuberculosis - Unknown Leaf, Root, Asthma - 10 ml of flower juice is given 13, 48, 55 Flower twice or thrice a day for 3-4 days or till relief. falcata Bandgul, Dysentery - To cure dysentery consume (L.f.) Ettina. Pulluruvi fresh leaf juice thrice daily. Eye Diseases - Infusion of the root is applied Derris scandens Fabaceae Garudvel Leaves, Stem Blood purifier - Unknown 15-16 Dichrostachys cinerea Mimosaceae Yellatur, Root, Stem Diuretic - Infusion of roots is used as 15, 27 (L.) Wight et Arn. Segumkati bark a diuretic Dysentery - Infusion of stem bark is drunk for dysentery Eye diseases - Unknown Dillenia pentagyna Dillieniaceae Tembrun --- Jaundice - Unknown 53 Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscoreaceae Kand, Kadu Tubers, Bulbs, Abdominal pains- Unknown 13, 17-18, (L). karanda, Corn, Tubers, Acidity - Tubers are boiled in water & 59 Kadukand bulbs are consumed for reducing acidity Diuretic - Unknown Jaundice - Unknown Ulcer - Unknown Weakness- Unknown Dioscorea hispida --- Wound healing - Unknown 43 Dioscoreaceae --- Dennst. Fruit, Bark, Cough and Cold- Eating ripened fruits 24, 42, 71 Leaf, Flower, daily cures cough Stem bark Diarrhoea – Fruit is eaten Tendu, Diospyros Dysentery - Fruit pulp is mixed with Ebenaceae Unabdev, melanoxylon Roxb milk and is given thrice a day for Tembhurni dysentery. Throat infection - Chewing stem bark thrice daily. Dodonaea Sapindaceae Baad Leaves Body pain - The application of fresh 29 angustifolia L. leaves on the swollen part of the body give relieves from pain. Leaf, Fruit Body pain - Gives relief from muscular 14, 29, 35, pain when the leaves are boiled in water 52 and used for bathing. Dolichandrone falcata Medshingi, Diabetes - To treat diabetes leaf (Wall. Ex DC.) Medh-shingi, powder, is consumed in the morning. Bignoniaceae Seem Medsinhi Leprosy - A cup of leaf extract is menhigi administered for a month or more in the morning for the sufferers of leprosy. Stomachache - During stomachache fruit powder is taken once a day. Drimia indica Roxb. Liliaceae Janglikand Tubers Skin disease - Unknown 54

Manipal Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | September 2020 | Volume 6 | Issue 2 31 Beldar V G, et al: Ethno-medicinal Plants used in Maharashtra

Biological source Family Local names Part used Disease and method of preparation References Whole plant, Fever - To cure fever the extracts of the 14, 39, 47 Root, Seed root are mixed in milk and drunk once daily. Jaundice - To cure jaundice juice of Echinops echinatus L. Asteraceae Udkata root and seed is used. Typhoid - To cure typhoid fever the extracts of the root are mixed in milk and drunk once daily. leaves of Aegle marmelos (Linn) Correa (Bel) are parts of plant Bombax ceiba L. (Katesawar, Sawar) used for the treatment of abdominal pain, asthma, are used for the treatment of anaemia, bleeding bleeding disorder, vomiting, diarrhoea, diabetes, disorder, fever, body pain, dysentery, gynaecological fever, jaundice, migraine, and throat infection. Bark, disorder, skin disease, and ulcer. Different plant leaves, and fruit of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb (Maharaki, parts of Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub (Palas) is Maharukh) is used by the oral route of administration used for the treatment of allergy, anthelmintic, for the treatment of diabetes, dysentery jaundice, bleeding disorder, constipation, diarrhoea, diabetes, and migraine. The species of the genus Allium, dysentery, fever, skin disease, sunstroke, and wound i.e. Allium sataivum L (Lahsun) and Allium cepa L. healing. Calatropics Procera R.Br. (Rui /Madar) whole (Kanda) are used for the treatment of asthma, body plant is used for the treatment of dog bite, dysentery, pain, cough and cold, fever, epilepsy, ear pain, and eye epilepsy, fever, ulcer, migraine and in wound healing. diseases, as well as produce a carminative effect. The Leaves and the seeds of the genus Cassia, i.e. Cassia leaves of Aloe vera (Linn.) Burm and Aloe barbadensis auriculata L (Chamrawali), Cassia fistula L (Bahava), (L) Burm (Korphad) are used for the treatment of Cassia obtusifolia L. (Tarota), Cassia occidentalis L. fever, skin burns/skin diseases, cough and cold, (Kasoda) and Cassia tora L. (Chakunda) are used for stomachache, and inflammation/wound healing. The the treatment of inflammation, asthma, body pain, leaf juice is taken as a blood purifier. The different diabetes, jaundice, ear pain, skin burn, skin disease, plant components of Andrographis paniculata Wall stomachache, migraine, tonsillitis, epilepsy and (Kalmegh) are used for the treatment of diarrhoea, wound healing. The plant parts of Celosia argentea fever, jaundice, malaria, liver problem, cough and L (Kurdu, Kombada) & Celosia cristata L. (Kurdu) are cold, inflammation, and dysentery. The Anogeissus used for the treatment of asthma, constipation, fever, latifolia Bedd (Dhamoda) stem bark is used for the kidney stone, paralysis, stomachache, and bleeding treatment of cough and cold, vomiting, and epilepsy. disorder. Curculigo orchiodes Gaertn (Kali-Musli) Argemone mexicana L (Dhotra/ Bilayat) root, leaves rhizomes are used for the treatment of diarrhoea, gynaecological disorders, jaundice, skin disease. and stem latex are used to treat fever, jaundice, It is also a tasty appetizer and tonic. Dolichandrone malaria, and skin diseases. Asparagus racemosus Wild falcata (Wall. Ex DC.) Seem (Medshingi, Medsinhi) (Shatavari), roots are utilized for the treatment of leaf is used for the treatment of body pain, diabetes, asthma, acidity, fever, weakness, dysentery, epilepsy, leprosy, and stomachache. as well as to improve lactation. Leaves extract of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) is used for the Conclusion treatment of skin disorders, leprosy, digestive Diverse medicinal plants are a wonderful gift disorder, antiseptic, inflammation, dysentery, head offered to the human race by nature. To date, lice, and worm infections. Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) humans rely on nature to treat various diseases (Hinganbet) seeds are used to treat abdominal pains, and disorders. Maharashtrian culture also suggests asthma, eye diseases, and wound healing. Bauhinia that different festivals have social connections to racemose L (Apataa); leaves, flowers, and roots are animals and mother nature. Maharashtra has a used in the treatment of asthma, dysentery, jaundice, long history of the practice of medicinal plants, skin disease, bleeding disorder, and fever. Several both in traditional and tribal culture. Local tribes

32 Manipal Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | September 2020 | Volume 6 | Issue 2 Beldar V G, et al: Ethno-medicinal Plants used in Maharashtra of Maharashtra understand the and Ghats, India. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; they serve as a source of information about the 134(3):851-864. proper use of medicinal plants. A total of 417 plant 6. Magassouba FB, Diallo A, Kouyaté M, Mara species from 101 families traditionally used against F, Mara O, Bangoura O, Camara A, Traoré S, different diseases and disorders are described by Diallo AK, Zaoro M, Lamah K. Ethnobotanical multiple ethnobotanical studies mostly conducted survey and antibacterial activity of some in Maharashtra during the last few years. In this plants used in Guinean traditional medicine. J analysis, we concentrated on data collected for the Ethnopharmacol 2007; 114(1):44-53. most commonly used plants in Maharashtra for 7. Ashidi JS, Houghton PJ, Hylands PJ, Efferth the treatment of different illnesses. This study has T. Ethnobotanical survey and cytotoxicity attempted to be the most thorough analysis to date testing of plants of South-western Nigeria and reveals excellent correlations around the globe used to treat cancer, with isolation of cytotoxic across medicinal plants in different nations. The data constituents from Cajanus cajan Millsp. leaves. J includes several rare or less commonly used plant Ethnopharmacol 2010; 128(2):501-512. species. Ethnobotanical research is one of the most 8. Ekpo BA, Bala DN, Essien EE, Adesanya SA. energetic fields of ethnopharmacology that seeks Ethnobotanical survey of Akwa Ibom state of to protect human wellbeing, as it contains much Nigeria. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 115(3):387- hidden treasure. Ethnobotany refers to one of the 408. most effective drug discovery methods for various 9. Singh SP, Tripathi S, Shukla RS. Ethnomedicinal illnesses. heritage for bioprospecting and drug development in North Eastern states of India. J References Eco & Taxo Bot 2003; 27(2):384-395. 1. Tene V, Malagon O, Finzi PV, Vidari G, Armijos 10. Azaizeh H, Fulder S, Khalil K, Said O. C, Zaragoza T. An ethnobotanical survey of Ethnobotanical knowledge of local Arab medicinal plants used in Loja and Zamora- practitioners in the Middle Eastern region. Chinchipe, Ecuador. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; Fitoterapia 2003; 74(1-2):98-108. 111(1):63-81. 11. Kala CP, Dhyani PP, Sajwan BS. Developing 2. Asiimwe S, Kamatenesi-Mugisha M, the medicinal plants sector in northern India: Namutebi A, Borg-Karlsson AK, Musiimenta challenges and opportunities. J Ethnobio and P. Ethnobotanical study of nutri-medicinal Ethnomed 2006; 2(1):32. plants used for the management of HIV/ 12. Kshirsagar RD, Singh NP. Less-known AIDS opportunistic ailments among the ethnomedicinal uses of plants in Coorg district local communities of western Uganda. J of state, Southern India. Ethnobotany Ethnopharmacol 2013; 150(2):639-648. 2000; 12:12-6. 3. Šavikin K, Zdunić G, Menković N, Živković 13. Shubhangi P, Patil DA. Ethnomedicinal plants in J, Ćujić N, Tereščenko M, Bigović D. Jalgaon district: current status. Curr Bot 2011; Ethnobotanical study on traditional use of 2(4):15-21. medicinal plants in South-Western Serbia, 14. Patil DA, Ahirrao YA. Ethnomedicinal Zlatibor district. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; Knowledge of Plants used by Local People in 146(3):803-810. Buldhana District of Maharashtra (India). J 4. Dey A, De JN. Ethnobotanical survey of Purulia Ecobiotech 2011; 3(3):11-17. district, , India for medicinal 15. Abhang AR, Pathare SA, Rohokale PG. plants used against gastrointestinal disorders. J Traditional uses of medicinal plants by tribal Ethnopharmacol. 2012;143(1):68-80. and rural folk from Mula river valley of Rahuri 5. Ayyanar M, Ignacimuthu S. Ethnobotanical and its adjoining area of Parner and Sangamner survey of medicinal plants commonly used by tahsils of Ahmednagar District (MS). Int J Kani tribals in Tirunelveli hills of Western Pharm Bio Sci 2015; 6:140-148.

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