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Asia Regional Synthesis for the State of the World? REGIONAL SYNTHESIS REPORTS ASIA REGIONAL SYNTHESIS FOR THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ASIA REGIONAL SYNTHESIS FOR THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME, 2019 Required citation: FAO. 2019. Asia Regional Synthesis for The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. Rome. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-132041-9 © FAO, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/ legalcode/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. 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Contents Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................vi About this report ...........................................................................................................................................ix Executive summary .......................................................................................................................................xi I. ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING OF BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Regional context .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Status, trends and drivers of change of biodiversity for food and agriculture ............................. 2 1.2.1 Main drivers of change affecting genetic resources for food and agriculture .................. 2 1.2.2 Status, trends and drivers of change of associated biodiversity, ecosystem services and wild food resources ......................................................................................................... 6 1.2.3 National information systems on associated biodiversity ................................................ 8 1.2.4 Associated biodiversity actively managed for the provision of ecosystem services ...... 9 1.2.5 Wild food species ................................................................................................................. 10 1.3. Needs and priorities ........................................................................................................................ 11 II. SUSTAINABLE USE AND CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE .................................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Sustainable use ................................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.1 Management practices supporting the maintenance and use of biodiversity for food and agriculture ............................................................................................................. 13 2.1.2 Effect of diversity per se on productivity, food security and nutrition, and rural livelihoods ............................................................................................................................. 14 2.1.3 Use of biodiversity for food and agriculture for coping with climate change, invasive alien species and natural or human-made disasters ........................................... 15 2.1.4 Ecosystem, landscape and seascape approaches for the management and use of biodiversity for food and agriculture ................................................................................. 17 2.1.5 Activities promoting the maintenance and use of traditional knowledge of associated biodiversity and wild foods .............................................................................. 19 2.1.6 Needs and priorities ............................................................................................................. 20 2.2. Conservation .................................................................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 In situ conservation .............................................................................................................. 20 2.2.2 Ex situ conservation ............................................................................................................. 25 2.2.3 Needs and priorities ............................................................................................................. 29 2.3 Access and exchange ......................................................................................................................... 29 III. POLICIES, INSTITUTIONS AND CAPACITY .......................................................................... 33 3.1 Policies, programmes, institutions and stakeholders ................................................................... 33 3.1.1 Policies and programmes ..................................................................................................... 33 3.1.2 Interministerial cooperation ............................................................................................... 35 3.2 Capacity and research needs ............................................................................................................ 35 iii IV. REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ....................................................... 37 4.1 Major regional initiatives to conserve and use biodiversity for food and agriculture ............. 37 4.2 Needs and priorities ........................................................................................................................ 38 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................ 39 TABLES Table 1. Percentage of land, water, agricultural and forest areas in Asia located in countries that provided country reports .............................................................................................................. 1 Table 2. Production systems reported in Asia ........................................................................................... 2 Table 3. Associated biodiversity species most frequently reported to be managed for the provision of ecosystem services in Asia ...................................................................................... 9 Table 4. Wild food species reported by three or more countries in Asia .............................................. 10 Table 5. Reported trends in
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