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Reinvigorating Oleoresin Collection in the Southeast Usa: Evaluation of Chemical Inducers, Stand Management, Tree Characteristics, and Genetics

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Reinvigorating Oleoresin Collection in the Southeast Usa: Evaluation of Chemical Inducers, Stand Management, Tree Characteristics, and Genetics REINVIGORATING OLEORESIN COLLECTION IN THE SOUTHEAST USA: EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL INDUCERS, STAND MANAGEMENT, TREE CHARACTERISTICS, AND GENETICS By MARIE JENNIFER LAUTURE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Marie Jennifer Lauture In memory of Joel Baussan, Sarah Lauture, and Marguerite Marie Yolande Lauture “Mamie” ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my very large family for their unconditional love and support throughout this journey. To my mother, Marie Anne, a woman who sacrificed so much for her children and the strongest person I know. I thank her for teaching me to be resilient, humble, kind, patient, and independent. I thank her for her inspiring me to never give up and accompanying me on all my adventures across rural Haiti. To my father, Jean Marie, for always providing me with motivation throughout my studies and all my endeavors. I thank my sisters, Raquel Aïna, Anne Xavière, Stephanie, and Lya, for your unwavering love, support, and encouragement. I feel very blessed to have three older sisters that inspire me with their intelligence, creativity, love, passion, and hard work. I am immensely grateful to my loving partner and adventure buddy, Cody, who always encouraged me to pursue my dreams, always championed my accomplishments and has supported me through the difficult times. I thank you for your patience and dedication. I would like to share my gratitude with my graduate advisor, Dr. Gary Peter, without whom this research would have been futile. I started working with him as an undergraduate student and without his guidance, support, and dedication, I would have never pursued my graduate studies. I thank Dr. Alan Hodges for his assistance with statistical analysis, expertise and guidance in the field, and for teaching me the borehole tapping technique to collect oleoresin. I would like to acknowledge all other members of my supervisory committee: Dr. Salvador Gezan, Dr. Eric Jokela, and Dr. John Davis, for their advice and expertise. I want to thank Dr. Gezan for his assistance with data analysis and helping me learn ASReml. 4 Many thanks to the faculty and staff at the School of Forest Resources and Conservation (SFRC) and the forest genomics lab. I appreciate the funding support from the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Office of Energy and the Department of Energy Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA-E). I want to thank Rayonier, Weyerhaeuser (formerly Plum Creek Timber Company), and Roberts Land & Timber Investment Corp. for providing access to the study sites. I would like to express my gratitude to Chris Dervinis for his help in organizing my field experiments, his ability to always make me laugh with his nerdy dad jokes, and for always being available to answer my questions and provide me with advice. I would also like to sincerely thank Greg Powell for constantly motivating me, providing a sympathetic ear and for his help in completing my field work. This research would not have been possible without the hard work from the field technicians and my colleagues. I want to thank Emery Hauser, Justice Diamond, Cody Godwin, Hemant Patel, Wilson Peter, Kari Hurst, Joshua Cucinella, Oliver Fleming, and Tom Pratt for spending hours out in the forest in the Florida heat. Many thanks go to my friends, especially Fayola Kojo, Jessica Mulvey, Soyini Kojo, Daniel Durante, Dan Greene, Erick Larsen, and Melissa Carvalho for your love, support, encouragement, and hospitality throughout my studies. Finally, I thank my uncle Joel Baussan, for taking me to visit the University of Florida and for always encouraging my love and appreciation of the outdoors. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... 10 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 15 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 18 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 21 Background ............................................................................................................. 21 Problem .................................................................................................................. 22 Research Objectives ............................................................................................... 24 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................................................... 25 Introduction to Oleoresin ......................................................................................... 25 Historical Production of Oleoresin .................................................................... 25 Species Used Worldwide of Oleoresin Production ........................................... 26 Oleoresin Composition ..................................................................................... 28 Oleoresin and Insect Pests ..................................................................................... 30 Coevolution of Oleoresin and Insect Pests ....................................................... 30 Host Selection and Colonization Behavior of Insect Pests ............................... 31 Conifer Defenses Against Insect Pests ............................................................ 34 Climate Change and Pine Beetles .................................................................... 35 Genetic Variation in Oleoresin ................................................................................ 37 Variation of Oleoresin Composition Among Species ........................................ 37 Variation of Oleoresin Canal Occurrence, Size and Density ............................ 41 Variation of Oleoresin Yield and Flow Rate Among Species ............................ 45 Oleoresin Viscosity and Crystallization Rate Among Species .......................... 49 Oleoresin Production in Planted Versus Natural Forests.................................. 51 Inducing Oleoresin Flow and Yield ......................................................................... 52 Chemical Inducers ............................................................................................ 52 Physical Inducers ............................................................................................. 57 Morphological Effects ....................................................................................... 59 Exudation Pressure .......................................................................................... 60 Environmental Inducers .................................................................................... 61 Climate and seasons ................................................................................. 61 Water availability ........................................................................................ 64 6 Stand density management ....................................................................... 67 Fertilization................................................................................................. 68 Fire ............................................................................................................. 70 Oleoresin tapping techniques ........................................................................... 73 Application .............................................................................................................. 77 Genetic Control and Breeding for Increased Terpene Production .................... 77 Global Uses for Oleoresin ................................................................................ 80 Pine terpenes for commercial products ...................................................... 80 Pine terpenes for biofuels .......................................................................... 81 Distillation ......................................................................................................... 84 Economics of Oleoresin Production ........................................................................ 84 Non-Timber Forest Products ............................................................................ 84 Oleoresin Tapping and Timber Production ....................................................... 86 Global Supply and Demand .............................................................................. 87 Market requirements .................................................................................. 87 Global production ....................................................................................... 87 What Drives the Production Cost? ................................................................... 89 Labor .......................................................................................................... 89 Equipment .................................................................................................. 90 Cost Compared to other Biofuels ..............................................................
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