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PATERSON REVIEW VOLUME 8, 2007 The Norman Paterson School of International Affairs Carleton University 1401 Dunton Tower 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 www.diplomatonline.com/patersonreview/home.html The Paterson Review, formally E-merge, is a scholarly journal exclusively showcasing the work of graduate students in the field of international affairs. Managed by students from the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, the Paterson Review is dedicated to publishing articles on a wide range of emerging issues in the theory and practice of international affairs. Copy requests and submissions may be sent electronically to [email protected] or by mail to Paterson Review c/o Norman Paterson School of International Affairs 1401 Dunton Tower, Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6 Canada. Copyright © 2007, Paterson Review 1. International Relations – Periodicals. 2. World Politics – Periodicals. 3. Policy Sciences – Periodicals. ii CONTENTS vii Letter from the Editors 1 Quick Impact Projects: Towards a ‘Whole of Government’ Approach Jon Baker, Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University 23 The Changing Nature of “International Security”: The Need for an Integrated Definition C. Elisabeth St. Jean, Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University 35 Turning the Health Professional Carousel: Is Canada Undermining Human Rights in Developing Countries? Karinne Lantz, Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University 51 Human Rights, Cultural Tradition and International Development: Culturally Appropriate International Responses to Female Genital Cutting Kristen Thomasen, Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University 67 Maintenance of Sanctions Regimes: Lessons from Iraq Nathan Lysons, Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University 79 Russia’s Foreign Policy Ace Jeremy D. Gordon, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University 93 Protection for Whom? Stabilization and Coercive Rule in Haiti Jennifer Peirce, Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University Critical Commentary 109 Effects of Financial Sector Foreign Direct Investment on Access to Credit for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Emerging Market Economies: A Critical Commentary Manuela W. Armenta, Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University Book Review 125 Colonial Terrorist, American Hero: Two Histories of the Original American Insurgency Daniel Doktori, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University iii EDITORIAL STAFF Co-Editors-in-Chief Patrick Cuenco Kristen Thomasen Treasurer and Marketing Manager Marion Sandilands Editors Laurie Gorman Lindsey Higgs Nathan Lysons Ashlyn Milligan Marion Sandilands Ryan Stein Publishing Editors Ashlyn Milligan Ryan Stein Graphic Designer Predrag Tomic iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Expert Reviewers Dr. Chantal Blouin, Researcher, The North-South Institute Dr. Louise de la Gorgendière, Associate Professor of Social Anthropology, Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, Carleton University John Graham, Chair of FOCAL, the Canadian Foundation for the Americas Dr. Tessa Hebb, Director of Capital Strategies, Carleton Centre for Community Innovation, Carleton University Dr. Jez Littlewood, Director of the Canadian Centre of Intelligence and Security Studies, Carleton University Dr. David Malone, Adjunct Research Professor, NPSIA and High Commissioner of Canada to India Christopher Penny, L.L.M., Assistant Professor of International Law, NPSIA, Carleton University Dr. Yiagadeesen Samy, Assistant Professor, NPSIA, Carleton University Dr. Elinor Sloane, Associate Professor and Associate Supervisor of Graduate Studies, Dept. of Political Science, Carleton University Additional Reviewers Randall Blair, M.A., The Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University Martin Fischer, PhD. Candidate, NPSIA, Carleton University Darryl Whitehead, PhD. Candidate, NPSIA, Carleton University Friends Vivian Cummins Cindy Halden Donna Jacobs Patricia Lacroix Leslee McCabe Brenda Sutherland Charlene Youssef Jijun (Jessie) Zhao v Blind Review Contributing Editors Ashley Barnes Stephen Buchta Patrick Cuenco Alia Dedhar Laurie Gorman Lindsey Higgs Christopher Kang Joshua Kilberg Karinne Lantz Nathan Lysons Ashlyn Milligan Aruna Rajulu Marion Sandilands Ryan Stein Kristen Thomasen vi Letter from the Editors We are pleased to present the 2007 edition of the Paterson Review. Now entering its eighth volume, the Paterson Review annually publishes the work of graduate students in the field of international affairs. The eighth volume of the Paterson Review brought together a large group of graduate students, primarily from NPSIA, who have been working hard to make this year’s journal a success. For the first time since its inception, the Paterson Review has been published in a hard copy format, which will be circulated to international affairs schools around the world. The Paterson Review is also available online through Diplomat & International Canada magazine at www.diplomatonline.com. This volume was highly competitive, with 37 submissions in total. A three-round blind review was held to determine which of these papers, submitted by students from across North America, would be selected for publication. In total, seven articles, one critical commentary and one book review were selected. The following is a list of the schools from which papers were received: Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies – University of California, San Diego The Norman Paterson School of International Affairs – Carleton University School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) - Columbia University Centre for Contemporary Arab Studies – Georgetown University Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies – Johns Hopkins University School of Public Policy – University of Maryland Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs – Princeton University Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs – University of Syracuse Jackson School of International Affairs – University of Washington The Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center – Yale University Following the blind review, the selected articles went through a rigorous editing process. This process included an evaluation of each submission by one or more experts in the field of the article’s subject matter, along with simultaneous editing and formatting by the Paterson Review editorial staff, in coordination with the authors. Our nine contributors investigate a broad range of timely international affairs topics, sure to incite discussion and hopefully contribute to the field of policy development. Four articles and our book review address a broad range of security and defence issues. Jon Baker assesses the efficacy of Quick Impact Projects, implemented by the Canadian Forces in Afghanistan, and makes a case for the development of valid and reliable measures of effectiveness for these vii projects. Jennifer Peirce examines the police reform initiatives which have taken place in Haiti since 1994, while C. Elisabeth St. Jean explores traditional and new definitions of ‘international security,’ and looks for an integrated definition which incorporates the benefits and rejects the drawbacks of both. Nathan Lysons provides a comprehensive assessment of lessons-learned from the United Nations Security Council’s experience with sanctions on Iraq. Finally, Daniel Doktori reviews the books Washington’s Crossing by David Hackett-Fischer and The Glorious Cause by Jeff Shaara, and draws a connection between America’s first experience with insurgent-style warfare during the American Revolution and the current U.S. military experience in Iraq. Looking at foreign policy issues in Eastern Europe, Jeremy D. Gordon’s article investigates the ties between the Kremlin and Russia’s largest oil and gas company, Gazprom, and assesses Russia’s use of Gazprom as a foreign policy tool in numerous Former Soviet Republics. The final two articles and our critical commentary examine diverse topics in development. Karinne Lantz investigates the moral and legal obligations of developed countries, looking specifically at the United Kingdom and Canada, with respect to the recruitment of health professionals from developing countries, particularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa. Kristen Thomasen tackles the question of how to address, in an appropriate and effective way, an internationally defined violation of human rights that is also a cultural tradition, assessing development policies geared towards decreasing rates of female genital cutting. Finally, Manuela W. Armenta provides a critical assessment of the current literature relating to the effects of financial sector foreign direct investment on the ability of small- and medium- sized enterprises to access credit in developing countries. The Paterson Review would like to express its sincere appreciation to everyone who was involved in the creation of the eighth volume of the journal. We would like to extend a special thank you to all editors and expert reviewers who dedicated valuable time to our publication; to the authors for their hard work and dedication; to the staff at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs for their ongoing support; to Diplomat & International Canada magazine for their continued partnership; and to our sponsors, the Centre for Security and Defence Studies, the Centre for Trade