DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluating Democracy Support Methods and Experiences  Evaluating Democracy Support Methods and Experiences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluating Democracy Support Methods and Experiences  Evaluating Democracy Support Methods and Experiences Evaluating Democracy Support Methods and Experiences Evaluating Democracy Support Methods and Experiences Editor: Peter Burnell Contributors: Harry Blair Héctor Chayer Sandra Elena Hanne Lund Madsen Natalia Mirimanova Patrick D. Molutsi Margaret J. Sarles Fredrik Uggla Michael Wodzicki © International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency 2007 International IDEA publications are independent of specific national or political interests. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of International IDEA, its Board or its Council members. This publication has been co-financed by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sida. Sida does not necessarily share the views expressed in this material. Responsibility for its contents rests entirely with the authors. Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of this publication should be made to: International IDEA SE - 103 34 Stockholm Sweden Sida SE - 105 25 Stockholm Sweden International IDEA encourages dissemination of its work and will promptly respond to requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications. Cover graphic design by: Kristina Schollin-Borg Cover photo: Bengt Olof Olsson/Bildhuset/SCANPIX Printed by: Bulls Graphics Sweden ISBN: 978-91-85724-13-0 Preface Democracy support has grown dramatically in the past two decades, and so has interest in the methods and techniques of evaluating democracy support. It is often asserted that evaluation of democracy support differs from the evaluation of other areas of development cooperation. In particular, it has been noted that the former field faces problems that relate to the diverse conceptions and definitions of democracy and democratization; the complex nature of democratization processes; and the difficulty of attributing changes at the national political level to individual projects. Such difficulties form the theoretical setting for the chapters of the present volume. This book is based on the proceedings of a workshop on Methods and Experiences of Evaluating Democracy Support, organized by the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA) and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), and held in April 006. The main aim of the workshop was to explore ways in which existing methods and techniques of evaluating democracy support deal with challenges of causality and attribution. Clearly, this book is nowhere near providing answers to these questions, nor is it intended to. Rather, IDEA and Sida seek to share the main deliberations of the workshop, to stimulate further debates on the subject of evaluating democracy support and the challenges it faces, and—most importantly—to contribute to any new conceptualizations of methods and techniques for evaluating democracy support. The workshop also aimed to bring together three different communities, using International IDEA’s convening power and Sida’s expertise—the community of evaluators, the community of democracy programme designers and planners, and the community of implementers and practitioners. It produced a rich debate and a meeting place for very different perspectives. We take this opportunity to thank Professor Peter Burnell for the excellent work he has done in editing this book, as well as contributing the introductory chapter, which sets the publication in context. We thank Eve Johansson, whose professional input improved the readability of this publication tremendously. We also thank Keboitse Machangana, Advisor for Democracy Analysis and Assessment at International IDEA, and Fredrik Uggla of the Department for Evaluation and Audit at Sida for working tirelessly to bring this book to fruition. Vidar Helgesen Eva Lithman International IDEA Sida Stockholm August 007 Contents Acronyms and abbreviations ........................................................................6 Chapter 1 ..........................................................................................................1 Methods and experiences of evaluating democracy support: a moving frontier Peter Burnell What is evaluation? ................................................................................................ 16 Why evaluate? ........................................................................................................ 17 Evaluation and participation ............................................................................ 18 Evaluation and avoiding failure ....................................................................... 20 What can be evaluated? .......................................................................................... 22 In the evaluators’ sights ................................................................................... 23 Results-based and programme theory evaluations ............................................ 26 Evaluation: lessons of experience ............................................................................ 27 Measuring democratic progress ........................................................................ 27 Quantitative and qualitative methods ............................................................... 29 Assigning consequences .................................................................................... 31 A look forward ....................................................................................................... 32 Introducing the chapters .................................................................................. 32 What happens after evaluation? .............................................................................. 37 Evaluation in perspective ........................................................................................ 42 Chapter 2 ..........................................................................................................7 Evaluating the impact and effectiveness of USAID’s democracy and governance programmes Margaret J. Sarles Introduction to the Strategic and Operational Research Agenda (SORA) ............... 48 The rationale for SORA ......................................................................................... 49 Earlier efforts: the Centre for Development Information and Evaluation and SORA, Stage 1 ................................................................................................ 53 Methodological findings ................................................................................... 54 Substantive findings ......................................................................................... 55 SORA, Stage ....................................................................................................... 56 Setting up a Democracy Database .......................................................................... 57 A worldwide quantitative study of USAID’s democracy impact .............................. 58 Democracy surveys as evaluation tools ................................................................... 61 Expert interviews: ‘Voices from the Field’ ............................................................... 6 SORA, Stage : the National Academy of Sciences and the future .......................... 6 6 Figure 2.1: USAID-managed democracy and governance programmes .....................50 Notes ..................................................................................................................67 Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................... 71 Programme theory evaluation and democracy promotion: reviewing a sample of Sida-supported projects Fredrik Uggla Introduction ......................................................................................................71 Focusing on programme theory ..........................................................................7 Evaluating programme theory ......................................................................7 Discerning programme theory ......................................................................7 The model of analysis ...................................................................................76 The countries studied .........................................................................................78 Comparing programme theories .........................................................................79 The actor chain ............................................................................................80 Mechanisms .................................................................................................8 Actors and mechanisms combined ...............................................................86 Lack of assumptions .....................................................................................87 General findings .................................................................................................89 Assumptions and arguments .........................................................................89 How are we to use the results? ............................................................................90 Conclusion.........................................................................................................91 Table 3.1: Programme theory model of analysis: a hypothetical example .............................77 Table 3.2: Number of projects involving different types
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Human Rights in Tajikistan Human
    HUMAN RIGHTS IN TAJIKISTAN In the Wake of Civil War Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (formerly Helsinki Watch) The InterThe Inter-Inter---RepublicRepublic Memorial Society HUMAN RIGHTS IN TAJIKISTAN In the Wake of Civil War Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (formerly Helsinki Watch) The InterThe Inter-Inter---RepublicRepublic Memorial Society Human Rights Watch New York $$$ Washington $$$ Los Angeles $$$ London Copyright 8 December 1993 by Human Rights Watch All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Card Catalogue No.: 93-80983 ISBN 1-56432-119-3 Human Rights Watch/Helsinki (formerly Helsinki Watch) Human Rights Watch/Helsinki was established in 1978 to monitor and promote domestic and international compliance with the human rights provisions of the 1975 Helsinki Accords. It is affiliated with the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, which is based in Vienna, Austria. Jeri Laber is the executive director; Lois Whitman is the deputy director; Holly Cartner and Julie Mertus are counsel; Erika Dailey, Rachel Denber, Ivana Nizich and Christopher Panico are research associates; Christina Derry, Ivan Lupis, Alexander Petrov and Isabelle Tin-Aung are associates; ðeljka MarkiÉ and Vlatka MiheliÉ are consultants. Jonathan Fanton is the chair of the advisory committee and Alice Henkin is vice chair. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki gratefully acknowledges grants from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Nathan Cummings Foundation, the John Merck Fund, and the Rockefeller Family Associates in support of its work on human rights in the former Soviet Union. The Inter-Republic Memorial Society The Inter-Republic Memorial Society was founded in 1989-90, as a historical, educational and human rights organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report
    FUNDED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IMPLEMENTED BY THE UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME With financial support from the Russian Federation ANNUAL REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION PROGRESS OF THE PROJECT “LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT OF RURAL POPULATION IN 9 DISTRICTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN” FROM JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 2017 Dushanbe 2017 1 Russian Federation-UNDP Trust Fund for Development (TFD) Project Annual Narrative and Financial Progress Report for January 1 – December 31, 2017 Project title: "Livelihood Improvement of Rural Population in 9 districts of the Republic of Tajikistan" Project ID: 00092014 Implementing partner: United Nations Development Programme, Tajikistan Project budget: Total: 6,700,000 USD TFD: Government of the Russian Federation: 6,700,000 USD Project start and end date: November 2014 – December 2017 Period covered in this report: 1st January to 31st December 2017 Date of the last Project Board 17th January 2017 meeting: SDGs supported by the project: 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Please provide a short summary of the results, highlighting one or two main achievements during the period covered by the report. Outline main challenges, risks and mitigation measures. The project "Livelihood Improvement of Rural Population in 9 districts of the Republic of Tajikistan", is funded by the Government of the Russian Federation, and implemented by UNDP Communities’ Program in the Republic of Tajikistan through its regional offices. Project target areas are Isfara, Istaravshan, Ayni, Penjikent in Sughd region; Vose and Temurmalik in Khatlon region; Rasht, Tojikobod and Lakhsh (Jirgatal) in the Districts of Republican Subordination (DRS). The main objective of the project is to ensure sustainable local economic development of the target districts of Tajikistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Intelligence Review, Volume 23, Number 16, April 12
    What is LaRouche's tists many of them veterans of the Soviet "There exists no authority on Russia? space program possible solution • • April 1994, laRouche, paroled in On Oct. 12, 1988, in Berlin, laRouche In to this crisis, either issued his famous Food for Peace pro­ January after five years in prison, made for Russia or for posal, which included collaboration his first visit to Russia, at the invitation of the world within the between the Soviet Union and a free, re­ the Universal Ecological Academy. bounds of the united Germany to overcome the grow­ previously accepted ing economic crisis. WHY YOU NEED THIS REPORT: EIR's Special Report, issued in August includes terms of dominant • 1989, laRouche enunci­ 1994, In November "Russia�s Future: The Three Alternatives": international ated his Paris-Berlin-Vienna Productive Lyndon laRouche's account of his six-day trip economic and Triangle, an infrastructure program for to Russia. "A Reconstruction Strategy for financial institutions." the economic reconstruction of post­ Russia-And the World Economy" by communist Eurasia. -Lyndon LaRouche Lyndon H. laRouche, Jr. ''Whither Russia: • Situation Report," by Brig. Gen. Paul-Albert in "Prospects for Russian In October 1993, laRouche was elect­ A Economic Revival," ed to the Universal Ecological Academy Scherer (ret.) "The Military in Post­ prepared for Feb. 20, for his contributions to the science of Bolshevik Russia," by Konstantin George 1995 hearings at the phy sical economy. The Academy was "Have We Already Lost Eastern Europe Russian State Duma. and Russia?" by William Engdahl founded in May 1989 by a group of scien- Mail 142 pages, $250 EIR 94-004 to: __ Name __________________________________ ________ ____ ______ o Please sene the EIR Special Report, "Russia's future: dictatorship, chaos, or Address ___________________________________________________ _ reconstruction?" to the address shown.
    [Show full text]
  • Aga Khan Foundation, Tajikistan
    Aga Khan Foundation, Tajikistan Annual Report 2020 Content Introduction Introduction .......................................................... 3 The Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) is a group of 10 private, non-denominational development AKF in Tajikistan ...................................................... 4 agencies that work collectively to help communities, primarily in the poorest parts of Asia and Africa, Geographic Coverage ................................................. 6 become self-reliant and improve their quality of life. AKDN agencies conduct their programmes without Civil Society .......................................................... 8 regard to faith or origin and have over five decades Economic Inclusion ................................................... 14 of experience supporting integrated economic, social, and cultural development. A central feature of AKDN’s Agriculture and Food Security .......................................... 16 approach is that successful development occurs when a continuum of development activities offers people Health and Nutrition ................................................... 20 in a given area not only a rise in income, but a broad, sustained improvement in the overall quality of life. Early Childhood Development .......................................... 24 The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) brings together Education ............................................................ 28 human, financial and technical resources to address some of the challenges faced by the poorest
    [Show full text]
  • Recovery Needs Assessment 2015 Warm Weather-Induced Mudflows and Flooding
    Recovery Needs Assessment 2015 Warm Weather-Induced Mudflows and Flooding Focus Humanitarian Assistance Developed by the Disaster Risk Management Program, UNDP Tajikistan for REACT Tajikistan December 2015 Recovery Needs Assessment 2015 Mudflows and Flooding - 1 Contents Disaster-Affected Locations……………………………………………………………..2 1. Executive Summary ........................................................................................... 4 2. Purpose and Process ......................................................................................... 5 3. Disaster Background .......................................................................................... 5 4. Recovery Overview at the Time of the Assessment ........................................... 6 5. Current and Outstanding Needs ......................................................................... 7 5.1. Overview ..................................................................................................... 7 5.2. Damage and Immediate Recovery Needs ................................................. 13 Table 1 - Recovery Needs Overview ....................................................................... 13 5.2.1. Rasht District, Direct Rule Districts (DRD) .......................................... 16 5.2.2. Tojikobod District (DRD)..................................................................... 16 5.2.3. Shughnan District, Gorno Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO) . 17 5.2.4. Ishkashim District, GBAO ..................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • What Civil Society After Civil War?
    What civil society after civil war? A study of civil society organizations' affect on peace consolidation in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Tajikistan Sabine Freizer Ph.D. thesis final submission 15 October 2004 Social Policy Department London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London UMI Number: U615252 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615252 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 m Library Bntisrr Libiwy o ^ ^ S s T R c t : and Economic Science This dissertation seeks to explain how civil society organizations can positively affect peace consolidation based on cases of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community based (CBOs) organizations from Bosnia-Herzegovina and Tajikistan. It aims to determine how and why civil society organizations behave as they do in post-conflict, post-communist, contexts, and assess their contribution to peace. The link between civil society and peace has been assumed in research literature, but little comparative empirical research has been carried out to explain its nature. This dissertation is an attempt to fill this gap.
    [Show full text]
  • Cahiers D'asie Centrale, 26
    Cahiers d’Asie centrale 26 | 2016 1989, année de mobilisations politiques en Asie centrale 1989, a Year of Political Mobilisations in Central Asia Ferrando Olivier (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/3218 ISSN : 2075-5325 Éditeur Éditions De Boccard Édition imprimée Date de publication : 30 novembre 2016 ISBN : 978-2-84743-161-2 ISSN : 1270-9247 Référence électronique Ferrando Olivier (dir.), Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 26 | 2016, « 1989, année de mobilisations politiques en Asie centrale » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 novembre 2017, consulté le 08 mars 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/3218 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 8 mars 2020. © Tous droits réservés 1 L’année 1989 symbolise, dans la mémoire collective, la fin du communisme en Europe, mais il faudra attendre plus de deux ans pour assister à la dissolution de l’Union soviétique et à l’accès des cinq républiques d’Asie centrale à leur indépendance. Pourtant, dès le début de l’année 1989, avant-même la chute du mur de Berlin, la région fut le siège de plusieurs signes avant-coureurs : le retrait de l’Armée Rouge en Afghanistan ; l’arrêt des essais nucléaires soviétiques au Kazakhstan ; l’apparition des premières tensions interethniques dans la vallée du Ferghana ; l’adoption par chaque république d’une loi sur la langue. Autant de moments qui montrent combien l’année 1989 a marqué l’histoire récente de l’Asie centrale. Ce nouveau numéro des Cahiers d’Asie centrale est donc consacré à l’étude des transformations sociales et politiques survenues au cours de l’année 1989 afin de comprendre à quel point cette année constitue un moment fondateur des mobilisations politiques en Asie centrale.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tajik Civil War: 1992-1997
    THE TAJIK CIVIL WAR: 1992-1997 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY SAYFIDDIN SHAPOATOV IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EURASIAN STUDIES JUNE 2004 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences _____________________________ Prof. Dr. Sencer Ayata Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _____________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Ceylan Tokluoğlu Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. _____________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Pınar Akçalı Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assist. Prof. Dr. Pınar Akçalı _____________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Sevilay Kahraman _____________________________ Dr. Ayça Ergun _____________________________ ABSTRACT THE TAJIK CIVIL WAR: 1992-1997 Shapoatov, Sayfiddin M.S. Department of Eurasian Studies Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Pınar Akçalı June 2004, 122 pages This study aims to analyzing the role of Islam, regionalism, and external factors (the involvement of the Russian Federation, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Iran) in the Tajik Civil War (1992-97). It analyzes all these three factors one by one. In the thesis, it is argued that all of the three factors played an active and equal role in the emergence of the war and that in the case of the absence of any of these factors, the Tajik Civil War would not erupt. As such, none of the factors is considered to be the only player on its own and none of the factors is considered to be the basic result of other two factors.
    [Show full text]
  • WFP Tajikistan Country Brief Cooperation and Development (SDC) and Private Donors (Japan July 2021 Association for WFP)
    WFP Tajikistan In Numbers Country Brief 49% 51% July 2021 14,369 people assisted in July 2021 June 2019 19 mt of food assistance distributed USD 88,818 cash-based transfers made - Operational Context Operational Updates Tajikistan is a landlocked, low-income and food-deficit • In July, the United Nations World Food Programme country. The mountainous landscape confines arable land (WFP) and the Ministry of Education and Science of to just seven percent of the country’s surface and poses Tajikistan signed a memorandum of understanding enormous food security challenges during the winter (MoU) for collaboration on the development of a period. The country is the poorest in the Commonwealth of sustainable National School Feeding Programme in Independent States, with 27.4 percent of the population the country. The MoU is aimed at improving the living in poverty and 11.8 percent living in extreme poverty collaboration to further strengthen efforts towards a (Tajikistan Agency of Statistics). sustainable programme, particularly establishing a In Tajikistan, despite significant improvements in recent school feeding centre under the Ministry of Education years, malnutrition rates remain high. WFP is contributing to and Science of Tajikistan. This is the first MoU the Government’s progress on SDG 2, by providing access to between WFP and the Ministry of Education and appropriate nutritional support and health care, promoting Science of the Republic of Tajikistan to improve the school feeding, building resilience to the impacts of climate School Feeding Programme in the country. School change, and ensuring preparedness for recurring natural feeding remains among priority areas of the National disasters.
    [Show full text]
  • Wfp255696.Pdf
    Summary of Findings, Methods, and Next Steps Key Findings and Issues Overall, the food security situation was analyzed in 13 livelihood zones for September–December 2012. About 870,277 people in 12 livelihood zones is classified in Phase 3- Crisis. Another 2,381,754 people are classified in Phase 2- Stressed and 2,055,402 in Phase 1- Minimal. In general, the food security status of analyzed zones has relatively improved in the reporting months compared to the previous year thanks to increased remittances received, good rainfall and good cereal production reaching 1.2 million tons, by end 2012, by 12 percent higher than in last season. The availability of water and pasture has also increased in some parts of the country, leading to improvement in livestock productivity and value. Remittances also played a major role in many household’ livelihoods and became the main source of income to meet their daily basic needs. The inflow of remittances in 2012 peaked at more than 3.5 billion USD, surpassing the 2011 record of 3.0 billion USD and accounting for almost half of the country’s GDP. Despite above facts that led to recovery from last year’s prolong and extreme cold and in improvement of overall situation, the food insecure are not able to benefit from it due to low purchasing capacity, fewer harvest and low livestock asset holding. Several shocks, particularly high food fuel prices, lack of drinking and irrigation water in many areas, unavailability or high cost of fertilizers, and animal diseases, have contributed to acute food insecurity (stressed or crisis) for thousands of people.
    [Show full text]
  • Glasnost in Jeopardy Glasnost in Jeopardy
    GLASNOST IN JEOPARDY Human Rights in the USSR April 1991 A Helsinki Watch Report 485 Fifth Avenue 1522 K Street, NW, #910 New York, NY 10017 Washington, DC 20005 Tel (212) 972-8400 Tel (202) 371-6592 Fax (212) 972-0905 Fax (202) 371-0124 Copyright 8 March 1991 by Human Rights Watch All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 0-929692-89-6 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 91-71495 Cover Design by Deborah Thomas The Helsinki Watch Committee Helsinki Watch was formed in 1978 to monitor and promote observance of domestic and international compliance with the human rights provisions of the 1975 Helsinki Accords. The Chairman is Robert L. Bernstein; Vice Chairs, Jonathan Fanton and Alice Henkin; Executive Director, Jeri Laber; Deputy Director, Lois Whitman; Washington Representative, Catherine Cosman; Staff Counsel, Holly Cartner and Theodore Zang, Jr.; Staff Consultant, Ivana Nizich; Orville Schell Intern, Robert Kushen; Intern, Jemima Stratford; Associates, Sarai Brachman, Mia Nitchun, and Elisabeth Socolow. Helsinki Watch is affiliated with the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, which is based in Vienna. Human Rights Watch Helsinki Watch is a component of Human Rights Watch, which includes Americas Watch, Asia Watch, Africa Watch, and Middle East Watch. The Chairman is Robert L. Bernstein and the Vice Chairman is Adrian W. DeWind. Aryeh Neier is Executive Director; Kenneth Roth, Deputy Director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington Director; Susan Osnos, Press Director. Executive Directors Africa Watch, Rakiya Omaar; Americas Watch, Juan Mendez; Asia Watch, Sidney R. Jones; Helsinki Watch, Jeri Laber; Middle East Watch, Andrew Whitley.
    [Show full text]
  • Activity in Tajikistan
    LIVELIHOODS ά͸Ͳ͜ͲG ͞΄ͫΕ΋͟ ACTIVITY IN TAJIKISTAN A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK (FEWS NET) January 2011 LIVELIHOODS ά͸Ͳ͜ͲG ͞΄ͫΕ΋͟ ACTIVITY IN TAJIKISTAN A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS NETWORK (FEWS NET) January 2011 Α·͋ ̯Ϣχ·Ϊιν͛ ϭΊ͋Ϯν ͋ϳζι͋νν͇͋ ΊΣ χ·Ίν ζϢ̼ΜΊ̯̽χΊΪΣ ͇Ϊ ΣΪχ Σ͋̽͋νν̯ιΊΜϴ ι͕͋Μ͋̽χ χ·͋ ϭΊ͋Ϯν Ϊ͕ χ·͋ United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. 1 Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 3 National Livelihood Zone Map and Seasonal Calendar ................................................................................ 4 Livelihood Zone 1: Eastern Pamir Plateau Livestock Zone ............................................................................ 1 Livelihood Zone 2: Western Pamir Valley Migratory Work Zone ................................................................. 3 Livelihood Zone 3: Western Pamir Irrigated Agriculture Zone .................................................................... 5 Livelihood Zone 4: Rasht Valley Irrigated Potato Zone ................................................................................. 7 Livelihood Zone 5: Khatlon Mountain Agro-Pastoral Zone ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]