DOCSLIB.ORG

The Satak Copper Plate Grant of King Rama Simha II, of Jaintia of 1809 A.D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Satak Copper Plate Grant of King Rama Simha II, of Jaintia of 1809 A.D The Satak Copper Plate Grant of King Rama Simha II, of Jaintia of 1809 A.D. By K u n ja G ov jn d a G o s w a m i, In February last, I was informed, at my village home at fiojr^fi'District Sylhet, that one of our neighbours, Sj. Madan ,sooVM,ii Goswami had a copper plate inscription in his possession. I at once hastened to his place and saw the i^late. The plate records the grant of twenty-four keddras of land in two plots to one, Balarama Goswami (here mentioned as Vaisnavadhikarin), by King Rama Simha II, (1789-1832 A.D.) of Jayantlpura (modern Jaintia) in the North Sylhet subdivision of the Sylhet district, for the worship of Radha and Krisna under the name of Vrajesvarl and Vrajesvara. I am told that this Balarama, out of aversion towards the world, renounced it and went to the hill}^ tract of Jaintia for meditation and spiritual advancement. There he founded a temple of god Visnu and himself became a Sevait there. Hence probably, he is called a Vaisnavadhikarin here. Very soon he became famous in the locality for his piety and religious austerities and people began to become his dis­ ciples. In no time, this news reached the ears of the reigning king, Rama Simha II. He being attracted by the virtues of this holy man, made a grant of the land under discussion besides many other valuable donations. We learn also from the Sri- halter Itivrilta (The History of Sylhet, Part II, p. 279) by Mr. Achyuta Charan Choudhury that King Bada Gosayi II (1729­ 1770 A.D.) of Jaintia, invited Rama Govinda Goswami, one of the ancestors of the donee of this plate, to his capital, learnt yogangas (eight constituents or parts of the yoga) from him and gave much wealth in the shape of Ouru daksirM (preceptor’s fee). So we see that there had been a religious influence of the family of Balarama upon the royal family of Jaintia for a long time, and this grant also bears testimony to this fact. The present holder of the grant, SJ. Madam Mohan Ooswami, is a descendant of the original donee through his brother’s line and is still held in high esteem both by the people and the Raja at Jaintia whenever he goe.s there. The temple is maintained even now and worship of the deities is carried on by an appointed Sevait who manages the affairs there from the income of the property of the temple. The plate roughly measures 1" x 4". The inscription opens at the top with the invocatory line “ namo Vrajesvardya" pre- -ceeded by a symbol which seems to be a very late form of the symbol representing om according to Hoemle (Intro. Bower MSS. In. Ant. reprint, page 22) and Fleet (Corp. Ins. Ind., page 46, n 3) but Siddhirastu or Siddham according to N. K. Bhattasali, supported by Krishna Sastri {Ep. Ind., Vol. X V II, p. 352). This symbol Is called anji by the older generation in Bengal. Curi­ ously enough, this sign precedes also the right hand side line of the inscription under discussion. Just below the invocatory line, is engraved the royal seal representing a jumping lion in the midst of a roughly shaped circle. Similar seals with slight variations were now and then used by the Kings of this place. This statement will find corroboration if we compare some other inscriptions of the Jaintia Kings, edited by Dr. K. M. '‘".pta {vide (i) J.A.S.B., 1922, p. 73 f., (ii) ibid., 1923, pp. 323 , (?ii) ibid., 1923, pp. 331 f.). The plate is in a good state of preservation and every letter is distinct and legible. It contains seventeen lines besides the invocatory top line and two side lines—one to the right-hand side of the plate and the other to the left in the upper margin. The characters are well shaped Bengali with some peculiari­ ties. The language is Sanskrit prose throughout with the excep­ tion of the words Kitavat (derived from Arabic and means writ­ ing of) occurring on the left hand side, and Sahi (probably Perso- Arabic and here perhaps means “ signed by,” ) on the left hand side. • There are a few orthographical inaccuracies due to ignor­ ance and carelessness of the scribe; e.g. (i) in some places a (^) has been used for i (w), viz. saptadasa-sata for sapta-daia-iata (line 8), disi for di&i (line 10) and vimsati for vim&ati (line 17), (ii) datva for datla (line 9), (iii) simdvacchinva for Simdvacchinna (line 16). The use of the word livi (document) (line 17) is peculiar here. Although both the forms livi and lipi are correct according to Sanskrit dictionaries, the former is hardly met with in Sanskrit books. Another point we should note here. There is no distinction in the use of b and v in Bengali, either in writing or in pronunciation. The former is rather frequently used in place of the latter. This observation holds good for the present inscription also. But I have given v in its proper places in my transliteration without giving the Bengali b first and then changing it to the correct form v for the sake of convenience. Early mention of the tract of Jaintia is found in the Paura- nic and Tan trie literature as containing one of the famous shrines sacred to Durga. “ It was known as Narlrajya, mentioned in Jaimini’s Mahabharata,” says Mr. Achyuta Charan Choudhury in his SriJiatter Itivrilta (History of Sylhet), Part I, Sec. IV, Ch. I. He being supported by MM. Padmanath Vidyavinoda {vide Ind. His. Quarterly, Vol III, No. 4, pp. 848-49) throws a ray of light on a mediaeval king of Jaintia by stating that the famous Kavya, Raghava Pandavlya of Kaviraja was compoBed during the reign of King Kamadeva of Jayantiapura in the 11th century A.D. The book itself does not contain any reference to a definite date and so scholars are not at one with regard to this point. But from the internal evidence we learn that this poetical work was composed by Kaviraja during the reiga of Kama- deva in the city of Jayantiapura (Canto I, verse 25). And Mr. Choudhury and Mahamahopadhyaya Vidyavinoda are inclined to identify this Jayantiapura with modern Jaintia of the Sylhet district. ' According to tradition the ancient rulers of the Jaintia plains were Brahmins by caste. They ruled the region for several generations, and we do not exactly know how they met with their^fj>,Jl. But this much we learn from Sir E. Gait that a group-jt the Khasi tribes called the Syntengs inhabited and ruled the hilly part, namely, the Jaintia Hills for a long time ; and after the fall of the traditional Hindu Kings of the Jaintia plains, a scion of this tribe, named Parvat Ray took possession of the plains about 1500 A.D. [History oj Assam by Sir E. Gait, New Edition, page 261). After that this small principality hod to pass through successive invasions of the Kochas, the Kacharis, and the Ahoms. In spite of these repeated attacks the Synteng line could maintain its own independence for more than three centuries till at last the kingdom was annexed to the British Empire in 1835 A.D. Gait supposes from the nomenclature of the founder of the dynasty and his successors that from this time forward they began to feel gradually the influence of the Hindu religion and finally identified themselves with it in its Tantric form of worship. The Kings with certain laxity in matter of food and drink became champions of Sakti worship in that part of the country; and the holy shrines at Jaintia as also at Faljur bear sufficient evidence of it. Although the rulers belonged mainly to the Tantric sect, they were patrons of all other branches of the Hindu religion. This statement will be borne out by the fact that MahadevI Kasasali, wife of Bada Gosayi, made grants of land to the gods i^iva, Jaganndtha, Vasudeva, and Bhudhara during the reign of Rama Simha II, who is the donor of the plate under review, in the Saka year 1726 ( = 1803 A.D.) (J.^ .S.B ., 1923, pp. 323-27). That this Rama Simha was also a devotee of Durga and 6iva is set forth in his Dhupi Copper plate grant of the Saka year 1720 ( = 1798 A.D.) {J.A.S.B., 1922, p. 73). The present plate shows that he had reverence for the Vaisnava deities Vrajeswara and Vrajeswarl also. Similarly, instances from Epigraphic and other sources can be multiplied in favour of our assertion. Researches of scholars are now bringing to light many inscriptions which among other things show that the princes of this line have always shown religious toleration. Rama Simha II has been taken by Gait to be the twentieth king in descent from Parbat Ray and his period has been fixed at from 1789 A.D. to 1832 A.D. He was the nephew of his predecessor Vijaya-Narayana. It is also important to note here that though the rulers became Hinduised, society is still matriarchal and the throne passes to the nephew (sister’s aon) and not to his son after the death of the ruling king. The plate was issued on the 23rd day of Magha of the Saka year 1731 ( = which corresponds to February, 1809 A.D.). R eading o f t h e P la te. Om* Namo Vrajesvaraya.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1Edieval Assam
    .-.':'-, CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION : Historical Background of ~1edieval Assam. (1) Political Conditions of Assam in the fir~t half of the thirt- eenth Century : During the early part of the thirteenth Century Kamrup was a big and flourishing kingdom'w.ith Kamrupnagar in the· North Guwahat.i as the Capital. 1 This kingdom fell due to repeated f'.1uslim invasions and Consequent! y forces of political destabili t.y set in. In the first decade of the thirteenth century Munammedan 2 intrusions began. 11 The expedition of --1205-06 A.D. under Muhammad Bin-Bukhtiyar proved a disastrous failure. Kamrtipa rose to the occasion and dealt a heavy blow to the I"'!Uslim expeditionary force. In 1227 A.D. Ghiyasuddin Iwaz entered the Brahmaputra valley to meet with similar reverse and had to hurry back to Gaur. Nasiruddin is said to have over-thrown the I<~rupa King, placed a successor to the throne on promise of an annual tribute. and retired from Kamrupa". 3 During the middle of the thirteenth century the prosperous Kamrup kingdom broke up into Kamata Kingdom, Kachari 1. (a) Choudhury,P.C.,The History of Civilisation of the people of-Assam to the twelfth Cen­ tury A.D.,Third Ed.,Guwahati,1987,ppe244-45. (b) Barua, K. L. ,·Early History of :Kama r;upa, Second Ed.,Guwahati, 1966, p.127 2. Ibid. p. 135. 3. l3asu, U.K.,Assam in the l\hom J:... ge, Calcutta, 1 1970, p.12. ··,· ·..... ·. '.' ' ,- l '' '.· 2 Kingdom., Ahom Kingdom., J:ayantiya kingdom and the chutiya kingdom. TheAhom, Kachari and Jayantiya kingdoms continued to exist till ' ' the British annexation: but the kingdoms of Kamata and Chutiya came to decay by- the turn of the sixteenth century~ · .
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Political Development of Surma Barak Valley from 5 to 13 Century
    Pratidhwani the Echo A Peer-Reviewed International Journal of Humanities & Social Science ISSN: 2278-5264 (Online) 2321-9319 (Print) Impact Factor: 6.28 (Index Copernicus International) Volume-VIII, Issue-I, July 2019, Page No. 207-214 P ublished by Dept. of Bengali, Karimganj College, Karimganj, Assam, India Website: http://www.thecho.in Socio-Political Development of Surma Barak Valley from 5th to 13th Century A.D. Mehbubur Rahman Choudhury Ph.D Research Scholar, University of Science & Technology, Meghalaya Dr. Sahab Uddin Ahmed Associate Professor, History, Karimganj College, Karimganj, Assam Abstract The Barak Valley of Assam consists of three districts, viz. Cachar, Hailakandi and Karimganj situated between Longitude 92.15” and 93.15” East and Latitude 24.8” and 25.8” North and covering an area of 6,941.2 square Kilometres, this Indian portion of the valley is bounded on the north by the North Cachar Hills District of Assam and the Jaintia Hills District of Meghalaya, on the east by Manipur, on the south by Mizoram and on the west by Tripura and the Sylhet District of Bangladesh. These three districts in Assam, however, together form the Indian part of a Valley, the larger portion of which is now in Bangladesh. The valley was transferred to Assam from Bengal in 1874 and the Bangladesh part was separated by the partition of India in 1947. The social and polity formation processes in the Barak Surma Valley in the Pre-Colonial period were influenced by these geo-graphical, historical and sociological factors. On the one hand, it was an outlying area of the Bengal plains and on the other hand, it was flanked by the hill tribal regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Nandan Gupta. `Prak-Bibar` Parbe Samaresh Basu. Nimai Bandyopadhyay
    BOOK DESCRIPTION AUTHOR " Contemporary India ". Nandan Gupta. `Prak-Bibar` Parbe Samaresh Basu. Nimai Bandyopadhyay. 100 Great Lives. John Cannong. 100 Most important Indians Today. Sterling Special. 100 Most Important Indians Today. Sterling Special. 1787 The Grand Convention. Clinton Rossiter. 1952 Act of Provident Fund as Amended on 16th November 1995. Government of India. 1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. Indian Institute of Human Rights. 19e May ebong Assame Bangaliar Ostiter Sonkot. Bijit kumar Bhattacharjee. 19-er Basha Sohidera. Dilip kanti Laskar. 20 Tales From Shakespeare. Charles & Mary Lamb. 25 ways to Motivate People. Steve Chandler and Scott Richardson. 42-er Bharat Chara Andolane Srihatta-Cacharer abodan. Debashish Roy. 71 Judhe Pakisthan, Bharat O Bangaladesh. Deb Dullal Bangopadhyay. A Book of Education for Beginners. Bhatia and Bhatia. A River Sutra. Gita Mehta. A study of the philosophy of vivekananda. Tapash Shankar Dutta. A advaita concept of falsity-a critical study. Nirod Baron Chakravarty. A B C of Human Rights. Indian Institute of Human Rights. A Basic Grammar Of Moden Hindi. ----- A Book of English Essays. W E Williams. A Book of English Prose and Poetry. Macmillan India Ltd.. A book of English prose and poetry. Dutta & Bhattacharjee. A brief introduction to psychology. Clifford T Morgan. A bureaucrat`s diary. Prakash Krishen. A century of government and politics in North East India. V V Rao and Niru Hazarika. A Companion To Ethics. Peter Singer. A Companion to Indian Fiction in E nglish. Pier Paolo Piciucco. A Comparative Approach to American History. C Vann Woodward. A comparative study of Religion : A sufi and a Sanatani ( Ramakrishana).
    [Show full text]
  • The Insecure World of the Nation
    The Insecure World of the Nation Ranabir Samaddar In T​he Marginal Nation,​ which dealt with trans­border migration from Bangladesh to West Bengal, two moods, two mentalities, and two worlds were in description – that of cartographic anxiety and an ironic un­concern. In that description of marginality, where nations, borders, boundaries, communities, and the political societies were enmeshed in making a non­nationalised world, and the citizen­migrant (two animals yet at the same time one) formed the political subject of this universe of transcendence, interconnections and linkages were the priority theme. Clearly, though conflict was an underlying strain throughout the book, the emphasis was on the human condition of the subject ­ the migrant’s capacity to transgress the various boundaries set in place by nation­formation in South Asia. Therefore, responding to the debate on the numbers of illegal migrants I termed it as a “numbers game”. My argument was that in this world of edges, the problem was not what was truth (a​bout nationality, identity, and numbers), but truth (o​f n​ationality, identity, and numbers) itself was the problem.1 Yet, this was an excessively humanised description, that today on hindsight after the passing of some years since its publication, seems to have downplayed the overwhelming factor of conflict and wars that take place because “communities must be defended” – one can say the “permanent condition” in which communities find themselves. On this re­reading of the problematic the questions, which crop up are:
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized BANGLADESH BANGLADESH: ECONOMICS CLIMATE TO OF CHANGE ADAPTATION Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Climate to Adaptation of Economics Annexes i BANGLADESH: ECONOMICS OF ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE i Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change BANGLADESH Ministry of Foreign Affairs Government of the Netherlands ii BANGLADESH: ECONOMICS OF ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE © 2010 The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. This volume is a product of the World Bank Group. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank Group encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone 978-750-8400; fax 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All images © The World Bank Photo Library.
    [Show full text]
  • Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India
    A book in the series Radical Perspectives a radical history review book series Series editors: Daniel J. Walkowitz, New York University Barbara Weinstein, New York University History, as radical historians have long observed, cannot be severed from authorial subjectivity, indeed from politics. Political concerns animate the questions we ask, the subjects on which we write. For over thirty years the Radical History Review has led in nurturing and advancing politically engaged historical research. Radical Perspec- tives seeks to further the journal’s mission: any author wishing to be in the series makes a self-conscious decision to associate her or his work with a radical perspective. To be sure, many of us are currently struggling with the issue of what it means to be a radical historian in the early twenty-first century, and this series is intended to provide some signposts for what we would judge to be radical history. It will o√er innovative ways of telling stories from multiple perspectives; comparative, transnational, and global histories that transcend con- ventional boundaries of region and nation; works that elaborate on the implications of the postcolonial move to ‘‘provincialize Eu- rope’’; studies of the public in and of the past, including those that consider the commodification of the past; histories that explore the intersection of identities such as gender, race, class and sexuality with an eye to their political implications and complications. Above all, this book series seeks to create an important intellectual space and discursive community to explore the very issue of what con- stitutes radical history. Within this context, some of the books pub- lished in the series may privilege alternative and oppositional politi- cal cultures, but all will be concerned with the way power is con- stituted, contested, used, and abused.
    [Show full text]
  • Migrant Workers and Human Rights Out-Migration from South Asia
    Migrant Workers and Human Rights Out-Migration from South Asia Migrant Workers and Human Rights Out-Migration from South Asia Edited by Pong-Sul Ahn International Labour Organization Subregional Office for South Asia (SRO) Bureau of Workers’ Activities (ACTRAV) New Delhi Geneva Copyright © International Labour Organization 2004 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to the Publications Bureau (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. First Published 2004 ISBN : 92-2-115697-4 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland.
    [Show full text]
  • Books Asia Stock List
    Books Asia - Stock List - a leading supplier of multi-cultural books to Public Libraries and Educational Authorities across the world 107 Manningham Lane Bradford West Yorkshire 01 March 2009 BD1 3BN England Stock List shows all items (4997 of 14218) matching criteria : where BookType = 'NF' and age_group = 'A' and (Media = 'Book') - Sorted by : Seq_Number Tel : +44 (0)1274 - 721871 Fax : +44 (0)1274 - 738323 Mobile : +44 (0)7949 - 782790 Email : [email protected] SEQ TITLE AUTHOR DESCRIPTION TYPE / AGE / LANG / ORIG / PGS / FMAT / YOP PRICE 143 Othello Shakespeare, WilliamDrama NF A B BH 1986 £2.00 293 English to bengali dictionary Dev, A. T. Dictionary/English-BengaliNF A B IH 1989 £12.90 294 Bengali to english dictionary Dev, A. T. Dictionary/Bengali-EnglishNF A B IH 1989 £12.50 515 Hajrat boropir Rehman, JalilurReligious/Islam biography NF A B B328 H 1987 £5.20 702 Ovidhaan Quyaum, AbdulLiterature NF A B BH 0 £1.20 728 Shoncheetaa Islam, Kazi NazrulPoetry NF A B BH 1991 £3.25 732 Bangla shahitter ruprekha Haidar, GopalLiterature NF A B BH 1974 £2.50 923 Moksedul momenin Rehman, K. M. G.Religious/Islam/hadis NF A B BH 1985 £6.00 937 Banglar probad porichity - book 2 Pathan, M. H.Literature NF A B BH 1985 £5.00 947 Lok shahitto shonkolon Khan, M. A.Literature NF A B BH 1985 £4.00 949 Kahini kingbodonti Fariduddin, M.Literature NF A B BH 1986 £1.20 951 B'desher shahitto - proshongo Hussain, S. A.Literature NF A B BH 1985 £4.40 954 Bangla probondha porichoy Siddique, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter-1 Introduction
    Chapter-1 Introduction The later decades of the twentieth century was marked by various kinds of development in the social, political, cultural as well as economic life of people around the world. The rapid development of science and technology during this period transformed human life at all levels. A radical transformation was noticed in the various disciplinary structures at that point of time. This transformation changed the entire world view of people as reflected in diverse aspects of human activity. One of the fallouts of this was the criticism of existing philosophical traditions. The concern for ecology and environment has come to occupy a place of great importance in the academic circles. Like many other movements of the world, environmental consciousness can be termed as a product of the 1960s. Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962) is regarded as a pioneering work in the emergence and growth of environmental consciousness. As a part of the counter-cultural critique of “technocratic society” and the widespread questioning of the dominant values of consumer culture, environmentalism emerged as a new political cause, a new historical project (Roszak 1973, Morgan 1991, Jamision 2001, 16). In contemporary interdisciplinary thought, environmental issues constitute an important topic for discussion. The natural and social sciences have been taking interest in studying the human–environment relationship from their respective perspectives. Several issues relating to destruction of nature such as global warming, greenhouse effect, disappearance of lush green forest areas, exploitation of natural resources, and massive disruption of the critical ecosystem constitute the predominant discourse of contemporary times. Many universities around the world have established departments related to environment, governments have set up environmental protection agencies, and parliaments passed new laws and created new courts in order to enforce them and motivate people to take part in the environment protection programme and to strengthen the environmental movement at large.
    [Show full text]
  • 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 6(10), 332-337
    ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 6(10), 332-337 Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com Article DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/7814 DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/7814 RESEARCH ARTICLE LANDED ARISTOCRACY AND EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AMONG MUSLIMS IN CACHAR (1830-1947) Ohi Uddin Ahmed. Ph.D. Research Scholar Dept. Of History, Assam University, Silchar, Assam. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Manuscript Info Abstract ……………………. ……………………………………………………………… Manuscript History India has been basically an agrarian country and land revenue was the Received: 6 August 2018 chief source of income to the rulers. The pre-colonial as well as Final Accepted: 8 September 2018 colonial rulers were much concerned about the smooth collection of Published: October 2018 revenue, the objective being the maximum collection. The development of different kinds of institution of land led to the emergence of landed gentry during different periods of Indian History. The landed elite class or aristocrats remained the most influential institution in society in terms of political, social and economic dominance. The pre-colonial as well as colonial rulers of Cachar in southern Assam organised land revenue system associated with the emergence of precise landed class both among the Hindus as well as Muslims. The landed aristocrats being the rich, owning big estate and amassing wealth, remained as a class apart from rest of the society. They maintained matrimonial relationship with their fellow aristocratic class leading to the beginning of endogamous tradition in Muslim society with already existed caste endogamy. This factor resulted in the formation of new trends of towards upward social mobility by the agricultural and other intermediary class of people and resulted in the further proliferation of Muslim social order and formation of class stratification.
    [Show full text]
  • Sources for the Study of Ancient Barak Surma Valley
    Ahmed Sahabuddin, IJSRR 2014, 3(1), 89 - 96 Review article Available online www.ijsrr.org ISSN: 2279–0543 International Journal of Scientific Research and Reviews Sources for the Study of Ancient Barak Surma Valley Ahmed Sahabuddin* Department Of History, Karimganj College, Karimganj, Assam, 788710, India ABSTRACT The sources for the history of Barak-Surma valley during ancient period have not been properly explored. Historical materials, on which a reliable frame work of the history of ancient Barak-Surma valley can be built, are as meager as confused. History and myths, traditions and tales, facts and fictions are curiously intermingled to create a great obscurity for the period under review. The legendary accounts, customs, traditions and hearsay with which the history of the people of the region associated are varied, conflicting, and doubtful in their authenticity. The treatment of the scattered data to construct a genuine framework of the socio-political history of the Surma-Barak Valley is difficult and needs very careful handling. KEYWORDS: Sources, accounts, customs, tradition. Corresponding Author- Dr. Sahabuddin Ahmed Associate Professor, Department Of History Karimganj College, Karimganj, Assam, 788710 Email – [email protected] IJSRR, 3(1) January -March 2014 Page 89 Ahmed Sahabuddin, IJSRR 2014, 3(1), 89 - 96 INTRODUCTION The problem of historical writing is compounded in this period by the political disintegration after the decline of the ‘Srihattarajya’ when a large number of petty states, besides three major states, namely, Gour, Laur and Jayantia emerged in the valley and they vie with each other for political advances.1 The Tripuri State formation started in this valley and capital of the state gradually moved to modern Tripura.2 The western and the major portion of the valley, which was covered by Gaur and laur passed under the Bengal sultans, and then, Mughal rule with the rest of Bengal.
    [Show full text]
  • Saurashtra University Library Service
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Etheses - A Saurashtra University Library Service Saurashtra University Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC (CGPA 2.93) Shaikh, Firoz A., 2006, “The partition and its versions in Indian English Novels: A Critical Study”, thesis PhD, Saurashtra University http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/829 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Saurashtra University Theses Service http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu [email protected] © The Author THE PARTITION AND ITS VERSIONS IN INDIAN ENGLISH NOVELS: A CRITICAL STUDY A DISSERTATION TO BE SUBMITTED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT FOR THE AWARD OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENGLISH SUPERVISED BY SUBMITTED BY Dr. Jaydipsinh Dodiya Mr. Firoz A. Shaikh Associate Professor, Senior Lecture & Head, Smt. S.H.Gardi Institute of English Department of English, and Comparative Literary Studies, Late Shri N.R.Boricha Saurashtra University, EducationTrust Sanchalit Rajkot-360005 Arts & Commerce College, Mendarda-362 260 2006 I STATEMENT UNDER UNI. O. Ph.D. 7. I hereby declare that the work embodied in my thesis entitled as “THE PARTITION AND ITS VERSIONS IN INDIAN ENGLISH NOVELS: A CRITICAL STUDY”, prepared for Ph.D.
    [Show full text]