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W.E.B. Du Bois in Turn-Of-The-Century Atlanta, 1897–1910

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W.E.B. Du Bois in Turn-Of-The-Century Atlanta, 1897–1910 Soc (2013) 50:180–189 DOI 10.1007/s12115-013-9637-1 PROFILE W.E.B. Du Bois in Turn-of-the-Century Atlanta, 1897–1910 Lee W. Formwalt Published online: 20 February 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 Abstract In the decade and a half between the completion of And so it is with pleasure that this retired Albany State historian his Harvard Ph.D. (1895) and his founding of The Crisis for speaks on the campus once presided over by Caroline Hazard. the NAACP (1910), African American historian and sociolo- I thought what I would do this afternoon is briefly sketch gist W.E.B. Du Bois laid the empirical foundations for modern out W.E.B. Du Bois’s life; then we’ll look at race relations in sociology and the revisionist interpretation of history. Despite the 1890s—the context for Du Bois and his scholarship both his prodigious academic efforts, he eventually lost faith in the before and when he was at Atlanta University. Next we’ll ability of scholarship to help African Americans and he left look at his work as a scholar and the impact he had on the academe for the NAACP and the world of advocacy. nascent sociology and history professions. Then we will look at his decision to abandon academe for the world of Keywords Du Bois . Race . Atlanta . Negro . NAACP . advocacy, or propaganda as he called it. Finally, we’ll wrap Sociology . History . Scholarship . Advocacy . Segregation . up with an account of my pilgrimage of sorts in 1997 to Black Belt . Double-consciousness . Education Great Barrington, where Du Bois was born and grew up. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was one of the most important—many would argue the most important—African Although I live in Bloomington now where for 10 years I ran American intellectual in twentieth-century America. When he the Organization of American Historians, I spent most of my died at the time of the March on Washington in 1963, he was career as a history professor in a place called Albany, Georgia. 95 years old. In many ways he shaped the discussion of race in So I wanted to start off this afternoon by pointing out the America for much of the twentieth century (Lewis 1993). connection between Albany and Wellesley College. It was your Du Bois was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, short- fifth president, Caroline Hazard, who presided over Wellesley ly after the Civil War in 1868—in the middle of Reconstruction, from 1899 to 1910 (roughly the years Du Bois spent in that great Unfinished Revolution (Foner 1988), when emanci- Atlanta), who was a major benefactor of the Albany Bible pated African Americans sought to secure political rights and and Manual Training Institute founded in 1903. Initially for a short time were successful. But in the 1870s, the great Hazard and her relatives made regular contributions to the gains made in the areas of politics and education in the late Albany Bible and Manual Training Institute. But by 1917, the 1860s, were gradually eroded in the Deep South and elsewhere year the major brick building, named Caroline Hall, was ded- and by the 1880s the long era of Jim Crow, characterized by icated, Caroline Hazard was emerging as the primary benefac- official racism and legal segregation, had begun. tor (Holley 1949, pp. 48–49, 64–65). She continued to support Early on as a child, Du Bois demonstrated his intelli- the institution as it evolved into the Georgia Normal and gence. In high school he took college prep courses in math- Agricultural College in 1918 and into a four-year school, ematics (algebra and geometry) and classical languages Albany State College, in 1943 (Ramsey 1973, pp. 70–71). (Greek and Latin). He also wrote occasional columns in When I first arrived on campus in 1977, Caroline Hall was the Springfield Republican and the New York Globe, a black the main administrative building at ASC. It survived until the weekly newspaper (Lewis 1993, pp. 36, 38–39,47).In Floodof1994destroyedit.OthernamesrelatedtotheHazard 1885, he went to Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, family can still be found on several Albany State buildings. where he earned a bachelor’s degree in 3 years. During his Fisk years he spent two summers teaching poor African American students in the “hills of Tennessee,” an experience * L. W. Formwalt ( ) that became the basis for one of his chapters in The Souls of 2116 S. Azalea Lane, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA Black Folk (Du Bois 1903/1997, p. 73). From Fisk he went e-mail: [email protected] to Harvard in 1888 and earned his second bachelor’s degree Soc (2013) 50:180–189 181 in 2 years. The following year he earned his M.A. in history series of speeches before a quarter million participants. there and began work on his Ph.D. dissertation on the sup- Shortly before Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his stirring pression of the African slave trade. He spent 2 years research- “I Have a Dream” speech, the crowd learned that the great ing and traveling in Europe and studied at the University of Dr. Du Bois had died. Berlin, where he came close to earning a Ph.D. He returned to Du Bois’s scholarship, which flourished in Atlanta, had the U.S. and taught for 2 years (1894–1896) at Wilberforce its origins in his graduate training in Berlin and Cambridge University, a black school where he finished his Harvard where he studied under the most influential thinkers of the Ph.D. dissertation in 1895, making him the first African day in philosophy, history, economics and sociology. American to get a Ph.D. in history from Harvard. “Inspired by the example of Bismarck’s Germany, and con- In 1896, he married Nina Gomer, a Wilberforce student, vinced by Hegelian philosophy that ideas had the power to and he moved to Philadelphia when the University of transform reality,” Du Bois was ready to take on the world Pennsylvania hired him to study the Negro community there. and make his mark in sociology, history, and literature for The result of that project was the book The Philadelphia his race (Fairclough 2001, p. 74). Two years before his Negro published in 1899 to much acclaim (Du Bois, The appointment at Atlanta University, he completed his first Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study, 1899). His growing major scholarly work—his Harvard Ph.D. dissertation on national reputation as a scholar of African American life led The Suppression of the African Slave Trade in the United to his appointment in 1897 as professor of economics and States of America, 1638–1870, followed by his report on history at Atlanta University. There he undertook an incredi- The Philadelphia Negro. The latter was an amazing research ble amount of research on all aspects of African American life, project and report on the African Americans in examining education, social life, family life, churches, and of, Philadelphia’s Seventh Ward where one-quarter of the city’s course, labor and economics. He would often spend his sum- black population was concentrated. Du Bois devised a series mers researching, gathering his data, and then present the of six tables on which he collected data of the close to ten results in conference papers which he then published. thousand blacks living in the crime-ridden ward—many of At first he was a supporter of the most celebrated African them poor and recently arrived from the South. Du Bois and American leader of his day, Booker T. Washington, but later his wife rented a one-room apartment in the Seventh Ward broke with him and explained that breach in another chapter and in a three-month period he interviewed some 2,500 of The Souls of Black Folk. In his efforts to promote eco- households. Each morning, according to Du Bois’s nomic and political rights for blacks, he helped organize the Pulitzer-Prize winning biographer David Levering Lewis, Niagara Movement and then the National Association for the young sociologist, with cane and gloves, began visiting the Advancement of Colored People. The NAACP champ- his neighbors. “Unassisted, indefatigable, he would sit for ioned integration and Du Bois served as editor of its major an average of twenty minutes patiently guiding often barely publication, The Crisis. Eventually, however, Du Bois be- literate, suspicious adults through a series of questions on came disillusioned with the NAACP’s integrationism and he the six schedules.” After some 835 hours of interviews, he broke with them over it, in the 1930s. He did return to the sorted through the 15,000 household schedules. “No repre- NAACP in the 1940s before leaving again. Du Bois had a sentative sampling for Du Bois. he had before him the similar relationship with Atlanta University—leaving in life histories of the entire black population of the Seventh 1910 and returning in 1933 and leaving again in 1944. Ward—nearly ten thousand men, women and children” Du Bois was a brilliant thinker, but he was often intoler- (Lewis 1993, pp. 190–91). This is the data collection model ant of those who disagreed with him. He had what might be that he would follow in Farmville, Virginia, the next sum- called an arrogant and prickly personality. He was a dapper mer (1897), in Dougherty County, Georgia, in the summer dresser—very much the Victorian gentleman—and in many of 1898 and in Lowndes County, Alabama in 1906. ways an elitist. His promotion of the idea of the Talented Du Bois’s belief was that he could help his race—his Tenth of the Negro population leading the race reflects this people—as a social scientist by collecting the data that elitism.
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