ULRICH BARTOSCH, GÖTZ NEUNECK, ULRIKE WUNDERLE (EDS.) The Russell-Einstein Manifesto – 60 years on

Remember Your Humanity and Forget the Rest! Challenges facing Nuclear Disarmament

With a foreword by Jayantha Dhanapala and contributions by Egon Bahr, Ulrich Bartosch, Susanne Baumann, Reiner Braun, Agnieszka Brugger, Klaus Gottstein, Otto Jäckel, Harold Kroto, Götz Neuneck and Jürgen Scheffran ULRICH BARTOSCH, GÖTZ NEUNECK, ULRIKE WUNDERLE (EDS.)

The Russell-Einstein Manifesto – 60 years on Remember Your Humanity and Forget the Rest! Challenges facing Nuclear Disarmament TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword by Jayantha Dhanapala ...... 9

Science – Society - Responsibility Preface by the Editors ...... 13

Volume 1 The Russell-Einstein Manifesto – 60 years on

ULRICH BARTOSCH Opening address by the VDW Chairman ...... 23

HAROLD KROTO 60 Years Russell-Einstein Manifesto: Video message referring to Joseph Rotblat and his mission ...... 27

KLAUS GOTTSTEIN Looking back on the Pugwash approach ...... 31

ISBN: 978-3-9818132-1-0 JÜRGEN SCHEFFRAN Science and Peace ...... 37 Berlin, June 2016 Translation into English, with a foreword by Jayantha Dhanapala and a new preface by the editors, August 2017 EGON BAHR My experiences with scientists and the new The Russell-Einstein Manifesto – 60 years on. Remember Your Humanity and Forget the Rest. challenges for European safety – opportunities Challenges facing Nuclear Disarmament; Ulrich Bartosch, Götz Neuneck, Ulrike Wunderle (eds.) for arms control and disarmament ...... 45 Vereinigung Deutscher Wissenschaftler e. V., Marienstraße 19/20, 10117 Berlin Tel. (+49) 30 21234056 E-Mail [email protected] Web www.vdw-ev.de Discussion: Current challenges to the abolishment of nuclear weapons Layout: Sandra Hartmann Translation: Renate FitzRoy Print: WIRmachenDRUCK GmbH, Mühlbachstraße 7, 71522 Backnang GÖTZ NEUNECK Photography: Leonard Bartosch, Götz Neuneck, Schattenblick (www.schattenblick.de), Lucas Introduction for the Panel: What are the challenges Wirl (www.flickr.com/fotos/lucaswirl), Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs nuclear disarmament is facing? – an analytical update ...... 53 (www.pugwash.org/1955/07/09/london-launch-of-the-russell-einstein-mainifesto/) Title photo: Egon Bahr and Klaus Gottstein at the conference „60 Jahre Russell-Einstein-Mani- fest“ in Berlin on July 9th 2015 (Part of a larger picture), Leonard Bartosch, 2015. SUSANNE BAUMANN Nuclear disarmament in difficult times ...... 63 The editors would like to thank Lucas Wirl and Leonard Bartosch for permission to use the photographs as well as Renate FitzRoy for her commitment in translating this volume. AGNIESZKA BRUGGER Nuclear disarmament and a world free of nuclear weapons are at the lynchpin of German foreign policy ...... 67

REINER BRAUN Current challenges for the abolition of all nuclear weapons ...... 73

OTTO JÄCKEL Phasing out nuclear energy and nuclear disarmament – contradictions and missed opportunities in German policy-making ...... 77

Authors and editors ...... 79 9

Foreword

JAYANTHA DHANAPALA

The historic London Manifesto – the years since the issuing of the Rus- foundation document of the Pugwash sell-Einstein Manifesto. The Man- Conferences on Science and World ifesto laid the foundations for the Affairs – was issued in London on 9 Pugwash Conferences which have July 1955 by Bertrand Russell at the maintained a high level of activity to height of the Cold War and ten years this day. Joseph Rotblat was one of the after the end of World War II. The sig- eleven scientists behind the Manifes- natories included eleven pre-eminent to and has since been the most impor- intellectuals and scientists, including tant figure in the Pugwash work. Albert Einstein, who signed it just days The Conferences are based on the before his death on 18 April 1955. recognition of the responsibility of This welcome and timely collection scientists for their inventions. They of essays on the Manifesto commem- have underlined the catastrophic orates one of the earliest instances in consequences of the use of the new the nuclear age of scientists and intel- weapons. They have brought togeth- lectuals speaking truth to power. Pug- er scientists and decision-makers to Photo: Götz Neuneck, 2015 (Part of a larger picture) wash as a global movement has con- collaborate across political divides on Jayantha Dhanapala (Archive Foto; Part of a larger picture) sistently practiced this policy since constructive proposals for reducing its inception in 1957. In 1995 it was the nuclear threat. awarded the Nobel Peace Prize joint- The Pugwash Conferences are ly with Joseph Rotblat, as the citation founded in the desire to see all nu- reads – clear arms destroyed and, ultimately, in a vision of other solutions to in- “for their efforts to diminish the part ternational disputes than war. The played by nuclear arms in internati- Pugwash Conference in Hiroshima in onal politics and, in the longer run, to July this year declared that we have eliminate such arms. the opportunity today of approach- It is fifty years this year since the ing those goals. It is the Committee‘s two atomic bombs were dropped on hope that the award of the Nobel Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and forty Peace Prize for 1995 to Rotblat and to 10 JAYANTHA DHANAPALA 11

Pugwash will encourage world lead- and underpin. While a U.S. Nuclear ers to intensify their efforts to rid the Posture Review might well be expect- world of nuclear weapons.” ed there is no policy statement so far on the Trump Administration‘s nucle- In a world with approximately 15,395 ar policies, except for the extravagant nuclear weapons among nine coun- boast that the U.S. should have the tries, where global military expen- greatest arsenal and that the more diture in 2016 was as high as U.S. nuclear weapon states in the world $1,686 billion, the relevance of the there are the better – a wild extension London Manifesto is all too clear. of Kenneth Waltz‘s theory that some Never before has a U.S. President proliferation can help keep interna- caused so much disruption to nor- tional peace. We have therefore no mal policy and threatened strategic reliable guidance on Trump policies. stability with his reckless statements The Chicago-based ‚Bulletin for and actions. A toxic mix of populism, Atomic Scientists‘ made their reac- nationalist bigotry, protectionism in tion abundantly clear by moving the trade and intolerant racist exclusiv- Doomsday Clock to 2 ½ minutes to ism is challenging the post World War Midnight– such is their dire percep- II liberal democratic international tion of the risk of nuclear war under order which the U.S. helped to create Trump.

Jayantha Dhanapala quoted the press release of October 13, 1995 by the Norwegian Nobel Committee. Cf. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1995/press.html 13

Preface by the Editors

ULRICH BARTOSCH, GÖTZ NEUNECK, ULRIKE WUNDERLE

On July 9th 1955, Bertrand Russell held many annual conferences, work- handed over to the press a state- shops and panel discussions to con- ment on nuclear warfare that became tribute to the peaceful settlement of known as the Russell-Einstein Mani- disputes and the abolition of weap- festo:1 It points out the absolute, ir- ons of mass destruction (WMDs).3 The revocable disaster linked to this new German Pugwash group and many type of warfare. The text is based on German experts took part in these, conversations with scientists, includ- providing concrete studies, sugges- ing Albert Einstein, who signed the tions and expertise within the VDW declaration during the last days of his framework that forms the basis of the life. The declaration was signed by ten German Pugwash Group.4 Since its Nobel Prize laureates, most of them foundation in 1959 the VDW (Verein- scientists.2 They not only demand- igung Deutscher Wissenschaftler; ed the abolition of nuclear weapons, Federation of German Scientists) has but of war in general, urging govern- been committed to and advocating ments “to find peaceful means for the responsible science by encouraging settlement of all matters of dispute scientists from different academic between them.“ By publishing the disciplines to critically reflect upon declaration, scientists took a politi- the various social consequences and cal stance. The first sentence already implications that their research may stated their main reason: “In the trag- have on society and to use their ex- ic situation which confronts human- pertise to contribute to a public de- ity, we feel that scientists should as- bate. At an international level, the semble in conference to appraise the Pugwash activities became the foun- perils that have arisen as a result of dation of various arms control trea- the development of weapons of mass ties and steps towards disarmament. destruction, and to discuss a reso- They helped to end the Cold War. In lution in the spirit of the appended 1995, the Pugwash movement and draft.” its founder and moving spirit, Joseph The Pugwash movement has since Rotblat, were jointly awarded the 14 BARTOSCH/NEUNECK/WUNDERLE PREFACE 15

Nobel Peace Prize “for their efforts to VDW and the German Pugwash group the Pugwash method of earlier years. geostrategic journey from the origins diminish the role of nuclear weapons in connection with IPPNW, IALANA, The same mechanisms still exist. They of the concept in the Palme Commis- in international politics and, in the NatWiss – Verantwortung für Frieden are based on scientific insight into the sion, the end of the Cold War right up longer run, to eliminate such weap- und Zukunftsfähigkeit and the Ger- matter that is passed on and discus- to an analysis of the crisis now affec- ons.“5 The number of existing nucle- man-Japanese Peace Forum. sed in mediating talks, thus contribu- ting the relationship between the ar weapons has since dropped sig- In his introductory speech, ting to the resolution of conflicts. In superpowers, including the Ukraine nificantly, but not decisively. Now as Prof. Ulrich Bartosch, then chairman addition, governments receive advi- conflict. Bahr emphasised the role before, extended deterrence remains of the VDW, stressed the ongoing re- sory information and the public can of scientists: “The Russell-Einstein the key element for the justification of sponsibility of scientists that results get involved. It is also a declared aim Manifesto marks a revolution in the keeping horrendous weapons stock- from the creation of the nuclear bomb: to “familiarise independent scientists sense that scientists warn against a piles. “It was the result of scientific curiosi- with the details of the problems at danger and politicians must find an On the occasion of the 2005 and ty and technical know-how (…) They hand so that they can use their exper- answer.” At the time, the danger was 2010 anniversaries of the Russell-Ein- were therefore under obligation to tise effectively.” Prof. Jürgen Scheffran the H-bomb and unrestricted nuclear stein Manifesto, the VDW highlighted unite beyond all political differences looked in detail at individual con- armament. At the height of the Cold the dangers emanating from the halt- to discuss and avert the danger.“ This tributions of scientists in research War, politicians accepted that scien- ing nuclear disarmament process and would involve “new ways of thinking” groups and on conferences (some of tists developed a network named after continuous proliferation of modern and an unconventional approach to which were held in Germany), which its foundation location, the village of military technology. The Nagasaki long-established views. In a short vi- helped to slow down the arms race. Pugwash, and that its members took Declaration of the Pugwash Council deo message, Prof. Harold Kroto, No- Scheffran ended his talk with the fol- personal responsibility for analysing of November 2015 not only stressed bel laureate for Chemistry of 1996, lowing words: “Knowledge without the dangers to our world and exerted the utter devastation caused by the referred to his close relationship with responsibility is as problematic as re- a moderating influence. “Undeniably bombs, but also appealed to world Pugwash founder Jo Rotblat, advoca- sponsibility without knowledge.” Pugwash achieved a lot because the leaders to listen to the hibakusha, the ting the return to humanitarian valu- At the centre of the Berlin conver- group created trust and curtailed ne- over eighty-year-old survivors of the es. “Remember your humanity and sations was the keynote speech by gative developments.” Looking at cur- nuclear inferno of Hiroshima and Na- forget the money“, was his variation the former minister of the Brandt rent developments, Egon Bahr urged gasaki and to work towards the aboli- on the original Manifesto theme. Prof. government, Prof. Egon Bahr. At the today’s scientists to keep an eye on tion of nuclear weapons.6 Klaus Gottstein, who had been a long- suggestion that he could deliver his the dangers of cyberwar. On July 9th 2015, precisely 60 term Pugwash delegate for VDW and speech sitting down, the 93-year-old Egon Bahr’s speech was concise, years after the publication of the Rus- a member of the Max-Planck Socie- responded in his own way. He stood political and full of memories, but sell-Einstein Manifesto in London, an ty, began his historical introduction up, firmly holding his manuscript and above all, it was up-to-date and for- expert discussion was held in Berlin with reference to the first conference delivering his speech with impressive ward-looking. These were the words to document the current situation in 1957 that took place in the small presence and aplomb. He was intro- of somebody who wanted to name regarding nuclear disarmament and Canadian fishing village of Pugwash. duced as the Father of Common Se- and address the most urgent issues to provide a platform to discuss the His long-term experience as an insi- curity by the current Pugwash dele- of today’s world, somebody who saw next steps in the disarmament pro- der allowed him to give insights into gate of the VDW, Prof. Götz Neuneck. the cooling of relations between Rus- cess. The event was organised by the the mechanisms and effectiveness of He took his audience on a fascinating sia and Europe and Germany in par- 16 BARTOSCH/NEUNECK/WUNDERLE PREFACE 17 ticular as a dangerous development. Four, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, died me the current standstill in every res- NATO’s tactical nuclear weapons and There was a sense that he felt it was on March 31st 2016. In the preface pect. This was one of the purposes of made the case for more “vision, cre- his duty to do what was in his power of his last book Meine Sicht der Dinge the meeting that has been documen- ativity and courage”. Reiner Braun, to improve relationships with Rus- (my view of things), Genscher, against ted here. co-spokesman for Cooperation for sia. Very soon after our conference, the background of the breakdown of After the talks, a panel discussi- Peace and co-president of the Inter- Egon Bahr travelled to Moscow to trust between the West and Russia, on and a debate with the audience national Peace Bureau in Geneva, fulfil his mission. Having returned writes: “Is peace in Europe now going highlighted the different approaches criticised that nuclear powers insis- from this journey, the great German to die in a piecemeal fashion? Arms and positions of important German ted on their right to possess nuclear peace-builder died in Berlin on Au- control and disarmament elicit con- stakeholders which we publish in this weapons and keep modernising their gust 19th 2015. This news came as a descension, while the use of language volume. Deputy Commissioner for nuclear arsenals. He asked for a grass- shock to us all, and participants of the is becoming increasingly militarised. Arms Control and Disarmament, Su- roots détente policy and unilateral di- symposium of July 9th will remember We are just at the beginning of a de- sanne Baumann, explained the posi- sarmament. Finally, IALANA chairman him as a committed and demanding velopment that still seems manage- tion of the German government. She Otto Jäckel appealed to the German analyst of current developments. His able. But for how long?“ He explicitly advocated rapid progress in conventi- federal government to take a stance contribution to the Russell-Einstein champions further nuclear disarma- onal disarmament and arms control. regarding the approximately 20 nuc- Manifesto anniversary was his last ment. “(…) I believe it is necessary now She also agreed that a ban on nucle- lear weapons stationed in Germany public speech held in Germany. to return to the disarmament culture ar weapons was needed, but thought and asked Germany to refuse to parti- On January 9th 2009, Egon Bahr that enabled the building of trust this could not be achieved in the near cipate in any use of nuclear weapons. published an opinion column in the between East and West in the late future. Such participation would amount to International Herald Tribune togeth- 1980s.“8 Agnieszka Brugger, Member of the a war crime, and Germany should put er with Helmut Schmidt, Richard von Genscher continues: “In my view, Bundestag, Spokesperson for secu- an end to any form of nuclear partici- Weizsäcker and Hans-Dietrich Gen- talking about Germany’s responsibi- rity and disarmament and chairwo- pation. The following discussion with scher, making the case for a nuclear lity means that we, who renounced man of the Defence Committee and the audience was confrontational free world.7 They were all politicians the use and possession of weapons the sub-committee for disarmament, and showed that the dividing line bet- with contacts to the German Pugwash of mass destruction in the Two-plus- arms control and non-proliferation, ween partisans of the Humanitarian group or at least with an interest in its Four Agreement, must now work in championed the objectives of the Hu- Initiative and an arms control appro- work. Their voices are sadly missing in close consultation our allies to esta- manitarian Initiative who argues that ach has widened. today’s European and global debate. blish an ambitious disarmament plan it is time to ban the use of nuclear we- Since the commemoration on July They said: “Our century‘s keyword is that will fill our common European apons under any circumstances. The 9th 2015 in Berlin the international cooperation. No global problem - be it home with a new spirit. This requires step-by-step security policy appro- situation has been deteriorating sig- the issue of environment and climate new thinking and the ability to reco- ach and the global ban requested by nificantly. The Syrian war seems to be protection, providing for the energy gnise and encourage new develop- a coalition of 150 UN Member States never-ending causing many innocent needs of a growing world population ments.” clearly go in a different direction and casualties. The fighting in Afghanis- or tackling the financial crisis - can be „To think in a new way” is also a ma- are colliding in the short run. Brugger tan and Iraq is as bloody as ever and resolved by confrontation or the use xim of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, demanded that the German govern- the armed conflict in the Eastern Uk- of military force.” The last of the Great which must be acted upon to overco- ment insisted on the withdrawal of raine is not solved. Then Foreign Mi- 18 BARTOSCH/NEUNECK/WUNDERLE PREFACE 19 nister Frank-Walter Steinmeier said tes. The youth of today and tomorrow All contributions in this documentation represent the authors‘ views as of July in June 2015 in Stuttgart: “Peace in a deserve far more.”10 9, 2015, first published in June 2016. In view of the central role Egon Bahr‘s and world which makes its own rules. Pea- How can an effective policy be put Harold Kroto‘s texts played in the discussion at the time, the other authors agreed ce in which conflicts arise over the ne- into practice? Finding the route to a not to update their own texts, thus giving a historic snapshot of the challenges gotiating table and no longer over the world without nuclear weapons re- facing nuclear disarmament 60 years after the Russell-Einstein Manifesto. flashes of machine gun fire. That was quires new thinking, courage and uni- the founding idea of the United Na- ty. After Obama’s Prague speech, Sam tions, and its task is not complete, cer- Nunn said that the top of the moun- Eichstätt, Hamburg and Berlin, July 30th 2017 tainly not in a world which seems to tain, a nuclear-free world, was now Ulrich Bartosch, Götz Neuneck, Ulrike Wunderle have come loose from its moorings.”9 in sight. One would like to add that The current volume cannot handle all there are several routes to the top and the future challenges, but it is in the detours, pauses and even failures are 1 See the original text at: https://pugwash.org/1955/07/09/statement-manifesto/ spirit of the Pugwash movement to possible. In any case, a lot of strength 2See: Sandra Ionno Butcher: The Origins of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto by Sandra Ionno redouble the efforts to contribute to is required, and the seriousness of Butcher: Pugwash History Series #1, May 2005 https://pugwashconferences.files.wordpress. arms control and disarmament, cri- the danger must first be realised so com/2014/02/2005_history_origins_of_manifesto3.pdf sis management and war prevention as not to avoid the necessary efforts. 3See the Pugwash Homepage: www.pugwash.org especially where nuclear weapons are This is the legacy Egon Bahr leaves us 4See: Götz Neuneck: Die Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. Ein Beispiel für er- involved. in his last public speech in Germany. folgreiche “Track-II-Diplomacy“ der Naturwissenschaftler im Kalten Krieg, in: Christian Forstner, Obviously, the task ahead has not The urgency of the situation was also Dieter Hoffmann (Hrsg.): Physik im Kalten Krieg. Beiträge zur Physikgeschichte während des Ost- become easier during the last ye- the motive for the authors of the Rus- West-Konflikt, Springer Spektrum, Wiesbaden 2013, p. 243-263. ars. Newly elect US President Trump sell-Einstein Manifesto. The mani- 5http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1995/ seems not committed to invest in festo ends with the following perspi- 6See: https://pugwash.org/2015/11/05/2015-nagasaki-declaration/ any kind of coherent future crisis di- cuous words: 7See the article which appeared in print on January 9, 2009, in The International Herald Tribune plomacy casting doubts on key arms “There lies before us, if we choo- http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/09/opinion/09iht-edschmidt.1.19226604.html control accords such as the N-START se, continual progress in happiness, 8Hans Dietrich Genscher: Meine Sicht der Dinge, Berlin 2015, p. 10 (translation of the passages treaty or the JCPOA agreement of knowledge, and wisdom. Shall we, in- by Renate FitzRoy). the EU3+3 with Iran. Moral maxims stead, choose death, because we can- 9Speech by Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier entitled “The World has come loose from such as those extolled in a letter by not forget our quarrels? We appeal, its Moorings”, on the occasion of the Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag, Stuttgart; http://www. Pope Francis in December 2014, can as human beings, to human beings: auswaertiges-amt.de/EN/Infoservice/Presse/Reden/2015/150606_Kirchentag.html be generally agreed upon. The pope Remember your humanity, and forget 10Message of his Holiness Pope Francis on the occasion of the Vienna Conference on the Hu- emphasised that “nuclear deterrence the rest. If you can do so, the way lies manitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons (7. Dezember 2014), see: https://w2.vatican.va/content/ and the threat of mutually assured open to a new Paradise; if you cannot, francesco/en/messages/pont-messages/2014/documents/papa-francesco_20141207_mes- destruction cannot be the basis for there lies before you the risk of univer- saggio-conferenza-vienna-nucleare.html an ethics of fraternity and peaceful sal death.” coexistence among peoples and sta- Russell-Einstein Manifesto – 60 years on

Photo: Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, 1955 Press conference in London on July 9th 1955: Bertrand Russell (right) reads out the Russell-Einstein Manifesto 23

Opening address by the VDW Chairman

ULRICH BARTOSCH

“We appeal, as human beings to circumstances. Is it worth it now that human beings: Remember your the final threat seems to be unfound- humanity, and forget the rest” ed “if you cannot, there lies before you the risk of universal death”? I feel privileged and honoured to wel- It is apparently well worth it – come you all to this event commem- otherwise none of you would have orating the 60th anniversary of the accepted the invitation for today’s publication of the Russell-Einstein conference. Good evening, ladies and Manifesto, and I am the first person gentlemen. On behalf of the cooper- to quote a core sentence of the man- ating organisations NatWiss, IALANA, ifesto that will possibly be repeated IPPNW, the German-Japanese peace in the various contributions many forum, the German Pugwash section times over: “We appeal, as human and VDW, I would like to extend a beings to human beings: Remember warm welcome to all of you. I dare say your humanity, and forget the rest” a revisit is even more urgent, or we This sentence from the manifesto would not have such illustrious com- Photo: Leonard Bartosch, 2015 (Part of larger picture ) contains the pinnacle of human wis- pany in our discussions tonight. It is Prof. Dr. Ulrich Bartosch (VDW Chairman 2009–2015, centre) in conversation with dom in a nutshell, but can it be more a particular honour to us to welcome Prof. Dr. Klaus Gottstein (left) and Prof. Dr. Hartmut Graßl (right) than just a pipe dream? The message the erstwhile Brandt cabinet minis- has been expounded in many guises ter Professor Egon Bahr and Profes- through religion, the arts and philoso- sor Klaus Gottstein in our midst. I am phy throughout the history of human sure all other participants will under- culture. However, it often met with stand that I welcome you both before condescension and ridicule. Unper- all others. Dear Egon Bahr, we are turbed, the manifesto even promises: delighted to see you here, and many “If you can do so, the way lies open to thanks to you, dear Klaus Gottstein, a new Paradise“. Is it worth then, to re- for coming all the way to Berlin. In visit the pipe dream, considering that my view, your presence at our meet- the document, written in 1955, was ing underlines that we are dealing conceived under completely different with a serious issue. In this context, 24 ULRICH BARTOSCH OPENING ADDRESS 25

Gottstein sometimes quotes Joseph to unite beyond all political differenc- the danger is to themselves and their Commissioner for Disarmament and Rotblat saying that time has become es to discuss and avert the danger. children and their grandchildren, and Arms Control at the German Feder- very precious because he had very What might have seemed an ideal- not only to a dimly apprehended hu- al Foreign Office, Agnieszka Brugger, little left. It was therefore important istic political concept of overcoming manity”, warns the manifesto. The member of the German Bundestag, to use it for the things that needed war was the only realistic option left dangers are as real as ever and the Reiner Braun, co-chairman of the In- to get done. Is commemorating the in realpolitik. situation has become more complex. ternational Peace Bureau and Otto Russell-Einstein Manifesto one such The realistic idealism of the signa- Sixty years after their predecessors, Jäckel, chairman of IALANA. Many thing? tories was shared by other scientists. Nobel laureates launched another thanks to you all for your involvement The manifesto demanded noth- A few days later in Germany, on July Mainau declaration at their 2015 and collaboration. ing less than a new way of thinking. 15th 1955, the Mainau declaration meeting, this time to bring home to Ladies and gentlemen, we will first It gave mankind just one dramatic was published out of the same con- the public that climate change is a show a video message by Professor choice – either war would be abol- cern. One of its main proponents was danger that rivals nuclear apocalypse. Harold Kroto, Nobel laureate of 1996. ished or humankind would face ex- co-founder of the VDW, Carl Friedrich Both require new ways of thinking A close ally and friend of Joseph Rot- tinction. Being able to change the von Weizsäcker. He was also involved and concerted action. The security blat for many years, he will look at the world through thinking was a key hy- in the wording of the 1957 Göttingen aspect of climate change is a special world from Rotblat’s perspective. Be- pothesis shared by Russell, Einstein, declaration and took later part in two focus of Prof. Jürgen Scheffran’s work. fore passing on the baton to NatWiss Rotblat and eight other signatories of Pugwash conferences that took up A warm welcome to you, Jürgen. We chairman Nina Knöchelmann, who the manifesto. Can we really change work as a direct result of the manifes- will also discuss the abolition of nu- will facilitate tonight’s discussions, I the world through our thinking? Such to. We will soon learn more about it. clear weapons. Our competent panel would like to thank the team that pre- idealism may seem preposterous and These are important and interest- will be chaired by Prof. Götz Neuneck, pared tonight’s event – in particular naive, disconnected from reality. His- ing milestones, but what makes them whom I would like to thank for the Lucas Wirl, Pascal Luig and Dr. Ulrike tory seems to teach us a different les- relevant today is that the demands of preparation of our meeting. The other Wunderle. son. the manifesto have lost none of their members of the panel will be intro- I wish us all helpful thoughts and And yet the signatories had learned urgency. There has not been a single duced later. I welcome Ambassador good discussions – thank you all again from their experience that scientific hour when human beings could have Susanne Baumann, Deputy Federal for coming. thinking had changed the world pro- believed that the danger had been foundly. The military application of dealt with. Although we have been ex- nuclear research enabled humans to periencing peaceful changes – where destroy their own race. It was the re- else but in Berlin can you be more sult of scientific curiosity and techni- aware of it – but the possibility of war cal know-how. The punchline is that is still with us. It may have come as a not only did self-destruction arise as surprise to many that war has become a possibility, it even seemed the most established as a political instrument likely outcome, and it was the scien- in Europe again. Are we aware of the tists who were aware of the danger. dangers associated with it? “People They were therefore under obligation scarcely realize in imagination that 27

60 Years Russell-Einstein Manifesto: Video message referring to Joseph Rotblat and his mission*

HAROLD KROTO

It is a great honour to be asked to with that power responsibility is very open this conference. Probably as important – they have to now direct good as any reason is that in the last their efforts to change the attitudes few years of his life I became a close of the people who would have the big friend of Jo Rotblat, who I consider business. one of the two or three great men that I am reminded of one of the great I have got to know well, but only in the lines of Jo, which is „Remember your last few years of his life when I inter- humanity and forget the rest“. I just viewed him. I have interviewed to a love that statement, that comment, lot of people, but I think these are the and I use it very often. Because we most important interviews that I have see that industry now making money ever done. seems to be more important in con- I often use part of his Nobel Lecture trolling the way that countries and when I talk to young people about re- people behave. It is a big problem be- Photo: Leonard Bartosch, 2015 (Part of larger picture ) sponsibility. I have often gone to Lin- cause I think many of them, not only Prof. Dr. Harold Kroto’s message is shown at the conference. dau, where some of the people who have they forgotten their humanity, I are really movers and shakers of the am not sure they ever had any. world meet, who will get to the posi- This conference should start to tions of major responsibility. think very carefully about whom they I think things have changed since should direct their attention to. My Jo and Pugwash tried to change the view is that it is the leaders of indus- world. I think what has happened is try. that governments are no longer in And one sees that when, for in- control. Big business is now in control. stance, just recently a humanitarian Young people who are in positions comment was made by a minister of of power, they are responsible – and a particular country, a humanitari-

*Video message to the conference on July 9th 2015 with the support of IALANA, presented to the public on YouTube.de with an introduction by Reiner Braun, managing director of IALANA, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vWXyRBdRZA 28 HAROLD KROTO an comment with regard to another This is an indication of the prob- country that is very low down on the lems of the future. My motto for this list of human rights. The country in conference and for people with re- question broke off relations. And who sponsibility for saving the world is – was to complain about this? It was we should take it from Joseph Rotblat: the business community within the „Remember your humanity and for- country of that minister that com- get the money.“ plained that they are going to lose their money that they were going to make. 31

Looking back on the Pugwash approach*

KLAUS GOTTSTEIN

Many thanks to Götz Neuneck and the signatories of the Declaration of the VDW board for inviting me to look the Göttingen Eighteen, drafted by back and talk about the Pugwash ap- Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and proach in the context of commemo- published in April 1957, condemning rating the Russell-Einstein Manifesto. deliberations by Adenauer and Strauß The VDW is particularly well-placed to equip the Bundeswehr with nucle- to commemorate the Russell-Einstein ar weapons. Manifesto that was drafted by Ber- Although these warnings against trand Russell and then made public the devastating consequences of a at a press conference in London this nuclear war have many similarities, day 60 years ago. The manifesto was there is a major difference between seminal to the Pugwash conferences, the Russell-Einstein Manifesto on in which the VDW since its foundation the one hand and the Mainau Decla- acted as the German Pugwash dele- ration and many other later calls for gation. In the early years, it represent- maintaining peace in the atomic age ed West Germany only. and for nuclear disarmament, on the Photo: Leonard Bartosch, 2015 (Part of larger picture ) The Russell-Einstein Manifesto other hand. Russell was not satisfied Prof. Dr. Klaus Gottstein (right) during the panel discussion with Prof. Dr. Egon Bahr warned against the lethal threats with appealing to decision makers to to humankind from the nuclear we- behave rationally, but he also appe- apons of the superpowers, in parti- aled to experts in the relevant scien- cular after the invention and testing ces to come together and work out of the H-bomb. Six days later, on July new ways to overcome obstacles that 1955, 18 Nobel laureates from all stood in the way of abolishing nuclear over the world responded to an ini- weapons and maintaining peace. He tiative by Otto Hahn and launched took concrete steps to organise such a the Mainau Declaration, which also meeting of scientists and looked into warned of the dangers of nuclear ar- funding sources and a suitable venue. mament. Otto Hahn was also one of In the end, Russell decided to accept

*Speech given on July 9th 2015 32 KLAUS GOTTSTEIN LOOKING BACK ON THE PUGWASH APPROCH 33 an offer by industrialist Cyrus Eaton, rallel and plenary sessions topics like working groups came up with thoro- both sides. The Pugwashites were in- who was prepared to finance the hazards arising from the use of ato- ughly researched results that were tent on understanding fully their own meeting as long as it was held in his mic energy in peace and war, control then passed on to international deci- government‘s position. They could birthplace, Pugwash in Canada. And of nuclear weapons and the social re- sion makers and the public to make then explore how this position could this is where the first Pugwash Con- sponsibility of scientists, which are as them aware of the enormous dest- be made palatable to the other side ference on Science and World Affairs relevant today as they were then. The ructive potential of nuclear warfare or what alternatives or compromises took place in July 1957. results of the consultations were then and of the risk of inadvertently or er- would be possible. The declaration by the Göttingen published in a comprehensive decla- roneously triggered nuclear attacks. Both sides informed their gover- Eighteen also went further than a call ration.1 Such attacks could be launched in the nments about how the meeting had for politicians to take action or refrain It was decided in the end that this erroneous belief that a hostile attack gone and what results had been from action, as so often happens in type of conferences should be conti- was already on its way. Research also achieved. The governments were then political life. What made the decla- nued. When the VDW was founded it included an accurate assessment of free to test officially the practicability ration of eighteen leading German was clear that their aims were largely the limited effectiveness of measures of the suggestions without mentio- nuclear researchers stand out was congruent with those of the Pugwash planned by governments to protect ning the Pugwash source. the concrete commitment they made conference and its successors. Over and help the population in case of a When I was the spokesman of the by stating that “none of the signato- the years, groups of Pugwash parti- nuclear disaster. German Pugwash group, I met, at the ries would be prepared to take part in cipants formed in several countries There was another important con- German Ministry of Defence, with Ge- the production, testing or use of nuc- and there was a consensus that VDW tribution the Pugwash conferences neral Altenburg, then Inspector Ge- lear weapons in any form whatsoe- would take over this function for Wes- made to consolidating the precarious neral of the Bundeswehr, to discuss ver.” This made quite an impact! The tern Germany, although not all VDW peace during the Cold War with its the German position on questions declaration had another concrete members became ‘Pugwashites’. recurrent crises – the use of existing of disarmament in order to enable outcome – the foundation of the Fe- The second Pugwash Conferen- good relationships that the Acade- me to start from established facts at deration of German Scientists VDW ce took place in the Canadian winter mies of Science and national scien- a Pugwash conference to be held in by other scientists – mainly physicists resort Lac Beauport in spring 1958. tific societies enjoyed, even at times Poland. Several talks were held with – who had not been invited to sign the Weizsäcker took part. The conference when official contacts between go- officials in the Foreign Office, and in Göttingen declaration, but supported lasted for 12 days and discussed The vernments had broken down. Un- one instance, one of them took part in it and wanted to work towards an end dangers of the present situation, The noticed by the public, scientists were a Pugwash workshop in Geneva. to the nuclear arms race and the dan- means of eliminating the immediate able to exert a kind of second-track Some federal governments appre- gers it entailed for humankind. Some dangers and The means of relaxing diplomacy by meeting with their col- ciated what Pugwash had to offer. signatories of the Göttingen decla- tension. The papers, along with the leagues from the other side of the Iron Thus, Foreign Minister and Vice Chan- ration, in particular Carl Friedrich v. proceedings, filled four volumes with Curtain and airing the options for a cellor Willy Brandt invited three emi- Weizsäcker and Werner Heisenberg, nearly one thousand pages. continuation of official inter-govern- nent VDW members (Konrad Raiser, could be persuaded by its founders to In the following years, the Pug- mental negotiations that had ground Eberhard Menzel and Hellmut Glu- collaborate in the VDW. wash approach to conferences began to a halt or broken down, and by brecht) to exchange views on the re- The Pugwash conference of 1957 to prevail in the VDW. It meant that trying to find out what steps towards sults of the great Ronneby Pugwash had been a success, discussing in pa- existing expertise was harnessed or solutions would be acceptable for conference in 1967. He asked Pug- 34 KLAUS GOTTSTEIN LOOKING BACK ON THE PUGWASH APPROCH 35 wash delegates to convey a more ac- arms control and trust-building. The- were complemented by issues such (1) Advise governments by presen- curate interpretation of the German se include the Partial Test Ban Treaty as chemical and biological weapons, ting them options on how to resolve position on the draft to the Treaty on of 1963 that outlawed all nuclear conventional armament and the crises peacefully and find viable so- the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear We- tests in the atmosphere, under water arms trade, as well as general issues lutions to arms control and disarma- apons to their Eastern counterparts. and in space, as well as the Nuclear of maintaining peace and global se- ment. In October 1967, Horst Afheldt tal- Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968, the curity, including regional and ethnic (2) Familiarise independent scien- ked about the results of the Ronneby Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) of conflict resolution. All these topics tists with the details of the problems conference to the commanders of 1972, the Biological Weapons Con- enriched the agenda of Pugwash con- at hand so that they can use their ex- the Military Academy of the German vention of 1972, SALT (Strategic Arms ferences, symposia and workshops. pertise effectively. Armed Forces and the Army Officers Limitation Talks) and the CSCE (Con- They also included sustainable de- (3) Alert the public about immi- College as well as other leading of- ference on Security and Cooperation velopment in the Third World, po- nent threats so that they can develop ficers at a meeting at Haus Rissen. In in Europe). The VDW enabled Ger- pulation growth and migration, the an understanding for solutions that August 1977, a great Pugwash confe- man scientists to take part in these destruction of the environment and might at first sight be unpopular, but rence was held in Munich and opened important developments through the waste of energy. These global pro- are necessary. The public may then by the Federal Minister for Research their Pugwash connections. This, in blems have the potential to threaten be able to support politicians who are and Technology Hans Matthöfer. His turn, had the effect that the annual the security of today’s population as prepared to implement such measu- Ministry enabled the VDW to fund the conferences and working sessions of well as future generations and were res. conference, while Federal President the VDW often dealt with topics si- therefore included in the VDW’s agen- The current dangerous conflicts in Walter Scheel, Chancellor Helmut milar to those discussed at Pugwash da soon after its foundation. the world provide plenty of scope for Schmidt and UN General Secretary conferences and workshops so that According to Rotblat, the objectives applying the Pugwash approach. May Kurt Waldheim sent addresses to the these were made accessible to more of the “Pugwash movement”, as The it continue to be successful. delegates. In 1989, President Richard German scientists. But also the rever- Pugwash Conferences are often cal- von Weizsäcker awarded Professor se occurred: Sometimes insights from led, can be summarised under three Joseph Rotblat the Knight Comman- VDW meetings reached the interna- aspects: der’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the tional Pugwash circuit through VDW Federal Republic of Germany to mark delegates. 1 These details and some of the following ones on the first four Pugwash Conferences can be his 80th birthday and in recognition Over time, the scope of Pugwash found in J. Rotblat, Scientists in the Quest for Peace, The MIT Press, Cambridge 1972. of his achievements for détente and conferences became larger. They no arms control. longer were completely restricted to It is fair to say that since their on- what was the main concern at the set in 1957, the Pugwash conferences time of the Russell-Einstein Manifes- with their special approach played an to, nuclear armament, disarmament, important part in crisis management stability measures in crisis situations and detente during the Cold War and and non-proliferation of nuclear we- have contributed towards the nego- apons. These remained at the he- tiation of important agreements on art of the Pugwash movement, but 37

Science and Peace*

JÜRGEN SCHEFFRAN

The end of the Second World War under restrictions after the war, in the marks a watershed in the German hope that nuclear fission could now history of science and for many scien- be used for peaceful purposes. tists also a personal watershed. A lar- The 1950s saw the Cold War un- ge number of scientists and enginee- folding, and the nuclear arms race rs played a key role in the war efforts threatened peace and life on Earth. under the Nazi regime and some have A number of eminent scientists be- become guilty of war crimes. German gan to unite against the increasing engineers who had been involved in danger of a new war. These included the V2 missile programme went on to Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein, help the USA and the USSR to develop whose manifesto was published on their missile systems and attained July 9th 1955 and warned in resolute questionable reputation, whereas the terms against a nuclear disaster, call- situation of physicists involved in the ing for sustainable ways to avert it. German nuclear weapons program- The co-signatories, one of whom was me took a completely different di- Joseph Rotblat, who had left the Man- Photo: Lucas Wirl, 2015 (Part of larger picture ) rection. In comparison to their rivals hattan Project in 1944, established Prof. Dr. Jürgen Scheffran during his talk on science and peace working on the US Manhattan Pro- the international Pugwash move- ject, they had failed, either delibera- ment in 1957. Pugwash used con- tely, as Werner Heisenberg later sug- tacts between scientists to mediate in gested, or due to faulty calculations the East-West conflict. and a lack of equipment. Their deten- In Germany, too, scientists became tion in Farm Hall at the end of the war increasingly aware of their social re- did not bring the full truth to light, but sponsibility and went public. Only a highlighted the inner conflicts and few days after the Russell-Einstein worries of some nuclear researchers. Manifesto, several Nobel laureates, They were able to continue their work including Otto Hahn as one of the

*Talk given at the meeting of July 9th 2015, based on an article by the author in the journal Wissenschaft und Frieden (2005/4), which has been modified and updated 38 JÜRGEN SCHEFFRAN SCIENCE AND PEACE 39 initiators, published the Mainau to stop nuclear tests – the chemist furt (PRIF) and the Institute for Peace of their curriculum. There were meet- declaration that warned against the and co-signatory of the Russell-Ein- Research and Security Policy at the ings and exchanges between student misuse of nuclear energy and took stein Manifesto, Linus Pauling. He University of Hamburg (IFSH). Sci- peace activist groups all over Ger- a stand against nuclear armament. drew up a petition that made the entific aspects were also part of the many, complemented by the Forum When the German Chancellor Konrad public aware of the health implica- peace research debate, particularly Naturwissenschaftler für Frieden und Adenauer and his Defence Minister, tions of radioactive fallout. The cam- at the Max Planck Institute found- Abrüstung (forum of scientists for Franz-Josef Strauß considered equip- paign proved successful and led to the ed by von Weizsäcker in Starnberg peace and disarmament) which was ping the Bundeswehr with nuclear ban of all nuclear tests in the atmos- (Max-Planck-Institut zur Erforschung founded in Münster weapons, the scientific elite protest- phere, under water and in space in der Lebensbedingungen der wis- Science-focused activities culmi- ed. On April 12th 1957, the Göttingen 1963. Underground testing, however, senschaftlich-technischen Welt). In nated in the Mainz conference enti- declaration, initiated by Carl Friedrich was not covered by the ban. Pauling 1971, it published the study Kriegs- tled “Verantwortung für den Frieden” von Weizsäcker, was published, giving was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize folgen und Kriegsverhütung (con- (Responsibility for Peace) on July 2nd voice to 18 nuclear researchers who in 1962 for his contribution, having sequences and prevention of war), and 3rd 1983 and the declaration opposed German nuclear weapons. already received the Nobel Prize for which set scientific standards for the of the Mainzer 23, which had a wide The government tried to discredit the Chemistry in 1954. assessment of the effects of nuclear media echo. More than 3,000 partic- scientists as out of touch, but the dec- The 1960s also saw the establish- war. ipants came together in Mainz to dis- laration found a resounding echo in ment of peace research institutions, At the beginning of the 1980s, cuss a wide range of topics, including the press and was well received by the such as the Peace Research Institute when the debate over nuclear weap- Pershing-2, SS-20 and cruise missiles, peace movement. The initiative of the Oslo (PRIO) or the Stockholm Inter- ons and Euromissiles preoccupied their accuracy, the possibility of a first Göttingen 18 led to the foundation national Peace Research Institute Europeans, scientific and technical strike, nuclear tests, the consequences of Vereinigung Deutscher Wissen- (SIPRI). In Germany, peace research aspects became crucial. Eventually, of nuclear war, chemical and biologi- schaftler (Federation of German sci- became important within the wid- mid-range missiles were installed in cal weapons, militarisation of space, entists, VDW), the German branch of er context of the student rebellion 1983, the same year when US Pres- military research, the ambivalence of the international Pugwash organisa- and as a result of the social-liberal ident Reagan held his “Star Wars” science and dual use of technology, tion. The VDW has been awarding its coalition government. The Arbeits- speech, which, in turn, launched the arms control and disarmament. Whistleblower Prize for many years to gemeinschaft für Friedens- und Konf- Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI), a In this environment, scientists con- scientists who flag up dangerous de- liktforschung (German Association for space-based anti-missile system. tributed important arguments to the velopments and are prepared to take Peace and Conflict Studies, AFK) was As a result of the peace movement, peace debate. A key aspect was the personal risks in doing so. founded in 1968 as a coordination the Krefeld Appeal and widespread clarification and communication of In the 1950s and 60s, the interna- centre for peace research, while the large demonstrations, students and complex matters in weapons tech- tional scientific community and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Friedens- academics became more interested nology through seminars such as peace movement focused on nucle- und Konfliktforschung (DGFK), found- in the interaction between science, Physik und Rüstung (Physics and Ar- ar tests. The fallout from these tests ed in 1970, ensured that state fund- war and peace, among them many mament), a brochure on SDI that was caused radioactive contamination of ing was available for peace research. natural scientists. Many universities widely distributed, a series of wall the environment. One scientist in par- Further institutions emerged, such as held seminars and multi-disciplinary newspapers or the magazine Wissen- ticular took the lead in the campaign the Peace Research Institute Frank- lectures– making war and peace part schaft und Frieden, giving great at- 40 JÜRGEN SCHEFFRAN SCIENCE AND PEACE 41 tention to scientific aspects of peace. peace research in Germany became und Sicherheit (Interdisciplinary Re- The 1990s began with a sense of eu- The Mainzer 23 declaration and the increasingly professionalised. Young search Group Science, Technology phoria about the possibility of a peace Münster Forum gave rise to the scien- natural scientists who became in- and Security - IANUS) at the Technical dividend, but along came new chal- tists initiative Verantwortung für den volved in the peace movement as University Darmstadt, the Center for lenges for peace. In the disorder after Frieden (“responsibility for peace” – students later made their own con- Science and International Security the Cold War several regions plunged changed now to “for peace and sus- tributions to peace research. As de- (CENSIS) at the University of Ham- into chaos and conflict, including the tainability”), the organisation known velopments in physics were driving burg, the Schleswig-Holsteinisches Iraq wars and the breakup of Yugos- as NatWiss. They organised many the arms race, it made perfect sense Institut für Friedenswissenschaften lavia, the terror attacks of September conferences, promoting the commit- to look at alternatives and solutions (SCHIFF) in Kiel and the Bochum Ver- 11th and today’s crises in the Arab ment for peace in science, the public from an expert’s perspective. A role ification Project. They founded the world and Ukraine. At the same time, domain and politics. At the Göttingen model was found in the community of Forschungsverbund Naturwissen- there have been advancements in the congress against the militarisation of critical scientists in the USA, some of schaft, Abrüstung und internationale technology of warfare and automated space in July 1984, a draft treaty to whom had been involved in building Sicherheit (Research Association for warfighting, in nuclear weapons and restrain the military use of space was the bomb in the Manhattan Project, Science, Disarmament and Interna- missiles proliferation, and the milita- presented which was also discussed and later put their expertise to good tional Security - FONAS). The FONAS risation of outer space. In addition to in the German Bundestag. The debate use in arms control. These associa- expert discussions provided a suita- the classical topics in peace research, about the SDI programme led to an tions include the Union of Concerned ble platform for passing on scientific the possible impacts of environmen- increasing internationalisation of the Scientists, the Federation of Ameri- expertise to political decision-makers, tal and climate change became sub- movement, in particular at the Ham- can Scientists and the Bulletin of the and the Physics and Disarmament jects of research on peace and inter- burg congress in 1986, where over Atomic Scientists with its Doomsday Working Group was established with- national security. After the Rio Earth 4,000 participants came together to Clock. They played a decisive part in in the Deutsche Physikalische Ge- Summit, sustainable development critically focus on the arms race and the criticism of the SDI plans and the sellschaft. New funding opportunities and sustainable peace turned into to develop ways out of it. A transat- development of a space-based missile came with the German Foundation major fields of research. lantic satellite link demonstrated defense system that was at the top of for Peace Research (DSF), which was These were the topics on the minds how international the movement had the agenda in the 1980s. established on FONAS’s suggestion. of the founders of the International become. Conducive for arms control re- One of its greatest achievements was Network of Engineers and Scientists Things were looking hopeful then search in Germany was the grant by a chair funded by the DSF at the Carl for Global Responsibility (INES), which because of the changes in the Soviet the Volkswagen Foundation since Friedrich von Weizsäcker-Zentrum demonstrated the newly-found uni- Union, brought about by Mikhail Gor- 1984 that helped to involve young für Naturwissenschaft und Friedens- fication of the scientific community bachev’s politics of Glasnost and Pe- scientists in peace research. Some forschung (ZNF) at the University at their Berlin conference in 1991. restroika as well as the improvement could thus write their doctoral thesis of Hamburg. The integration of re- In a similar vein, the International of relationships between the super- on peace-related topics in sciences search and teaching made it possible Network of Engineers and Scientists powers that led to some first success- and mathematics. From 1988, entire to attract young scientists to peace Against Proliferation (INESAP) was es in disarmament, the fall of the Ber- research groups were funded, giving research and to offer peace-oriented founded in 1993. At the NPT confer- lin Wall and the end of the Cold War. rise to the Interdisziplinäre Arbeits- Master degrees at the Universities of ence in New York in 1995, they pub- This was the time when scientific gruppe Naturwissenschaft, Technik Marburg and Hamburg. lished a preliminary report entitled 42 JÜRGEN SCHEFFRAN 43

„Beyond the NPT - A Nuclear-Weap- transforms the entire society into a on-Free World“, the result of collab- potential warzone, where citizens are oration among 50 scientists from 20 spied upon like potential combatants countries, including Joseph Rotblat, and any action to prevent it is seen as who received the Nobel Peace Prize in a hostile act. The penetration of all the same year together with the Pug- spaces as possible conflict zones re- wash movement. sults in all research being relevant to After the presidency of George W. warfare. Bush, the demand for the abolition To deal with the ever growing com- of nuclear weapons became more ur- plexity of ambivalent civil-military gent, in the world of science as in poli- interconnections, new scientific con- tics. The call for disarmament clashed cepts are required at the intersection increasingly with the rapid dynamics between science and peace. Such of technology that leads to ever-new concepts include preventive arms weapons. The Revolution of Military control, a civil clause for academic Affairs has expanded to all areas of institutions (research for peaceful warfare. Since it has become easier to purposes only), and a participative wage a war, the threshold for starting approach to technology design. The a war has been lowered. The arms dy- aim is to curtail dangerous develop- namics and network-centric warfare ments in technology, influence con- penetrate ever further, extending into flicts on technology and lead to more space with satellites, anti-satellite transparency and trust in the scienc- weapons and missile defence sys- es. A primary concern is the inextrica- tems, automated drones and robots ble link between scientific expertise embedded into our daily lives, while and responsibility for the societal micro-, nano- and biotechnology con- consequences and securing peace in quer the smallest spaces. Computers, the tradition of Einstein, Rotblat and the Internet and mobile communica- Pauling. Knowledge without respon- tion systems occupy virtual spaces in sibility is as problematic as responsi- human communication. Cyberspace bility without knowledge. 45

My experiences with scientists and the new challenges for European security – opportunities for arms control and disarmament*

EGON BAHR

In preparation for the first interna- safe from each other could only be tional conference on behalf of the achieved by working together. I found United Nations in which Moscow this idea so revolutionary that I ran it participated, its chairman Olof Palme past a neutral authority – Carl Frie- had asked me to reflect about securi- drich von Weizsäcker. His sharp in- ty in the atomic age. I duly began to tellect would decide the matter. The think about it with rather worrying answer came quickly – the only trou- results that contradicted all received ble with my idea was, he said, that he wisdom about security. If it was true had not thought of it first. I then sent that both the West and the East had a my reply to Olof Palme and gave it the second-strike capability in an atomic name ”Common Security”, which be- confrontation, then both would run came also the title of Palme’s report the risk of being attacked with in- to the Secretary General of the United calculable and unacceptable conse- Nations. quences. This would make traditional I would like to add a little anecdote. hopes for victory in a war futile. Who After the sessions, I used to meet up Photo: Lucas Wirl, 2015 (Part of larger picture ) strikes first will be the second to die with the Soviet delegate Yuri Arbatov Prof. Dr. Egon Bahr talks about opportunities for arms control and disarmament and must be mad enough to accept to discuss domestic issues of our coun- their own extinction. In other words, tries. I remember that at one meet- the theory of deterrence had become ing in London, Arbatov mentioned a defunct. person in Moscow whom we in the In practice, this meant that the two West might call a rising star, Mikhail parties would only be safe as long Sergeyevich Gorbachev. When I en- as their security was not put to the quired what his responsibilities were, test. In more abstract terms – being he replied that he was in charge of ag-

*Redefassung zur Veranstaltung am 9. Juli 2015, veröffentlicht von IALANA auf YouTube.de unter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNgIyBxjwVU 46 EGON BAHR OPPORTUNITIES FOR ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT 47 riculture. I immediately decided the proposed to the incoming president a and Asia come into play. While in Eu- alone Crimea, in the face of major ge- name was not worth remembering – new American policy that would move rope, there are tried and tested mech- ostrategic problems that can only be after all, nobody in Germany in charge towards a world free of nuclear weap- anisms that involve Washington and solved in collaboration. of agriculture could be called a rising ons. This move was supported by four Moscow, in Asia, many other factors Surprisingly, the geostrategic con- star. Later, when I met Gorbachev for Germans – Richard von Weizsäcker, come into the equation that allow nu- flict zones have more or less remained the first time when he had become Helmut Schmidt, Hans-Dietrich Gen- clear powers to buy as many weapons the same: Syria, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Af- Secretary General, it struck me that scher and myself. We pointed out that as they can pay for Washington and ghanistan and outer space. When it he described the Palme Commission’s the American plans for an anti-missile Moscow without having the same comes to space, Moscow is a reliable views with incredible aplomb. It was system in Poland should be reconsid- comparable influence for in Europe. partner. Five days after the explosion refreshing to have a ping pong-style ered and that there were 20 American In our old continent we had al- of an American spaceship, a Russian dialogue in the Kremlin rather than nuclear bombs in Germany yet to be ready reached an important element resupply spaceship was launched, having to listen to endless mono- removed. of “Common Security” in 1997 when which is more or less immediately. logues. Within twenty minutes, we In 2009, the new president Obama we signed the NATO-Russia Found- In the past few years, we have had discussed the complex topic of had to admit that on the one hand, ing Act. Nowadays we would consider learned that if a political agreement foreign and defense policy and arms the USA were ready to embrace a ourselves fortunate if we had a piece is to be reached, Germany, France limitation and when I enquired after world without nuclear weapons, on of sustainable bilateral information and Poland must be involved and the the domestic agenda, my impres- the other hand, reality had caught up policy in place. OSCE has a role to play in its imple- sion was that he did not have a fixed with politics and the risk of a nuclear From an analytic perspective, there mentation. And then there are the Big schedule, but followed two principles attack had increased. is a striking resemblance between the Two. They accepted their responsibil- – Perestroika and Glasnost. When I “If we believe that the spread of Kennedy-Khrushchev and the Oba- ity in the real world, as regular con- expressed my surprise to Arbatov, he nuclear weapons is inevitable, then ma-Putin constellations. Khrushchev tacts between Obama and Putin and said he had told me in London about in some way we are admitting to our- and Kennedy came to the conclu- their foreign ministers show. Their his friend Gorbachev, whom he al- selves that the use of nuclear weap- sion that there should not be a war military and political capacities re- ways consulted about the Commis- ons is inevitable”.1 Following this between the two superpowers. Ber- main decisive in and for Europe. sion meetings. This had now shaped irrefutable argument, the US contin- lin, Germany and even Europe were However, personal tensions in- his thinking and was to secure his ued to expand its nuclear capacities. not worth fighting over in view of creased between the two leaders ever place in the history of the 20th centu- This holds still true in 2015 and has over-arching geostrategic problems. since Obama described Russia as a ry, as having brought about the most become even more complicated since This became the foundation of a sta- regional power, which was absolutely significant agreement on the elimi- the emergence of new nuclear pow- ble status quo – peace in spite of the inacceptable for Putin and forces him nation of mid-range missiles and the ers. Cuba crisis, and the Germans were to show that there can be no resolu- most comprehensive restriction of To be clear – forty-five years have able to pursue their own interests un- tion of the Ukraine conflict without or conventional weapons in history. passed since the publication of the der the secure umbrella of the allied against him. Let us take a big leap in time to Common Security report, and yet the powers. This led to German reunifi- My hypothesis is that Obama had spring 2008, when an elite alliance deterrence theory is still very much cation. There is a similar understand- a Freudian slip, as he probably had formed across parties, including alive, although not applicable. In ad- ing between Obama and Putin – no Brzezinski’s analysis at the back of his Kissinger, Shultz, Perry and Nunn, and dition, differences between Europe war between us, not for Ukraine, let mind, which stated that Russia with- 48 EGON BAHR OPPORTUNITIES FOR ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT 49 out Ukraine would only be a region- scientists warn against a danger and Estonia’s digital network for days. group of masterminds with knowl- al power. What is more important is politicians must find an answer. At the Such attacks are aptly named “cyber edge, a healthy distrust and intel- that both countries are determined time, the danger was the H-bomb and war”. ligence would be given the task of not to wage war against each other. an unrestricted nuclear arms race. At The same technology that can working together instead of against The conflict is therefore reduced to the height of the cold war, politicians be used peacefully to provide a vast each other. They should come up with a kind of peaceful war. Putin can be accepted that scientists developed number of benefits for civilised life a result that can be accepted by all assured that he will remain in pow- a network named after its founding and communication also has sinister parties as verifiable and secure. This er longer than Obama in the White location, Pugwash. Its members took applications in war. The technolo- could turn potential adversaries into House. Hence, his long-term perspec- personal responsibility in assess- gy cannot be abolished. Digitisation partners that share the same interest. tive is towards 2017, while the short- ing dangers for our world. They had without borders cannot be packed in As a by-product, the NSA would term perspective is to fulfil the Minsk a mitigating influence. Undeniably a box and forgotten or de-invented. no longer have to fight terrorism, but II agreement completely by the end Pugwash achieved a lot because the The Internet is here to stay. concentrate on industrial espionage, of the year. The Americans have more group created trust and curtailed Distinguishing between risks and which, as we know, is a never-ending power to influence this than the Rus- negative developments. benefits has become a global task, if story. sians. It is not worth speculating over It could, however, not stop interna- ever there was one. In order to keep At any rate, our meeting to com- a possible failure. tional terrorism. The attacks on the everybody safe, countries that have memorate the 60th anniversary of Now to the only new element in World Trade Center in New York and the ability to wage a cyber war should the Russell-Einstein Manifesto must the geostrategic situation, the Islam- the Pentagon were used by the NSA perhaps appoint experts who work not ignore the digital world and its ic State. Obama uses the word war in to expand its worldwide operations to out binding security for all. A small lurking dangers. this context and Putin calls himself an unimaginable degree – all justified his ally. This is intriguing, as more by the war on terror. 1 Obama speech given in Prague on Avril 5, 2009 http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/05/ Chechens and other Islamic groups Meanwhile, a new area has devel- obama-prague-speech-on-nu_n_183219.html from countries east of Russia right to oped by science, which is digitisation the Chinese border join Islamic State and electronic information. It is now as active fighters than join from all possible to carry out cyber-attacks West European countries. So far, Pu- across borders which cannot be pre- tin as a possible natural ally in the vented. Obama admitted that this fight against the Islamic State has not is the case, and often, it is not even been part of political calculations. possible to find out who launched an It may well be that the common attack and how to retaliate. Such at- fight against the Islamic State could tacks have been put to the test when become reality sooner than Common supposed Iranian efforts to build a Security through the abolition of all nuclear bomb were delayed by sev- nuclear weapons. eral years through a cyber-attack. We The Russell-Einstein Manifesto still do not know who was behind it. marks a revolution in the sense that Another example is Russia blocking Discussion: Current challenges to the abolishment of nuclear weapons

Photo: Leonard Bartosch, 2015 (Part of larger picture ) Prof. Dr. Egon Bahr, Dr. Ulrike Wunderle, Pascal Luig and Reiner Braun (from left) 53

Introduction for the Panel: What are the challenges nuclear disarmament is facing? – an analytical update

GÖTZ NEUNECK

“Let Nagasaki be the last” are the age where wars are increasingly opening words of the Nagasaki Dec- waged by non-government agents.”3 laration of the Pugwash Council of But how did this come about? What November 5th 2015. The declaration is the current state of affairs and what that found a resounding echo in the can be done? Japanese media continues as follows: In 2013 there have been approx- “Seventy years after the destruction imately 17,270 nuclear warheads of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, we are globally, 4,400 of which are ready to still faced with the imminent dan- be deployed immediately.4 While oth- gers posed by thousands of nuclear er categories of classical weapons of warheads. (…)The menace of nucle- mass destruction, i.e. B and C weap- ar weapons is still growing. Nucle- ons have been banned internationally ar disarmament is stalled. Conflicts through conventions, this is only par- are multiplying. Stockpiles of weap- tially true for nuclear weapons.5 The on-usable materials are increasing use of nuclear weapons is not gener- worldwide. The risks of intentional or ally banned by international law, but Photo: Leonard Bartosch, 2015 (Part of larger picture ) accidental nuclear weapons use will has become a customary taboo as Prof. Dr. Götz Neuneck (centre) in conversation with Prof. Dr. Egon Bahr (left) and always exist until nuclear weapons well as morally largely unacceptable. Prof. Dr. Ulrich Bartosch (right) are legally banned and eliminated However, an outright ban, as demand- and weapon-usable materials are dis- ed by the Humanitarian Initiative, is posed of safely.”1 hampered by new political tensions, a Former defense secretary Bill Per- recent shift towards the acceptability ry recently commented: “The risks of of nuclear weapons, military doctrine a nuclear catastrophe – in a regional and Cold War thinking.6 This is com- war, terrorist attack, by accident or pounded by the erosion of the exist- miscalculation – is greater than it was ing arms control structure that had during the cold war and rising.”2 In been introduced during the Cold War 2015, Hans-Dietrich Genscher wrote: and has not been significantly revised „The danger of nuclear weapons pro- over the past ten years. liferation is particularly great in this 54 GÖTZ NEUNECK CHALLENGES FOR NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT 55

While 184 countries renounced the ded reducing the US warheads by a Hope for nuclear disarmament has calculations, (3) regional nuclear war, possession of nuclear weapons as third in a next negotiation step. Then turned into concern about a further (4) the use of nuclear weapons by part of the Non-Proliferation Treaty both sides would have a cap of 1,000 build-up of nuclear arms. All P5 coun- non-government actors (NPT) of 1970, nine countries, inclu- warheads – still several times as much tries are now modernising their mis- The risk of a global nuclear war may ding the P5 nations USA, Russia, the as other nuclear powers have. sile launching systems. The USA have be low, but in view of the high stock- United Kingdom, France and China, Besides the states without nucle- scheduled a Trillion dollars to be spent piles of nuclear weapons and the pos- have viable nuclear weapons. The ar weapons and the nuclear powers on new submarines, jet bombers and sibility of regional conflicts spiralling USA and Russia have over 90 percent included in the NPT there are four de cruise missiles over the next three out of control, it cannot be ruled out of the approximately 17,270 nuclear facto nuclear powers that form a third decades. Russian military services and would be fatal. The use of several weapons in the world. Approximately category – India, Pakistan, Israel and have been testing ICBMs and are in- hundred nuclear weapons would be 10,000 nuclear weapons are part of North Korea. So far, they could not be troducing new submarines. A new the end of modern civilisation. Dozens military arsenals, while approxima- persuaded to join the NPT. This three- torpedo that can carry a nuclear war- of accidents and careless handling of tely 6,000 warheads are still awaiting tier system destabilises the entire head is said to be under development. nuclear weapons have been observed destruction. Both Russia and the USA NPT regime in the long term because Bombers capable of carrying nuclear in recent times. During the Cold War, do not rule out a first strike. They have the representatives of the two former weapons have been resuming their we came close to deployment of nuc- been disputing the purpose of intro- categories have very different rights patrol flights. Nuclear fighter units lear weapons in 1962 (Cuba crisis), ducing strategic missile defenses. and obligations.8 were on standby during the Ukraine 1983 (Serpukhov-15 bunker inci- Even the stockpile of the minor nuc- crisis. France and the United Kingdom dent) and 1995 (false alarm trigge- lear powers France (300 warheads), Is the search for a world free of have introduced new nuclear subma- red by a Norwegian research rocket), China (260), and the United Kingdom nuclear weapons condemned to rines or are in the process of doing so, which was ultimately prevented by (225) would be enough to cause ca- failure? while China and Russia respond to the good luck and restraint.10 tastrophic damage. In Article VI of the In his Prague speech in 2009, Presi- US missile defense with the introduc- The nuclear arms race is contin- NPT, P5 members are committed “to dent Obama raised hopes and expec- tion of multiple warheads and multi- uing unabated, not only at a glob- pursue negotiations in good faith on tations worldwide that a world free ple independently targetable re-entry al level, but nuclear weapons could effective measures relating to cessati- of nuclear weapons would be achie- vehicles. It cannot be ruled out that also be deployed at a regional level. on of the nuclear arms race at an ear- vable. A global debate began whether nuclear testing will resume. New mi- The arms race between India and ly date and to nuclear disarmament, and how this could be achieved. The litary concepts such as Prompt Global Pakistan is intense, involving mis- and on a treaty on general and com- first positive result was the conclusi- Strike or the increased use of space sile launching systems and nuclear plete disarmament under strict and on of the New START treaty that came technology pose a long-term threat to warheads. Both China and India are effective international control.”7 Ho- into force in 2010 and is still being strategic stability.9 developing their own anti-missile wever, for the time being, there are no implemented by both parties. Other Four scenarios that involve the use systems and Pakistan has begun to official negotiations between the USA initiatives such as the Comprehensive of nuclear weapons seem plausible, deploy tactical nuclear weapons to and Russia, and there is not even the nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) or the with different, but in any case cata- offset the dominance of conventional hope that these will resume soon. In Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty, howe- strophic effects: (1) a global nuclear Indian forces. North Korea has carried 2013, US President Obama had made ver, have ground to a halt in the past war, (2)the unintended use of nuclear out four nuclear tests, accelerating a an offer to Russia in Berlin. This inclu- years. weapons, due to an accident or faulty regional arms race in Asia. A subma- 56 GÖTZ NEUNECK CHALLENGES FOR NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT 57 rine-launched missile has recently built security mechanisms. Civilian countries, while Russia hoards 2,000 NATO. Technically, there is no longer been fired. Iran also resumed missile plutonium stocks are increasing all tactical warheads in her storages, the an exchange of data between Russia testing. It took 10 years to negotiate a over the world, while military stocks reason being NATO’s conventional su- and NATO that would allow to check successful deal with Iran, resulting in of weapons-grade material do not premacy. There are plans in the USA whether the upper limits laid down in the Vienna agreement, Joint Compre- diminish. East Asia is an area where to replace free-falling B61 nuclear the CFE treaty have been reached. The hensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) on July stocks of separated plutonium may bombs by new strategic and tactical Adapted CFE of 1999, which is more 14th 2015. It established a mecha- increase again in the future. China variants. Production is scheduled to elaborate in content, was ratified by nism of continuous verification and and Japan have become increasingly start in 2019. There are also calls in Russia, but not by all Western states. conflict solution efforts that could involved in nuclear reprocessing. Col- the US for new nuclear weapons to Although the Vienna Document in- stop Iran from developing a military laboration with Russia in cooperative be positioned in Europe. This would cluded a wide range of trust-building nuclear programme for 10-15 years. threat reduction has ground to a halt. unleash a new fatal kind of arms dy- and security-enhancing measures, However, we cannot be certain that namics on European territory and there were no major restrictions on this would decisively slow down the Weakened arms control – challen- ultimately a new arms race.12 At the holding military exercises to intim- arms race in the Middle East, as the ges for European security Munich Security Conference in 2016, idate the opposite side in a region. stockpiling of arms as well as the es- In the aftermath of the Ukraine crisis, the Russian Prime Minister Dmitry What remains in force and usable is tablishment of anti-missile systems which could not be brought to a pea- Medvedev warned that relations bet- the Treaty on Open Skies, which en- by the USA in the region progresses. ceful end yet, the debate about new ween the USA and Russia were sliding ables OSCE members to carry out a The attacks on Brussels on March tactical nuclear weapons in Europe back into a new Cold War. quota of control flights with crew 22nd 2016 made it clear once again has gained new momentum. These In addition, according to the US members from member states flying that nuclear terrorism is a threat. Ap- are nuclear warheads that are not State Department, Russia violated over the observed member state’s parently, jihadists are keen on getting covered by any treaty and their exact the Washington Intermediate-Range area and taking photographs. their hands on nuclear installations. number is unknown. The word “tacti- Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) of 1987 The European Phased Adaptive Ap- Not all of them are secure from vi- cal” is a euphemism because these are when testing a new intermedi- proach (EPAA) is a major bone of con- olent attacks. Four nuclear security weapons with several times the ex- ate-range vehicle. No more details tention between Russia and NATO and summits have been held in 2010, plosive force of the Hiroshima bomb. have become publicly known. The bi- the USA.13 In Russia’s view, the sea- 2012, 2014 and 2016 in order to „se- President Vladimir Putin has been lateral INF treaty bans the production, based (so far 4 destroyers equipped cure all vulnerable nuclear material using nuclear rhetoric on more than testing and deployment of mid-range with an Aegis combat system) and around the world within four years” one occasion and made the nuclear missiles and cruise missiles (dou- land-based (Poland and Romania) and thus prevent the misuse of weap- threat part of the political game. Rus- ble-zero option) in Europe. Russia, in deployment of anti-missile defens- ons-grade material.11 Although much sia breached the Budapest Treaty of turn, expresses inter alia concern at es undermine Russia’s strategic po- has been achieved during this time, 1994 which guaranteed Ukraine ter- the anti-missile defenses in Europe, tential. Invitations for collaboration there are no comprehensive, legally ritorial integrity for the return of nuc- which could be equipped with offen- were turned down by both sides. The binding international standards ap- lear weapon stocks to Russia. Today, sive missiles. USA always maintained that their plying to all nuclear material. With approximately 200 tactical nuclear The Treaty on Conventional Forces phased build-up of interceptor mis- nuclear power stations, security very weapons belonging to the USA are in in Europe (CFE) of 1992 was suspend- siles against incoming warheads from much depends on their type and in- still in place in five European NATO ed by Russia in 2007 and then by the Middle East was directed against 58 GÖTZ NEUNECK CHALLENGES FOR NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT 59 the Iranian threat. Without naming in Article 6 of the NPT. The debate on ing conventional delivery systems. for the moribund CFE contract must any target countries, in its Lisbon dec- whether a world free of nuclear we- The number of warheads is enormous be established together, as the agreed laration, NATO declared anti-missile apons is achievable has also come to and should be reduced drastically ceilings for the main weapons sys- defense as the new mission of the al- a standstill, although UN Resolution to below 1,000 warheads per side. tems are de facto still adhered to. liance, but failed to publish a convinc- 1887(2009) explicitly endeavours “to This could then be halved again. The Continuous verification enhances ing threat or concept analysis. Presi- seek a safer world for all and to crea- smaller nuclear powers should limit stability and predictability in Europe. dent Obama said in his 2009 speech: te the conditions for a world without their stockpiles and sign a no-first- The NATO-Russia Foundation Act that “If the Iranian threat is eliminated, we nuclear weapons.” The debate about use agreement. The P5 nations should outlaws the deployment of “substan- will have a stronger basis for security sustainable peace in Europe has stal- discuss and implement de-alerting tial combat forces” should be dis- and the driving force for missile de- led. In the preface of his book, Hans measures or the verification of the cussed and reaffirmed. It is possible to fense construction in Europe will be Dietrich Genscher asks whether pea- destruction of not-needed nuclear achieve collaboration with Russia in removed.“14 ce in Europe is now dying a slow de- weapons. A global debate on a legally terms of anti-missile systems. Russia The fundamental disagreement ath. Arms control and disarmament binding interpretation of Art. VI of the demands legally binding guarantees between the USA and Russia about are topics that are no longer taken NPT is overdue. from the USA that they will restrict the future of strategic stability when seriously, while military terms are (2) CTBT and FMCT: The Com- their anti-missile systems. In view of numerous interceptor missiles would taking over our language. In times of prehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty the US Congress’s ideological posi- be introduced remains unresolved crisis like these, arms control offers an (CTBT) could be strengthened by a tion, they cannot be expected to give and there is a risk of long-term ob- extensive set of tools for minimising declaration from its signatory states such guarantees, but NATO could do struction of any steps towards disar- conflict and preventing war. Gen- supporting a twenty-year test mor- so. mament. As a matter of fact, devel- scher demands that Germany should atorium and the ratification process (4) Regional security: After the con- opment of all sorts of missile defense develop an ambitious concept for di- could be initiated. Countries with an clusion of a nuclear deal with Iran and systems is open-ended and only re- sarmament and return to the culture interest in the matter could work out the destruction of chemical weapons stricted by cost and technology. Con- of disarmament. The establishment a Fissile Material Treaty that would in Syria, the debate on a weapons of ventional precision delivery systems of an Open-Ended Working Group provide general, legally binding mass destruction-free zone (WMDFZ) such as supersonic projectiles that are (OEWG) in Geneva gives some reason standards on inventories of nuclear in the Middle East could be revived. being developed in the USA and have for optimism, trying to bridge the two weapons-grade material, its storage Countries should join forces to en- so far occupied a niche do not fall un- different approaches of a universal and destruction. This would include force the implementation and veri- der an arms control mechanism and ban on the one hand and arms cont- data exchange on nuclear weap- fication of regional WMDFZ treaties. are perceived as a new threat by Rus- rol on the other. Progress is urgently ons-grade material produced as well Individual Middle East states such as sia and China. needed on the following topics: as verification of secure storage of de- Israel, Iran and Egypt could ratify the (1) Nuclear disarmament: The USA clared nuclear material. treaty. What can be done? and Russia must return to a construc- (3) European security: NATO and (5) New conventional delivery There is currently very little hope for tive and comprehensive dialogue Russia must re-enter a dialogue with weapons with a wide range and high nuclear weapons states to get back about the strategic stability of their each other, introduce effective crisis precision, such as new cruise missiles to disarmament negotiations, al- nuclear weapons stocks and include management and strengthen the Vi- and supersonic projectiles are under though this is a commitment made missile defense systems and emerg- enna Document. A new framework development. So far, neither weap- 60 GÖTZ NEUNECK CHALLENGES FOR NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT 61 ons export control nor arms control “Hague Code of Conduct“. Bilateral 13For more details, see: Götz Neuneck, Christian Alwardt, Hans-Christian Gils: Raketenabwehr in regulations are taking account of agreements between states possess- Europa. Baden-Baden, Nomos-Verlag, 2015 (in German only). these developments. Cruise missiles, ing nuclear weapons are also a prac- 14 Remarks by President Barack Obama, Hradcany Square, April 5th 2009 supersonic projectiles and anti-satel- tical option. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-barack-obama-prague-de- lite weapons could be included in the livered 15UN-Resolution 1887, 24 September 2009 „to seek a safer world for all and to create the condi- tions for a world without nuclear weapons“. 1 Nagasaki Declaration of the Pugwash Council, November 5, 2015, see: 16However, the P5 do not participate in the OEWG. https://pugwash.org/2015/11/05/2015-nagasaki-declaration/ 2 Quotation from: The Guardian, January 7th 2016, see: http://www.theguardian.com/ world/2016/jan/07/nuclear-weapons-risk-greater-than-in-cold-war-says-ex-pentagon-chief 3 Hans-Dietrich Genscher: Meine Sicht der Dinge, Berlin 2015, p. 10 4 See also the statistics of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute: SIPRI Yearbook 2013: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security, Oxford 2013. 5 With the exception of the Advisory Opinion des International Court of Justice (ICJ), which stat- ed in 1996 that the use of nuclear weapons is not compatible with the rules of humanitarian international law. However, no agreement could be reached on whether this applies to all cases. 6 Over 150 countries take part in the initiative, see also: Tom Sauer, 1 April 2015: „The NPT and the Humanitarian Initiative: Towards and Beyond the 2015 NPT Review Conference, p.3“ (PDF). DeepCuts Working Paper Nr. 5, April 2015 http://deepcuts.org/images/PDF/DeepCuts_WP5_Sauer_UK.pdf 7 Text of the Non-Proliferation Treaty: http://www.dgvn.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DOKU- MENTE/Abruestung/NVV.pdf 8 The NPT is also the key element of a non-proliferation regime that encompasses various infor- mal groups involved in arms export control („Nuclear Suppliers Group“) as well as measures by the IAEA to support non-proliferation. 9 See for instance James Acton: Prompt Global Strike: American and Foreign Developments, Tes- timony before the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces, Carnegie Endow- ment for International Peace, 8. December 2015, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/20151208-JamesActon-testimony.pdf. 10 See list of nuclear accidents: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents 11 For an overview, see the Factsheet der Arms Control Association: http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/NuclearSecuritySummit 12 See the relevant debate involving Egon Bahr; Götz Neuneck: Against Renuclearising Europe in: Forum: NATO and Russia, Survival, Vol. 57 (2), S. 130–139. 63

Nuclear disarmament in difficult times

SUSANNE BAUMANN

The Review Conference of the important role in debates on national Non-Proliferation Treaty in 2015 security. For instance, Russia stepped made one fact very clear – the NPT up her nuclear rhetoric dramatically, signatory states can only agree to dis- even directly or indirectly threaten- agree when it comes to disarmament. ing to use nuclear weapons during An increasing number of states de- the Ukraine conflict. NATO very wisely mand that nuclear weapons should showed restrained in its response to be outlawed in view of their effects in these provocations, not least due to humanitarian terms. They argue that German influence. However, there is a their mere existence poses an incal- consensus in the alliance that a credi- culable risk to humanity. ble deterrence must be maintained as From a German perspective, this long as nuclear weapons threaten our humanitarian impulse is an impor- security. tant driving force in the debate on nu- In other words, in our debate, both clear disarmament which has all but the humanitarian as well as the secu- disappeared from public awareness. rity approach are valid and neglect- Photo: Lucas Wirl, 2015 (Part of larger picture ) We are convinced that never again, ing one or the other will not help the Susanne Baumann during the panel discussion with Prof. Dr. Götz Neuneck nuclear weapons should be used and cause of systematically reducing nu- everything possible must be done to clear stockpiles all over the world. avoid accidental detonations. Any re- We have seen a trend towards po- sponsible state would agree. Howev- larisation within the Open-Ended er, it is also true that since the nego- Working Group on nuclear disarma- tiation of the Comprehensive nuclear ment, which was established in 2016 Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) 20 years ago, as a result of a UN resolution and not much has happened in terms of holds meetings in Geneva. Countries multilateral disarmament. The per- like Germany have come under attack manent gridlock at the Geneva Disar- because their NATO membership dis- mament Conference forces us to ex- credits them as advocates of nucle- plore alternative routes. At the same ar disarmament. Many participants time, nuclear weapons still play an demand a ban on nuclear weapons, 64 SUSANNE BAUMANN NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT IN DIFFICULT TIMES 65 following the example of the Ottawa ue to stockpile nuclear weapons and can only lead to results if the dialogue quantity, but also quality and opera- Convention on Landmines and the rely on a policy of nuclear deterrence. with nuclear powers is resumed, rath- bility of tanks and artillery, for exam- Oslo Convention on Cluster Muni- And it is not just South Asia that calls er than having a conversation be- ple. Nuclear disarmament comes into tions. This would have the effect that for new collaborative security mech- tween non-nuclear states. the equation because Russia claims to nuclear powers – regrettably, all of anisms if deterrence policy is to be- Although conventional armament have insufficient conventional capac- them decided not to take part in the come a thing of the past. control is not a topic discussed at the ity and therefore rejects a new round OEWG – would adopt a ban sooner or On a more positive note, the Vi- OEWG, the trust and security-build- of talks on nuclear arms control, such later. enna agreement between the E3+3 ing steps in the Vienna Document and as the Berlin offer by President Oba- We, too, would like to see faster and Iran succeeded in defusing the the Open Skies Treaty are important ma in June 2013. We are using our progress in nuclear disarmament. most dangerous non-proliferation for progress in nuclear disarmament. position as chair of the OSCE to make However, the analogy between nu- crisis and thus preventing a nuclear Conventional arms control in Europe realistic suggestions so that the de- clear weapons and landmines is in- arms race in the Middle East. At last must be urgently modernised so that bate can move forward. Taking the adequate, and the important conven- some piece of good news for nuclear it can cope better with crises. The new arguments of the other side seriously, tions on B and C weapons were only disarmament, as disarmament and geopolitical situation with its security being open to dialogue and develop- achieved by involving the countries non-proliferation are two sides of the implications and the latest techno- ing pragmatic solutions – as was the that possessed such weapons. There same coin. If the non-proliferation logical developments must be taken approach of the great bridge-builder is no doubt about it – one day, nuclear regime leaves loopholes, it will un- into account. Advances in technology Egon Bahr. weapons need to be banned. But from dermine nuclear disarmament. If you make it necessary to consider not only our perspective, this is more likely to want to achieve global zero you must happen at the end of a long process also commit to the nuclear non-pro- rather than at the beginning. After liferation treaty. There is no other le- all, the road to a nuclear-free world gally binding basis for nuclear disar- is a major tour de force that requires mament and non-proliferation. enormous efforts. As the leaders of In the OEWG, we want to raise the Global Zero campaign Henry awareness of the importance of a Kissinger, William Perry, Sam Nunn political security framework and the and George Shultz, put it so neatly: “A primacy of the NPT. It would serve the world without nuclear weapons will interest of all parties if positions at not simply be today’s world minus the OEWG became less entrenched, nuclear weapons.“ but agreement could be reached on The latest provocations by North recommendations that could be dis- Korea illustrate what blackmail po- cussed constructively with nuclear tential even a few nuclear weapons powers in the run-up to the next re- have in the hands of an unscrupulous view meeting in 2020. The issue dis- regime. India and Pakistan – both cussed at the OEWG – possible risks non-signatories of the NPT – contin- associated with nuclear weapons - 67

Nuclear disarmament and a world free of nuclear weapons are the lynchpin of German foreign policy

AGNIESZKA BRUGGER

Nuclear disarmament and a world us aware that nuclear weapons will free of nuclear weapons must be the not go away and pose a real threat. lynchpin of German foreign policy, We must not be discouraged by the assuring security and peace. More new challenges and problems ema- disarmament and weapons control nating from this situation. They are would make the world a safer place. there to show us that we must cont- Like many surveys in the past, a new inue to discuss new ways and options publication by Forsa in March 2016 of promoting nuclear disarmament shows that the vast majority of Ger- – now more than ever. It is all the man citizens is in favour of a withdra- more important that strong persona- wal of US nuclear weapons deployed lities will stand up for a world free of in Germany. However, this is a wish nuclear weapons, for trust-building that remains unfulfilled. Apart from measures and more arms control. the Iran deal that came about after With its former ministers Egon Bahr, years of difficult negotiations, good Hans-Dietrich Genscher and Dr. Gui- news on nuclear disarmament re- do Westerwelle, Germany lost three Photo: Lucas Wirl, 2015 (Part of larger picture ) main few and far between. Not only politicians who were committed to Agnieszka Brugger during the panel discussion with Prof. Dr. Götz Neuneck did repeated nuclear testing by North international disarmament and put Korea lead to justified worldwide their heart into it. Egon Bahr made protest, but reluctance to engage in the case for a dialogue with Russia in disarmament talks and the expan- the context of disarmament. His visi- sive modernisation plans of nuclear on and determination made a historic powers do not raise much hope that contribution to world politics. Former we will soon see big steps towards a German Foreign Minister Guido Wes- nuclear-weapons-free world. At the terwelle had disarmament high on same time, an upward spiral in the the agenda during his period in office. conventional arms race and nuclear However, after the failure of the threats against the background of the NPT Review Conference in 2015, we Ukraine crisis and the failed review are now confronted with a rather conference on the NPT last year made sobering and worrying state of affairs 68 AGNIESZKA BRUGGER LYNCHPIN OF GERMAN FOREIGN POLICY 69 as far as disarmament is concerned. It regrettably, the German government Furthermore, the German govern- ment does is accelerating the nucle- looks as if a conference on the estab- joined the latter camp. The reason gi- ment likes to give the impression ar arms race in Europe, missing the lishment of a nuclear-free zone is not ven was that as a NATO member, Ger- that it has nothing to do with these opportunity to make the withdrawal achievable in the near future. Over 25 many would be unable to support the horrendous weapons of mass dest- of US nuclear weapons a clear signal years after the end of the Cold War, Humanitarian Initiative. This excuse ruction. However, approximately 20 for disarmament and a nuclear-we- threatening nuclear rhetoric has re- is particularly unconvincing because US nuclear weapons are still stored apons-free Germany. turned to Europe. Russia as well as three NATO members – Norway, Den- in Germany. In Parliament and when Seventy years after nuclear bombs NATO flex their nuclear muscles and mark and Iceland – were among the questioned by MPs, the government were dropped on Hiroshima and Na- invest huge sums in the modernisa- 159 states supporting the Humanita- pretends to have no information. Ho- gasaki, it is high time to make these tion and stockpiling of their nuclear rian Initiative. wever, as a member of NATO, the go- weapons of mass destruction a thing arsenals, while mutual distrust is gro- When at the 70th General Assem- vernment is informed about US plans of the past. The time has come to take wing. It is true that conditions looked bly of the United Nations in Decem- on the modernisation of nuclear we- further courageous steps to realise more promising in the past than they ber 2015, a vast majority voted for apons that are deployed in Germany. the vision of a nuclear-weapons-free do now, but precisely because it is dif- four resolutions on a ban on nuclear In fact, they will pay nearly 31 milli- world. Nuclear bombs do not make ficult, now is the time for CDU/SPD weapons, Germany’s government on dollars for the renovation of the our world a safer, but a far more dan- government to take action and look remained firmly on the sideline as nuclear storage facilities at Büchen gerous place. for new ideas and initiatives to bre- far as disarmament was concerned. air base. The coalition intends to use Nobody ever said that disarma- athe new life into the disarmament Rather than joining the large majo- further millions of taxpayers‘ money ment policy would be easy, especial- debate. rity of states that spoke out and con- to modernise the German Tornado ly since one is dealing with the most The Humanitarian Initiative, for demned the use of nuclear weapons carrier systems. As far as the withdra- dangerous and unfortunately also the instance, is an impressive movement in a credible stance to promote nucle- wal of nuclear weapons from German most prestigious of weapons humans led by a great number of countries ar disarmament, Germany abstained territory is concerned, the SPD failed have developed. It would, however, be and a very active civil society. Their twice and voted twice against star- spectacularly, given all the promi- simply idiotic to stand by and watch objective is to ban the use of nuclear ting the process towards a worldwi- ses and announcements made in the this nuclear madness spiralling out weapons under any circumstances. de and long overdue ban on nuclear past. Together with us, the Green Par- of control. Disarmament policy needs After all, it does not matter whether weapons, taking the side of the nucle- ty, they still demanded a withdrawal vision, creativity and courage. It needs their use is intentional or accidental, ar powers. With its voting behaviour, in 2013. Foreign Minister Steinmeier members of society that are commit- the deployment of nuclear weapons the German government slows down tries to play down the updating of US ted to the cause and a clear voice and would have catastrophic consequen- the dynamics of the debate, blindly nuclear weapons as “life-extending attitude from politicians. We have ces for our health, environment, social following the logic of nuclear powers replacement of material”. At the same now reached a state of affairs where cohesion and the future of mankind. who have been blocking any progress time, it must be obvious to anybody in nuclear weapons are being used as a No country would be able to cope in nuclear disarmament for years. Any their right mind that it is highly un- threat, and it would be up to Germany with such a disaster. At the last NPT claims that the German government likely that weapons that have been to send a clear signal that not only the Review Conference, when these new is pursuing nuclear disarmament the- modernised with an investment of use, but even the threat of using such ideas and initiatives clashed with out- refore seem hardly credible under the billions will be abolished in the near weapons of mass destruction is unac- dated thinking and cynical realism, current coalition of CDU/CSU and SPD. future. What the German govern- ceptable. It is high time that the Ger- 70 AGNIESZKA BRUGGER man government stood courageously Supporting the Humanitarian Initi- and resolutely by the vast majority ative and ending the obstruction of of states and developed a roadmap multilateral votes, as well as the wi- towards a world without these cruel thdrawal of US nuclear weapons from weapons of mass destruction. Ger- Germany would be long overdue to- many must take a clear stance and kens of credibility and commitment not hide behind the nuclear powers. to disarmament, peace and security. 73

Current challenges for the abolition of all nuclear weapons

REINER BRAUN

It seems to be a wall of stone – the states focused on the humanitarian uncompromising attitude towards consequences of the use of nuclear the possession of nuclear weap- weapons, which found broad inter- ons, shared by all nuclear weapons national support culminating in the states, whether they are the official Austrian Pledge. The large majority P5 or unofficial nuclear powers. The of the international community sup- right to possess nuclear arms is ap- ports this attempt at developing the parently about to be written in stone initiation of an exit strategy. in a comprehensive modernisation (2) the growing international programme, as it is euphemistically support for a treaty to ban nuclear called. Behind the euphemism hides weapons. Such a treaty cannot be a programme costing approximately the ultimate goal, but a step towards 1 billion Dollars over the next ten a comprehensive nuclear weapons years. It is also a euphemism because convention, a legally binding interna- modernisation means the purchase tional treaty with provisions for the of new strategic, miniaturised and verification of the abolition of all nu- Photo: Lucas Wirl, 2015 (Part of larger picture ) thus more easily deployable nuclear clear weapons. Reiner Braun during the panel discussion weapons. (3) The establishment of the The expression “apparently about Open-ended Working Group as a re- to be written in stone” also describes sult of the two above processes, which the dialectic process around the cur- is trying in a UN context to move for- rent debate on nuclear weapons. ward a thorough debate on how to Never before has there been such an solve the dilemma of further nuclear intense and fruitful debate about the stockpiling on the one hand and how initiation of negotiations leading to to cater to the interests of most coun- the abolishment of nuclear weapons. tries to achieve a zero solution. The This is underpinned by the follow- group work has so far been charac- ing key points: terised by open, imaginative debates (1) the campaign initiated by the that could lead to majority decisions civil society and taken up by many at various UN levels and perhaps even 74 REINER BRAUNER trigger new negotiations; modernisation in their countries. (4) The court case filed by the Mar- We must hold on to our protest shall Islands at the International against the double standards that Court of Justice against all nine nu- govern German politics, where on the clear powers. Looking afresh at the one hand, a world without nuclear breach of international law, which weapons is welcomed, but on the oth- was recognised in 1996, in light of er, all steps mentioned here that could modernisation and the Humanitari- open negotiations were opposed. This an Initiative will bring home the dis- contravenes international agree- astrous consequences. The court case ments and the government’s position and its results will highlight the moral on nuclear sharing clearly violates impetus of the nuclear disarmament the NPT signed by Germany. The cur- campaign. The open exchanges dur- rent German government seems to be ing the public hearings made that completely oblivious to the decision clear. by the German Bundestag on with- (5) The worldwide protest against drawing the completely superfluous modernisation, which is now direct- and only destabilising nuclear weap- ed against the weakest nuclear pow- ons the USA store in Büchel. We have er, the UK, where, against the will of not heard one critical word about the the population and the protest of all modernisation of the US nuclear arse- parties except the Conservatives (and nal in Büchel. even there, a small rebel group has The peace movement and the an- formed), modernisation is pushed ti-nuclear weapons movement must through. The mass demonstration by be prepared for the long haul. Think of the CND with 80,000 demonstrators Albert Einstein. Entering into negotia- was the most impressive peace initia- tions about the abolition of all nuclear tive in Europe over the past years with weapons is a challenge and can only an impact on the peace movements be achieved by more and even bolder of other countries. They all stand to- initiatives. gether in the battle against nuclear 77

Phasing out nuclear energy and nuclear disarmament – contradictions and missed opportunities in German policy-making

OTTO JÄCKEL

Laura Poitras, who received an Oscar or decide upon an attack shall refrain for her documentary on Edward from deciding to launch any attack Snowden, Citizen Four, shows in her which may be expected to cause inci- exhibition at the Whitney Museum dental loss of civilian life, injury to ci- of American Art in New York how he- vilians, damage to civilian objects, or aven is turned into hell. One room a combination thereof, which would shows a bed down location, which is be excessive in relation to the con- military jargon for the location whe- crete and direct military advantage re a targeted person will be attacked. anticipated.” Poitras’s installation has the feel of The Peshawar High Court looked at camping out at night under the starry drone attacks in the Afghan-Pakistani sky. Poitras projects films of night border region and concluded that in- skies above Pakistan, Somalia and Ye- nocent civilian victims by far outnum- men to the ceiling in fast motion. The bered combatants killed. The Afghan- skies seem extremely busy with shoo- istan Analysts Network comes to the Photo: © by Schattenblick – www.schattenblick.de (Part of larger picture ) ting stars and the spectator knows same conclusion. The analysts evalu- Otto Jäckel (Archive photo) that some of these shooting stars will ated ISAF press releases for the period bring death to a certain number of between 1/12/2009 and 30/09/2011 people, but also to an uncertain num- and found that in 2,365 capture-or- ber of people in their neighbourhood.1 kill raids, 3,873 people were killed, of Article 57 of the 1st Protocol addi- whom only 174, i.e. 5 percent, were tional to the Geneva Convention on targeted combatants.2 The drone war the protection of victims of interna- is thus a technical and systematic tional armed conflicts reads as fol- contravention of Article 57 of the Pro- lows: tocol additional of the Red Geneva “In the conduct of military opera- Convention. tions, constant care shall be taken to The drone war could not be fought spare the civilian population, civilians without the relay station at US Air and civilian objects. Those who plan Base Ramstein near Kaiserslautern in 78 OTTO JÄCKEL CONTRADICTIONS AND MISSED OPPORTUNITIES 79

Germany. We know this from state- Ukraine or in the South China Sea Force and replace their predecessor It is, however, not a hypothetical ments made by the courageous for- have the potential to escalate. Hu- bombs at Büchel in the Eifel Moun- question because the threat of using mer drone operator Brandon Bryant, mans have always known that once tains. I have now been working on nuclear weapons and their actual use who also appeared at the NSA enquiry war breaks out, all hell is let loose. In international law and nuclear arma- are part of NATO‘s doctrine and so far, commission of the German Bunde- such a spiral of violence, the danger ment for several decades, and so far, we have not heard that the German stag. He was awarded the Whistle- arises that the threshold for using nu- nobody was able to explain to me how government has protested or decla- blower Prize in Karlsruhe by IALANA clear weapons will further decline. In the stockpiling of US nuclear weapons red that they would not participate. Germany and the VDW in 2015. Over a televised interview, Russia’s presi- in a German air base and the contin- Only once has Germany distanced and above the relay station, Germany dent Putin deliberately mentioned uous training of German pilots for itself from NATO, just before German has been an active military partici- that he had been thinking about his the use and launch of these weapons reunification. Deputy Defence Minis- pant in the war in Afghanistan. Secu- option of using nuclear weapons dur- can be compatible with the Nuclear ter Wimmer in the Kohl government rity in the country is at its worst since ing the Crimea crisis. Non-Proliferation Treaty. Article II of had just returned from talks with 2001. When Eckart von Klaeden, now the Non-Proliferation Treaty says: the head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of Now victims of wars that are Daimler’s chief lobbyist, was foreign “Each non-nuclear-weapon State the US forces, who had informed him waged from here flee from Afghani- affairs spokesman for the CDU/CSU Party to the Treaty undertakes not to about the new good relationship with stan, Iraq and Syria, causing the most in the Bundestag, he explained in a receive the transfer from any trans- the Soviet Union. Within the context serious crisis in Europe since World debate in 2009 that it made sense feror whatsoever of nuclear weapons of a NATO military exercise, Defence War II. It is only men, women and for Germany to be involved in nucle- or other nuclear explosive devices or Minister Rühe ordered him to act out children with nothing but the clothes ar warfare as part of NATO, as it might of control over such weapons or ex- a scenario where nuclear weapons they are wearing and seeking shelter be necessary to use nuclear bombs plosive devices directly, or indirect- were used against cities that were in our countries who have triggered against Iran. ly; not to manufacture or otherwise then in East Germany, Dresden and this crisis. Politicians and military leaders acquire nuclear weapons or other Magdeburg. He then rang Chancellor What will happen if one of these who keep planning and practising the nuclear explosive devices; and not to Kohl and asked permission to with- armed conflicts escalates further? use of nuclear weapons in their nu- seek or receive any assistance in the draw from the exercise, which Kohl Just picture the complexities of the clear defence planning committees manufacture of nuclear weapons or granted. situation: German soldiers are on a and manoeuvres might be tempted other nuclear explosive devices.” It has never been reported since mission to train Peshmerga troops in to use them in the end. This is all the To my mind, this is an unambiguous that a member of the German govern- Iraq. These Kurds fighting IS receive more likely, as the USA are building a regulation anybody can understand. ment had the moral courage to op- military equipment from the USA and completely new version of a nuclear When I explain to Frau Baumann, pose NATO nuclear deployment are supported by Russian war planes. bomb, B61-12. It is a guided missile Foreign Policy Advisor to Chancellor On the contrary: The actual be- They are then attacked by the Turkish with adjustable explosive yield and Merkel that the transfer of US nucle- haviour of the German government army with tanks and artillery. high accuracy. It will be introduced ar bombs to German Air Force pilots raises considerable doubt whether its What we have seen over the past by 2020. Twenty of them have been would contravene Article II of the NPT, pledge to strengthen the non-prolif- weeks is more than just playing with scheduled for use by the Taktisches she replies that she will not discuss eration regime and to promote disar- a huge fire. Each of the open or fes- Luftwaffengeschwader 33 (Tactical hypothetical questions. Nobody was mament is actually more than mere tering conflicts in the Middle East, Air Force Wing 33) of the German Air planning to use nuclear weapons. lip service. 80 OTTO JÄCKEL CONTRADICTIONS AND MISSED OPPORTUNITIES 81

I already mentioned the first examp- down our own power stations, but However, the five nuclear powers and Pakistan. In a first step, it must le, military exercises with German pi- continue to deliver nuclear fuel to were absent from Geneva. Their con- be established whether the court has lots preparing for the use of American your power stations with no time lim- duct shows that they are not inter- jurisdiction in this case and the court nuclear bombs. Second example: the it whatsoever? ested in fulfilling their treaty com- case can go ahead. Well-known mem- German nuclear phase-out. Article 1 There is a further interesting twist: mitments that exist since 1/7/1968. bers of IALANA are part of the Marshall of the Atomgesetz (Nuclear Energy If the uranium enrichment centrifug- What did the representative of the Islands legal team. Act) now reads: es would run a few days longer, Ger- German government have to say? After the hideous war crimes of “The purpose of this legislation is many would have weapons-grade In his statement of February 22nd Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the USA to bring to an end the use of nuclear material to build its own nuclear 2016, Ambassador Michael Bionti- turned the sky above the South Pa- energy for the commercial genera- weapons. This begs the question no declared that Germany rejected cific islands that are normally asso- tion of energy in an orderly manner whether we need Gronau to keep this negotiations at this stage because of ciated with Mutiny on the Bounty and ensure that operations will be option open? In any case, the contin- changes in the security environment. and beautiful people wearing flow- carried out in an orderly manner until ued enrichment of uranium and pro- A treaty could only be negotiated at er chains into a 12-year-long infer- operations cease.” (Article 1 AtG as of duction of fuel elements makes it pos- the end of a process that should be in- no, reaching its high point when the 12.8.2005) sible to phase out the phase-out at a itiated with small building blocks and hydrogen bomb Bravo exploded on And in Article 7, the decommission- later date. a new detente policy between Ameri- March 1st 1954. It had the explosive ing schedule of individually named Third example: Germany’s role in ca and Russia. force of a thousand Hiroshima bombs. German power stations was reviewed the diplomatic efforts to promote nu- It is this procrastination policy in Part of the Bikini atoll and many other after the 2011 Fukushima disaster, clear disarmament. nuclear disarmament (Obama: „Per- islands will remain uninhabitable for with the nuclear power stations Isar The Open-ended Working Group on haps not in my lifetime“, Hilary Clin- thousands of years. Women now in 2, Emsland and Neckarwestheim 2 Nuclear Disarmament, established by ton: “Some day in some century“) that the third generation give birth to chil- the last to be switched off by 31st of the United Nations, came together in motivated the Marshall Islands to dren with malformations never seen December 2022.(Article 7 AtG as of Geneva a few weeks ago to negotiate take the nuclear powers to the Inter- before. 31.8.2015) a nuclear weapons convention that national Court of Justice for their vio- Is the former foreign minister of the However, why is it then that the aims to ban nuclear weapons and en- lation of negotiation obligations. The Marshall Islands, Tony de Brum, not uranium enrichment plant in Gro- sure complete nuclear disarmament. first hearings at the ICJ in The Hague right in saying enough is enough! We nau and the fuel element factory in Negotiating such a convention with took place yesterday in the court case do not want any other people to expe- Lingen are not part of the phase-out the sincere will to reach an agree- against the United Kingdom, India, rience our fate? programme? According to the Ger- ment is one of the obligations of nu- man government, these two plants clear powers according to Article VI where uranium is enriched and fuel of the NPT. This is what the Interna- 1 Richter, Peter, Laura Poitras‘ Drohnenkrieg, SZ, 5.2.2016, elements for nuclear power stations tional Court of Justice of the United http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/2.220/kunst-verkehr-im-sternenmeer-1.2849299 all over the world are produced will Nations unanimously decided in its 2 Cf https://theintercept.com/drone-papers/manhunting-in-thehindu-kush/ continue to operate with no time lim- legal opinion of 1996 on the illegality it. How credible and consistent is a of the threat of using, let alone of ac- policy that says we are going to shut tually using nuclear weapons. 82 83

Authors and editors

Prof. Dr. h. c. Egon Bahr, (1922–2015), was born in Treffurt near Torgau, and Reiner Braun, Co-President of the International Peace Bureau (IPB) in Gene- trained as an industrial management assistant. He first worked as a journalist va. Born in Braunschweig, studied German, history and journalism, from 1982 (BZ, Allg. Zeitung and RIAS), then became press relation officer of the Mayor of coordinator of the Krefelder Initiative gegen den Atomtod (Krefeld initiative Berlin Willy Brandt, and subsequently a high-ranking civil servant in the Ger- against nuclear death) managing director of Naturwissenschaftler für den man Foreign Office Planning Commission. From 1969, chargé d’affaires for the Frieden (Scientists for Peace, 1987-2001). Founder member and until 2001 Federal Government and chief negotiator for the treaties of Moscow, Warsaw, Executive Director of INES (International Network of Engineers and Scientists the Berlin transit agreement and the Basic Treaty between the two German for Global Responsibility). 2003–05 involvement with the Einstein year project states in 1972 for chancellor Willy Brandt. Member of the Bundestag (1972– 2005 at the Max-Planck-Institute for the History of Science, managing director 92), Minister for Economic Cooperation (1974–76), General Manager of the of VDW (2006–14), since 2006 managing director of the German and interna- SPD (1976–81), Director of the IFSH (1984–94), Member of the Palme-Com- tional branch of IALANA (International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear mission (1980–82), various awards, books and speeches. Arms). Author and editor of various books on peace and sustainability.

Prof. Dr. Ulrich Bartosch, studied political science and pedagogy and became Agnieszka Brugger, Politician, since 2009 Member of the Bundestag for the Professor for Pedagogy at the Faculty of Social Work at the Katholische Uni- BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN. Spokesperson for security and disarmament and versität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt. Since 2015 Chairman of the Scientific Advisory chairwoman of the Defence Committee and the sub-committee for disarma- Board of the Vereinigung Deutscher Wissenschaftler (VDW); preceded by chai- ment, weapons control and non-proliferation (18th legislative period). Focus ring the VDW 2009–15; took part in several Pugwash Conferences on Science of work: disarmament, arms export, non-military conflict resolution, deploy- and World Affairs as a member of the German Pugwash Group; research and ment abroad, military procurement as well as the organisation and structure publications on world domestic policy, participation and inclusion, the reform of the Bundeswehr. As well as being a Member of the Bundestag, student of of universities and European education policy. political science, philosophy and public law at the University of Tübingen.

Susanne Baumann, born in Singen am Hohentwiel. Since April 2015 Deputy Dr. h. c. mult. Jayantha Dhanapala is a former United Nations Under-Secre- Commissioner for Arms Control and Disarmament. Baumann studied law at tary-General for Disarmament Affairs (1998–2003) and a former Ambassador the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität Bonn (1990–1992) and beg- of Sri Lanka to the USA (1995–97) and to the UN Office in Geneva (1984–87). an her diplomatic training for the Foreign Services in 1993. She held various He is currently the 11th President of the Nobel Peace Prize-winning Pugwash posts at the German Foreign Office, including a working group on future career Conferences on Science and World Affairs; Deputy Chairman of the Governing perspectives in the Foreign Office (1994/5), the PR Department (1998–2002), Board of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and on parliament and government liaising department (2006–10), Armed Forces several other advisory boards of international bodies. As a Sri Lankan diplomat Staff BMVg (2010–11), Head of the Department for Disarmament, Weapons Dhanapala served in London, Beijing, Washington D.C., New Delhi, and Geneva, control and Non-Proliferation (2011–13) and Head of the Department for as well as represented Sri Lanka at several international conferences, chairing Security and Disarmament Policy – Bilateral relations with the USA, Canada, many of them including the historic NPT Review and Extension Conference of North-, West- and Southern Europe as well as Turkey (2013–2015). Postings 1995. He was Director of the UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) abroad: Phnom Penh/Cambodia (1995/98), Prizren/Kosovo (1999–2000), from 1987–92. Dhanapala has received many international awards and hono- Kuala Lumpur/Malaysia (2002–06). rary doctorates. 84 85

Prof. Dr. Klaus Gottstein, born in 1924 in Szczecin. Studied physics in Berlin, Prof. Dr. Götz Neuneck, trained as physicist (Diplom) , PhD. in Mathematics London, and Göttingen. PhD (Dr. rer. nat.) 1953 in Göttingen. Research (partic- (1995) and actually acting Co-director of the Institute for Peace Research and le physics) in Göttingen, Bristol, Berkeley, Munich. Selection of past positions: Security Policy at the University of Hamburg. Pugwash representative of the board member of the VDW, spokesperson of the German Pugwash group , Di- VDW and member of the Council of the “Pugwash Conferences on Science and rector at the Max-Planck-Institute for Physics, science attaché at the German World Affairs“, spokesman of the work group on physics and disarmament at Embassy in Washington, executive secretary of the science forum at the CSCE, the German Physics Society (DPG) as well as Representative of the Union of in charge of the German Union of Academies participating in the international German Academies for the Amaldi Conferences. Since 2008 Director of the Amaldi Conferences on International Security and Arms Control. Master’s Programme for Peace and Security Studies at the University of Ham- burg. Earlier posts and activities included work at the Max-Planck Society in Otto Jäckel, lawyer; military service, then read law, German and politics at the Starnberg (AG H. Afheldt; C.F. von Weizsäcker; H.-P. Dürr; 1985–88). From 1988 Universities of Frankfurt/Main, Marburg and Gießen. Working as a lawyer since fellow at the IFSH directed by Egon Bahr, Dieter S. Lutz and Michael Brzsoka. March 1983, with additional specialisations in administrative law (1986) and Areas of work: arms control, nuclear disarmament, anti-missile systems, proli- labour law (1993). Offices in Wiesbaden and Berlin. Many years‘ experience as feration of militarily relevant technologies, arms control in space, etc. a judge at the arbitration court of the German Boxing Association. Conference speaker on questions of international law in foreign and security policy and Prof. Dr. Jürgen Scheffran, Professor at the Institute for Geography at the expert witness in hearings at the Bundestag. Chairman of IALANA Deutschland University of Hamburg. Since 2009 head of the research group Climate Chan- e. V. ge and Security in the ‘excellence cluster’ CliSAP. Research at the Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit (Centre for Earth System Research Prof. Sir Harold Kroto (Ph.D.), (1939–2016) born in Wisbech, UK, British and Sustainability, CEN) focuses on: security risks, conflict and cooperation chemist. Ph.D. in 1964 at Sheffield University on studies on molecular spec- potential in the context of climate change, with a special focus on energy se- troscopy. From 1967 research and teaching at the University of Sussex, whe- curity, water usage, food security and migration. Other topics include disarma- re he became a Professor in 1985. From 1991 to 2001, he was Royal Society ment and weapons control, technological impact assessment, responsibility in Research Professor. Knighted in 1996; awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry science and securing sustainable peace. Member of VDW, Natwiss, BdWi and together with Robert Curl and Richard Smalley for discovering the carbon mo- INES. lecule C60. Research in nanotechnology in his later years. Dr. Ulrike Wunderle, historian. PhD as part of the special research area “The experience of war“ at the University of Tübingen, looking at US nuclear physi- cists as political advisors during the Cold War. From 2005, active member of the German Student Pugwash group and later the German Pugwash group. From 2009 to 2014 member of the advisory board of the Vereinigung Deut- scher Wissenschaftler and from 2014 to 2015 managing director of the VDW. Since 2006 work as project director in education communication on matters of inclusion, social justice, German history and European politics.

ISBN: 978-3-9818132-1-0