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Diplomáticos españoles ante el Holocausto Spanish Diplomats and the Holocaust VISADOS para la libertad VISAS for freedom Reconocimiento Hace muchos años escuché y leí noticias incompletas y parciales sobre el rescate de miles de judíos por España y sus representantes diplomáticos. Siempre pensé que la virtud de la justicia exigía desvelar esta historia en la que lo oculto es más abundante que lo que está al descubierto. En un encuentro que mantuve en Madrid con un equipo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores para conmemorar los 20 años del establecimiento de las relaciones diplomáticas entre Israel y España, propuse enderezar lo torcido e invertir esfuerzos para mostrar los hechos relativos a esta conmovedora historia. Me alegró que mi propuesta fuera aceptada, y ésta ha adquirido la forma de esta exposición. La exposición aquí presentada atestigua el milagro de la noble actividad, que poniéndose en peligro, desarrollaron los representantes de España en Alemania, Francia, Hungría, Grecia, Rumanía y Bulgaria, países que estuvieron bajo la ocupación alemana. No me imaginaba que el equipo español lograría presentarnos en un tiempo relativamente breve un cuadro tan amplio y auténtico de hechos relativos al rescate de judíos en la Shoah por humanos y valientes cónsules y embajadores españoles, en pleno vendaval de la guerra, ante la hostilidad de los alemanes y la negativa y la vacilación del gobierno de Franco. Estamos llenos de profundos sentimientos de gratitud a estos representantes a pesar de que nos acompaña una dura sensación de pérdida tragica, ya que si el gobierno de Franco hubiera sido más humano, habrían sido seguramente muchos miles los que habrían sobrevivido pero que al final encontraron su muerte en las cámaras de gas de Auschwitz y en otros campos de exterminio. El equipo del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores español nos ofrece un documento histórico humano, con buen gusto, con tacto, con sencillez y sin evitar aspectos incómodos. Merece el reconocimiento de todos los que buscan la verdad histórica. Yo siento el gustoso deber de recordar con profundo agradecimiento a los miembros del excelente equipo, que son Alejandro Baer, Yessica San Roman y Arancha Gorostola, y la generosa ayuda de Ana Sálomon y Ángel Vázquez Díaz de Tuesta. Y para terminar deseo agradecer al Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores, Sr. Miguel Moratinos, por su constante y esencial contribución para fortalecer la amistad entre los pueblos de España e Israel. También deseo agradecer a sus enviados en Israel, el Embajador de España Sr. Eudaldo Mirapeix y las personas de su equipo por su dedicada actividad para el fortalecimiento de esta amistad. Con mi profundo aprecio, Yitzhak Navon 5º Presidente de Israel 4 A Word of Thanks Many years ago I heard and read odd incomplete stories about the rescue of thousands of Jews by Spain and its diplomatic representatives. I always felt that justice demanded that this history, where there is so much more hidden than visible to the naked eye, be made known. At a meeting in Madrid with a team from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Israel and Spain, I proposed that the wrong be righted and efforts should be made to demonstrate the facts of this moving story. To my delight, my proposal was accepted, and this exhibition is the result. The exhibition on show here bears witness to the wonderful truth of the noble actions, undertaken at great personal risk by representatives of Spain in Germany and in France, Hungary, Greece, Romania and Bulgaria, all countries under German occupation. I had not imagined that in such a short time the Spanish team would be able to present us with so broad and authentic a portrayal of events concerning the rescue of Jews in the Shoah by brave and humane Spanish consuls and ambassadors, in the full fury of war and in the face of German hostility and of vacillation by the Franco government. We feel a profound debt of gratitude to these representatives, despite a lingering and uncomfortable sensation of tragic loss — for if the Franco government had been more humane, many thousands who were done to death in the gas chambers of Auschwitz and other death camps would assuredly have survived. The team from the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs offers us a document of human history, presented tastefully, simply, and without evading awkward aspects. They deserve the acknowledgement of all those who seek historical truth. And it is my pleasant duty here to acclaim — with the deepest gratitude — the members of that excellent team, namely Alejandro Baer, Yessica San Roman and Arancha Gorostola, with the generous assistance of Ana Sálomon and Ángel Vázquez Díaz de Tuesta. And to conclude, I wish to thank the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Miguel Moratinos, for his unstinting and vital contribution to the strengthening of the ties of friendship between Spain and Israel. I should also like to thank his envoys in Israel, Spanish Ambassador Eudaldo Mirapeix and his team, for their devoted work in strengthening that friendship. With my deepest regards, Yitzhak Navon 5th President of Israel 5 PRÓLOGO Con ocasión de los preparativos de los actos de celebración horas más nobles de su carrera profesional. Y por eso hoy del XX aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones los admiramos. diplomáticas entre España e Israel, el ex Presidente del Estado de Israel y gran amigo de España, Yitzhak Navon, La exposición Visados para la Libertad es un muestra del me sugirió la idea de honrar la memoria de aquellos tributo de respeto y admiración que el Ministerio de Asuntos españoles que, en medio de un escenario tan cruento y Exteriores y de Cooperación, en colaboración con Casa desolador como el de Europa durante la II Guerra Mundial, Sefarad-Israel, quiere rendir a quienes decidieron servir los supieron defender la causa de la libertad del prójimo, intereses de España garantizando la libertad de miles de movidos por un impulso de humanidad hacia sus judíos, mayoritariamente sefardíes que, por primera vez en semejantes. varios siglos, llamaron esperanzados a las puertas de Sefarad. Su actuación salvó vidas, sus gestiones aliviaron el La historia de las grandes calamidades permite vislumbrar, sufrimiento de muchos y sus gestos abrieron una ventana de junto al horror, el ejemplo limpio y valiente de algunas esperanza cuando todo parecía perdido. En aquellas personas cuya rectitud de conducta nos interpela una y otra circunstancias excepcionales, supieron con habilidad y vez y se nos ofrece como ejemplo edificante de la condición tacto eludir las prohibiciones y las restricciones de las humana. Tal fue el caso de un grupo de servidores públicos autoridades de los países ante las que estaban acreditados y españoles y de algunos de sus colaboradores, destinados en en ocasiones las de las suyas propias. Mostraron en el varias Embajadas, Legaciones y Consulados de España en ejercicio profesional no sólo inteligencia sino también Francia, Hungría, Grecia, Rumanía, Bulgaria y Alemania, y humanidad y por ello son un ejemplo y un espejo en el que cuyos rostros muchos descubrirán por primera vez gracias a pueden contemplarse quienes hoy en día desempeñan la exposición Visados para la Libertad. labores diplomáticas y consulares en una España libre y democrática, que acoge a miles de ciudadanos de otros Durante los años torturados de la II Guerra Mundial, en los pueblos y países que huyen de la opresión, la pobreza o la que la dignidad y la libertad del pueblo judío fueron desesperanza. atrozmente vilipendiadas, algunos diplomáticos españoles supieron estar a la altura de las circunstancias que su La contemplación de los documentos y las fotos que profesión les exigía y su conciencia les demandaba. integran esta exposición, retrato de aquellos años de Aquellos españoles fueron diplomáticos en tiempos de inmensa tribulación para el pueblo judío, nos permite guerra y desolación. Su tarea fue ardua, su misión afirmar con orgullo que el mejor servicio que aquellos arriesgada y su actuación delicada pero, como siempre que hombres esforzados pudieron rendir a los intereses de la conciencia del hombre se interpone entre la barbarie de España fue la defensa de la libertad y la dignidad de sus unos y el desvalimiento de otros, su conducta los compatriotas sefardíes perseguidos. engrandeció a los ojos de aquéllos a quienes entonces socorrieron. Sin duda, fueron tristes momentos los que Miguel Angel Moratinos hubieron de vivir pero, al mismo tiempo, les depararon las Ministro de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación 6 PROLOGUE On the occasion of the preparations of the celebration acts most heroic hour of their professional careers. For this for the twentieth anniversary of the establishment of reason, we revive their memory; recognise them today; and diplomatic relations between Spain and Israel, the ex- present them for future admiration. President of the State of Israel and great friend of Spain, Visados para la Libertad is a respectful tribute to those who Yitzhak Navon, suggested the idea to honor the memory of decided to serve the interests of Spain and guarantee the those Spaniards who, in the midst of such a bloody and freedom of thousands of Jews, most of them Sephardim. devastating conflict as that of World War II, were able to For the first time in centuries, Jews knocked hopefully at defend the cause of freedom and human dignity. the gates of Sepharad, which led them down the path towards dignity and life, through the mediation of just and The history of the great catastrophes of war enables us to upright diplomats. This exhibition, organised by the glimpse, alongside the horror, the decided and daring Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation in collaboration actions of certain individuals whose humanity challenges us with Casa Sefarad-Israel, pays them homage, because their again and again, offering a worthy example of the human bravery saved lives and alleviated suffering.
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