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Water Resources in Africa: Scarcity and Abundance Jean-Jacques Seguin, Alexis Gutierrez

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Water Resources in Africa: Scarcity and Abundance Jean-Jacques Seguin, Alexis Gutierrez Water Resources in Africa: Scarcity and Abundance Jean-Jacques Seguin, Alexis Gutierrez To cite this version: Jean-Jacques Seguin, Alexis Gutierrez. Water Resources in Africa: Scarcity and Abundance. Géo- sciences, BRGM, 2016, Africa, a land of knowledge, pp. 58-66. hal-01366415 HAL Id: hal-01366415 https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01366415 Submitted on 14 Sep 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. HYDROGEOLOGY 1 here groundwater resources are con- cerned, a distinction should be made between the resource per se and the reserves. The resource (the recharge of aquifers by infiltration of precip- itations) is dependent on flows fed Water Resources by the water cycle and is accordingly largely renewable. As to groundwater in Africa: Scarcity and reserves, these correspond to stores of water not currently replenished under Wpresent climate conditions. A special type of water reserve Abundance is represented by so-called fossil aquifers: when tapped, they can be assimilated to a mine deposit, that is, with the risk of exhaustion. The media have recently widely Based on various calculations, Africa is thought to broadcast the estimations of a study [Mac Donald et al. (2012)] quantifying Africa’s water reserves (660,000 km³)1. possess 9% of the world’s freshwater resources, i.e. nearly These appear to be over 100 times more abundant2 than 3 4000 km of water per year. This misleading abundance the renewable resources, the latter being estimated at masks a very considerable disparity of resources and nearly 4000 km³ per year (table 1). The tapping potential severe supply issues for at least 25 African nations by 2025. for these aquifers is debatable from technical, economic, The continent must revert to optimizing its groundwater environmental, and even geopolitical standpoints, and poorly compatible with sustainable management, which resources, more reliable than surface water, being less presupposes considering only the renewable resource. sensitive to climate variations and pollution. However, these resources are already widely called upon, on a local basis, because reserves and renewable resources Jean-Jacques SEGUIN are unequally distributed across the continent. The former Hydrogeologist depend on the position of the vast geological reservoirs, BRGM, Water, Environment and Ecotechnologies Division while the latter are closely related to climate. [email protected] AUTHORS The hydrogeology of Africa: geological Alexis GUTIERREZ Hydrogeologist reservoirs and replenishment BRGM, Water, Environment The hydrogeological map of Africa at the 1:10,000,000 and Ecotechnologies Division scale established by BRGM [J.-J. Seguin (2008)] allows a [email protected] simplified approach to the continent’s hydrogeology. It displays 11 hydrogeological entities (table 2) regrouping 58 GÉOSCIENCES_THE BRGM'S JOURNAL FOR A SUSTAINABLE EARTH Water Resources in Africa: Scarcity and Abundance TABLE 1 / Precipitation and Africa’s renewable internal water resources. SOURCE : AQUASTAT, FAO, 2014. Precipitation Renewable internal water resources Region In % of worldwide Sub-region Annual height Annual volume Annual volume Per capita (mm) (km3 3 freshwater 3 ) (km ) resources in 2013 (m ) North Africa 96 550 47 0.1 274 PHOTO 1 The waterfalls of the Subsaharan Africa 815 19 821 3 884 9.0 4 143 Lofoï River, a tributary Sudan Sahel 311 2 679 160 0.4 1 062 of the Congo River, Gulf of Guinea 1 356 2 877 952 2.2 3 650 cascading across the Central Africa 1 425 7 593 1 876 4.4 15 261 Kundelungu sandstone formation (Kyubo, East Africa 912 2 669 285 0.7 1 154 Katanga, Democratic South Africa 656 3 107 270 0.6 2 057 Republic of the Congo). Indian Ocean islands 1 514 896 341 0.8 1 342 © BRGM – M. MARENTHIER geological formations from a lithostratigraphic stand- TABLE 2 / Hydrogeological entities depicted on the hydrogeology map of Africa at point and corresponding to environments having 1:10,000,000 scale. © J.-J. SEGUIN, 2008 water-bearing potentials that vary according to their Nature of the formations % of the Type of structure: a reservoir with interstitial porosity (the surface area environment matrix porosity of so-called “continuous” media) or with Sedimentary of the Quaternary 22.4 dual porosity is presumed to be more productive than a Continuous media cracked/fractured reservoir in the crystalline basement Sedimentary of the Paleogene-Neogene 14.4 with matrix or with dual porosity or in consolidated former sedimentary terrains. A given Formations of the “Nubian sandstone” type 4.9 environment, whether continuous or discontinuous, will Complex structure with only constitute a promising aquifer if the geological for- Formations of the “Karoo” 3.5 many superimposed mation concerned is both permeable and infiltrated by (Carboniferous to Jurassic) type reservoirs 3 precipitations (recharge) . Carbonated Cretaceous formations 6.8 These reservoirs are found over a wide range of cli- Complex, locally karstic structures mate zones: desert to arid semi-desert, humid tropical, Jurassic-Triassic formations 2.5 equatorial... Climate variability naturally results in var- 1) Detrital/carbonated sedimentary iable recharge of the aquifers, represented on the map to volcano-sedimentary formations 13.4 by different zones (figure 2 and table 3). One third of (Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic Dominant cracked/ and Precambrian) fractured Africa’s surface area, with recharge values of less than 2) Sedimentary to volcano-sedimentary 5 mm, thus seems to be poorly endowed with renewable formations and associated volcano- 7.4 groundwater. plutonism (Precambrian) A simplified typology of aquifers into six large groups Plutonic and metamorphic complexes enables us to obtain an overall view of Africa’s hydrogeol- (Precambrian to Paleozoic) 17.6 ogy (Figure 3). Continuous medium aquifers (composed of Plutonic massifs (Cambrian to Precambrian) Cracked/fractured Mesozoic or Quaternary sedimentary formations) account “Older Granites“, “Bushveld Complex” 3.1 for 41.7% of the total surface area. Ancient sedimentary Plutonism of “greenstone belts” aquifers (Precambrian and Paleozoic), often assimilated with basement aquifers (fractured media), occupy, in equal Dominant cracked/ Volcanic and volcano-plutonic massifs fractured, but possible proportions with the basement aquifers, 41.5% of Africa’s of the Phanerozoic 4.0 intercalation of porous surface area. The remaining 16.8% are composed of com- materials (e.g. tufa) plex aquifers (including 4% of volcanic aquifers). 1/ 1 km³ = 1 billion m³. 2/ The comparison often made between reserve and resource does not concern two volumes, but only one volume (stock) and one flow (volume per unit of time, generally an annual mean). 3/ The recharge estimate is generally used to evaluate the resource. However, recharge does not constitute the exploitable groundwater resource in its totality. In fact, the groundwater itself contributes to the base flow rate of watercourses. Tapping the entire renewable resource provided by recharge, where technically possible, would cause watercourses to run dry under mean low water conditions. N°21_AFRICA, A LAND OF KNOWLEDGE 59 HYDROGEOLOGY FIGURE 1 / Extract from the plate of the hydrogeological map of Africa to the scale of 1:10,000,000. © BRGM - 2008 60 GÉOSCIENCES_THE BRGM'S JOURNAL FOR A SUSTAINABLE EARTH Maroc Tunisie Algerie Sahara occidental Egypte LibyeWater Resources in Africa: Scarcity and Abundance Mauritanie Séné Mali Niger ga l Eritrea Tunisie Tchad Maroc Guinée-Bissau Soudan Gu Djibouti iné Burkina Faso e Sierra Leone a Bénin Nigeria Ethiopie Algerie Li an Togo Sahara occidental b Cote d'Ivoire eria Egypte n Libye Gh ou République Centrafricaine r e am lia Mauritanie C da Equatorial Guinea Soma Ugan Kenya bon FIGURE 2 / Delimitation of seven Séné Mali a Rep. du Congo Niger G Rwanrechargeda zones (according to the ga Eritrea l Rep. D. Congo Burundi Tchad 1:10,000,000 hydrogeological map Guinée-Bissau Soudan Angola Gu Djibouti of Africa where the recharge results iné Burkina Faso Tanzania e from an interpolation of a grid of Sierra Leone a Bénin Nigeria Recharge estimée Ethiopie values provided by P. Döll, 2005). Li an Togo b Cote d'Ivoire eria n Gh (mm / an) © BRGM ou République Centrafricaine Angola r e Malawi ue Zambia q am <5 mm lia bi C Estimated waterm da za Equatorial Guinea 5 - 20 mm Soma o recharge (mm/year)M Ugan Kenya Zimbabwe bon r a Rep. du Congo Namibia G 20 - 50 mm < 5 mm Rwanda asca Rep. D. Congo Burundi 5-20 mm 50 - 100 mm adag Botswana Angola M 100 - 300 mm Tanzania 20-50 mm Swaziland South Africa 50-100 mm Recharge estimée 300 - 500 mm Lesotho (mm / an) 100-300 mm >Angola 500 mm Malawi ue 300-500 mm TABLE 3 / Recharge zones and Zambia q <5 mm bi corresponding surface area in %. m > 500 mm za 5 - 20 mm o © J.-J. SEGUIN, 2008 M Zimbab we r 01500 0002 000 20 - 50 mm Namibia Corresponding Cette carte ne fait pas autorité pour les frontières de pays asca Km 50 - 100 mm adag Botswana Recharge surface area M zones100 - 300 (inmm % of the Swaziland total area) South Africa 300 - 500 mm Lesotho Maroc Tunisie < 5 mm> 500 mm 34.2 5 to 20 14.9 Algerie 20 to 50 11.6 Sahara occidental 01500 0002 000 Libye Egypte Cette50 ca torte 100 ne fait pas autorité11.3 pour les frontières de pays Km Maroc Tunisie Mauritanie 100 to 300 21.5 Sé Mali > 300 mm 6.5 Algerie né Niger Sahara occidental gal Eritrea Libye Egypte Gambia Tchad Guinée-Bissau Soudan Gu Djibouti iné Burkina Faso e Mauritanie Sierra Leone a Bénin Nigeria Ethiopie L an Togo ib Cote d'Ivoire h Sé Mali eria n G né Niger ou République Centrafricaine gal r Eritrea Gambia Tchad ia Guinée-Bissau Soudan Came al Djibouti m Gu Burkina Faso da iné Equatorial Guinea an So e g n U Kenya a Bénin bo Rep.
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