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Restoring Lakeshore Habitat on Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County Developing Best Management Practices and Evaluating the Ecological and Water Quality Benefits

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Restoring Lakeshore Habitat on Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County Developing Best Management Practices and Evaluating the Ecological and Water Quality Benefits Restoring Lakeshore Habitat on Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County Developing Best Management Practices and Evaluating the Ecological and Water Quality Benefits. A Final Report Prepared by: Dan Haskell School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI Michael W. Meyer Bureau of Science Services Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Rhinelander, WI Prepared For: Little St. Germain Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District Lake Protection Grant LPT344-10 January 23, 2014 Restoring Lakeshore Habitat on Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County Developing Best Management Practices and Evaluating the Ecological and Water Quality Benefits Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations to the Little St. Germain Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District .............................................. 12 Comments from Project Participants ............................................................................................................................ 14 Comments from Project Contractors ............................................................................................................................ 15 Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 17 Project Concept ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Project Location and Regional Description ............................................................................................................... 18 Little St. Germain Lake Characteristics .................................................................................................................... 19 Appendix 1-A ............................................................................................................................................................ 23 Appendix 1-B ............................................................................................................................................................ 25 Chapter 2. Measuring the Ecological Benefits of Lakeshore Habitat Restoration on Little St. Germain Lake ............. 27 Background .............................................................................................................................................................. 27 Objectives ................................................................................................................................................................. 28 Methods .................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Landowner Enrollment .......................................................................................................................................... 29 Experimental Design ............................................................................................................................................. 31 Habitat and Wildlife ............................................................................................................................................... 31 Vegetation Sampling ............................................................................................................................................. 31 Habitat Structure ................................................................................................................................................... 33 Downed Woody Material ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Avian Surveys ....................................................................................................................................................... 34 Small Mammal Surveys ........................................................................................................................................ 34 Pollinator Surveys ................................................................................................................................................. 35 Results ..................................................................................................................................................................... 41 ii Restoring Lakeshore Habitat on Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County Developing Best Management Practices and Evaluating the Ecological and Water Quality Benefits Landowner Participation and Restoration Effort .................................................................................................... 41 Habitat Structure ................................................................................................................................................... 46 Avian Surveys ....................................................................................................................................................... 48 Small Mammal Surveys ........................................................................................................................................ 50 Pollinator Surveys ................................................................................................................................................. 52 Local Economic Impact ......................................................................................................................................... 58 Appendix 2-A ............................................................................................................................................................ 61 Appendix 2-B ............................................................................................................................................................ 64 Chapter 3. Feasibility Assessment – Testing Methods to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Lakeshore Habitat Restoration to Reduce Overland Runoff and Nutrient Loads from Developed Lakes in Northern Wisconsin ............... 70 Background .............................................................................................................................................................. 70 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 70 Methods .................................................................................................................................................................... 74 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................................................ 79 Chapter 4 Developing Best Management Practices for Lakeshore Habitat Restoration on Little St. Germain Lake and the Northern Highlands Ecological Landscape ...................................................................................................... 86 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 86 Restoration Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 86 Restoration Planning, Planting Density, Species Selection, and Planting Methods .............................................. 86 Testing Survival and Growth Rates of “Gravel Culture” and “Spring Bare Root” vs. “Nursery Container” Trees and Shrubs ........................................................................................................................................................... 90 Testing the Benefits of Down Woody Material Augmentation ............................................................................... 92 Erosion Control Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 93 Testing the Effectiveness of Deer Repellents vs. Deer Fencing ........................................................................... 94 iii Restoring Lakeshore Habitat on Little St. Germain Lake, Vilas County Developing Best Management Practices and Evaluating the Ecological and Water Quality Benefits LSG Restoration Results 2011-2013 ........................................................................................................................ 95 Plant Material Installed at Little St. Germain Projects ........................................................................................... 95 Performance of Gravel Culture & Spring Bare Root Trees & Shrubs .................................................................... 95 Performance of Downed Woody Material (DWM) Augmentation ........................................................................ 101 Performance of Erosion Control Devices ............................................................................................................ 102 Irrigation .............................................................................................................................................................. 107 Performance
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