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Cahiers d’Asie centrale 26 | 2016 1989, année de mobilisations politiques en Asie centrale 1989, a Year of Political Mobilisations in Central Asia Ferrando Olivier (dir.) Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/3218 ISSN : 2075-5325 Éditeur Éditions De Boccard Édition imprimée Date de publication : 30 novembre 2016 ISBN : 978-2-84743-161-2 ISSN : 1270-9247 Référence électronique Ferrando Olivier (dir.), Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 26 | 2016, « 1989, année de mobilisations politiques en Asie centrale » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 01 novembre 2017, consulté le 08 mars 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/3218 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 8 mars 2020. © Tous droits réservés 1 L’année 1989 symbolise, dans la mémoire collective, la fin du communisme en Europe, mais il faudra attendre plus de deux ans pour assister à la dissolution de l’Union soviétique et à l’accès des cinq républiques d’Asie centrale à leur indépendance. Pourtant, dès le début de l’année 1989, avant-même la chute du mur de Berlin, la région fut le siège de plusieurs signes avant-coureurs : le retrait de l’Armée Rouge en Afghanistan ; l’arrêt des essais nucléaires soviétiques au Kazakhstan ; l’apparition des premières tensions interethniques dans la vallée du Ferghana ; l’adoption par chaque république d’une loi sur la langue. Autant de moments qui montrent combien l’année 1989 a marqué l’histoire récente de l’Asie centrale. Ce nouveau numéro des Cahiers d’Asie centrale est donc consacré à l’étude des transformations sociales et politiques survenues au cours de l’année 1989 afin de comprendre à quel point cette année constitue un moment fondateur des mobilisations politiques en Asie centrale. Couvrant un large spectre disciplinaire (histoire, anthropologie, sociologie, science politique), ce numéro est composé de dix articles écrits à parité égale par des auteurs centrasiatiques et occidentaux, apportant ainsi à la fois des analyses objectives et des témoignages de terrain de chercheurs ayant vécu les événement présentés ici. Découpé en trois parties, l’ouvrage traite d’abord des nouvelles formes de culture et de discours politiques qui se sont développées en Asie centrale à la fin des années quatre- vingt à la faveur de la politique de reconstruction (perestroïka) et de transparence (glasnost) voulue par Mikhaïl Gorbatchev. Il explore ensuite les mobilisations politiques à l’œuvre en Asie centrale en 1989, en réponse au mécontentement social, économique et culturel de la population. Enfin, la dernière partie aborde le processus d’ethnicisation de l’action collective, en revenant sur trois exemples tragiques d’escalade violente des mobilisations politiques. In collective memory the year 1989 symbolises the end of communism in Europe. However, it was not until 1991 that the Soviet Union disappeared and the five Central Asian republics became independent states. Yet from early 1989, even before the fall of the Berlin Wall, several early warning events took place in the region: the defeat and withdrawal of the Red Army from Afghanistan; the cessation of Soviet nuclear testing in Kazakhstan; the outbreak of the first interethnic tensions in the Ferghana Valley; the adoption by each republic of a Law on Language. Many moments that show how the events of 1989 have marked the recent history of Central Asia. This new issue of Cahiers d’Asie centrale is dedicated to the study of the social and political transformations that took place in Central Asia in 1989, with the aim of understanding to what extent this year, which is so symbolic in world history, constitutes a founding moment of political mobilisation in Central Asia. Covering a wide disciplinary spectrum (history, anthropology, sociology, political science), this issue consists of ten articles written in equal numbers by Central Asian and Western scholars. It provides objective analyses as well as field testimonies of scholars who experienced - and, for some of them, took an active part in - the events discussed here. Divided into three parts, the book first addresses the new forms of political culture and discourse that developed in Central Asia in the late 1980s in the context of the new policy of reconstruction (perestroika) and transparency (glasnost) initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev. The second part of the book explores the process of political mobilisation in Central Asia in 1989, in response to the social, economic and cultural discontent of the population. The third and last part proceeds from this logic of ethnicisation of Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 26 | 2016 2 collective actions, through a review of three tragic examples of violent escalation of political mobilisations. Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 26 | 2016 3 SOMMAIRE Règles de présentation Introduction Olivier Ferrando Introduction (English) Olivier Ferrando Perestroïka et glasnost : les nouvelles formes de culture et de discours politiques de la fin des années quatre-vingt en Asie centrale Turkmenistan at the Last Stage of Perestroika. Determinants of an Authoritarian Path Slavomír Horák L’année 1989 : politique mémorielle et recherche scientifique sur les répressions politiques au Kazakhstan Arajlym Musagalieva et Ulbolsyn Sandybaeva “And Our Words Must be Constructive!” On the Discordances of Glasnost’ in the Central Asian Press at a Time of Conflict Madeleine Reeves Un mécontentement social, économique et culturel à l’origine des mobilisations politiques Tajikistan and the Ambiguous Impact of the Soviet-Afghan War The Political Mobilisation of Former Participants of the Soviet-Afghan War in 1989 Markus Göransson From February to February and From Ru ba Ru to Rastokhez: Political Mobilisation in Late Soviet Tajikistan (1989-1990) Isaac Scarborough L’accaparement des terres comme forme de révolution sociale Le cas du Kirghizstan en 1989 Ajdarbek Kočkunov L’ethnicisation des mobilisations collectives en Asie centrale depuis 1989 Olivier Ferrando L’escalade vers la violence intercommunautaire Novy Uzen Riots in 1989: Ethnic Conflict or Economic Nationalism? Gulnara Dadabayeva et Dina Sharipova February 1990 Riots in Tajikistan. Who Was Behind the Scenes? Review of the Main Existing Versions Parviz Mullojanov Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 26 | 2016 4 Une historiographie du conflit de 1990 dans le sud du Kirghizstan Zajraš Galieva Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 26 | 2016 5 Règles de présentation Notes de bas de page Les références bibliographiques sont indiquées de manière succincte entre parenthèses dans le corps du texte (ex. : Young, 1994, pp. 3-12), puis reprises en détail dans la section Bibliographie en fin d’article (ex. : YOUNG Crawford, 1994, The African Colonial State, Princeton : Princeton University Press). Pour indiquer les pages, il est écrit p. 109 pour une seule page ; pp. 109-110 pour plusieurs pages ; pp. 109 sqq. pour page 109 et suivantes. Abréviations pour les archives Ex : CGA RUz, f. 12, op. 2, d. 31, č. 4, l. 112. CGA Central’nyj gosudarstvennyj arkhiv respubliki Uzbekistan / Özbekiston Respublikasi RUz Markazij Davlat Arkhivi [Archives centrales d’Etat de la République d’Ouzbékistan] f. fond “fonds” op. opis “inventaire, registre”’ d. delo “dossier” č.čast’ “partie” l. list “folio” Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 26 | 2016 6 Transcription & translittération Tous les ethnonymes, toponymes, noms de personnages historiques qui existent dans la langue française sont écrits sous leur forme francisée, conformément à l’encyclopédie Larousse en ligne (http://www.larousse.fr/). Les autres noms propres non francisés et les noms communs étrangers sont écrits conformément aux tables de translittération suivantes. Les noms communs sont alors écrits en italique (ex : Žildiz Šarapova, le village de Ângiqišloq, nacional’nost’, istiqlol). Table de translittération de l’alphabet arabe /persan / chaghatay – ه h – ق q –ض ḍ – ر r – ج j ا – a / i / u – ۃ a – ك k –ط ṭ – ز z – چ ch –آ ā –ى y / ī ل – l –ظ ẓ – ژ zh –ح ḥ – ب b – ء’ – م m – ع‘ – س s – خ kh – پ p غ – gh – ن n – ش sh – د d – ت t - –و w / ū – ف f –ص ṣ – ذ dh – ث th Pour le chaghatay, la translittération du système vocalique (notamment la transcription des oppositions d’aperture) est laissée à l’appréciation des auteurs. Pour translitérer les noms propres et les noms communs ouzbeks écrits en alphabet cyrillique, c’est l’alphabet latin actuellement en vigueur en Ouzbékistan qui est utilisé selon les règles et les usages observés dans le pays (www.oxuscom.com/ New_Uzbek_Latin_Alphabet.pdf et pour plus d’information http://www.oxuscom.com/ orthography.htm#part%20II). Table de translittération des principaux alphabets cyrilliques utilisés en Asie centrale Alphabet russe Lettres additionnelles russe translittération kazakh kirghiz ouzbek turkmène karakalpak tatar ouïgour tadjik translittération аА a/A әӘ әӘ әӘ әӘ әӘ ä/Ä бБ b/B вВ v/V Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 26 | 2016 7 гГ g/G ғҒ ғҒ ғҒ/гъГъ ғҒ ғҒ gh/Gh дД d/D еЕ e/E ëË ë/Ë жЖ ž/Ž җҖ җҖ җҖ dž/Dž зЗ z/Z иИ i/I иИ ī/Ī йЙ J/J кК k/K қҚ қҚ қҚ /къКъ қҚ қҚ q/Q лЛ l/L мМ m/M нН n/N ңҢ ңҢ ңҢ ңҢ ңҢ ңҢ ng/Ng оО o/O ѳѲ ѳѲ ўЎ ѳѲ ѳѲ ѳѲ ѳѲ ӯӮ ö/Ö пП p/P рР r/R сС s/S тТ t/T уУ u/U yY yY yY yY yY yY ü/Ü ұҰ u/U фФ f/F хХ kh/Kh һҺ ҳҲ ҳҲ һҺ һҺ ҳҲ h/H цЦ c чЧ č/Č ҷҶ dž/Dž шШ š/Š щЩ ŝ/Ŝ ъЪ " ыЫ y/Y iI ì/Ì Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 26 | 2016 8 ьЬ ' эЭ è/È юЮ û/Û яЯ â/ Cahiers d’Asie centrale, 26 | 2016 9 Introduction Olivier Ferrando 1 Si l’année 1989 symbolise, dans la mémoire collective, la fin du communisme en Europe, il faudra attendre 1991 pour que l’Union soviétique disparaisse et que les cinq républiques d’Asie centrale – le Kazakhstan, le Kirghizstan, l’Ouzbékistan, le Tadjikistan et le Turkménistan – entrent dans le concert des nations indépendantes.
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    A Brief History of Kabarda [from the Seventh Century AD] Amjad Jaimoukha T he Russians have been writing Kabardian (and Circassian) history according to their colonial prescriptions for more than a century, ever since they occupied Circassia in the middle years of the 19th century. Simplistic and oftentimes ridiculous accounts of this history were produced in the course of this time. Until this day, these historiographies, with added clauses to reduce the level of inanity and circumvent the rampant contradictions, constitute the official historical narrative in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic (and with slight variations in the other ‘Circassian’ republics, namely the Karachai-Cherkess Republic and the Republic of Adigea). For one, the Kabardians were deemed to have opted to join Russia in the 16th century (much more on this ‘Union’ in the course of this article). In 1957, big celebrations were held in Kabarda commemorating the 400th anniversary of the ‘joyful’ event that saved the Kabardians from perdition. A statue was erected as a symbol of the fictitious union of Kabarda with Russia in downtown Nalchik. The Circassian maiden with an uplifted scroll is exquisite Gwascheney (or Gwaschene; Гуащэней, е Гуащэнэ), daughter of Temryuk Idar (Teimriqwe Yidar; Идар и къуэ Темрыкъуэ), who was betrothed to Ivan IV (1530-1584) on 21 August 1561 AD, to cement the treaty between Temryuk, Prince of Princes of Kabarda, and Ivan the Terrible, ‘Tsar of All Russia’.1 Tsarina Maria Temryukovna (Мария Темрюковна; 1544-1569), as was Gwascheney 1 The corresponding monument amongst the Western Circassians (Adigeans) was built in 1957 in Friendship Square in Maikop, the republican capital, “in honour of the 400th anniversary of the ‘Military and Political Union’ between the Russian State and Circassia”.
  • Chapter 4 the Persian Campaign (1722-1724)

    Chapter 4 the Persian Campaign (1722-1724)

    Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/48241 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Stoyanov, A. Title: Russia marches South: army reform and battlefield performance in Russia’s Southern campaigns, 1695-1739 Issue Date: 2017-04-26 CHAPTER 4 THE PERSIAN CAMPAIGN (1722-1724) Peter’s campaign in Persia is probably the least studied element of the tsar’s military endeavors. The following subchapter would try to present a concise description of Russia’s Caucasian adventure as well as a detailed evaluation of the factors, which influenced the performance of the Petrine army. Regarding the dissertation itself, the description of Peter’s march south would serve as the primary contribution of the research. The march to present-day Azerbaijan and Iran was the final stage of Peter’s military activities and was the first one carried out after the military reforms of the tsar had been fully completed. The campaign along the shores of the Caspian Sea was the first European expedition to this region since the time of Alexander the Great. Before describing in details the Russian preparations and activities, some notes are necessary, regarding the decline of the Persian political and military power, which enabled not only Russia but also the Ottoman Empire and the Afghans to try to carve out substantial chunks of the ailing Safavid state. The political situation in the Caucasus is a direct consequence of the developments that took place in the Safavid state, which were discussed in a previous chapter. 4.1. Historical Context - The Power Vacuum in the Caucasus Power and control are very fluid terms when it comes to the Caucasus.