Chronology June 1, 1965-August 31, 1965 Source: Middle East Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Autumn, 1965), pp. 487-516 Published by: Middle East Institute Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4323919 . Accessed: 20/07/2011 12:55

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http://www.jstor.org CHRONOLOGY*

June 1, 1965-August 31, 1965

General July 13: India extendeddiplomatic recognition to the Arab League. 1965 July 20: The appointmentof justice ArthurJ. Gold- berg to succeedUN AmbassadorAdlai E. Stevenson June 1: The Rockefeller Foundation announced a caused widespreadconcern among Arab leaders, it series of grants to fight hunger in the Middle East was reported. including one of $171,500 to the FAO for Middle July 30: The RCD decided to establish a joint oil Eastern scientists to study grain improvementsin companywith headquartersin Iran to supply oil Latin America. to easternTurkey and to Pakistan. June 9: The 3,060 mile CENTO microwavetelephone Aug. 4: It was learned that the Hijaz Railway is line between Ankara,Tehran and Karachiwas in- being rebuilt with funds providedby Syria, Jordan augurated. and Saudi Arabia. June 13: The government of Nepal agreed to the Aug. 7: Iraq becamethe first Arab countryto sign an establishmentof an ArabLeague office in Katmandu "Arabcooperation agreement for the use of atomic with full diplomaticstatus. power in peaceful means,"sponsored by the Arab June 16: OrientalistEphraim A. Speiser died. League. June 18: The draft agreementdefining the continental Aug. 10: The Adolf Eichmannkidnapping case was shelf line between Iraq, Kuwayt and Iran was droppedfrom the list of issues before the Security signed, it was learned. Council. June 21: The new Algerian governmentwas urged Aug. 13: Choleraoutbreaks were reportedin southern by 13 Asian and African nations to postpone the Iran, northernAfghanistan and easternPakistan. Afro-Asian Conferencescheduled for June 29 in Aug. 15: German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard an- Algiers. nounced his willingness to reestablishdiplomatic June 22: The US SenateBanking Committee rejected relationswith any Arab governmentprovided they a mandatoryban against US companies'supplying made the first move. informationto Arab nations in furtheranceof the Aug. 25: British Ministerof State George Thompson economic boycott of Israel. began an extendedtour of the Middle East. June 23: ThirteenCommonwealth countries announced Aug. 28: A meeting of Arab chiefs of state is sched- their decision not to attend the Algiers Conference. uled for September13, in Casablanca,it was an- June 25: The OPEC will move its officesto Vienna, nounced. it was reported. June 26: The Afro-AsianConference was postponed until November 5. Afghanistan July 1: Britainwill increaseher contributionto UNEF (See also, General) and the UN force in Cyprusby ?620,000. July 2: The Regional Cooperationfor Development 1965 (RCD), composed of Pakistan, Iran and Turkey, June 25: The governmentsigned a Food for Peace abolished passports for citizens travelling in the agreementwith the US providing for the sale of RCD area. $1m worth of vegetable oils; 65 per cent of the

* The quarterlychronology of the Journal is compiled from a large number of sources; somewhat more than half of the items are drawn from the New York Times; other sources include Mideast Mirror of Beirut, Middle East Economic Digest of London, Daily Report of Foreign Broadcast Information Service of Washington,Arab News and Views of New York, bulletins of the United Nations Office of Public Information, United Nations, New York, United Nations Newsletter, Middle East Economic Survey of Beirut, Economic Intelligence of the Chamber of Commerce of Washington, International Financial News Survey of the IMF in Washington, Middle East Economist and Financial Service, and Middle East News- letter of New York, regular and occasional bulletins from the officesof press attachesof Middle Eastern Embassies in Washington, Kashmir Affairs of Rawalpindi, Israel Digest of Jerusalem, the Kabul Times of Afghanistan and The Maghreb Digest of the School of InternationalRelations, University of Southern Californiain Los Angeles.

487 488 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

afghanisreceived in paymentwill be used for loans Afghanistan,The Political History of Afghanistan to finance developmentprojects and the remainder and Islamic Literature,died. set aside for US uses. Aug. 3: The King and Queen began a 14-dayvisit in The IMF approveda 12-monthstand-by arrange- Moscowat the invitationof Presidentof the Presidi- ment with the governmentauthorizing drawings up um of the SupremeSoviet. to $6,750,000 in currenciesheld by the Fund. Aug. 13: The loan agreementcovering the import of June 29: Governmentofficials headed by Nour Ali, Soviet goods amountedto $10.3m, it was learned. Deputy Minister of Commerce,met with a mission Aug. 19: PremierMohammad Yusuf opened a wool- from the World Bank in Kabul. en mill in Kabul built with West Germaninvest- June 30: UNICEF will provide $260,000 for the ments. malariaeradication program and $152,000 for the child and mothercare programduring 1966, it was reported. Algeria July 1: The OfficialGazette published the Land Sur- vey and StatisticsLaw which will becomeoperative (See also, General, Iraq) within a month. 1965 Preliminarytalks began betweengovernment rep- resentativesand a ChinesePeople's Republic (CPR) June 5: Le Peuple announcedthat it would merge delegation on the details of a $28m credit to Af- with Alger Republicainlater this month, it was ghanistan. reported. July 8: Governmentrepresentatives (with Laos and June 9: Farh.at'Abbas, 'Abd al-RahmanFaris, 'Umar Yugoslavia) signed a UN agreementproviding for ibn Tfumi, 'Umar 'Aziz al-din, CommanderLarbi the right of landlockedcountries to have access to and Boualem (Bui-'Alim) Oussedik (al-5addiq) the sea. were released from house arrest, the government July 15: The World Bank decided to grant aid to disclosed. the AgriculturalBank in Kabul to pay back loans PresidentAhmad Bin Balli left for Tamanrasset for a with and will also participatein preparingand imple- meeting PresidentHamani Diori of Ni- geria to menting a number of model and experimental reportedly urge that the 4 French- projects. speaking West African states attend the forthcom- ing Afro-Asianconference. July 17: The US will increaseits financialand tech- June 11: The Dockers' Union, an affiliate of the nical assistance because of its "appreciation"of GeneralUnion of Algerian the measurestaken by the governmentto improve the Workers,requested creationof a National Port Administration. country'seconomic position, it was reported. June 14: The Information Service denied foreign July 20: The governmentapproved the construction press reports of "divergencies"in the government. of a chemicalfertilizer and power plant in Mazar- June 15: The SocialistForces Front (FFS) announced i-Sharif to be built with credits provided by the in Paris its agreementwith the FLN on govern- USSR. ment goals. July 21: Direct telephone communicationbetween June 18: Financial questions concerning royalties, Kabul, Lahoreand Rawalpindiwas inaugurated. fixing of posted prices, oil companydepreciations, July 22: West Germanyagreed to loan the govern- rates and other tax matters were settled in the ment an additionalDM 20m in economicassistance; Franco-Algerianoil talks, it was learned. DM 240m is alreadypromised. The government signed a protocol with the July 27: The Ministry of Public Health announced USSR for technicaland economiccooperation. the presence of "a form of cholera called Bltor June 19: Defense Minister Colonel Houari (Hjawa- Vebriun" in the country,but said that the disease ri) Boumedienne(Bu-Midyan), leader of the Rev- had abateddue to promptpreventative measures. olutionaryCouncil, deposed Bin Balla in a blood- July 29: The governmentsigned an agreementfor fur- less militarycoup. The new governmentwas recog- ther economic cooperationwith the USSR. The nized by Indonesia,Syria and the Chinese Peoples' terms provide for repaymentof Soviet loans over Republic (CPR). 30 yearsrather than immediatelywith no additional Nasir dispatched 2 UAR representativesto a interestbeing charged,for Soviet technicalinstruc- meeting of the RevolutionaryCouncil to: obtain tion, for the supply of cement and bitumen for assurancesof Bin Balla's safety, investigate the hydro-electricprojects and the Kabul silo and for possibility of mediatingbetween the Revolutionary the constructionof a grinding mill. Under the Council and Bin Balli and offer political asylum agreement,the governmentwill pay 70m afghanis to Bin Balla and 'Abd al-RahmanSharif; all re- for the Western Highway in installmentsinstead of quests were refused by Boumedienne and the a lump sum. Council. Aug. 1: Najib Ullah, former ambassadorto India, June 20: In Algiers, students demonstratedin sup- Britain and the US, Minister of Foreign Affairs port of Bin BallR. Boumedienneannounced the and Educationand author of Ancient History of opening of the Afro-Asianconference as scheduled. CHRONOLOGY 489

June22: The InformationMinistry stated that Health Tedjini (Tajini) Qaddam:Health (formerMin- Minister Muhammad 5aghir Naqqash, Minister ister of Islamic Affairs) Without Portfolio 'Abd al-RahmimnSharlif and Boualem (Bfi-'Alim) Benhamouda (ibn Ham- Presidentof the National AssemblyHIIjj ibn 'Ala miidah): Veterans (former Deputy from Or- were arrestedwith Bin Balla. leansville) June 23: At Skikda, 4800 tons of US grain were 'Abd al-SalamBelaid (Bii al-'Id): Energy and unloaded;a total of 9900 will be deposited under Industry the AID program. 'Abd al-Qadir Zaibek (Za'ibak): Communica- June 24: Boumedienne'sRevolutionary Council sought tions (incumbent) assurancesof Frenchand US aid. 'Abd al-Nur 'All Yahya: Public Works June 25: Youths continued protests against Boume- Muhammadal-Hidi HIIjjSmail (Isma.'il): Hous- dienne. ing and Reconstruction(incumbent) Tunisia declared sympathyfor the motives be- Nur al-din Dellici (Dallisi): Commerce (in- hind the coup but said there was no reason for cumbent) recognizingthe new regime since "the entire gov- 'Abd al-'Aziz Zirdani: Labor ernmentexcept for one man" remainsthe same as 'Abd al-'Aziz Maaoui (Mii'uwi): Tourism before. 'Abd al-Karimibn Mahmfid: Youth and Sports June 26: The Afro-Asian conferencewas postponed Ahmad Saadouni(Sa'dumn): Islamic Affairs until November 5, on the recommendationof a A 20-manRevolutionary Council will share gov- majorityof the delegates. ernmental duties with the Cabinet, it was an- June 28: Foreign Minister 'Abd al-'Aziz Bouteflika nounced. (Bui-Tafliqah)told the USSR that while friendly The 9 African nations of the Commonwealth ties would be maintained,Algeria would no longer stated their refusal to recognizethe new regime. serve as a "forum for Moscow propaganda."Ac- July 12: Boumediennedefined his foreign policy as cordingto severalsources, the Boumedienneregime one of "nonalignment,"focused on developing an intends to focus on domesticeconomic problems. Arab Mahgriband on African unity. He said that June 29: Soviet, Cubanand UAR diplomatswere re- Algeria would seek closer ties with the "socialist portedly warned by Bouteflikaagainst "any inter- camp." Morocco'sKing Vasan praisedthe speech ference in Algeria's internal affairs." and affirmedhis support for the Algerian govern- June 30: In his first speech, Boumediennedenied ment. communistcharges that his regime was militaristic July 14: Soviet PremierKosygin addresseda message and rejectedadvice on building socialism. to Boumedienne'sgovernment wishing it successin July 2: David Dacko, Presidentof the CentralAfrican "its edificationof socialism." Republic, condemnedthe new regime. July 20: An interimExecutive Secretariat of the FLN The UAR officially recognizedthe new govern- was installed composed of Boumedienne, Sharif ment. Bilqasim,Col. Muhandal-Hajj, Muhammad Tayebi July 5. Boumedienneformally assumed leadership of (Ta'ib), $alah Boubnider (Sawt-al-'Arab) and the new 26-man RevolutionaryCouncil and an- Yuisuf Khatib, all membersof the Revolutionary nounced that the FLN would be "in charge of Council. policy making and planning." July 23: Franceand Algeria signed an oil agreement July 6: The US announcedrecognition of the gov- expected to increase oil productionin the Sahara ernment. by 50 per cent and give Algeria royaltiesestimated July 9: Minister of Industryand EnergyBashir Bou- at 75 per cent. maza (Ba--Maza)said there would be no changes July 29: Bouteflikaand French Secretaryof State for in oil policy, it was learned. Algerian Affairs Jean de Broglie signed a long- Boumedienne accepted the presidency of the range gas and oil agreementcalling for joint ex- governmentwhile retaining the position of Minis- ploitation of resourcesin the Sahara. ter of Defense. Aug. 2: Husayn Zahwan,member of the FLN politi- July 10: A 20-manCabinet was named: cal bureau under Bin Ball!, allegedly issued a Boumedienne:Prime Minister and Defense pamphlet calling on Algerians to join a clandes- Bouteflika: Foreign Affairs tine "Organizationfor Popular Resistance"against RabbahBitat: State (former Vice Presidentun- Boumedienne. der Bin Balla) Aug. 6: The CompagnieFransaise des Petroles (CFP) Ahmad Medeghri: Interior (incumbent) and SN Repal struck oil at Hassi Nezla, it was AhmadKaid (Qa'id): Finance reported. 'All Mahsas: Agriculture and Agrarian Reform Aug. 7: The government ruled that only African (incumbent) "liberationmovements" recognized by the Organi- Boumaza: Information (former Minister of In- zation of AfricanUnity would be allowed freedom dustry and Energy) for political activities in Algeria. MuhammadBedjaoui (Bajawi): Justice Aug. 12: The National Institute of Friendshipwith Ahmad Talib: Education Peoples, createdby Bin Balla, was dissolved. 490 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

A 6-point plan to reorganize the FLN was any act that might increasetension. Makarioscon- announced. tended any resolutionwould be an interferenceinto Aug. 14: Boumediennedissolved the Popular Militia the internal affairs of Cyprus. formed by Bin Ball! to fight guerillas, a govern- ment spokesmandisclosed. Aug. 19: Bargaining between the government and MuhammadKhidr, former head of the FLN, to Ethiopia get back $12m in party funds has begun, it was (See also, Somalia, Sudan) revealed. Aug. 24: Bouteflika failed through his tour of 6 1965 African countries to win support for an earlier meeting of African leaders;it will now take place June 4: The first phase of a Yugoslav-builthydro- after the Afro-Asianconference. electric power plant at the Tis Issat falls has been completed,it was reported. A National TransportCompany has been formed to develop and improvetransportation of goods by Cyprus road. (See also, Turkey) June 10: A UAR economicmission discussedexpan- 1965 sion of trade relationswith EmperorHaila Silasse. June 12: The Ministry of Information reported a June 6: Turkey proposedthe cession of 18 per cent borderclash with Somali troops. of Cypriot territory or the equivalent in Greek June 14: The ForeignMinistry charged that Berhanu territory,about 643 squaremiles. ForeignMinister Dinke, former Ambassadorto the US, had mis- Spyros Kyprainou stated that the Greek Cypriot appropriated$20,000 of embassy funds prior to government"will never agree"to territorialconces- his resignation. sions in return for a settlementwith the Turkish June 15: Addis Zaman condemned Syria for re- Cypriots. portedly attemptingto ship arms to "bandits"in July 22: A bill to extend the life of the presentCyp- the north. riot governmentfor a year excludingVice President June 21: The government Fazil Kiiik and the three TurkishCypriot Cabinet announcedrecognition of the new governmentin Algeria. ministers was proposed. House Leader Glavkos Clerides said that the legal status of Kiiuik and June 26: It was reported that 70,000 refugees and the other ministerswas not recognizedby the gov- 250,000 head of cattle crossed the border from ernment, and that they had been replaced by Somaliain the past two weeks. Greeks. June 28: The US announceda $39.2m economicde- July 23: The government brought forward a bill velopment programaimed at strengtheningEthio- aimed at eliminating all communaldistinctions in pia's financialresources. Most of the expenditure future elections;there would be a commonroll for will be on health, highways,transport and building Greek and Turkish Cypriots. projectsand is intendedto generatelocal currency. July 29: Turkey asked Britain and Greece to partici- July 8: The Emperorstated that the US must choose pate in a meeting to discuss unified action against its friends in Africa carefully "and then take care ArchbishopMakarios. not to lose them." He made clear his dislike of July 30: Turkeyasked the SecurityCouncil to investi- US policy toward the governmentsof South Africa, gate the amendmentsto the Cypriotelectoral laws, Rhodesia,Angola and Mozambique. calling them unconstitutionaland in violation of July 16: It was learnedthat a Panamaniancompany, Turkish Cypriot rights. Geophysical Service InternationalSA, established The CyprusHouse of Representativespassed the an office in Addis Ababa with a capital of Eth. bills to dismiss Kiiiik and abolish separatevoting $50,000 to undertakesurveys for oil, natural gas rights for the Turkish Cypriots. and other minerals. Aug. 3: In the UN SecurityCouncil, Turkeyaccused July 29: The Emperorleft for visits to Zambia,Kenya the governmentof Cyprusof producingan "explo- and Malawi where he is expected to discuss the sive" situation by taking steps toward union with cause of Africanunity. Greece in violation of the constitution. Greece July 30: The British Trade Exhibition,which was to charged Turkey with trying to preserve a govern- have been held in late November has been can- ment which was unworkable. celled, it was reported. Aug. 5: The US, France and Britain criticized the An agreementproviding for the financingof the moves of the Cypriotgovernment. At the Security Nazareth to Dilla branch of the Addis Ababa- Council, Britain hinted at direct action to defend Djibouti Railwayhas been signed. Turkishrights if the new laws were enforced. The National Bank sponsoredthe formationof Aug. 8: The SecurityCouncil ended debate with a a share dealing group which anticipatesthe estab- unanimousappeal to all partiesin Cyprusto avoid lishment of a permanentstock exchange. CHRONOLOGY 491

Iran experts who are being recruited in an effort to strengthenthe managementof private industries. (See also, General, Kuwayt, Persian Gulf) July 16: A US firm Philipp Brothers will partici- 1965 pate in the steel mill being constructedby Demag. The governmentand Japan have negotiated a June 4: CompafiiaEspafiol de Petroleos (CEPSA), a trade agreementproviding for an increase of 17 private Spanish oil companyregistered in Madrid, per cent in Iranianexports to $5.2m, excluding oil. establisheda subsidiarycompany in Iran with the It was reportedthat the governmentwill import object of acquiringan interest in the Iranian Off- 350,000 tons of Argentinianwheat in exchangefor shore PetroleumCompany (IROPCO). 350,000 cubic metersof crudeoil. GE of the US will supply the Tehran Elec- July 17: The World Bank made a $10m loan to the tricity Boardwith 2 82.5 megawattgenerating units Industrialand Mining DevelopmentBank of Iran for the Farahabadpower station in Tehran at a (IMDBI), it was learned. cost of about $15m. Purchaseand installation of Aug. 1: Ministerof Health ManochihrShThgh6li an- the units will be financedby a $20m Export-Import nounced the death of 89 persons in a cholera Bank loan to the government. epidemic in easternIran. Experts from the IDA are to make a study of Aug. 13: Industrialalcohol, sulphur, soap, ammonia Iran's ports, it was learned. and cottonhave been addedto the list of prohibited June 11: The governmenthas awardeda contractto imports. Demag of West Germanyfor the constructionof The Plan Organizationapproved a 12.5m riyals a steel rolling mill at Ahwaz in the province of credit for the currentyear to equip the Golbaneh Khuzestan. coal mine in Khorasan. Hungary has offered the government a $10m Japan has offered the governmenta $17m loan loan with interest of 21/2 per cent payableonly on to financea telecommunicationsproject, provided the the amountswhich are actually used. contractgoes to Japan,it was reported. June 16: MuhammadBokharai and 3 accomplices Aug. 15: Following a governmentdecision that for- were executed for having plotted and carried out eigners cannot hold editorial jobs on Iranian the assassinationof Premier Hasan 'All Mansor newspapers,Will Fulforce, editor of Kayhan In- on January21; 2 other accompliceswere sentenced ternational,and Jay Ross, editor of The Teheran to life imprisonment. Journal, are returningto the US. June 18: NIOC awarded a 5,000 square kilometer Aug. 19: In a radio address,the Shah promisedthat concession in its offshore district to a group of Iran would have the same standardof living with- West German oil companies, Deutsche Erdoel, in 20 years as "the most progressivecountries of Elwerath, Preussag, Wintershall and Gelsenberg. the world." It was reportedthat NIOC approvedplans for the constructionof a 15,000 b/d refineryat Shiraz. After a visit of a trade delegation to Hungary Iraq and Rumania,the governmentannounced a 3-year (See also, General,Kuwayt, Lebanon,Persian Gulf) trade agreementwith Rumania. The government introduced cuts ranging from 1965 to of 5 15 per cent in the price gas, sugar and June 1: Minister of Education Shuqri Salih Zak! of a electricity which it has monopoly. discussed the development of cultural relations June 21: Shah MuhammadRiza Pahlevi began a with Malaysia. 9-day state visit in Moscow. June 9: A law was passed establishing the Arab June 24: Francis Kirking, a US Peace Corpsman, eagle, emblemof the UAR, as the new emblemto drowned while rescuing an Iranian friend in the be used "for all laws, regulations and military CaspianSea. ranks." July 2: AssociatedContinental Middle East Lines and Minister of Planning 'Abd al-Hasan Zalzalah Associated MediterraneanMiddle East Lines have returnedfrom talks with the UAR and Algeria on announced an increase of 71/2 per cent in their cooperationin planning and coordinationin indus- freight rates for imports to Iran from next Sep- try. tember. June 11: StandardOil (NJ) declined to participate July 9: It was learned that the Shah's visit to the with the IraqNational Oil Company(INOC) in a USSR was extended to 13 days. The USSR has new joint ventureoutside the acreagenow held by offered to build an industrialcomplex comprising the Iraq PetroleumCompany (IPC). a steel mill, a machinetool plant and a factoryfor Finland will make a long-termloan of ID 15m agricultural machinery in exchange for Iranian following the visit of a Finnish economic delega- natural gas. tion, it was reported. The Ministry of Economy has set aside 180m June 13: In a visit to the north, President 'Abd al- riyalstoward payment of the salariesof 180 foreign Salam 'Arif stressed the need for national unity 492 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

and appealedto the Kurdsto destroy"the saboteurs Jamil al-Malaykah:Industry and restorestability to the area." Kazim 'Abd al-Hamid:Economy June 18: PremierTahir Yahyaissued a decreepardon- Almad 'Abd al-Hadi al-Habuibi:Municipal and ing 14 exiles including a number of teachers, it Rural Affairs was reported. July 13: 'Arif announcedthat the governmentplanned Under the new 5-yearplan, ID 2.75m has been to hold general elections and that "Iraqwill have allocatedfor projectsto promotetourism. its desired nationalassembly soon." He noted that The governmentand IPC have reachedan agree- foreign policy would be based on a unified Arab ment in their oil negotiations. stand. June 21: The governmentannounced that pensions July 15: The MilitaryCourt of Appeals confirmedthe will be paid to families of the "martyrsof the death sentence passed in absentia on Mundhir al- Mosul revolt"staged by 'Abd al-Wahhabal-Shawaf Wandawi, commanderof the disbandedNational in March 1959 againstthe regime of 'Abd al-Karim Guard and participantin the armed insurrection Qasim. staged in November 1963. June 23: President'Arif expressedhis supportof the Premier Yahya inauguratedan ID 8m power Gulf statesand spoke of the "brotherlyties" linking project designed to link northernand central Iraq Iraq and Kuwayt. He said that Kurds "misled" with a single power station and provide electric by Mulla Mustafaal-Barazani were now "returning power to armycamps and pumping-stations. to the right path." July 16: The US CommerceDepartment will spon- June 27: Under a new law pardoning those who sor an exhibition on petro-chemicalutilization and have recanted,17 army officerswho defected after the by-productsin the retail trade, light industry the February1963 revolution against Qasim and and agricultureto be held in Baghdadin Novem- joined the forces of al-Bardzanihave been rein- ber, it was reported. stated. It was learned that a permanent exports fair June 30: Securityforces announcedthe discoveryof sponsoredby the ChinesePeoples' Republic (CPR) a communistsabotage network operatingin Mosul has opened in Baghdad. and the arrestof its members. July 17: The GulbenkianFoundation announced its An Islamic congress attended by 250 'ulamd! decision to provide ID 20,000 for various projects. representingvarious Islamic schools in Iraq opened July 21: Kurdish sourcesin Europereported the use in Baghdad. of modern artillery by Kurdish tribesmen. They July 2: 'Abdallah Ism&'il,Director General of Oil charged the governmentwith increasingtheir na- Affairs in the Oil Ministry, has been appointed palm bombing in the north. Deputy Minister while retaining his other duties, July 23: An agreementwith a US firm has been it was learned. concluded for the supply of electronic equipment The governmentappointed $alih Kubbahas their to processresults of a censusto be held on October representativeon the Boardof Governorsof OPEC. 14. July 3: 'Abd al-Sa'ibal-Alwan, Minister of Agrarian The press has called on the governmentto pub- Reform, returnedfrom tours of the UAR, Algeria lish the results of its prolonged negotiationswith and Czechoslovakiawhere he discussed bases of IPC, it was reported. cooperationin agriculturalmatters. Under the new 5-year plan, ID 11om will be Minister of Education Shuqri Silih Zaki was spent on education. appointedsecretary general of the unified political July 24: Premier Yahya distributedthe title deeds commandbetween the UAR and Iraq. to about 8,625 acres of agriculturalland to ap- July 4: It was reported that 6 pro-Nasir Cabinet proximately1,100 farmersin the Dujail region. membersresigned, allegedly over differenceswith It was learnedthat 32 lawyers,including former 'Arif concerningthe proposedunion with the UAR, president of the Bar Association 'Abd al-Razzaq, the Kurdish problemand the near-finalagreement have offeredto defend former Presidentof Algeria with IPC. They are: AlhmadBin Balla. Subhi 'Abd al-Hamid:Interior July 25: Jordan abolished entry visas for Iraqis in 'Abd al-KarimFarhan: Guidance compliancewith recommendationsof the Councilof Adib al-Jadir:Industry Arab EconomicUnity. Fu'ad al-Riqabi:Rural Affairs July 29: The governmenttransferred ?500,000 to the 'Aziz HIfiz: Economy Arab African Bank in Cairo to pay for half its 'Abd al-Sattar'All al-Husayn: Justice sharesin the bank'scapital. July 11: The acceptanceof the resignationswas an- Aug. 2: Travel to and from Iran was bannedto pre- nounced in a presidentialdecree. Six new minis- vent the spread of cholera. ters were appointedas follows: Aug. 11: Minister of FinanceMulhammad Jawad al- 'Abd al-Latif al-Dirraji: Interior 'Ubulsresigned "in view of his illness." Minister Qadar'Abd al-Ghaffuir:Education of Planning 'Abd al-HasanZalzalah was appointed 'Abd al-RahmanKhalid al-Qaysi: Culture and acting finance minister in addition to his own Guidance duties. CHRONOLOGY 493

Aug. 12: The Ford Foundationgranted $110,000 to Sourcessaid that 1 memberhanged himself in the the Iraqi-AmericanEducational Association in Acre prison. Baghdadfor English languageteaching purposes. PhilosopherMartin Buber died. Aug. 15: A World Bank mission conferredwith offi- June 16: Ben-Gurionappealed to his political follow- cials on their study of the extent of Iraq'sexploita- ers to break away from Mapai and form a party tion of the Euphratesfor agriculturalprojects. The of "justiceand comradeship." mission is touring the 3 countriesthrough which June 18: The Japanese Hino Motor Companywill the Euphratesflows-Iraq, Syria and Turkey. invest It 3m in Ilin Industries this year and a Aug. 20: 'Arif dismissed the editorial staff of the furtherIL 3m by the end of next year to raise out- Baghdad daily al-Thawrahal-'Arabiyah which al- put capacityof the Contessacar to 15,000 vehicles legedly reflectsthe views of the 6 Cabinetmembers a year. who resigned. JerusalemCity Finance Committeeapproved a The governmentpledged to make public the oil If 25m developmentbudget for 1965-6, it was agreementbefore it is signed. reported. Aug. 21: The governmentwas granted2 loans worth June 21: Moses A. Leavitt, a leader of relief and a total of $7,336,000 from the Export-ImportBank resettlementactivities, died. in Washington,it was reported. June 25: The Elyam Shipping Company of Haifa 'Arif announcedthe wish of the National Revolu- ordered 2 bulk carriersof 65,000 tons each from tionaryCouncil to dissolve itself. the FurnessShipbuilding and EngineringCompany Al-Manairreported that 319 people had been of Britain. accused of "plotting against the regime" and had June 29: Ben-Gurionresigned from Mapai and sub- been committedfor trial before the state security mitted an independentlist of candidates. court. July 4: The Cabinet tacitly approvedRolf Pauls as Aug. 24: The governmentdenied plans to use poison West Germany'sfirst ambassador. gas against the Kurdish rebels. July 7: Moshe Sharett,Premier from 1953 to 1955 Aug. 26: It was announcedthat the EconomicPlan- and chairmanof the World Zionist Executive,died. ning Boardapproved additional allocations totalling The governmentaccepted Rolf Pauls as ambas- ID 550,000 for a programto develop the north. sador, and Bonn granted approvalto the appoint- The governmentand the USSR signed an agree- ment as ambassadorof Ascher Ben-Nathan,a State ment for cultural cooperation. Secretaryin the Defense Ministry. Iraq and Kuwayt announced an agreement to July 8: Thousandsof people paid tribute to Moshe coordinatetheir oil policy. Sharettas the body lay in state in the courtyardof Aug. 27: An Italian firm SNAM was awarded an the Jewish Agency. ID 4,320,000 contractto build a new oil refinery July 9: Chemical and Phosphatesof Haifa decided near Baghdad. againstmanufacturing triple super-phosphateswhich Visas for travel between Iraq and Jordan were reportedlywould necessitate large foreign invest- abolished. ments and will produce instead the intermediary product, phosphoric acid which will be exported for use in the manufactureof fertilizers. Israel Lapidot announceda new oil strike in the Ko- (See also, General, Palestine Problem) chav field. July 11: Nahum Goldmann,president of the World 1965 Jewish Congress, accused the American Jewish June 1: A Soviet newspaperaccused David Bartov, Committeeof failing to participatein joint action First Secretaryat the Israeli Embassy,of subversive with other Jewish communities. activitiesamong Jews in the Caucasianrepublic of July 12: The CentralCommittee of Mapai adopteda Georgia. resolution automaticallyending party membership June 4: Mapai nominated Premier Levi Eshkol as of anyone supporting a separate list of election their candidatefor Premierafter next fall's parlia- candidates. mentaryelections. July 16: The governmentrepealed the 25 per cent Moshe Carmelwas appointedMinister of Trans- capital gains tax on earnings from stocks traded port following the death of the former minister on the stock exchangeintroduced in June, 1964. Israel Bar-Yehuda,it was learned. July 23: The total value of the citrus crop was The government began the first phase of an estimatedat $68.7m for 1964-5, about 30 per cent industrial census to obtain data for development more than in 1963-4. purposes, training manpower, settling immigrants AID granted 3 loans totalling $20m for the and channelinginvestments. developmentof industry,agriculture and communi- June 13: Police reportedlybroke up an Egyptianspy cations. network and are holding 7 of its members. The governmentsigned an agreementwith the 494 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

US to avoid double taxation and for the encour- June 8: An agreementsigned between US AID and agement of internationaltrade and investment. the governmentprovides for the constructionof Aug. 1: Leader of Jerusalem'smost orthodox sect, 2 bridges on the Karak-Katranahhighway at a cost the Neturei Karta, Rabbi Amram Blau, is "in of $83,320. virtual exile" with sect members in Bnei Brak A royal decree ratified a technical and cultural near Tel Aviv becauseof controversygenerated by agreementbetween Jordan and France. his decision to marry a 45 year old convert to June 10: King HIusayn declaredsupport for the pro- Judaism. Blau is 72. posal of an Islamic summit conference,it was re- Aug. 3: The editors of Haolem Hazeh appealed to ported. readers to save them from a year's imprisonment June 11: LeavingAmman after a 3-day visit, British under the new defamationlaw by re-electingthem Minister of OverseasDevelopment BarbaraCastle to Parliament. stated her support of increased cooperation be- Aug. 6: The communistparty divided into separate tween Britain and Jordan. It was announcedthat Arab and Jewish factions. the governmenthad requestedan increasein British The governmentapproved in principle the in- developmentaid and the provision of it on long. troduction of a non-commercialtelevision service. term ratherthan annual basis. Lapidot and the government-ownedOil Services Nusaybah stated that the government'spolicy Companywill spend I? 25m over the next few toward the Western and other campswas based on years in a joint searchfor oil in the south. "placing our interest above every consideration." Aug. 11: West GermanAmbassador Pauls arrivedin June 14: The governmentstated its intention to ask Israel. Kuwayt, Saudi Arabia and Libya not to employ Ben-Gurionaddressed a streetrally in an attempt Jordanian engineers and doctors without permis- to gain support for his new party, the Israeli sion from the government. Workers. June 16: Cultural and technical agreements were Aug. 16: AmbassadorAscher Ben-Nathanarrived in signed with France and Italy. Bonn. The Cabinetapproved a provisionalbill to estab- Aug. 17: Yellow tags bearing the Star of David and lish an industrialdevelopment bank with a capital the word "Jude" littered the streets of Jerusalem of 3m dinars. protesting a forthcoming ceremony when Pauls June 18: It was learned that the governmentwill will present his credentials. increase its holdings in the Jordan Phosphate Aug. 19: A demonstrationbecame violent during the Companyfrom 51 per cent to 70 per cent prior to credentialspresentation ceremony. the granting of rights to the company for the Aug. 24: Ben-Nathan presented his credentials in exploitationof all phosphaterock deposits. Bonn; no incidents occurred. The Bonn governmentgranted ?30,000 to a West Aug. 30: Governmentofficials and religious leaders Germanfirm of consultingengineers to make pos- dismissed Rabbi Zvi Harkavy'sassertion that he sible the completionof plans for the extension of was asked to becomeChief Rabbiof the USSR. the Jordanianportion of the Hijaz railway from Ma'an to Aqaba to facilitate phosphateexports, it was reported. Jordan Hatim al-Zu'bi, Minister of Economy, recom- mended in (See also, General, Iraq, Palestine Problem, talks with representativesof the John W. Mecom Saudi Arabia) Companythat existing wells be drilled deeper. 1965 June 19: The Cabinetapproved a draft law aimed at strengtheningthe defense of settlementsbordering June 2: A departmentfor press affairs directed by Israel with volunteersand arms, training students Wadi' al-Qasiis,Assistant Director-General of Cul- in the use of arms and civil servantsin civil de- ture and Guidance,has been created at the Royal fense. Cabinet,it was learned. June 21: Prime Minister Wasfi al-Tall disclosed a June 3: Foreign MinisterHazim Nusaybahconferred Jordanian-sponsoredplan for the solution of the separately with the ambassadorsof UAR and Yemeni conflict; it was forwarded to the UAR, Iraq reportedlyover matters of common Arab in- Saudi Arabia and Yemen. terest, the outcome of the meetings of heads of June 22: Saudi Arabiacontributed JD 94,250 for the governmentsand the Arab Defense Council. second stage in the restorationof the Dome of the June 5: A royal decree named 'Abd al-Rahlimal- Rock mosquein Jerusalem. Wakid Minister of Justice and Edmond Roch as June 23: King H{usayn opened Jordan'sfirst worsted memberof the House of Notables. textile mill. June 6: US experts began a study of Jordanianad- June 29: Governmentofficials of Jordan, Syria and ministrative machineryunder an agreementwith Saudi Arabia met to discuss legal and technical the US mission for economic developmentin Jor- questions regarding the reactivationof the Hijaz dan. railway between Damascusand Medina. CHRONOLOGY 495

In an agreementsigned with the Development marcationsof the frontier, a draft agreementwas Board, AID allocated $459,000 for the develop- approved. ment of tourism and restorationof monuments. Aug. 4: It was announcedthat a number of "very June 30: AID signed an agreementwith the Develop- modern"US tanks arrivedat Aqaba as part of a ment Boardproviding $115,000 for the purchaseof programto supply the army with up to date arms agriculturalmachinery for training farmers. and equipment. July 2: The Ministry of Finance and Customsmust Aug. 5: A Jordanianfirm was awardedthe contracts grant prior approval before government depart- for the building of the East and West Ghor Canals. ments may negotiate agreementswith private busi- Aug. 6: The British governmentagreed to loan up to ness firms involving customs exemption grants, it ?2m to help financeJordan's 7-year national elec- was learned. trificationplan, it was learned. July 5: Minister of Communications'All al-Dajani Aug. 8: Director-Generalof the JordanianPhosphate announcedthat the governmentintended to estab- CompanyRashad al-Hassan announced the signing lish a free zone in Aqaba. of an agreementwith Yugoslavia for the sale of July 6: The governmentannounced its decision to 50,000 tons of phosphates. establish diplomatic relations with Ceylon at the Aug. 12: The Ford Foundationgranted $310,000 for embassylevel. junior colleges. Al-Dajani reportedthat the Vijaz railwaywould Aug. 13: Customsduties were raised to increasestate be in operationby the end of 1967. revenue,it was reported. July 8: Talk began with Saudi Arabiaon the modifi- The governmenthas receivedan offer of techni- cation of Jordan-Saudiborders. cal aid from Japanand a programwhereby Japanese The Development Board agreed with an AID expertswill be sent to Jordanto train personnelis plan to implementcertain projects with a long-term being planned. loan of $35m. The projects include phosphate Aug. 14: The governmentand AID signed an agree- production, roads, telecommunications,improve- ment under which AID will contribute$200,000 ments to JerusalemAirport and financingthe proj- towards financingforestation and land reclamation ected JordanianIndustrial Bank. work in the Ghor area. July 12: The US InternationalSuperior Engineering Aug. 18: 'Abd al-Mun'imal-RifR'I, permanent repre- Corporationoffered the governmenta JD 2,500,000 sentativeat the UN, was transferredto the Foreign loan to finance cooperative housing projects, it Ministryand Muhammadal-Farah appointed in his was announced. place. July 26: Danish Charged'affaires Carl P. Reyberg,in Aug. 19: The governmentreached a trade develop- a note to Minister of National Economyal-Zu'bi, ment agreementwith Pakistan providing for the proposed talks on a technical and economic co- increase of Jordan exports to Pakistan. operationagreement. Aug. 28: AID will contributean extra $35,000 for Dutch AgriculturalAttache R.E.F. de Vries ap- the project to exterminatemalaria, it was learned. proachedal-Zu'bi with a proposalfor a Jordanian- Under an agreementsigned in 1964, $172,000 were Dutch dairy enterprise. allocatedfor the same purpose. July 31: A royal decree stated the acceptanceof the King H{usaynarrived in Beirut for a 5-dayvisit resignationof 5 Cabinetministers: 'Abd al-Rahim during which discussions with President Charles al-Wikid, Justice; Kamal Muhyi al-din, Social Af- Hilui on relationsand future economiccooperation fairs and Labor; 'Abd al-Lat-if'Abd al-din, Educa- would be held. tion; al-Dajani, Communications;and Fu'ad Farraj, Municipal and Rural Affairs. Six ministers were appointed: Nisfat Kamal,Labor and Social Affairs; Kashmir Sa'id al-Dajini, State; Isma'il Hijazi, Agriculture; Qasim al-Rimawl, Rural and MAunicipalAffairs; (See also, Pakistan) Sharif 'Abd al-HamidSharaf, Information and Na- 1965 tional Guidance; Sam'an Da'ud, Communications. Tuqan al-Hindawi (former Minister of Informa- June 7: The chief UN observercriticized both India tion) became Minister of Education and Jiryis and Pakistanfor their unyielding attitudes. Haddadin (former Minister of Agriculture) be- The Indian Defense Ministry reported 11 Paki- came Minister of Justice. stanis killed on the ceasefireline, with India suf- The State Security Court sentenced 2 soldiers fering "a few casualties." to death by hanging, and warrant officer Hamad June 8: Kashmirnationalist leader MaulanaMasoodi Husayn Abu-Dabbuisto life imprisonmentwith asserted India would grant self-determinationde- hard labor after finding them guilty of high trea- mandedby Ghandi'sprinciples. son and espionage. June 9: Demonstrationsfor a plebiscite occurredin Aug. 3: The Cabinetdecided to establish diplomatic Srinagar. relationswith Nepal at the embassylevel. June 14: Firing reportedly continued in the Uri After negotiations with Saudi Arabia on de- sector of the ceasefireline. 496 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

June 18: An Indian spokesmansaid that their troops Aug. 25: India announcedthat her troops crossedthe would withdraw from 2 posts on the Pakistan ceasefireline in 2 places and occupied Pakistani side of the line when a UN team arrives. posts "to preventfurther infiltration." Aug. 7: India reported8 Pakistaniskilled in 3 border Pakistan charged that India killed 25 persons clashes. and wounded 15 others in an attackon a Pakistani Aug. 8: India announcedexpansion of her Kashmir village. forces due to "extensiveinfiltration" from Pakistan. Aug. 26: India reportedthe captureof a third Paki- Aug. 9: Pakistani "infiltrators"reportedly clashed stani post. with Indian troops near Srinagar. Kashmir'sChief Aug. 28: Indian troops crossed the ceasefire line, Minister GhulamMuhammed Sadiq said that Paki- reportedlyto surroundarmed Pakistanispreparing stan had mounted a "full-bloodedinvasion," but to infiltrateIndian territory. observersnoted little evidence of it. There were U Thant continued efforts to effect a ceasefire. reports of infiltratorscarrying pamphlets urging a Aug. 29: India said her troops had repulseda major Muslim revolt. Pakistani attack across the ceasefire line. More Bhutto called on India to fulfill her "interna- battles were reported by the clandestine radio, tional commitments"on Kashmir. Voice of Kashmir. Aug. l0: India chargedPakistan with attemptingto Abdul Hamid Khan, Presidentof Azad, warned start a guerilla war in Kashmir. India to evacuatethe 3 occupied posts and leave A PakistaniDefense Ministry spokesmancalled Kashmir"before it is too late." the allegation of infiltration "totally baseless and Aug. 30: India reportedher captureof 9 important a deliberate fabrication." Bhutto said that the Pakistanipositions in a major offensive into Paki- Kashmir people "have only decided to intensify stan-heldKashmir. Heavy fighting was reportedin their liberationstruggle." several areas; casualty figures were undetermined. UN SecretaryGeneral U Thant appealedto both sides for restraint. Aug. 11: Indian forces battled pro-Pakistaniforces Kuwayt for 7 hours within 2 miles of Srinagar. An Azad spokesmanwarned it would "help the (See also, Palestine Problem, Syria, Yemen) freedom fighters"if India tried to crush the "free- 1965 dom movement." Aug. 14: U Thant expressedconcern to the Pakistani June 2: Minister of Finance,Industry and Commerce government. Shaykh Jabir al-Ahmad Al $abah declared that India's UN representativemet with U Thant. "Kuwaytwill be the first to carryout a decisionto Aug. 15: India reportedincreased and strongerPaki- cut off Arab oil from those states which support stani attacksalong the ceasefireline. Israel providedthe other oil-producingcountries- Aug. 16: Indian troops captured 2 Pakistani posts Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Algeria and Libya-agree to across the ceasefireline. such measures." In New Delhi, 100,000 demonstratorscondemned June 3: Syria'sPresident Amin al-Hiifizmade a speech "appeasement"and called for a strongerKashmir attackingthe rulers of Kuwaytand warnedthem to stand. pay "the necessaryfunds for the liberationof Pal- Aug. 17: U Thant conferredseparately with Pakistani estine or else the battle will be waged againstthem and Indian representatives. first and foremost before one bullet is fired in The Indian governmentwas again attacked in Israel." parliamentfor "appeasement"of Pakistan. June 4: It was learned that Kuwayt becamethe first Aug. 18: Meetingswith U Thant were again held. Arab countryto use US "EarlyBird" facilities with Aug. 20: A Kashmir government spokesman an- a broadcastfrom UN headquarters. nouncedthat nearly 50,000 rifles will be distributed The governmentapproved a project to build a among villagers in Jammu Province who will be 1,200-bedhospital, the largest in the Middle East organized into home guard units to "handle ma- and Africa, at Jabariya. raudersfrom Pakistan." Aid was discontinued to Tunisia because of Pakistanradio reportedthat India was mobilizing PresidentHabib Bourguiba's(Bii-Raqibah) attitude her regular army along the border. The Minister on the Palestinequestion. for Kashmir Affairs denied any Pakistani partici- June 6: A governmentspokesman replied to Syrian pation in the "freedom movement." accusations calling them products of "rabid ir- Aug. 21: Shastriwarned that Pakistanfaced an attack responsibility"and asserting that they were moti- if "aggression"continues. vated by a desire to blackmailKuwayt into granting Aug. 23: Indian officialswere reportedlyannoyed by Syriafinancial aid. U Thant's silence on Kashmir. June 9: The governmentsigned an agreementwith Aug. 24: U Thant summonedthe chief UN military Iran to form a joint committeeto study the dispute observer,Robert H. Nimmo, for talks on the dis- over the demarcationof the continental shelf in pute. the Persian Gulf. CHRONOLOGY 497

June 11: It was reported that a 9-man delegation commonmarket to protect industry,and there was from the Chinese People's Republic was visiting incompatibilityamong the different economic sys- and considering the promotion of industrial co- tems of the memberstates-the UAR, Iraq, Syria operation at the invitation of the Minister of Fi- and Jordan. nance. July 5: The National Assembly approved a draft The National Assemblypassed a motion for the agreementfor a $70m loan to KNPC. establishmentof a permanentparliamentary com- July 6: The National Assemblyvoted not to join the mittee on labor affairs,it was learned. Arab CommonMarket. The governmentruled that the establishmentand July 7: The governmentsigned an agreementwith operationof industriesis to be confinedto Kuwayti Saudi Arabia for partitioning the neutral zone nationalsalthough foreign participationin the form between them. of technicalaid and capitalwould still be welcome. July 9: KOC announceda 10 per cent wage increase June 15: The governmentissued a joint statement for all its employees,it was reported. with Saudi Arabiaindicating agreement on steps to The Ministerof FinanceAl Sabih said the funds bring about stability in Yemen. now invested in Britain amountedto about ?90m The National Assemblyratified loan agreements comparedwith ?186m in 1963. Total funds in- previously concluded with Algeria and the UAR vested abroadamounted to about?400m. but declined to ratify a similar agreement with July 15: The government agreed to loan Sudan Morocco. KD 1.7m for a sugar productionproject. June 22: The National Assemblyapproved an amend- Aug. 6: It was reportedthat a Spanish group His- ment to the civil service law under which the panoil will form a joint companywith KNPC for Cabinetmay dismiss any civil servantor refer him the developmentof a 3,700 square mile offshore to a disciplinary council to deprive him of his area relinquishedby KOC. pension or indemnity. The Ministry of Guidance KOC awarded a contract to the French firm was given the right to suspend or withdraw the CompagnieGenerale de Geophysique (CGG) for license of any publicationand requireall clubs and a new seismic survey in its concessionarea, it was societies to disband and re-registerunder a new learned. law that prohibitsthem from engaging in political Aug. 20: The governmentis decreasingits financial or religious activities. aid to the UAR, it was reported. Anotheramendment called for tighter restrictions Aug. 26: Kuwayt Radio announcedthat the govern- on foreign criminal offenders. ment had agreed to coordinateits oil policy with The Ministry of Educationdecided to increase Iraq, particularlyon royalty issues. the salaries of teachers and to set up separate Aug. 31: The governmentgranted Sudan a KD 5m faculties for men and women which would serve loan. as the nucleusfor the proposedKuwayti University. June 25: A 9-man "Higher Commissionfor Supervi- sion of Foreign Oil CompaniesOperating in Ku- Lebanon wayt" was establishedby the Ministry of Finance. The Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor an- (See also, Iraq, Palestine Problem) nounced the establishment of a Federation of 1965 PetroleumEmployees and Workers at Ahmadi. A bilateral air agreementwas signed between June 2: The resignationof Foreign Minister Philip the governmentand the UAR. Taqla was announced. Taqla returnedto his for- July 2: The governmenthas set up a joint committee mer post as governor of the Central Bank of for economicand technicalcooperation with India. Lebanon. Premier Husayn 'Uwayni will assume It was reported that the Kuwayt Flour Mills the leadership of the Foreign Ministry while re- Companyis now the sole authorizedimporter of taining his own position. flour and wheat. The Cabinetappointed Colonel Emile Bustani as The Moroccanloan agreementwas ratifiedby the commanderin chief of the army succeedingMajor National Assembly. General'Adil Shihab. KNPC requesteda $70m loan from the govern- June 4: FinanceMinister 'Uthmanal-Dana appointed ment for construction of an export refinery at a commissionto studythe proposalfor an industrial Shuaiba. free zone in the port of Beirut. July 3: A joint parliamentarycommittee recommend- June 7: British AmbassadorSir Derek Riches was ed that the National Assembly postpone its ratifi- summonedby 'Uwaynireportedly to discuss Cairo's cation of the Arab Common Market Agreement publicationin Al-Ahrim of alleged Anglo-American until "Kuwaytcan join on a footing of equality." plans for landings in Lebanon in certain circum- The committeesaid, while it supportedparticipa- stances. tion in strengtheningthe Arab economy,restrictions Franceand Lebanonissued a joint communique would hamper their economic activity and burden pledging further cooperationin radio, films, tele- Kuwayticonsumers. Further, they did not need the vision and other mass communicationsmedia. 498 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

June 12: The governmentannounced exposure of a Aug. 13: The Soviet Ambassadorhas requestedper- plot by the outlawed Social Nationalist party to mission from the governmentto open a commercial seize power. air route betweenMoscow and Beirut. June 15: A note from the Foreign Ministry to the Aug. 17: The Chamberof Deputies approveda draft British Embassyexpressed "surpriseand displeas- law authorizing conclusion of an agreementper- ure" at the reportin al-Abhrim. mitting France to establish a mobile station for June 17: The governmentdenied Israeli chargesthat tracking artificialsatellites. 3 Lebanese crossed the Israeli border on June 1 Aug. 21: Ismat Sharif Vanly, a Kurdishspokesman, and blew up a house in Yiftah. claimed that the governmentordered him to leave June 24: The Rockefellerfamily of New York do- Lebanon. nated $17,500 to the AmericanUniversity of Beirut. July 6: The Chamberof Deputies approveda draft law giving the army advanceauthorization to con- Libya clude necessary arrangementsto strengthen the 1965 armedforces as agreedwith the Arab Leagueunder Arab summit conferenceresolutions. June 2: The third of 4 wells set on fire by an ex- July 9: A Frencheconomic and culturalmission has plosion in the British Petroleum'sBunker Hunt arrivedin Beirut for discussionswith Lebaneseau- Concessionon May 14 was broughtunder control. thorities,it was reported. One remains blazing. The Ivory Coast opened a coffee depot in the June 4: It was reportedthat British troops will be free zone of the port of Beirut, it was learned. withdrawn from Tripoli starting later this year, July 10: A protocol for the economic agreement the move to be finishedby next March. signed in 1953 has been drafted by Lebanonand The Swedish firm IngenjorsfirmanOrrje and Syria after talks on the organizationof transport Companyhas been appointed consultantsfor the and transitaffairs. extensions to the port of Tripoli. The project July 11: RaymondEdde (Iddah), leader of the Na- will cost an estimated$20m. tional Bloc, was elected to the Chamberof Depu- June 11: The Oil Ministryreported that Mobil Oil ties in a by-electionin the Byblos constituency. had made a new discovery in Concession 11 of July 16: The governmentdecided to impose severe Zone 1. restrictionson the establishmentof new banks or The fourth burning well of Bunker Hunt Con- new branchesof foreign banks to safeguard the cession was brought under control. national economy. June 15: The governmentwill establish diplomatic July 20: Premier'Uwayni resigned his post, allegedly relations with Malta at embassy level, it was an- because of disagreements concerning proposed nounced. changes in the judiciary. June 16: PremierHusayn Mazik announcedthat the July 22: PresidentCharles Hiliu asked formerpremier governmenthad opened embassies in Yugoslavia Rashid Karamito form a government. and Belgium, and a consulatein Geneva. July 25: Karam!named a 10-manCabinet as follows: June 24: The governmentsigned a technicalcoopera- Karami: Prime Minister,Finance and Defense tion agreementwith Yugoslavia. MuhammadKnei'o: Health and Interior June 25: Mobil/Gelsenbergawarded a contract for Rafiq Najja: National Economy the constructionof a 30-inch pipeline connecting George Naqqash: Public Works and Transport Amal with their terminalat Ras Lanuf to Arabian George Hakim: ForeignAffairs Bechtel of the US. The contracthas an estimated Najib 'Alam al-din: Guidance,Information and value of $28m. Tourism A team of Libyans is in Europe touring pre- Joseph Najjar: Planning, Agricultureand Posts fabricatedbuilding factories. and Telegraphs The UN gave the government$500,000 worth of Smile Tayyan: Justice technicalaid in 1964, it was learned. Wajdih Mallat: Labor and Social Affairs July 2: The Ministryof PetroleumAffairs approved Sulaymanal-Zayn: Educationand Fine Arts Phillips and Pan American'sproduction plans which About 30 Deputies boycottedthe Cabinet-forming envisage using pipeline space on the Mobil/Gel- consultations but a majority of the 99-member senberg/Amoseassystem to deliver their crude oil Chambersupported Karami. output to the Ras Lanuf export terminal. Aug. 5: A new trial was orderedfor George Shami, Director of Technical Affairs at the Oil Minis- editor of al-Ijayit, 1{ilmi al-Ma'liuf, editor of try Muhammad Jarashi severely criticized ex- al-Saff4 and Sa'id Nasir al-Din, editor of al- cessive discounts off posted prices granted by Bayraq, sentenced for publishing pictures and independent companies operating in Libya. He articles consideredoffensive to security authorities recommendedthat the petroleumlaws be amended during a parliamentaryby-election. to overcomethis "exploitation." Aug. 12: A 61 to 32 vote of confidencewas won by July 7: The ninth conferenceof the OPECopened in Karami'sgovernment. Tripoli. CHRONOLOGY 499

July 19: The governmentagreed to establish diplo- A copper processingplant built by the Czecho- matic relations with Guinea at embassy level, it slovak firm Technoexportwas opened, it was re- was learned. ported. The UN Special Fund plans to provide the gov- June 7: King IHasandeclared a state of emergency ernmentwith technicalassistance. and assumedlegislative and executivepowers. He July 22: At Esso's Port Brega terminal,3 oil storage said, after 6 weeks of negotiations with political tankerswere blown up by time bombs and report- parties, it was impossible to form a coalition edly caught fire. Investigationsare proceeding. based on a parliamentarymajority because parliament July 23: The tank fire was broughtunder control. was "paralyzedby futile debates." The Cabinet The Polish Cekop organizationwas awardeda of PremierAhmad Ba-Hanini resigned and a new contractworth ?3,889,000 for the reconstructionof Cabinet was formed under Hasan including 12 the town of Barce. former members. Four of the new appointments It was learned that 3 wells drilled in the Wadi are in the economicfield. Beni Ulid will provide year-roundwater for a Hasan announcedthat the constitutionwould be mountain plateau area about 100 miles south of revised and submittedfor a referendum,and that Tripoli. new elections would be held. July 30: UNICEF offered the government $22,000 June 8: The House of Representativespassed 2 Is- to develop health services. tiqlal-sponsoredbills concerning the press; one Czechoslovakiaappointed its first ambassadorto prohibitsthe PrimeMinister or Ministerof Interior Libya since 1961, it was reported. from suspending publication of newspapers,and Aug. 6: The Ministry of PetroleumAffairs formed the other outlaws the publicationof foreign-owned a 3-man committee to study the oil bids of 46 papers. companieson the acreagethrown open for interna- June 9: Tunisian PresidentHabib Bourguiba (Bui- tional bidding last May. Raqibah) agreed to postpone a visit to Morocco Pan American awarded a contractto Maba of at the request of Hasan. Venezuela for the constructionof a pipeline con- June 11: Le Monde was banned from circulation, necting Kuff field and the Amoseas branchof the allegedly because of its "partiality"and "lack of Mobil/Gelsenberg/Amoseaspipeline. objectivity" during recent political developments. Aug. 9: ScotlandYard announcedit had sent a team Joint Spanish-Moroccancompanies have been of detectives, including an explosives expert, to formed to study projects for an esparto grass Libya. pulp plant, a cotton and rayon spinning and Aug. 13: The Oil Ministryannounced completion of weaving mill and the developmentof the tourist a discoverywell by Oasis in Concession26. industry. It was learnedthat ?1m has been allocatedby the June 18: Hasan opened a chemicalcomplex at Safi. Ministryof the Interiorfor the creationof a special June 25: The governmentestablished a buying and force to guard oil wells and installations. distribution agency to control materials used in Aug. 16: The Ministry of Industryand AFME con- state administration. cluded an agreementfor a vocationaltraining proj- July 1: Hasan announcedthe nationalizationof a ect in which they will divide the $250,000 cost. "major"percentage of all exports including citrus, Aug. 27: Atlantic/Phillips have struck gas in an fresh vegetables, preserved fish and handicraft offshore concession. products,valued at an estimated70 billion francs. July 2: The French company Asturonia and the Office Cherifiendes Phosphates (OCP) signed an Morocco agreementfor the sale to Asturoniaof 5,000 tons (See also, Kuwayt, Tunisia) of phosphates over the next 5 years. July 6: A public announcementrevealed that Hasan 1965 had signed a decree on June 16 establishing a June 4: A Spanish-MoroccanChamber of Commerce temporaryform for the Council of Regents,which and Industrywas established with offices in Ma- is to be composedof a chairmanand 8 members. drid and Rabat to keep exportersinformed about The King's oldest male relative (his brotherPrince marketsand regulations. Mawlay 'Abdallah) is to preside as chairman,as The government signed a television agreement prescribed previously. providing for the exchange of programsand the July 9: MuhammadLaghzaoui, Minister of Industry, transmissionof Eurovision. Mines, and Tourism and Director General of the The protocol to the 1960 trade agreementbe- Royal Department of Phosphates resigned "for tween Morocco and Sweden was renewed for reasonsof health." Hasan Abadoubecame Minister anotheryear from February1, it was learned. The of Tourism,Ya1hya ibn Sulaymanbecame Minister government and Poland signed a protocol to the of Industry and Mines and 'All ibn Jallon was 1959 trade agreementproviding for the supply of named Director General of the Department of goods valued at ?10.7m. Phosphates. 500 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

OCP raised the price of 75 per cent "ordinary" June 8: The SecondNational Assemblywas swornin. phosphates by $1.25 a ton. June 10: The governmentinformed the SecurityCoun- July 12: The EEC agreed "in principle" to hold cil of its readinessto submit the Rann of Cutch negotiations with Morocco toward her association disputeto arbitration. with the Market. June 14: The governmentreduced the development July 16: The government concluded an agreement programby 5 per cent to meet defense costs; $287m with Franceproviding for an increasein Frenchaid. will be spent on defense in the next fiscal year A social securityagreement was signed between comparedwith $256m currently. the governmentand Franceproviding for increased The governmentdecided to establish diplomatic welfare benefitsfor Moroccanworkers in France. relations with Bulgaria at embassy level. July 21: The publicationof foreign-ownedLa Vigie Ayub left for a 2-day visit in Cairo. Marocainewas ruled illegal. June 15: A banking agreementwith the Chinese July 30: IBRD approvedthe allocation of $1.02m People's Republic (CPR) was signed. for various projectsunder the $15m loan made in June 16: Ayub arrived in London to attend the December 1962; this brings the total so far drawn CommonwealthConference. against the loan to $8.1m. An Indian spokesman reported 11 Pakistani A Marketingand Export Office has been estab- soldiers killed in the Rann of Cutch. lished to control the export trade of "important" June 17: The Defense Ministry denied an exchange products. of fire with India in the Rann of Cutch. Aug. 5: Mauritania was officially representedfor June 18: Ayub told the Conferencethat differences the first time in Morocco at a meeting of the with India were "sharperthan ever." AdministrativeCouncil of the African Center for June 23: The IFC announcedan investmentof $3,- Trainingand AdministrativeResearch for Develop- 150,000 in PackagesLimited for expansion of its ment (CAFRAD). plant in Lahore. Aug. 6: The journalof the Associationdes Product- June 24: The governmentdisclosed discovery of "very eurs d'Agrume du Maroc reported strong objec- high grade" coal reservesestimated at 500m tons tions to the recent nationalizationmeasures. in East Pakistan. Aug. 13: A royal decreehas ruled that there will be June 29: Ayub said that more than 30 Indian and no customs restrictionsor monetarycontrols, and Pakistanidivisions faced each other on the frontiers. internationalcommercial activity will be free in the free zone of Tangier. June 30: The governmentand India signed an agree- ment for a ceasefirein the Rann of it calls The new Spanish Moroccan companies were Cutch; for the immediatewithdrawal of officiallyconstituted: Societe Industriellede Nador troops. Brodoimpeks of Yugoslavia agreed to supply (SINADOR), Societe Industrielle Marocaine de technicalaid for expansionof the Chittagongport. Cellulos (SIMAC) and Transports Touristiques Marocains (TRATMAR). July 1: The Jute Board announcedmeasures to sta- bilize jute prices. July 2: The High Commission protested to India Pakistan against alleged incursions by armed aircraft into (See also, Afghanistan,General, Kashmir) Pakistaniterritory. July 5: The RCD InsuranceCenter was inaugurated 1965 in Karachi. June 1: A cyclone struck areas of East Pakistan Economic SecretaryOsman Ali announcedthat devastatedby an earlier cycloneon May 12. $30m in goods will be importedfrom the Chinese June 2: Premier Chou En-lai discussed Afro-Asian People's Republic (CPR). problems with President MohammadAyub Khan July 8: The withdrawalfrom the Rann of Cutch was during a 1-dayvisit in Rawalpindi. completed. June 3: The government denied India's allegation July 9: World Bank made a $30m loan to the Pakis- that the closing of the office of the PakistanHigh tan Industrial Credit and InvestmentCorporation Commissionerat Shillong was necessarybecause of Limited (PICIC), a private developmentcompany subversiveactivities. promotingprivate industry. The US gave Rs 10m for repair of cyclone-hit July 10: Floods swept the same area of East Pakistan areas. earlier hit by a cyclone and accompanyingtidal June 5: The governmentsigned a culturalagreement wave. with the USSR. July 13: PresidentJohnson informed Ayub of a delay The Aid Consortiumapproved in principle$500m in aid commitments. as the external aid requirementfor the first year July 15: Ayub criticizedthe aid delay and defended of the third 5 year plan. ties with the CPR and other communistnations. June 6: Indian Prime Minister Lal BahadurShastri July 17: Spokesmenhinted at possible recognitionof warned of a possible war with Pakistan. North Vietnam as a reprisalfor the aid delay. CHRONOLOGY 501

July 21: The governmentwill establish a body to Shuqayri announcedhe was consulting other or- study flood controlmeasures, it was learned. ganizationsto coordinate"action for the liberation July 29: The government announced a 12-month of Palestine." moratoriumon press laws leaving the press free Arriving in Amman,Shuqayri said that the PLO for self-regulationthrough a code of ethics. considered Jordan as its home and that he was Aug. 1: Ayub declaredhe would not sever ties with "determined to coordinate efforts with Jordan communistnations to improve relations with the becauseJordan is the springboardfor the liberation US. of Palestine." Aug. 7: Floods have resulted in a cholera threat. The Ba'th international leadership asked for Aug. 18: India canceleda scheduledconference with "an Arab deterrentforce which would be ready Foreign Minister Bhutto because of a "sharp and at all times to repulse any Israeli aggression." serious deterioration"in relations. The Ba'th criticized the UAR's attitude toward Aug. 21: Shastricharged Pakistan with sending 3,000 Syria, Tunisia, West Germany, the Arab joint to 4,000 infiltratorsinto Kashmir and warned of defense pact and diversion of the Jordanriver. an attackif "aggression"continues. June 17: Shuqayrimet with King Ilusayn who al- Aug. 24: The governmentclaimed that Indianartillery legedly declaredhis "full support"of the PLO. killed 20 peasants and wounded 15 in a West June 18: It was reported that the PLO planned to Pakistanvillage. A protest was lodged with UN participatein the Afro-Asianconference in Algiers. observers. June 27: The Israeli militarycourt of appeal ordered a new trial for H.ijazi, and recommendedthat an Palestine Problem Arab lawyer be allowed to defend him. June 28: The Jordan-IsraelMAC censuredJordan for (See also, General, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, a shooting incident in Jerusalemon May 31, in Tunisia) which 2 Israelis were killed. June 1: At the Arab Premiers'Congress in Cairo, June 30: The Jordan-IsraelMAC condemnedIsrael for UAR PresidentNAsir indicated that Arabs should conveyingharvesters across the truce line into no-man's complete their defenses before engaging Israel in land in the Latroun area to reap crops war. Ba'thist papers asked if N5sir meant to they had sown earlier. "shelve . . . the liberation of Palestine." Syrian Representativesof Arab host countries to refu- President Hafiz announcedthat his country would gees and the assistant secretary-generalof the accept no Palestiniansolution short of elimination Arab League announced completion of an Arab of Israel. He criticizedthe Arab Unified Command unified policy plan toward UNRWA. as ineffective, and said that he had submitted a July 1: UNRWA officialsannounced a deficitof about complete plan for the "liberation"of Palestine. $1.5m was expected on its budget of about $36m. Nasir rejected the plan and was praised by the The US announcedit will decreaseits pledge by Jordanianpress as "a responsible leader." $1m to $23.7m. June 2: It was reported that Arab irregularsfrom July 4: Members of the PLO executive committee Lebanonand Jordan attacked2 Israeli settlements were sworn in. They are: which suffered damage but no casualties. Israel Ahmad Suruir:Deputy Chairmanin charge of lodged complaints with the Israel-Lebanonand political affairs Israel-Jordan Mixed Armistice Commissions Jamal Siirani: Secretaryand responsiblefor the (MAC). national fund June 3: Lebanon denied that any infiltrators into HIfiz al-Sayyagh:Information and Guidance Israel had come from Lebanon. Da'a'dal-1.usaynil: Foreign Affairs June 4: Syria charged that the Arab states would 'Abd al-Hamid Yasin: Representativeto the desert her in a possible battle with Israel over the Arab League. diversion of the JordanRiver headwaters. July 5: The telecommunicationsconference in Alex- June 5: Jordan assertedthat she had repelled an Is- andriaannounced that the PLO would be exempted raeli raid the previous day. from telegram,cable and telephonecharges. June 6: MahmiidBahar Muhammad Hijizi, reportedly Bomb attacks against an Israeli railroad and a a Jordanianmember of "al-Fath,"was condemned forester's observationtower were reported. Israel to death by an Israeli military court after being blamedJordan in a complaintto the UNTSO. capturedduring a raid. July 7: The Palestinian organization "al-Asifa" June 9: The Jordan-IsraelMAC condemnedIsrael for claimed responsibilityfor the attacks. violating the armisticeagreement by an attack on July 14: Jordanianand Israeli troops clashed in the Qalqilya on May 28. area of Anin and Umm al-Rihanvillages, killing June 14: The Jordan-IsraelMAC condemnedIsrael or wounding several Israelis, accordingto a Jor- for its attackon al-Manshiahon May 27. danian army spokesman. June 15: Chairmanof the executivecommittee of the The Jordan-IsraelMAC condemned Israel for Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Almad attempting to build a road in no-man's land in 502 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

al-Thawry district of Jerusalem and fortifying rested in Tel Aviv after an attackon Arab residents militaryposts. of Ramleh. July 18: A Syrianarmy spokesman claimed that Syrian Aug. 23: About 400 UNRWA employees went on forces damagedan Israelitractor which crossedinto strike in Beirut over demandsfor higher pay. the demilitarizedzone on the southeasternborder. Aug. 24: In Tel Aviv, 19 youths were held in custody July 19: The Jordan-IsraelMAC rejected an Israeli pending an investigation of the Ramleh attack. complaint concerningthe dynamitingof a railway PremierEshkol denouncedthe attacks as "acts of line south of Jerusalem. hooliganism." July 21: JordanianForeign Minister Nusaybah said that Jordanwould appealto the UN SecurityCoun- cil if Israeli cultivationof the no-man'sland in the Persian Gulf Latrounarea continued. 1965 July 25: An Israeli armyspokesman reported that Is- rael had complainedto the Jordan-IsraelMAC re- June 11: Briston Siddeleyis building a completemo- garding an incident in the village of Beit Nir. bile "power station"for service in Qatar;the gen- July 26: Syria donated Si im to the PLO raised erator will supply sufficient power to supply a during "SupportPalestine Week," it was reported. small town. July 28: The Arab boycott blacklist removed32 for- June 18: The British Ministry of OverseasDevelop- eign companiesfrom the list for their compliance ment allocated Lim for the developmentof the 6 in observingboycott regulations and breakingrela- northernTrucial States. Bahrayn,Qatar and Abu tions with Israel. Dhabi are to make a joint grant of ?390,000. A PLO spokesmanin Beirut said that Lebanese The Ruler of Abu Dhabi approved a develop- authoritiesdid not object to Palestiniansvolunteer- ment programwhich includes the building of new ing for the PalestineLiberation army provided they roads, the reconstructionof existing ones, construc- trained outside Lebanon. tion of an internationalairport and a bridge across Aug. 1: The Arab host countriesof refugees are en- the Muqta'achannel. gaged in a common plan "to foil any attempt to June 25: The Ruler of Sharjah, Shaykh Saqr ibn liquidate the refugee problem." Sultan al-Qasimi was deposed by membersof his Aug. 3: A Lebanesespokesman denied that there had family and was replacedby ShaykhKhalid ibn Mu- been any infiltrationinto Israel in reply to con- hammadal-Qisiml, his cousin. ShaykhSaqr denied tinuing Israeli charges. that his family had overthrownhim and blamed a Aug. 4: Israel lodged a complaintwith the Jordan- British "colonialistplot" aimed at stoppingSharjah Israel MAC concerningthe wounding of a frontier and the other Trucial States from cooperatingwith policemannear Mevot-Beitarvillage. the Arab League and "liberationist"Arab states. The ruling family claimed he Aug. 10: UNRWA recordeda deficit of more than was deposed for "scandalousbehavior and neglect of $2m in the year ending last December 31. the welfare of his people." Aug. 11: The Arab League information committee The British political agent in Dubai announced a issued statementdenouncing "imperialist attempts that Britainwas ready "to deal with ShaykhKhalid to liquidate UNRWA as part of imperialist con- as Ruler of Sharjahand its dependencies." spiraciesto liquidate the Palestinecase." June 26: Baghdadradio reportedthat the higher exec- Aug. 12: It was reportedthat 5 Israelis were killed utive of the Arab Socialist Union in Iraq had met near Almagor; Israel has protested to the Syria- under President 'Arif to discuss the "imperialist Israel MAC. conspiracy"leading to the deposition of Shaykh Aug. 14: The Bureaufor the Boycottof Israel black- Saqr. listed 56 foreign firms and establishmentsand 14 June 28: Shaykh Saqr arrived in Baghdad and was ships and tankers. It refusedJordanian commercial given an officialwelcome. He said that an attempt representationto 4 companies for violating the to assassinatehim had been made on June 10. He boycott. claimed that Britain had deposed him because he The SyrianForeign Ministryannounced that de- had asked for an amendment"of the unjust, un- tails of the recentborder clash had been forwarded equal treaty concluded 140 years ago." There was to the UN SecurityCouncil, the Unified Arab Com- oil in his country,he said, but Britain had not yet mand and the secretariatof the Arab League. exploited it. He accusedBritain of trying to pre- Aug. 15: The JordanianMinister of State said that vent the Arab League from carryingout its devel- in mattersrelating to the JordanRiver tributaries, opmentplans in the Gulf amirates. the governmentworked under orders of the Arab June 30: ShaykhSaqr left Baghdadon a tour of Arab Unified Command. capitals where he planned to explain the situation Aug. 20: The Jordan-IsraelMAC dismissedan Israeli in the Gulf to governmentleaders. He promised complaintconcerning a sabotageincident on August to returnto Baghdad"to strugglefor the liberation 3. of the Arab Gulf." Aug. 22: Reuters reported that 3 Israelis were ar- July 1: The Arab League's permanentArab Gulf CHRONOLOGY 503

committee held an emergencymeeting to discuss several attemptsto assassinatehim in cooperation the Gulf situation and "the pressurebeing exerted with the ruler of Dubai and his cousin. He criti- there by British imperialism." cized a British statementthat the DFTC was ready July 2: In Bahrayn,about 500,000 squarefeet of land to receive contributionsfrom Middle Easterncoun- are to be reclaimedfrom the sea for the site of a tries saying that this "would help Iran to colonize new governmentbuilding to house the Ministryof the Arab Gulf amirates." In addition, he called Finance. for the abolitionof the agreementwith Britainand July 3: After a meeting with PresidentNasir, Shaykh the DFTC and urged the League to establish a Saqr said that the UAR would back his attempts central bureauin Cairo to defend Gulf issues. to regain his position as Ruler of Sharjah. July 20: British Foreign SecretaryMichael Stewart Al-Jumhuriyahreported that King Faysal would said that both Britainand SaudiArabia were giving visit Qatar and Dubai in accordancewith the ilm to the DFTC. British plan to establishan Arab bloc in the Gulf July 30: Bapco announcedthat it would increaseits and Arabian Peninsula cooperating with Britain production from the present rate of 55,000 b/d and headed by Saudi Arabia. to 60,000 b/d by the end of September. July 5: In Cairo, the Arab Gulf committeerejected ShaykhKhalifah ibn Sulaymanal-Khalifah, Balh- Britain'soffer that Arab League aid to the Trucial rayn's Head of Finance,was the guest of the gov- States be made through the British-sponsoredDe- ernmentof Qatar in the first visit in many years velopment Fund for the Trucial Coast (DFTC). of a senior Bahrayniofficial to Qatar. A resolutioncondemned Britain's rejection of Arab Aug. 13: Ross Frozen Foods of Grimsby,UK have League developmentprograms for the Gulf as "a obtaineda furthercommercial fishing concessionin violation of international procedure." Secretary the Persian Gulf following last year's agreement General 'Abd al-Khaliq Hassunah conferredwith with the Ruler of Sharjahfor the exploitation of British AmbassadorSir George Middleton and ex- a section of the Trucial Coast shrimp fisheriesin plained Arab views of the Gulf situation. collaborationwith Oak Industriesof Beirut. July 6: Saudi Arabia contributed?1m to the DFTC, it was reported. July 7: Al-Akhboiraccused Saudi Arabia of siding SaudiArabia with a British plan to dominatethe Gulf area. (See also, Jordan,Kuwayt, Yemen) The rulers of Babrayn,Qatar, Dubai and Abu Dhabi signed an agreement to establish a new 1965 currency,the Gulf riyal to replacethe existing In- June 1: It was reported that the governmenthad dian rupee; only Ba'hraynwill introducethe dinar given the US a list of arms it wants to buy. as interim currency. June 4: Aramcoapproved a total of $23.1m for de- July 8: The first conference of rulers of the Gulf velopment expenditures,of which $10.5m will be statesended in Dubai with a pledge for cooperation used for further expansion of Safaniyaproduction for future developmentand economicaid. capacity. In a letter to UN SecretaryGeneral U Thant, Shipping lines in the UK-Jiddah Conference Shaykh Saqr accused Britain of violating the UN announced increased freight rates on cargoes to charter. Jiddahto come into effect September1. A Saudi Arabianspokesman said that his coun- June 9: The governmentsigned a bilateral aviation try's motive in aiding the Trucial States was "to agreementwith Switzerland. raise the standardsof their peoples and to help June 11: Westchester Chemical Company and the them without interferencein their internalaffairs." Business and IndustryDevelopment Company, both July 16: George Wimpey and Companyand Brown of the US, will provide technical skill and opera- and Root Overseas, both of Britain, have been tional managementservices for a paint manufactur- awardeda $2m contractfor the constructionof the ing plant to be established at Dammam, it was first phase of a base camp west of Muscat set up reported. by PetroleumDevelopment (Oman). June 12: King Faysalreceived Kuwayti Crown Prince July 18: JordanianForeign Minister HIzim Nusaybah ShaykhSabah al-SalimAl Sabah. said that his governmenthad held discussionswith June 13: An agreementwas signed betweenPetromin Britain and had reportedthe outcome of the talks and ENI for the establishment of a polyvinyl to the Arab League. chloride plant at Dammam. Hassiinahconferred with AmbassadorMiddleton. June 15: Faysal and Saba'hissued a joint statement July 19: 'Umar Saqqaf, personal representativeof saying that they agreedto take steps to bring about King Faysal, denied that Saudi Arabia had con- stability in Yemen. tributedto the DFTC. Saqqafreportedly told rep- Amir of Mecca Mish'al ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz has resentativesof heads of state that Saudi Arabia named committees made up of former Cabinet would participatein League developmentprograms ministers,leading businessmenand religious figures for the Gulf. to conciliate disputes in Mecca, Jiddah and Tayif, Shaykh Saqr accused Britain of having made it was learned. 504 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

Minister of Agriculture Hasan Misharl signed The government allocated $75,000 to finance an agreementwith an Italiancompany Italconsult to feasibility studies for a topping plant at Riyadh carryout hydrologicalsurveys in a 220,000 square to handle Khurais crude oil for use in power kilometerarea at a cost of $5,425,000. generation. June 17: The government agreed with Turkey to It was announcedthat the 66 mile extension set have diplomaticrelations at embassylevel. of Aramco'sSafaniyah pipeline will be constructed June 20: The governmentsigned an agreementwith by a Saudi firm in Dammam. Qatar for dividing and demarcatingthe land and July 28: A Royal decree was issued ratifying the sea boundariesbetween the 2 countries. Saudi-Tunisianbilateral economic agreement. June 22: The Council of Ministersissued a decision July 29: A Royal decree was issued temporarily requiring all graduates of Riyadh University to exempting Turkistanimerchants residing in Saudi teach and forbiddingthem to accept other govern- Arabia from the provisionsof the Foreign Capital ment employment. Investmentand Residenceregulations. Algerian special envoy on the Yemen problem The population census began. A.hmadTawfiq al-Madarl arrived for talks with July 30: Petrominapproved the conclusionof a serv- governmentofficials. ice contractwith the US firmUOP for the operation A Royal decreeapproved an increasein deposits of the projected12,000 b/d refineryin Jiddah. with the IMF from $55m to $90m, and an increase Aug. 4: Deputy Minister of Finance and National in subscriptionsto the IBRD by 277 shares. EconomyMuhammad Abii al-Khaylsigned an agree- June 25: The PilgrimageSupreme Board approveda ment with Thomas de la Rue Companyfor de- plan for the establishmentof a consolidatedlocal signing a stamp and paper money press. administrationto effect public services in Mine Aug. 6: The governmentaccepted a tender submitted for the benefit of pilgrims. by a West Germanfirm, the GermanTelefunken June 28: Faysal said he welcomed recent Arab at- Company,to build a new lo-kw medium wave tempts to settle the war in Yemen. transmitterin Dammam. June 29: The Council of Ministers issued instruc- The UK-JiddahConference lines announcedthat tions that waqf revenues be deposited with the the congestionsurcharge on gross freight rates was Saudi ArabianMonetary Agency, rather than banks. reducedfrom 45 percentto 25 percenton August 1. July 2: Petrominawarded a ?1.2m contractfor the Aug. 7: Minister of Education Hasan al-'A'shaykh constructionof a steel rolling mill to Arabia and announcedthat model educationalinstitutions cost- the MuhammadBin LadenOrganization. Machinery ing SR 20m will be establishedin Riyadh,Jiddah, will be suppliedby RobertsonCompany of Bedford. Mecca, Tayif and Medina. US architectEdward D. Stone was retained by Aug. 10: The governmentsigned a borderagreement Airways Engineering Corporationof Washington with Jordan providing for an equal division of to design the new internationalairport at Jiddah. revenues if oil is discovered in the relinquished areas, and delineatingthe boundaries. The July 8: A Kuwayti delegation led by Minister of agree- ment was later ratifiedby Faysaland Husayn. Finance, Industry and Commerce Shaykh Jabir Aug. 13: It was reportedthat Aramcois al-Ahmad al-Jabir met with government officials. constructing 3 500,000-barrelstorage tanks at Ras Tanura. Agreementswere reached on the division of the Aug. 21: Faysalwent from Tayif to Jiddah in neutral zone, the exchange of oil informationand order to greet Nasir. cooperationin water studies. Aug. 26: Nasir and Faysal agreed to form a joint July 9: FormerMinister of FinanceShaykh 'Abdallih UAR-Saudi committeeto settle outstandingprob- al-Sulaymangave 750,000 square meters of land lems betweenthe 2 countries. and 4 in palaces Jiddah to the King 'Abd al-'Azlz Aug. 27: ADC was awardeda 3-yearcontract by the PrivateUniversity. ArabianOil Companyof Japan for drilling work July 15: The Council of Ministersallocated an addi- in the neutral zone offshore. ditional SR 8m for a seismographicsurvey of the Aug. 30: Hunting Surveys,a US firm, was awarded CentralArea. a contractby the governmentfor an aerial magnet- Faysal approvedthe opening of the first govern- ometer survey of the country. ment kindergartensat the beginning of the next Aug. 31: A committeeincluding the Deputy Ministers academicyear. of Agriculture,Health and Labor and Amir Mu- July 18: PermanentUnder Secretaryfor Foreign Af- hammadibn Faysal was formed to visit and study fairs 'Umar Saqqaf left to attend the meetings of the needs of Najran, Abha and Jaizan. the Commiteeof the Representativesof the Arab Heads of State in Cairo. July 20: A reductionof gasoline prices in Petromin Somalia bulk plants went into effect. July 23: A committeehas been formed in Jiddah to (See also, Ethiopia) supervise the establishmentof the country's first June 9: The newspapersCorriere Della Somalia and public library,it was learned. Saw: al-Sumal refuted a claim by Ethiopian dele- CHRONOLOGY 505

gate to the UN GetachewMekasha that the French north have pledged to cooperatewith the commit- Somalilandcoast was a part of Ethiopia. tee establishedto settle their differences. June 10: The governmentrequested the UN to take Aug. 13: The governmentdenied reports that their over for 2 years the administrationof the Somali troops had crossed the Ethiopian border, and coast under French rule, and then to grant the charged that Ethiopia was "preparingthe ground territorycomplete independence. The government for deliberate aggression against the Somali Re- indicated willingness to enter an agreementwith public." the UN to respectEthiopia's special interestsin the Muhammad 'AbdallIh, former member of the area. Dusa Mareb Hospital staff, describedhow Gen- June 22: The Ministry of Commerceand Industry eral Da'uid,commander in chief of the army, was received a 7-man Soviet delegation sent to discuss allegedlypoisoned on the ordersof President'Uth- constructionof a leather tanneryin Kismayu. man. June 29: The governmentand the USSR have been Aug. 17: A Ministry of Informationspokesman said holding talks on ways and means to expand trade that the governmentwas willing to observe the between the 2 countries,it was reported. KhartiimAgreement to call off its propagandawar July 1: Premier'Abd al-Razzaq H. jji lIusayn, mark- with Ethiopiaif Ethiopiawould do the same. ing the independenceanniversary of Somalia,cited Aug. 24: It was announcedthat a new Soviet built democracyas the only systemfor the nation. dairyplant in Mogadishuwould soon begin produc- The mining department of the Ministry of tion. Commerceand Industryannounced the discoveryof Aug. 30: The USSR Red Cross Society granted food iron ore in the Daimar region; the government and medical supplies to aid famine victims. estimatesdeposits at 40m tons. Aug. 31: OAU SecretaryGeneral Diallo Telli and an July 4: A parliamentarydelegation led by National official of the African Liberation Committee ar- Assembly President Ahmad Shaykh Muhammad rived for talks with the Cabinet. Absiyeh left for an officialvisit to the USSR at the invitation of the chairmanof the SupremeSoviet. July 5: A delegation from the Kuwayt Chamberof SouthArabian Federation and Commerce Industrydiscussed plans for estab- (See also, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen) lishing trade relations, particularlyregarding agri- cultural products. The possibility of Kuwayti in- 1965 vestmentswas also considered. July 15: FormerSudanese Minister of Justice Rashid June 5: The High Commissionerwas given wider al-Tahir asserted that Somali leaders envisage a powers to combat terrorism in Aden. The new federal union with Sudan, it was reported. regulations empower him to detain any person, restricthis activities,requisition property, July 16: Minister of Foreign Affairs Ahmad Yuisuf ships or aircraft,close roads, impose Duale announcedagreement with Rumaniafor the curfews, prohibitpub- lication or distributionof printed establishmentof diplomatic relations at the em- material, deter- mine compensationfor requisitioned bassy level and sending of Rumaniantechnicians to property,set Somalia. prison sentencesup to 10 years for persons asso- ciated with terrorism and ensure discipline and July 19: President 'Adan 'Abdall&h'Uthman, ac- proper health standards in places of detention. companied by high-ranking government officials, The regulationsdefine terroristsas those acting in left for official visits to the Chinese People's Re- a mannerprejudicial to public safety and order. public (CPR), Bulgaria and the USSR. June 6: Aden ministers under Chief Minister 'Abd July 23: Doctors from the CPR, here to assist famine al-Qawi Maqawi.disassociated themselves from the victims, toured the Hiran region. emergencyregulations and expressed "great con- Aug. 3: In its third note to the Ethiopiangovernment, cern" over the action. The "Organizationfor the Somali accusedit of "mountingfalse propaganda" Liberationof the Occupied South" (OLOS) con- and trying "to createemnity" within the state. demned the regulationsas "fascist measures." Aug. 4: Defense Minister 'Adan Ishaq Ahmad led Al-AmXl, a weekly that was granted a license a mission to the northern region of Hargeisa to by the present government,called on all popular find a settlement to the dispute between nomadic national forces to unite against colonialism. groups living to the south of the "so-called"bor- The National Front for the Liberationof "Oc- der. cupied South Yemen" (NLF) was officially de- Aug. 5: The French Somali coast LiberationMove- clared a terroristorganization. ment sent a protest cable to the UN, the Organi- It was reported that terrorist attacks were in- zation of African Unity (OAU) and the African creasing. LiberationCommittee condemning measures taken June 7: Maqawi announcedthe establishmentof a by the French colonial governmentagainst people Financial, Economic and Development Advisory in the region, it was learned. Council to act as a planning body on economic Aug. 11: It was reportedthat nomadicgroups in the policy. 506 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

June 10: About 45 tribesmenattacked British military Aden Airways, a subsidiaryof BOAC, has be- positions in the Dhala area wounding 3 British and come a memberof the InternationalAir Transport 1 federal soldier. Association (IATA). June 12: Maqawi condemnedthe British government's June 26: MaqAwl announcedthat the Qu'ayti and recent order depriving Aden civil courts of the Kathiri governmentsagreed to unify their policy right to try membersof the British armed forces. with the Aden governmentconcerning SAF prob- An explosion at the South Arabianbroadcasting lems. station put 1 of the 3 controlrooms out of action, Assistant secretarygeneral of the Arab League, it was learned. Sayyid Nawfal, advised the UAR-sponsoredNLF June 16: The OLOS appealedto Pakistanand Malay- to becomea memberof the OLOS. sia not to participatein the constitutionalcommis- June 30: It was reportedthat there has been a split sion Britain plans to send to recommenda consti- betweenthe NLF and a group of nationalistorgani- tution for the proposed "sovereignunitary state." zations and individuals, principally the PSP, the An Arab waiter was killed by an explosion in South Arabian League (SAL), and a number of the British officer's mess on Tarshyne Hill, the deposed sultins. residenceof the High Commissioner. The British government announcedthat it re- Federalsoldiers killed 3 tribesmenand wounded served the right to take appropriatemeasures if about 6 others in an ambush in the Dhala area, bombing incidentswere repeated. Aden radio reported. July 1: Britain stronglyprotested to the UAR against June 17: British Defense MinisterDenis Healey con- bombing incidents in the SAF. ferred with Maqawi and other ministerswho sub- July 3: A British soldier was killed and 7 other mitted a memorandumon the political situation people wounded in 3 grenadeattacks. in the SAF. July 6: In a clash in the Radfan area, 2 tribesmen June 18: Ministerof Laborand ConstitutionalAffairs were killed and 1 British soldier was wounded. Sald Hasan Subhi left for Londonto lobby support Shell oil workers in Aden struck in protest for the cause of South Arabia from leaders of against the dismissal of 120 workers employedin Commonwealthcountries. refueling operationsat the RAF Khormaksarair- The Ministryof Public Building and Works has port. appointed Associated Electrical Industries of the July 7: Shaykh Nashir 'Abdallah al-Saqladi, Ruler UK as main consultants and contractorsfor the of Shaib shaykhdom,was killed by 3 gunmen out- supply and installationof a new power station. side his residencein the Craterarea. June 19: An explosion in the seaman'sclub in Aden RAF planes attacked60 dissident tribesmenop- injured 7 persons,it was reported. erating in the Radfan area, it was reported. A memorandumsigned by 12 membersof the July lo: The Shell strike ended after the company LegislativeCouncil was given to Healey demanding stated that workerswould not be dismissedbefore that Britain recognize the Yemeni Republic. It being offered alternatejobs. stated that Britain'sfailure to grant recognitionto The Yemeni Republican radio reported that Yemen had "aggravatedthe general political situa- NLF "commandoes"claimed responsibility for kill- tion in South Arabia." ing the Ruler of Shaib. June 20: MuhammadSalim Basindwah, a leading July 13: Aden ministersasked the heads of 20 Com- member of the People's Socialist Party, flew to monwealth governmentsnot to participatein the Saudi Arabia to seek King Faysal's help in re- proposed constitutionalcommission for the SAF. questingPakistan and Malaysianot to participatein Identical requests were cabled to British Prime the constitutionalcommission. Basindwahalso car- Minister Harold Wilson, UN SecretaryGeneral ried letters outlining the political situation to the U Thant, and High CommissionerSir Richard governmentsof Syriaand the UAR. Turnbull. June 22: The Federal Supreme Council announced A 7-manPSP delegationwent to Ta'izz to attend that a conferenceof South Arabianleaders, set for a meeting of the OLOS to which the PSP and June 27, had been postponed. The conferencewas SAL belong. to have studiedways to establisha unitarysovereign July 15: British Colonial SecretaryAnthony Green- state but invitations to it were refused by Aden wood told Parliamentthat the constitutionalcom- State and Aden political parties, Qu'ayti, Kathiri mission would "beginits work as soon as possible." and Maharastates. He appointed Sa'id MuhammadAbui Rannat and June 23: The People's Socialist Party (PSP) led by Noel Coulson as members,and said Britain would 'Abdallah'Abd al-Majid al-'Asnajmoved its head- refer any further air attacks on the SAF by the quarters from Aden to Yemen on the grounds UAR to the UN SecurityCouncil. If the attacks that "normal political activity"was impossible in did not stop then, the governmentwould "have to the SAF. consider . . . a more direct response." The Exchange Control reduced the amount of July 16: Aden ministerscabled Sudantheir "distress dinar or sterling notes which may be exported by and disappointment"at the inclusion of a Sudanese individuals from ?50 to ?25, it was reported. (Rannat) on the constitutionalcommission. CHRONOLOGY 507

July 19: Maqawi withdrew his state's representatives help from the UAR in "liberatingtheir country from the FederalCouncil after announcingthat 18 from Britain." had resigned. Aug. 3: Federal soldiers killed 3 tribesmenin the The Sudanesegovernment asked Rannat not to Dhala area. participatein the commission. In the Craterarea, 2 Arabs were wounded. The PSP was reportedready to merge with the There were 2 explosions at British Middle East OLOS. (BME) Commandheadquarters. In the Dhala area, 4 tribesmenwere killed and Aug. 4: Ruler of Qu'ayti, Sultan 'Awad ibn Salih 7 wounded; 1 federal soldier was killed. al-Qu'ayti,dissolved the governingstate counciland July 20: Maqawiinstructed the controllerof immigra- set up a national council which will function for tion not to permit the entranceof the British con- a year after which a legislative council will be stitutional commission. In addition, he called for elected. The Sultan said that political parties and the abrogationof the treatyof friendshipand pro- trade unions may be establishedwhen the societies tection between Britain and the SAF, and said that registrationlegislation comes into effect. no amendmentsshould be introducedwithout the There were 3 hand grenade explosions at BM full approvalof Aden. Commandheadquarters. 'Asnaj asked Britain to abandon the idea of Aug. 7: The Londontalks collapsedwith the failure sendinga constitutionalcommission. to reconcile sharp differencesbetween the British July 21: Greenwoodannounced that the commission and certain of the SAF delegations. Greenwood had postponed its departurebut said it was too commentedthat "The main obstacle to agreement early to considerabandoning the idea altogether. was the insistence . . . on a 100 per cent acceptance July 22: A British army sergeantwas killed by an of UN resolution number 1969 of 1963 without explosion in his car. qualification."He said Britain was committedto July 23: Greenwoodarrived in Aden to consult with independenceby 1968, and was ready to resume Turnbull. He also met with Aden miinsters, and talks in preparationfor an independentconference. delegationsof the PSP and the SAL. The People's Aug. 8: An attemptto blow up a pipeline carrying CongressParty (PCP) declinedto meet him. oil from Little Aden to Aden failed. July 24: A retiredArab civil servant,Ahmad Husayn Shippingin and out of Aden has been suspended Mudhaffar,was killed by gunmenin the Craterarea. from dusk to dawn because of a go-slow by port July 25: Greenwoodannounced that a working party laborersdemanding higher pay and better working would meet in London on August 3 to preparefor conditions,it was learned. a constitutionalconference to be held in December. Aug. 11: Maqawi and other delegatesto the London Federal Minister for InternalSecurity Sultan Salih conferencemet with UAR officialsin Cairo. ibn Husayn al-'Awdhallaccompanied by Commerce Aug. 12: Maqawi and other delegatesheld talks with to Minister Sayyid 'Abd al-'Ala Darwish flew the Nawfal, who was reported "sympathetic"to the Eastern Protectorateto invite the Qu'ayti, Kathirl SA cause. and Maharagovernments to send delegationsto the working party and conference. Aug 13: A plastic bomb wrecked a ?10,000 trans- July 26: Maqawisaid that, from his talks with Green- former in the Shaykh'Uthman district. wood, there was scope for an understandingwithin Aug. 14: Maqawi announcedthat he would hold con- the frameworkof the UN resolutionsof December, sultations with "all fronts" interested in the SA 1963. cause to prepare reports for submission to the July 28: The NLF "totally rejected"the proposal to forthcomingArab summit meeting in Casablanca. hold a constitutional conference and said they He said that he has submittedall documentscon- would considerany SAF subjectparticipating in the cerning the London talks to the Arab League conferencea traitor. secretariat. July 29: RAF planes showered Little Aden, Shaykh The OLOS announced it planned to stage a 'Uthmanand the town of Aden with leaflets offer- conferencein Ta'izz to be attendedby all nation- ing rewardsfor the discoveryof arms and ammuni- alist groups interestedin the future of SA. tion. Yemeni Republican radio asked Britain to Britain complainedto the SecurityCouncil about recognize the NLF as the "sole representativeof alleged violations of air space above the SAF by the people of occupied South Yemen which holds USSR-builtplanes earlier in the month. the solution to the problem." July 31: MaqPwi, Subhli and Finance Minister Aug. 15: The SAL said they would attend the Khallfah 'AbdallahHassiin left for Londonto draft Ta'izz conference. the agenda for the conference. In London, were Aug. 16: Aden radio reported that a special com- representativesof the PSP, the SAL, other ministers mittee set up by the Ruler of Kathirl has startedto of the SAF, Turnbull and representatives of draft a provisionalconstitution for the state. Qu'ayti and Kathiri states. A plastic bomb damageda pipeline carryingoil Aug. 2: Nasir MuhammadJa'bil, deputy ruler of to storage tanks in Aden Harbor. 'Awdhali, urged the Federal government to seek Aug. 17: Qu'ayti authorities legalized strikes and 508 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

public processions as well as participation,with Hasan 'Awadallah: Education certain reservations,of civil servants in politics. 'Abd al-Majid Abu Nassabo: Works and Min- In Little Aden, 4 Arabs were killed. eral Resources Aug. 19: Aden government announcedthat it had Husayn al-Sharifal-Hindi: Irrigationand Power failed to settle the dispute between the Aden MuhammadAhmad al-Mardi:Commerce, Indus- Port Trust and the Port Employees'Union. try and Supply Aug. 27: The OLOS expelled the SAL for refusingto Nasr al-din al-Sayyid:Communications dissolve itself. SAL secretary Shaykhanal-Ha- Ibrahim al-Muftl: Finance and Economy bashi said OLOS had no legal justificationfor its SouthernMembers action and added "We will have our own real Andrew Wieu: Agriculture OLOS to face Britain in the independencestrug- BenjaminLaukie: Animal Resources gle." Chief Alfred Wol Akoc: Minister Without Port- Aug. 28: It was reportedthat Qu'ayti authoritieshad folio. licensed a political group called the Arab Socialist David Cole Choter was appointedthe Southern Party whose stated objectivesare "freedom,social- representativeto the SupremeCouncil of State. ism and unity." June 25: Mabhjabdenied press reports of troop con- Aug. 29: British Police SuperintendantHarry F. frontations on the Sudan-Chadborder following Barrie was assassinatedin Aden. recent deteriorationin relations between the 2 countries. Kuwayt offered a loan of ?S 8.5m of which the Sudan first ?S 3.5 is to be used for the purchaseof ma- (See also, Ethiopia, SAF) chinery to harvest the cane crop for the recently 1965 completed sugar refinery at Khashm al-Girba and for the constructionof an airport at Port June 2: The SupremeCouncil of State acceptedthe Sudan, it was reported. resignationof the governmentof Premier Sirr al- June 26: Mahjuibwas criticizedby various members Khatim al-Khalifah but asked him to remain in of all parties in the Constituent Assembly for office until the meeting of the new parliamenton tabling a proposal to amend the temporarycon- June 10. stitution. The amendmentwould make acting pres- June 8: After a 4-day communicationsbreak with the ident al-Azhari the Supreme Council's permanent Sudan,it was revealedthat the communistswon 11 president. of the 15 university seats in the recent elections. 'All 'Abd al-Rah.man,president of the People's Minister of Justice Rashid Tahir and acting DemocraticParty, was arrestedafter 14 people were Minister of InformationMuhammad Biigarah were killed in pre-electionclashes in the Khashm al- arrested with 13 other people after the seizure Girba area. of 18 tons of Czechosolvakian-madearms. They June 28: The government started implementing were later released. sterner policies aimed at regaining prestige and June 10: The ConstituentAssembly elected former securityin southernSudan. Foreign Minister Ahmad Mabjiib Prime Minister. July 2: The coalition governmentstated its policies Isma'il al-Azhari,former Prime Minister and lead- would be to "liberate the economy from foreign er of the National Unionist Party, was elected influence";foreign banks would be "supervised" president of a 5-man Supreme Council and Fadl and insurancecompanies "Sudanized." Mahjuib said Shaddadwas elected speaker. the state's aim would be to "controlall economic The Umma Mahdists and National Unionists organizationsand direct them to its interest." In agreed to form a coalition governmentcomprised domestic policy, the governmentplanned to intro- of 6 ministers from each party, with the com- duce free education, establish a national council munists in opposition. for agrarianreform and strengthenthe army. The June 16: Mabjuibannounced that his government coalition will uphold the Organizationfor African would consider appeals by newspapersclosed by Unity, the UN and the Arab League. the previousgovernment. Ahmad al-SayyidHamad, secretaryof the PDP June 17: The coalition Cabinetwas completed: and former Cabinet member, and 18 PDP sup- Umma Party porterswere arrestedon a marchprotesting the im- Mahlfjb:Prime Minister and Defense prisonmentof al-Rahman. 'Abd al-Rahmanal-Nar: Informationand Labor July 3: The High Court ordered the immediatere- Ahmad al-Mahdi: Interior lease of 8 membersof the governmentof former 'Abd al-HamidSalib: State presidentIbrahim 'Abbuid including former foreign 'AbdallahNajdallah: Local Government minister Ahmad Khayr and former security chief Mu'hammadIbrahim Khalil: Foreign Affairs and Ahmad Abbarb and 6 generals. The move pro- justice voked demonstrationswhich were broken up with Ahmad Bukhari: Health tear gas. National Unionists Mahjuibappealed to Southernleaders to seek a CHRONOLOGY 509

democraticsolution to problems in the South in all Arabs from the north to leave the 3 southern cooperationwith the government. provinces by the end of August or face the con- July 5: Secretary-Generalof the Sudan African Na- sequences,it was disclosed. tional Union party (SANU) William Deng was Aug. 7: The USSR and Syria stated their supportof receivedby PresidentJamal 'Abd al-Nasir in Cairo. the government; both blamed "imperialism"for July 7: Demonstrationscontinued against the decision causingthe conflictin the South. not to try the former military leaders. Aug. 8: US AmbassadorWilliam M. Rountreedenied July 12: Rebels in the South attackedthe government allegations that the US was supportingthe rebels, held city of Juba. The governmentclaimed that either directly or indirectly. about 128 people were killed; other estimateswere Aug. 9: Mahjab appealedto the Pope to advise the much higher. rebels to negotiatea peaceful settlement. July 13: New military clashes between heavily-armed Aug. 10: East African neighborsof the Sudan have rebels and governmenttroops were reported. The pledged not to let Southerninsurgents operate in SANU party called for UN interventionand ap- their territories,it was learned. pealed to the InternationalRed Cross to investi- Aug. 12: Al-Mahdi accused Congo Premier Moise gate "atrocities"committed in the South; SANU Tshombe of aiding the rebels and threatenedre- estimatedmore than 1,000 people had been killed. taliation. After talks with Mahliib, Indonesia's Foreign Aug. 15: Reports spoke of continued fighting and Minister Dr. Subandrioannounced agreement to the threat of famine in southerndistricts. exchanges of parliamentary,youth, economic and Congolese rebel general Nicholas Olenga was trade delegations. Indonesia was "possibly a was placed under house arrest and orderedto end good customer"for Sudanesecotton, he added. all political contacts. July 14: The government charged that foreigners Aug. 16: The governmentrejected an Oppositionde- were arming Southernterrorists. mand to break diplomatic relations with the US, July 19: Minister of Interioral-Mahdi ordered"out- Britain and Belgium on the basis that they were laws" in the South to relinquish their weapons supportingthe rebels. within 2 weeks. He warnedthat governmentforces Aug. 17: It was reportedthat the morale of govern- would use "the utmostmeans of punishment"in its ment troops was low becauseof materialshortages efforts to restore order and unity in the Sudan. and "intolerableconditions." Minister of Finance al-Mufti resigned for rea- Aug. 20: Mahjubannounced that no Sudanesepoliti- sons of health. cal organizationoutside the Sudanwould be recog- July 21: Minister of InformationAl-Niur announced nized by the government. that the governmentwould not allow arms to be Aug. 21: Commissionerof Police Sayyid Mahmiid sent through the Sudan to insurgents in other Bukhari claimed the governmentforces had full countries. controlof the fightingin the South. July 23: Al-Mufti stated that extensive contactswith Aug. 26: Discussions aimed at uniting all Southern friendly states, the IBRD and the IMF would be- parties and "normalizing"the situation in the gin with a view to obtainingloans and credits for South were held in Khartfim. developmentprojects. July 26: Mahjiib, accompaniedby Khalil and al- Mahdi left for a visit to Ethiopia, Tanzania and Kenya. SyrianArab Republic Al-Hindi announced that the government and (See also, Kuwayt, Palestine Problem, Yemen) the UAR had reached agreementon coordinating 1965 their cotton marketing. July 27: Khalil said that all outstandingquestions June 1: Minister of Planning GhassanHaddad went between the Sudan and Ethiopia had been settled. to Poland to visit the Poznan Fair in which Syria July 30: It was learnedthat SANU Cabinetmembers is participating,and to sign a scientificand techni- Wieu and Akoc had resignedearlier in the month. cal cooperationagreement. Aug. 2: Al-Nuir charged that Congolese Air Force June 4: The governmentestablished a cotton market- planes had dropped arms and food to the rebels, ing organizationto be solely responsiblefor cotton and said that orders had been given to shoot any exports. intruders. June 5: Agreementwas reached on all border ques- Mahjabsaid his governmentwas willing to grant tions with Turkey. the South some "sort of autonomywithin the lim- In Cairo, al-Ahramaccused Syria of "hysteria" its and confinesof our country"but that peace and following a charge by Munif al-Razzaz,secretary securitymust first be established. general of the Ba'th Party, that the UAR was Aug. 4: The deadlineon armsexpired and was largely intriguingagainst the government. ignored by Southernrebels. June 6: The governmentsigned agreementswith East Aug. 5: The governmentannounced full-scale army Germanyand Cypruson the opening of commercial action "to quell Southernviolence." Rebels warned air routes. 510 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

June 7: The governmentpresented Somalia with 285 organizationand East German television to pro- tons of flour. mote technicalcooperation and exchangetelevision June 9: PremierAmin al-Hifiz held a brief airport film. meeting with Prime Minister of the Chinese Peo- July 5: Sh5.kiral-Antaki, director general of the ple's Republic,Chou En-Lai. Grains Office, announcedthat the LebaneseWheat June 13: Al-Ba'th accused the Kuwayti government Office would grant Lebanese traders permits to of allocatingfunds "to conspireagainst Syria." import wheat from the SyrianGrains Office. June 14: An East Germanexpert has been enlisted to July 8: The government and Indonesia signed a "reorganizethe financialand administrativemachin- statement confirmingtheir cultural agreement. ery of the FinanceMinistry so that it may conform July 13: The second 5-yearscientific program provides to the presentphase of socialist evolution,"it was funds for 4,000 scholarshipholders to study abroad announced. in the fields of engineering,agriculture, medicine June 15: A decreewas issued providingfor the pay- and electronics,it was reported. ment of 5 per cent of the profits of nationalized July 16: Fakhuiri signed a contractwith an Austrian industrialestablishments to small shareholders. firm for the supply of 3 locomotivesto be used on June 18: The government concluded an agreement the Kamishly-Alepporailway which is being built with Turkeywhereby 200,000 tons a year of Turk- with aid from the USSR. It was learned that the ish crude oil will be refinedat the Homs refinery. final stage of the project was made possible with Minister of CommunicationsSami Fakhuiriap- the signing of a St 3m contractwith the USSR. proved the granting of a contractto Ericsson of A ministerialcommittee approved a recommenda- Sweden for the supply of 50,000 automatictele- tion to increase the number of oil storage tanks phone lines, it was learned. being built by the USSR. June 19: A protocol for financing a high-tension July 18: A militaryspokesman claimed that its forces power network was signed between the General had damagedan Israeli tractorwhich crossed into Establishmentfor ElectricalPower and the Bank of the demilitarizedzone on the southernborder. Paris and the Low Countries. July 23: The Ba'th Partycalled for the nationalization Minister of Information Mashhur Zaytun an- of Arab oil and the placementof a portion of oil nounced that diplomatic relations at the embassy revenues into a common fund for Arab economic level will be establishedwith the Philippines. developmentand armament. June 21: It was reportedthat a 1,200-kilowatttrans- It was reportedthat East Germanywill grant a miting radio station will be establishedat Tartus. loan of S? 20m for the constructionof a structural June 22: The PresidencyCouncil approvedan agree- steel plant capable of producing 120,000 tons of ment between the Central Bank and a consortium steel annually. of British banks for financinga 400-mile pipeline July 28: The Ministry of Industrysigned an agree- between Karachuk and the port of Tartus; the ment with an Italian firm SNAM under which cost is estimatedat S? 20m. SNAM will act as consultantsand supervisorsfor June 24: The PresidencyCouncil established a "Syrian the Karachuk-Tartusoil pipeline project. Arab News Agency"to be affiliatedwith the Minis- July 29: A decreewas issued establishingdiplomatic try of Information. representationat embassylevel with Cuba. The Ministry of Public Works signed an agree- Aug. 2: The governmentsigned a protocolwith East ment with an East Germanfirm whereby the firm Germanyfor trade and payments,maritime trans- will supply equipmentworth ?3m to control the port, technicaland scientificcooperation. The Die flow of the Euphratesriver. Machinen Export Companyalso agreed to supply The government concluded 2 agreementswith constructionmachinery for the productionof pre- the USSR and Czechoslovakiafor the establishment fabricatedhouses and a contractors'plant worth of a nitrogenousfertilizer plant in Homs. $4m. July 1: The governmentand Jordan ratified amend- Aug. 8: The governmentapproved a requestby Iran ments to trade and transportagreements which will to allow Air Iran planesto cross Syriatwice a week exempt certain animal and agriculturalproducts provided Iran will grant Syria the same privilege. from customs duties. Aug. 9: The governmentbanned Freemasonryand July 3: The PresidencyCouncil issued a decree re- Rotary Clubs and threatenedmembers with mili- storing 27 nationalized pharmaceuticalfirms to tary trials on chargesof belonging to secret inter- private ownership. nationalorganizations if they persistedin activities. July 4: The PresidencyCouncil issued decrees ap- Aug. 12: Governmentand Israeli forces clashed at proving the Arab CulturalUnity charter,the con- the JordanRiver and several deathswere reported. stitution of the Arab League Organization for Aug. 21: The Ba'th Party named a 16-man national Education,Culture and Science and the Arab Ra- command: dio Federationamong Syria, Jordan, Algeria, Sudan, HIfiz: Premier SaudiArabia, Iraq, the UAR, Yemen, Kuwayt,Leb- $alah al-Jadid: Chief of Staff anon, Libyaand Morocco.Another decree approved Nfir al-Din Atasi: Deputy Premier a protocol signed between the radio and television Yuisuf Zuwayn: member of Presidency Council CHRONOLOGY 511

Jamid Shayya:Supply June 28: The National Assembly voted to remove 'Abd al-Karim Jundi: Agrarian Reform 'Ashuir'sparliamentary immunity as a Deputy. Muhammad'id Ashawi June 29: InternationalConfederation of Free Trade Husam Hiza Unions (ICFTU) appealed to President Habib Flyiz al-Jasim Bourguiba(Bui-Raqibah) for a "reestablishmentof Muhammadal-Zubi excellent relations based on mutual respect" be- Hamad 'Ubayd tween the governmentand UGTT. Mustafa Tallas Secretaryof State for the InteriorTayyib Mahri MuhammadRabah al-Tawil died. Salim Hatum July 2: AID announceda loan of $6,750,000 to help Mustafa Rustum finance road maintenanceand modernization. Marwan Habash Societe Nationale des Petrolesd'Aquitaine formed This is the first time that members have been a subsidiary,Aquitaine Tunisie. named publicly. Signal Oil and Gas Companycontracted Seacat- Aug. 23: The PresidencyCouncil announcedthat the Zapatato drill on its behalf in the Gulf of Tunis. National RevolutionaryCouncil has been expanded The governmentsigned a trade agreementwith to include 95 membersand will act as a legisla- Pakistan. The trade agreementwith Austria was tive body. Atasi said that its first duty would be renewedfor anotheryear from May 1. to draw up a draft permanentconstitution which West German Development Bank will grant would be submittedto a national referendum. the governmenta loan of DM 20m, it was reported. It was reportedthat identity cards will replace July 4: Munaji Salim, Bourguiba'spersonal represen- passportsfor travel between Syria and Jordan. tative, returnedfrom a tour of Lagos, Monrovia, Aug. 25: The government condemned the Faysal- Accra, Addis Ababi, Bamakoand Dakar in which Nasir agreementon Yemen. he noted "identicalviews" with his own govern- Aug. 28: Diplomatic relations with East Germany ment. were upgraded from the consular to Consulate- 'Ashiirwas placed under arrestpending trial. General level. July 5: The UGTT removed'AshLir from his post of Aug. 31: Diplomatic relations at embassylevel will General Secretary. be establishedwith Colombia. July 6: Qa'id al-Sebsiwas appointedMinister of In- terior. July 14: West Germanyagreed to give the govern- Tunisia ment ?6,600,000 for constructionof a textile fac- tory and for variousprojects in agriculture,tourism (See also, Algeria, Palestine Problem) and industry. 1965 Bourguibawarned of a new imperialismin the Afro-Asian world, "not an imperialism of the June 1: It was learnedthat on May 26, the govern- Western colonial powers, but a colonialismcamou- ment delivered a note to Arab League chiefs of flaged by an ideology, like, for example, that of state saying that Tunisia declined to participatein China." Arab League activities until an atmosphere of July 16: The UN SpecialFund will provideover $lm "mutual respect for the sovereigntyand opinions toward an educationalproject. of memberstates" is reestablished. July 21: Secretaryof State for Public Works and The 4-year plan for economic developmentwas Housing Almad Nuir al-din left for visits to the launched. USSR, Bulgariaand Czechoslovakiato discuss eco- June 11: The trade agreementwith Rumaniawas nomic relations. renewed from May 1, it was learned. The government concluded an agreementwith The trade agreementwith the Congo (Leopold- the German Krupp firm for construction of a ville) was renewed for anotheryear from May 30. shipyardat Menzel-Bourguiba. June 16: The National Assembly voted to provide July 23: Switzerland signed an agreement for the free medical services for students. nationalizationof Swiss-controlledland in Tunisia. The EEC decided to open negotiations with July 29: The Political Bureau of the Destourian the governmentand Morocco to establish a free- Socialist Party (PSD) "excommunicated"'Ashiir exchange zone between them and the 6 European and 'Ashiar'sallegedly appointed successorAhmad members. Tlili for "acts of insubordinationdesigned to dis- June 27: Habib 'Ashiir, General Secretaryof the credit our republicanregime." GeneralFederation of TunisianWorkers (UGTT), July 30: 'Umar Becu, General Secretary of the said that the governmentwanted to eliminate him ICFTU, met with Bourguibaafter which he said in order to "domesticate"the UGTT. 'Ashur is that "the ICFTU must remain within the bounds charged with contempt of court and accused of of legality and respect the autonomy of the forging an insurance policy to cover a UGTT- UGTT." owned ferryboatwhich sank, killing 7 tourists. July 31: The UGTT Congresselected BashirBallagha 512 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

as SecretaryGeneral and adopted a new charter able for imports of industrialmachinery and plant which calls for forming a "pact" with the PSD. from the clearingaccount countries. The first home-assembledcars have been pro- July 16: AID has granteda credit of $2.75m for the duced with the help of the FrenchRenault-Saviem developmentof the timber industry. The govern- firm, it was learned. ment will contributeT? 20.45m. The National Assembly voted for the abolition Karabuk'ssecond structuralsteel plant, supplied of the Hijri calendar in favor of the Gregorian by Demag, will begin productionlater this month, calendarfor official purposes. it was reported. Aug. 4: The governmenthas agreedthat 3,000 of its July 21: The governmentannounced that, for economy workers may seek employmentin West Germany, reasons, it will reduce by 12 per cent the salaries under West Germany's"Foreign Guest Workers" of the president, ministers, presidents of the scheme. boardsof directorsof officialinstitutions and army The West Germangovernment announced a de- officers. cision to strengthencooperation between the prov- July 23: The government abolished the "treasury ince of Rhine-Westphaliaand the Bizerte and tax" on imported petroleumproducts and has in- Cap-Bon districts of Tunisia because of their creased the rate of "production-turnover"tax on similar economicinterests. these items from T? 450 to T? 600 a ton. July 27: In a protest to the governmentof Cypruson changes in the electoral laws, Turkey said she Turkey was prepared to "take any necessary measures" (See also, Cyprus, General) to protectthe TurkishCypriots. 1965 July 28: The Interior Ministry said that an Iraqi air force plane bombed and strafed a Turkish June 4: The governmentannounced that AID will no border town, apparentlyhaving strayed over the longer finance these commodities:nitrogenous fer- border in pursuit of Kurds. One man was killed tilizers, crude oil, petroleum products, asphalt, and 10 people wounded. An Iraqi spokesmansaid iron-ore concentrate,ferro-manganeze, nickel, mer- that his governmentwould indemnify Turkey for cury, silver, dye and tanning preparations,refined the loss sufferedin the attack. lead and zinc, wool and jute. They will be paid July 30: Parliamentapproved an agreementbetween for by Turkey. CENTO and the governmentgranting diplomatic June 7: The government denied that it had asked status to the Organizationand its staff. Greece for the equivalentof a 386 mile zone for A committee has been established to review agreeing to the union of Cypruswith Greece. tobacco policy. June 11: The governmentsigned a $5m loan agree- The Minister of Finance said that the present ment with the EuropeanInvestment Bank for fi- system of agricultural taxation was completely nancing a hydro-electricpower project in the inadequate,it was reported. Antalya region. Aug. 1: The National Assemblyenacted 3 bills: one June 18: The Land Reform Bill underwent several reforms the penal system, another introduces a changes in amendments:the maximum areas of "modern"civil servicesystem and the last abolishes land left in the hands of big landownerswas in- the National SecurityOrganization and establishes creased by at least 100 per cent, the areas main- the National Intelligence Agency, which is also tained as state propertywere increased,the role of to use more modern conceptsin intelligencework. the cooperativeswas revised and it was decided to Aug. 6: Britain and Imperial Chemical Industries pay for requisitioned land at the ruling market (ICI) granted a license to the Turkish company rate. Petkim, Petrokimyato manufacturepolythene; a June 25: The Turkish Petroleum Corporation plant with an initial capacity of 12,000 tons is (TPAO) reportedlystruck oil in the Siirt area of to be built by Simon-Carvesof Britain. southeastTurkey. The Ministerial Council of the ECM approved It was announcedthat all establishments,except- a credit of $30m by the EIB to help finance the ing agriculture,which employ labor, are subject Keban Dam project. to a new law providing for the setting up of a Aug. 7: Premier Suat Hayri trgiiplii accepted the commission to fix minimum wage rates and the resignationof Minister of Defense Hasan Dinfer introductionof a 5-dayweek. and Minister of Rural Affairs Seyfi Oztiirk, and July 1: AID authorizeda $40m loan to help build a appointedHazim Dagil as Ministerof Defense and major power dam at Keban on the EuphratesRiver MustafaKetir as Minister of Rural Affairs. and transmissionlines costing $331.8m. Aug. 13: The State Planning Organizationpublished July 2: A Bulgariantrade mission has returnedhome a survey of foreign capital investmentin Turkey, after discussions of expanded economic relations the main conclusionof which was that the opera- with Turkey. tions of foreign companies bring little financial The Ministry of Commerceannounced that for benefitto the country. the year ending March 31, 1966, $13.5m is avail- Aug. 15: David E. Bell, Director of AID, announced CHRONOLOGY 513

that the US would provide half of the $400m loan struggle of the South Vietnamesepeople for their to be made availableto Turkeyby the Consortium independence." for Turkey'seconomic development. June 25: Al-Abram reported that the USSR would The Mineral Exploration Institute (MTAK) meet a demandfor the immediatesupply of 300,- struck "rich" oil deposits in the Erzurumregion, 000 tons of wheat. it was reported. An official delegationfrom the National Assem- AID offered the governmenta $6,400,000 loan bly is visiting Londonfor the first time since Suez, for the installationof 32 municipalelectrical sub- it was learned. stations. July 1: Suez Canal tolls were increasedby 1 per cent Aug. 17: Jrgiiplii returnedfrom the USSR after an from this date. 8-day visit during which he met with Premier July 2: Al-Ahramreported that Zaghluil'Abd al-Rab- Kosygin, Party LeaderBreshnev and Chairmanof man, former army officer who fled to Syria and the PresidiumMikoyan. Reportedly,economic co- pledged supportto an anti-Nasirgroup, returnedto operationbetween the 2 countrieswill increase. Cairo and has given himself up to authorities. Aug. 30: The US will give Turkey $8.5m worth of The government negotiated the purchase of highway machineryin addition to the $18m worth 400,000 tons of wheat and 100,000 tons of maize previouslyagreed upon. from Mexico, it was reported. The Chinese Peo- ple's Republicwill supply 250,000 tons of maize; and the governmentis consideringthe purchaseof some of Jordan'ssurplus wheat. United ArabRepublic July 6: MulhammadFayak, an advisoron African af- (See also, Algeria, PalestineProblem, Syria, Yemen) fairs, left for a tour of West Africa as a special 1965 envoy of Nasir. Reportedly,he carried personal messagesfrom the presidentto the leadersof Mali, June 4: Prime Miinster'All $abrl held a brief airport Guinea, Ghana, Congo (Brazzaville), Mauritania meeting with PremierChou En-Lai. and Cameroon. June 9: Indian PremierLal BahadurShastri conferred The governmentsigned a protocol agreeing to brieflywith PresidentJamal 'Abd al-Nasirin Cairo. give technicalaid to Tanzania. June 11: The governmentdrew $5m from the IMF July 8: Trade and cultural agreementswere signed to help finance economic and social development between the governmentand Sierra Leone. projectsaimed at raising the nationalincome. Dr. Wolfgang Pilz, leader of a team of West June 15: The government established a Consulate Germanscientists, left Cairo. General in East Germany. July 9: The governmentand Pan Americanbecame June 16: The government decided to institute a partnersin a joint oil developmentcompany, Gulf forced savings plan to help meet the budget deficit Petroleum,formed to operatein the Gulf of Suez. and combat "rampant"consumer spending, it was July 11: One of Cairo's largest flour mills, valued reported. Civil servantsand employees of nation- at over E? 50,000, was completely destroyed by alized companieswould be requiredto contributea fire. half-day'spay monthly to a savings plan. July 12: Yugoslav Foreign Minister Marko Nikezich June 18: Barreiros,of Spain, agreed to supply 1,000 met with Nasir and governmentofficials to discuss trailertrucks to the UAR and to train Egyptianme- developmentsin the world situation. chanics. July 13: The governmentsigned an agreementpro- The governmentsigned an agreementwith Den- viding for the reclamationby the USSR of 10,000 mark for the paymentof reparationsfor national- acres of desert land. ized or sequestratedDanish propertyworth E?400,- Nasir announced he will visit the USSR on 000. August 27. It was reportedthat the governmentagreed to ex- July 15: It was reported that the governmenthas change ambassadorswith Turkey after being rep- started a campaign to persuade people to curb resentedby chargesd'affaires since 1963. their spending. June 19: PremierChou En-Laiarrived for talks with July 16: Minister of State 'All Sayyid 'All headed a Nasir. delegationwhich left to attendcelebrations in Cuba June 21: The governmentsigned 2 protocols with markingthe Castrorevolution. Czechoslovakia. Under the first, Czechoslovakia Canadaagreed to lend the government$3.8m for will contribute to the oil and other industries, the purchaseof Canadiantelevision and broadcast- and to the establishmentof a steel plant at Aswan; ing equipmentto expand communicationsfacilities the second covers economic cooperationin several in the Nile Valley to provide a microwavechain fields. linking Cairowith Aswan. June 22: The US ended a six month suspensionof aid A decree established a ministerial committee and agreedto send $37m in surplusfarm products. to superviseplanning of the city of Cairo and the June 23: After a visit in Cairo by a Viet Cong dele- executionof developmentprojects. gation, the governmentexpressed support for "the The manufacturingplant Societe Swiss-Pharma, 514 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

built at a cost of E? 750,000, was completed in which will be exportedto African countries,it was Cairo and will begin to produce drugs and medi- reported. cine. Aug. 11: The governmentreopened diplomaticrela- July 21: Mustafa al-Amin, editor of al-Akhbhr,was tions at embassylevel with Turkey. reportedarrested on chargesof giving information Aug. 12: The Ford Foundationannounced grants of to US authorities. $293,500 for training and researchin family plan- July 22: Nasir warnedSaudi Arabiaof the dangerof ning and reproductivebiology in the UAR, $93,000 an open war over Yemen. He accusedthe US of for graduatebusiness training at AlexandriaUni- repeated political pressure to prevent the UAR versity, $218,000 for fishing training and research. from building up an armoryof modern weapons. Aug. 13: Al-Ahralmreported that 'Ali Amin, its Lon- He also criticized the Ba'thists for "empty talk don correspondent,had been summonedin connec- over Palestine." tion with his brother'strial. July 24: Nasir made his first official visit to a Aug. 17: A 5-man military delegation left for an Coptic cathedralceremony and promisedChristians officialvisit to Moscow. equal treatmentand opportunitiesunder his regime. The first shipment of 24,000 tons of US wheat Fayak left for a tour of East African countries arrivedin Alexandria. carryingmessages from Nasir to the leaders of 6 Vice PresidentHasan Ibrahimleft for a 10-day countries. visit to East Germany. July 25: Bruce T. Odell, a US Embassyattache, was Aug. 22: The governmentannounced that touristswill implicated in espionage allegations against Amin, be granted a 25 per cent premiumon the foreign and left for Washington. currencythey carry. Minister of Culture and Information 'Abd al- Nasir arrived in Jiddah for talks with King Qadir Hatim opened a new short-wavetransmitter Faysal on Yemen. in Cairowith a power of 250kw. Aug. 23: Mustafa Nahas died in Alexandria. July 27: Amin confessedthat he workedfor the CIA Aug. 27: Nasir arrivedin Moscow for a 5-day visit. with Odell as his contact,it was reported. Deputy Premier for Industry and Mineral Re- July 28: Wolfgang Lotz, a West Germancitizen on sources 'Aziz Sidqi resigned;no reason was given. trial in Cairo on chargesof spying for Israel, testi- He will retain his post as memberof the Arab So- fied that letters he had sent to Germanrocket and cialist Union's higher executive committee. aircraftexperts here had containedsmall amounts Aug. 28: Nasir ordered the lifting of sequestration of explosives. imposed on the propertiesof some Saudi Arabians July 29: The governmentcharged the CIA with at- in the UAR. temptingto wreck the regime of Nasir and replace Aug. 30: Nasir announcedthat a conspiracyby the it with a "stooge and traitor regime" that would outlawed Muslim Brotherhoodhad been exposed; do its bidding in the Arab world. arms were seized and about 1,000 personsarrested. It was disclosed that West German aircraftex- A contractwas signed for the supply of Soviet perts would be prevented from leaving the UAR equipment and materials for the main electric until they were replaced. transmissionline between Aswan and Cairo. Lotz denied at his trial that he was an Israeli citizen. July 31: The governmentpassed a measurerequiring all foreign students to guaranteea monthly pay- Yemen ment of EL 15 for living expensesor forfeit study- ing in the UAR. 1965 United Arab Airlines establishedoffices in Tan- June 5: It was learned that on May 28, two decrees zania, Uganda and Kenya, it was learned. were issued, one forming a 16-man SupremeDe- The government offered Mexico customs free fense Council, and the other setting up a 7-man facilities at Port Said. committeefor tribal affairs. The Council is headed It was reported that the jet aircraft program by IHammuidal-Jayfi and includes A;hmadMuham- was reducedto three months of materialsand "in mad Nu'man (Premier), Muhammad al-Ra'inl a state of anarchy."Earlier in the week, Ferdinand (Minister of War), Shaykh 'Abdallih Husayn ibn Brandtner,its director, submitted his resignation. al-Ahmad (Minister of Interior), and Muhsin al- Aug. 3: Nasir has inquired about terms for peace 'Ayni (Foreign Minister); Iiusayn al-Difa'i will negotiationsin the Vietnamesewar, it was learned. head the committeefor tribal affairs. Aug. 5: 'Abd al-Hamidal-Badawi, who servedin the June 8: Royalisttribes in the north and east launched InternationalCourt of Justice, helped to draft the new attacksagainst Egyptian positions, it was re- UN charterand representedthe UAR in the Se- ported. curity Council, died in Cairo. Nu'm5n arrived in Cairo for talks with UAR The governmentsigned a civil aviation agree- officials on ending the war. His son, Muhammad ment with Holland. AhmadNu'man, announced in Kuwaytthat Kuwayt Aug. 6: Salt refinerieswill be expandedto produce had been asked to mediate the dispute with King 600,000 tons of table salt annually,80 per cent of Faysal of Saudi Arabia. CHRONOLOGY 515

June 19: King IHusayn submittedcompromise propos- 'Abd al-Lat-ifDayfallah: Works and Municipali- als for a peace settlement to the governmentsof ty. Saudi Arabia,Yemen and the UAR. Faysaland the 'All Muhammad'Abduh: Agriculture KuwaytiCrown Prince and ForeignMinister agreed Qddi Muhammadal-HIIjji: Justice on steps toward a solution; Algerian meditation Muhammad'Ali al-Aqwa: Information efforts continued. Mubammadal-Ahnumi: Presidential Affairs June 23: It was reportedthat the UAR is allegedly 'All Na.sir al-Ansi: "OccupiedSouth Yemen" attempting to force the removal of 6 ministers Muhammad'All al-Aswadi:State and bring about the downfall of Nu'man'sgovern- July 23: It was learned that the Yemen Drug Com- ment. pany has been establishedto handle the sale and July 1: Nu'man and his Cabinetresigned, but have distribution of pharmaceuticalproducts and has been asked to remain in power pending negotia- been granteda monopolyin this field. tions with the UAR. 'Amri announcedthat he had been warned that July 3: 'Ayni arrivedin Cairo as well as 18 shaykhs UAR forces would not back up the Republicansif from various parts of Yemen reportedly to help they continuedto fight among themselves. solve the political struggle between Nu'man and July 26: A delegationof Republicanleaders was re- President 'Abdallahal-Sallal. ceived by Faysal in Tayif. July 4: Qa4i 'Abd al-RahmanIryini, a memberof the July 29: UAR First Vice President 'Abd al-Hakim Republican Council, arrived in Cairo with 12 'Amir and Speakerof the National Assembly An- shaykhs and tribal leaders. He stated that "We war Sadat flew to San't' for talks with Sallal and want to try to persuadeMr. Nu'man to withdraw 'Amri. his resignation." It was announcedthat the Aden Special envoy to Nasir, Hasan Sabri al-Khfill People's Socialist Party had sent cables to Arab left for talks with Faysal. leadersasking them to intervenein supportof Nu- Faysal received a Royalist delegation led by 'man. Prince Sa'id al-Islam 'Abdallah ibn al-Hasan and July 6: It was reportedthat Sallal had formed a new including 30 tribal leaders, it was reported. Cabinet dominated by military officers and had It was learned that Nu'min and Qadi 'Abd al- named himself Premier. Rahman, a member of the Presidency Council, July 7: An undeterminednumber of Nu'man sup- were also "restricted"in Cairo. porterswere reportedarrested. Aug. 1: 'Amir told UAR troops that there was "a July 9: Sallal flew to Cairofor talks with Na.sir. complete plan to overcome their enemies.and it July 11: Sallal revoked an order naming himself will come into effect at the appropriatetime." Premier and setting up a new Cabinet, allegedly Aug. 2: 'Amri said that relations between Yemen under pressurefrom Nasir. and the UAR are "strongerthan ever." Nu'min's son, MuhammadAhmad, claimed that 'Amri and 'Amir met in Santa'. It was reported the Embassyhad taken his passport and thereby that 'Amir had met earlier with Yemeni shaykhs detained him in Cairo. and leading merchants,and later with UAR army July 12: 'Ayni said that he was also preventedfrom officersin Yemen. leaving Cairo. 'Amri claimedthat arms and militaryplans were July 13: Al-Hurriyahin Beirut chargedthat Nu'ma.n being providedto the Royalist enemy by CENTO. and membersof his Cabinet had plotted to assas- Aug. 3: 'Amri stated that the Republicanswere pre- sinate Sallal while he was in Cairo, but the plot pared "to wage decisivewar with their only enemy, was discovered and therefore, many people were Saudi Arabia." He chargedthat, since 1948, Saudi arrestedin Yemen. Arabia had contributedtoward crushing Yemeni July 18: Sallal asked former PremierHasan al-'Amri revolutions. to form a government,and announceda national Santa' radio reported that 'Amrnmet with the pact. military attache of the Soviet Embassy and the July 20: A group of 37 Republicanleaders including deputy chief of a team of Russian experts on Au- former ministers, senior governmentofficials and gust 1. It also reportedthat dissident Republican tribal shaykhs,crossed the borderinto the SAF. leaders who had fled the country have been ex- 'Amri announcedthe membersof his Cabinet: pelled from Yemen. MustafaYa'qfib: Foreign Affairs Salla announcedthat Yemen was ready to fight Muhammadal-Ra'ini: War the British or Saudi Arabia if they wanted "to Qddi 'Abdallahal-Irya.ni: Local Government enslave us." He urged the shaykhs to remain Ahmad al-Rahlimi: Treasury armedand ready to face "reactionariesand coloni- Husayn al-Siyaghi: Religious Endowments alists," and said that Nasir had delegated 'Amir ShaykhMuhammad 'All 'Uthman: Deputy Pre- and Sadat to "stand by us and cooperateuntil we mier solve our problems." 'Abdallah al-Jizaylan:Deputy Premier Aug. 4: Saudi Arabiansources said that if the UAR Qdqi Muhammadal-Zuhayr: Interior attacked any point in Saudi Arabia, she would Qasim Ghalib: Education immediatelyjoin forces with Yemen in waging war Muhsin al-Sirri: Economy againstUAR forces in Yemen. 516 THE MIDDLE EAST JOURNAL

In a letter to the SecurityCouncil, the govern- had proved that CENTO was behind most of the ment accusedBritish forces in Beihan of firing on conspiraciesagainst the republic, other documents the Yemeni town of Qatabahon 5 occasions,caus- showing the "British imperialist administrationin ing fatalities and destroyinghomes. Aden" as responsiblefor operationsdirected from Aug. 5: The KhamerYouth Organizationdistributed the SAF against Yemen. Thirdly, new develop- a statement in Aden claiming that an abortive ments in the situationwith Israel made it necessary attemptto assassinateSallal was made last week in for the UAR to withdrawher troops from Yemen. the town of Dhamar. Sallal was in Dhamar al- Aug. 16: The exchange of messages between Nasir legedly on orders from 'Amri because of his "in- Faysalhas continued. SaudiArabian Ambassador to terference"in state affairs. The statementsaid that the UAR Muhammad'All Ridalcommented: "We "The Yemeni people have passed the death sen- have been using a differentapproach. Our idea is tence on Sallal for being the stooge number one to rebuild relations between Saudi Arabia and the of foreign occupationforces in Yemen." UAR and put them on a more frankand solid basis Aug. 8: Sallal returnedto Santa'after a 10-dayvisit which would ultimatelyreflect on subsidiaryprob- to Dhamar. lems." The governmentwarned Britain to stop acts of Aug. 18: The UAR Ambassadorto SaudiArabia left aggression along the border or take the conse- for Jiddah to preparefor a visit by Nasir. quences. The statement said that on August 4, Sallal flew to Alexandria for talks with Nasir. British troops had fired on the town of al-Biada Attending the confrontationon the Yemeni side causing considerabledamage to private property. were 'Amri, Iryani, Nu'm5n and his predecessor Aug. 9: Sourcesin Beirut said that Republicansand al-Jayfl. UAR representativesincluded 'Amir, Vice Royalistswere working togetheron a new constitu- President ZakariyaMu1hyl al-din and Ambassador tion in Tayif, Saudi Arabia. Reportedly,the im- to Yemen Ahmad Shuqayri. mediate objective of the conferencewas to form a Aug. 20: It was reported that all but 8 of the 37 united Yemeni national front to oppose "the Republicanleaders who left Yemen have returned Egyptian-supportedpuppet governmentin San'a'." after attending the Tayif conference. Sources in Aug. 10: The Yemeni Higher MilitaryCouncil under Aden said that Nasir and Faysal are expected to the chairmanshipof Salldl set up a higher security discuss the agreementreached at Tayif. court to deal with "saboteurs,diversionists and Aug. 23: Al-Jayfisaid in Cairothat preparationswere those opposingthe Yemeni revolution." The Coun- underway in Yemen to form a popular army to cil also discussedthe formationof a populararmy. defend the revolution and the Republicanregime. Aug. 11: Nasir and Faysal exchanged messages be- Aug. 24: In Jiddah, Nasir and Faysal signed an lieved to concernYemen. agreementto end the 3 year old war in Yemen. The Cabinet approved a law modernizing the The agreementprovides for an immediateceasefire, judiciary. It calls for the independence of the the withdrawal of 50,000 Egyptian troops from judiciary,the creationof a supremetribal council Yemen within 13 months and an end to Saudi aid headed by the Minister of Justice, the creationof to the Royalists. A nationalplebiscite is to be held courts of appeal in San't', Hodeida and Zamar not later than November 23, 1966 at which time and the establishmentof a prosecutionsystem. Yemenis will decide on what kind of government SalIal conferred with the commanderof UAR they want. forces in Yemen, 'All Ahmad al-Kabir;no details Aug. 25: Syrian newspapersseverely criticized the of the meeting were announced. agreementand accusedNasir of "liquidatingArab Aug. 12: Nu'man said in Cairo that the only way to revolutions, particularlythe Yemeni revolution." end the conflict in Yemen would be to hold a It was reportedthat the Royalistshave ordered national peace conference in Yemen attended by their forces to stop fighting in accordancewith all Yemeni factions; the participantsshould be the termsof the peace pact. Prince 'Abd al-Rahmin free from any foreign influence. said that Royalisttroops have been orderedto hold Sallal flew back to Dhamar. their fighting positions until a conferenceof 50 Al-Akhb,irreported that Nasir and Faysalwould Yemeni leaders at Haradh, at which Royalist rep- meet soon. resentationwill be insisted upon. The Higher MilitaryCourt met under 'Amri and It was learnedthat the Haradhconference would discussed "a number of military subjects."It was include both Republicanand Royalisttribal leaders reportedthat 'Amri also received the Soviet mili- who would select a coalition government. Both tary attache and discussed matters of mutual in- Sallal and the Imam would be excluded from the terest. transitionalgovernment. Aug. 15: Al-Ahrdmreported that 3 factorspaved the Aug. 26: Republicanofficials praised the peace pact way for peace efforts in Yemen. One was that a and said there had been no clasheswith the Royal- recent attemptby "enemiesof the Yemeni revolu- ists since the agreementwas signed. tion" to seize an area of the country had been Aug. 28: UAR troops have started withdrawing,it crushed. Secondly, the editorial said, documents was reported.