DOCSLIB.ORG

Re-Casting the Hollywood Indian: Technology Integration at Sequoyah Schools Lee M. Adcock III a Dissertation Submitted to the Fa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Re-Casting the Hollywood Indian: Technology Integration at Sequoyah Schools Lee M. Adcock III a Dissertation Submitted to the Fa Re-casting the Hollywood Indian: Technology integration at Sequoyah Schools Lee M. Adcock III A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Education. Chapel Hill 2012 Advisor: Cheryl Mason Bolick Reader: John Lee Reader: Bill McDiarmid Reader: George Noblit Reader: Jim Trier ©2012 Lee M. Adcock III ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT LEE M. ADCOCK III: Re-casting the Hollywood Indian: Technology integration at Sequoyah Schools (Under the Direction of Cheryl Mason Bolick) In this dissertation I will examine the experiences of three Cherokee Nation teachers as they integrate technology within the context of a tribally controlled school. The proliferation of technology into K-12 education has provided a unique opportunity for tribally controlled schools to foster language revitalization, support traditional ways of knowing, and repatriate tribal history (Allen, Resta, & Christal, 2002; Christal, Roy, & Cherian, 2004; Corbett, Singleton, & Muir, 2009; Thater-Braan, 2007). However, research about technology use in Indian Education has not been an articulated priority (Keenan, 2004). Additionally, research that documents the complexity of negotiating, providing and integrating technology into instruction for Native students is limited. Using a methodology of portraiture this study is a direct attempt to counter historical trends that view Native students and teachers from a deficit model perspective. Instead, this study repositions the traditional marginalization of Native students in schools as spaces of resistance and hope. Thus, this dissertation challenges popular representations of Native Americans as child-like, savages far removed from the modern world and instead, suggests that “Indians are people, just plain folks” (P. C. Smith, 2009, p. 18) struggling to teach, learn and prosper. No Feathers Necessary (Perdue & Green, 2011). iii In memory and in honor of azxl afjc William Franklin Langley (1874-1963) & azxl aflR Opehlia Warren Keyes (1875-1945) iv Zylel} There are countless individuals to thank for guiding me through this work. To the faculty, staff and students at Sequoyah Schools— these stories are your stories. Thank you for sharing your time, energy and hearts with me. I must especially thank my colleague and friend Samantha Benn-Duke. This project would never have happened without your council, patience and friendship. Zylel}. To the teachers that are at the center of this project, thank you for your warmth, your openness, and for letting me into your academic and personal lives. Words are not enough. To my faculty advisor Cheryl Mason Bolick, you have provided me numerous opportunities to explore and express my academic self. Thank you for your guidance and patience along the way. I would like to convey my gratitude for the continuous feedback and encouragement from my committee members: George Noblit, Jim Trier, John Lee and Bill McDiarmid. The greatest tribute I can give is for you all to see yourselves in the work that follows. I must acknowledge those friends that have mentored me in the Cherokee language. I am grateful to Bo Taylor at the Eastern Band of Cherokee Museum, Tom Belt and Hartwell Francis at Western Carolina University and Louise Brown. To those Indian scholars who have come before me and continue to inspire me, thank you for opening the door. I would also like to express my gratitude to the students, faculty and staff of the American Indian Center. Thank you for your ideas. You helped to make this project vi better. I must also thank the members of the Royster Society and the Sequoyah Dissertation Fellowship Committee for generously funding and supporting this project. This work would never have been undertaken nor completed without the love and support of my family. You have walked this walk with me. To my mother and father for your faith and constant support during this process. To my brother, Jon, for paving the way. I give thanks for my “second family”, Susan, Deborah, Brittany and Ali. To my greatest accomplishments, Mateo and Wahya, for providing perspective and reminding me what is most important in life. I hope I made you proud. Finally, to my wife Andrea, I could never have done this without you. You are the love of my life and everything I do, I do for us. I am truly blessed. vii ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏴ “No matter how much you study, no matter how much you read, you have to go home, because that’s where theory becomes story and moves into your bones” Daniel Heath Justice, (2006) In Margaret Kovach’s book (2009) Indigenous Methodologies: Characteristics, Conversations and Contexts she argues, “a [preface] can serve as an introduction to indigenous readers while also bridging function for non-indigenous readers” (p. 3). A preface acts as a signal-- that woven throughout the varied forms of this writing there is a story. “The truth about stories is that that’s all we are”, argues Cherokee writer Thomas King (2005, p. 2). Story is method. I must go back. I feel compelled to go back. To serve my Nation. Hermes (1998) defines the process of “going back” as “touching a place of the past and the future that belongs to all of us detribalized, adopted out, colonized and made-not-to-feel-at-home people. “Going back” means remembering to touch places that bring us together, “going back” means I am not from there, the way someone raised there is, means I will never be a part of that community in that same way, but it also means no better and no worse” (p. 155). In many ways I am both an "insider" and an "outsider" to the Cherokee community and the school in which this work takes place. I am an insider based on my family’s history and being a registered member of the Cherokee Nation. I have family in and around Tahlequah. However, I am also acutely aware that, as someone who grew up outside the Cherokee vii Nation, I do not have the longstanding family-tribal connections that are inherent in the question, “who are your people?” I must touch the earth and retrace their steps One of the first lessons you learn, as a Cherokee Indian, is that you better know who your people are. Each time I arrive in the ancestral lands in Western North Carolina or in Tahlequah, Oklahoma I am met with an inquiry into “who are your people?” Who are my people? ᎠᎩᏥ (My mother) is a Cherokee woman from Oklahoma. My father is a Scotch-Irish, born and raised in Georgia. I do not subscribe to the binaries that have been constructed around this mixed identity: full-blood or not really Indian, traditional or sellout. I am neither one or the other. I am fully both. As a registered member of the Cherokee Nation my roots are firmly planted in Oklahoma. ᎠᎬᏴᎵ ᎠᎩᏚᏓ (My great grandfather) William Franklin “W.F.” Langley and ᎠᎬᏴᎵ ᎠᎩᎵᏏ (great grandmother) Ophelia Warren Keyes, both Cherokee, resided in Wauhillau, OK a small settlement area just east of Tahlequah. Each of their families migrated from ᏣᎳᎩ ᎤᏪᏘ (the Old Cherokee Nation) to the Going Snake District in the 19th century. Stories of their hardships and efforts to rebuild have lingered in our family consciousness since I was young. By the time I was five years old my great- grandparents and grandparents had passed. Their lived struggles reside in the grainy pictures, worn letters, illegible birth certificates, and other artifacts from “Indian Territory”. These historical relics constantly remind me of “who my people are” and where we come from. I have also learned about my family in Indian territory through oral histories passed on by aunts, uncles, cousins and my mother. I often close my eyes and search the viii faces in the scenes of those stories. W.F. had “hands made of stone” and “always wore a ten gallon hat”. He also staunchly supported his people through resisting Oklahoma statehood and served as an alternative representative from the Going Snake district to the State of Sequoyah Council at the turn of the 20th century1. Ophelia was a “tiny woman” who, my aunt recalls, would sit on her porch with a shotgun across her lap keeping watch in anticipation of KKK members who roamed many parts of Eastern Oklahoma. Her great uncle was Judge Riley Keyes, one of the first Chief Justices of the Cherokee Nation, who is buried in the Ross Family Cemetery. Their legacy endures as members of both the Langley and Keyes families continue to be active in Cherokee Nation politics and reside on allotment lands just outside of Tahlequah. ᎠᎩᎦᎦ (My grandfather) was born and raised in Adair County and coached the Westville High School football team in the 1930s. “Langley Field” still lies behind the school where he taught history. He received a scholarship to play football at Northeastern State University (NSU) and was the first male in his family to receive a college education. He passed before I was born, but his legacy has shaped and formed my Cherokee identity. My mother can recall my grandfather and his brothers greeting each other in the Cherokee language, “O siyo tsutsa”. Bits and pieces of the language have been handed down to me like a sacred gift. The language was one of the first signifiers for me that I was Indian. The words— osiyo, tsutsa, and wado— have linked me to a past and identity that continue on in my own children. 1 The State of Sequoyah was the proposed name for a state to be established in the eastern part of present-day Oklahoma. In 1905, faced by proposals to end their tribal governments, Native Americans of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory proposed such a state as a means to retain some control of their land.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dangerously Free: Outlaws and Nation-Making in Literature of the Indian Territory
    DANGEROUSLY FREE: OUTLAWS AND NATION-MAKING IN LITERATURE OF THE INDIAN TERRITORY by Jenna Hunnef A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of English University of Toronto © Copyright by Jenna Hunnef 2016 Dangerously Free: Outlaws and Nation-Making in Literature of the Indian Territory Jenna Hunnef Doctor of Philosophy Department of English University of Toronto 2016 Abstract In this dissertation, I examine how literary representations of outlaws and outlawry have contributed to the shaping of national identity in the United States. I analyze a series of texts set in the former Indian Territory (now part of the state of Oklahoma) for traces of what I call “outlaw rhetorics,” that is, the political expression in literature of marginalized realities and competing visions of nationhood. Outlaw rhetorics elicit new ways to think the nation differently—to imagine the nation otherwise; as such, I demonstrate that outlaw narratives are as capable of challenging the nation’s claims to territorial or imaginative title as they are of asserting them. Borrowing from Abenaki scholar Lisa Brooks’s definition of “nation” as “the multifaceted, lived experience of families who gather in particular places,” this dissertation draws an analogous relationship between outlaws and domestic spaces wherein they are both considered simultaneously exempt from and constitutive of civic life. In the same way that the outlaw’s alternately celebrated and marginal status endows him or her with the power to support and eschew the stories a nation tells about itself, so the liminality and centrality of domestic life have proven effective as a means of consolidating and dissenting from the status quo of the nation-state.
    [Show full text]
  • Trailword.Pdf
    NPS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 (March 1992) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. For additional space, use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. _X___ New Submission ____ Amended Submission ======================================================================================================= A. Name of Multiple Property Listing ======================================================================================================= Historic and Historical Archaeological Resources of the Cherokee Trail of Tears ======================================================================================================= B. Associated Historic Contexts ======================================================================================================= (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.) See Continuation Sheet ======================================================================================================= C. Form Prepared by =======================================================================================================
    [Show full text]
  • Creating a Sense of Communityamong the Capital City Cherokees
    CREATING A SENSE OF COMMUNITYAMONG THE CAPITAL CITY CHEROKEES by Pamela Parks Tinker A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Interdisciplinary Studies Committee: ____________________________________ Director ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Program Director ____________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date:________________________________ Spring 2016 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Creating a Sense Of Community Among Capital City Cherokees A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Interdisciplinary Studies at George Mason University By Pamela Parks Tinker Bachelor of Science Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University 1975 Director: Meredith H. Lair, Professor Department of History Spring Semester 2016 George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia Copyright 2016 Pamela Parks Tinker All Rights Reserved ii Acknowledgements Thanks to the Capital City Cherokee Community for allowing me to study the formation of the community and for making time for personal interviews. I am grateful for the guidance offered by my Thesis Committee of three professors. Thesis Committee Chair, Professor Maria Dakake, also served as my advisor over a period of years in planning a course of study that truly has been interdisciplinary. It has been a joyful situation to be admitted to a variety of history, religion and spirituality, folklore, ethnographic writing, and research courses under the umbrella of one Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies program. Much of the inspiration for this thesis occurred at George Mason University in Professor Debra Lattanzi Shutika’s Folklore class on “Sense of Place” in which the world of Ethnography opened up for me.
    [Show full text]
  • United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma Hosts Keetoowah Cherokee Language Classes Throughout the Tribal Jurisdictional Area on an Ongoing Basis
    OKLAHOMA INDIAN TRIBE EDUCATION GUIDE United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma (Oklahoma Social Studies Standards, OSDE) Tribe: United Keetoowah (ki-tu’-wa ) Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma Tribal website(s): www.keetoowahcherokee.org 1. Migration/movement/forced removal Oklahoma History C3 Standard 2.3 “Integrate visual and textual evidence to explain the reasons for and trace the migrations of Native American peoples including the Five Tribes into present-day Oklahoma, the Indian Removal Act of 1830, and tribal resistance to the forced relocations.” Oklahoma History C3 Standard 2.7 “Compare and contrast multiple points of view to evaluate the impact of the Dawes Act which resulted in the loss of tribal communal lands and the redistribution of lands by various means including land runs as typified by the Unassigned Lands and the Cherokee Outlet, lotteries, and tribal allotments.” Original Homeland Archeologists say that Keetoowah/Cherokee families began migrating to a new home in Arkansas by the late 1790's. A Cherokee delegation requested the President divide the upper towns, whose people wanted to establish a regular government, from the lower towns who wanted to continue living traditionally. On January 9, 1809, the President of the United States allowed the lower towns to send an exploring party to find suitable lands on the Arkansas and White Rivers. Seven of the most trusted men explored locations both in what is now Western Arkansas and also Northeastern Oklahoma. The people of the lower towns desired to remove across the Mississippi to this area, onto vacant lands within the United States so that they might continue the traditional Cherokee life.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lost Arts Project - 1988
    The Lost Arts Project - 1988 The Cherokee National Historical Society, Inc. and the Cherokee Nation partnered in 1988 to create the Lost Arts Program focusing on the preservation and revival of cultural arts. A new designation was created for Master Craftsmen who not only mastered their art, but passed their knowledge on to the next generation. Stated in the original 1988 brochure: “The Cherokee people are at a very important time in history and at a crucial point in making provisions for their future identity as a distinct people. The Lost Arts project is concerned with the preservation and revival of Cherokee cultural practices that any be lost in the passage from one generation to another. The project is concerned with capturing the knowledge, techniques, individual commitment available to us and heritage received from Cherokee folk artists and developing educational and cultural preservation programs based on their knowledge and experience.” Artists had to be Cherokee and nominated by at least two people in the community. When selected, they were designated as “Living National Treasures.” 24 1 Do you know these Treasures? Lyman Vann - 1988 Bow Making Mattie Drum - 1990 Weaving Rogers McLemore - 1990 Weaving Hester Guess - 1990 Weaving Sally Lacy - 1990 Weaving Stella Livers - 1990 Basketry Eva Smith - 1991 Turtle Shell Shackles Betty Garner - 1993 Basketry Vivian Leaf Bush -1993 Turtle Shell Shackles David Neugin - 1994 Bow Making Vivian Elaine Waytula - 1995 Basketry Richard Rowe 1996 Carving Lee Foreman - 1999 Marble Making Original Lost Arts Program Exhibit Flyer- 1988 Mildred Justice Ketcher - 1999 Basketry Albert Wofford - 1999 Gig Making/Carving Willie Jumper - 2001 Stickball Sticks Sam Lee Still - 2002 Carving Linda Mouse-Hansen - 2002 Basketry Unfortunately, we have not been able to locate information, pictures or examples of art from the following Treasures.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life and Work of Sophia Sawyer, 19Th Century Missionary and Teacher Among the Cherokees Teri L
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 "Behold Me and This Great Babylon I Have Built": The Life and Work of Sophia Sawyer, 19th Century Missionary and Teacher Among the Cherokees Teri L. Castelow Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION "BEHOLD ME AND THIS GREAT BABYLON I HAVE BUILT": THE LIFE AND WORK OF SOPHIA SAWYER, 19TH CENTURY MISSIONARY AND TEACHER AMONG THE CHEROKEES By TERI L. CASTELOW A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2005 The members of the Committee approve the Dissertation of Teri L. Castelow defended on August 12, 2004. ______________________________ Victoria Maria MacDonald Professor Directing Dissertation ______________________________ Elna Green Outside Committee Member ______________________________ Sande Milton Committee Member ______________________________ Emanuel Shargel Committee Member Approved: ___________________________________ Carolyn Herrington, Chair, Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies ___________________________________ Richard Kunkel, Dean, College of Education The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the assistance of several people for their support over the extended period it took to complete the degree requirements and dissertation for my Doctor of Philosophy degree. I would like to thank the many friends and family who have offered encouragement along the way and who did not criticize me for being a perpetual student. My parents, Paul and Nora Peasley, provided moral support and encouragement, as well as occasional child-care so I could complete research and dissertation chapters.
    [Show full text]
  • Note to Users
    NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. LIFE HISTORY OF SAMMY STILL, A TRADITIONAL WESTERN CHEROKEE IN MODERN AMERICA By Juliette E. Sligar Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of American University in PartialFulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts In Public Anthropology Chair: Richard J. Dent"'' (\ Cesare Marino Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Date 2005 American University Washington, D.C. 20016 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1425664 Copyright 2005 by Sligar, Juliette E. All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 1425664 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Reference # Resource Name Address County City Listed Date Multiple
    Reference # Resource Name Address County City Listed Date Multiple Name 76001760 Arnwine Cabin TN 61 Anderson Norris 19760316 92000411 Bear Creek Road Checking Station Jct. of S. Illinois Ave. and Bear Creek Rd. Anderson Oak Ridge 19920506 Oak Ridge MPS 92000410 Bethel Valley Road Checking Station Jct. of Bethel Valley and Scarboro Rds. Anderson Oak Ridge 19920506 Oak Ridge MPS 91001108 Brannon, Luther, House 151 Oak Ridge Tpk. Anderson Oak Ridge 19910905 Oak Ridge MPS 03000697 Briceville Community Church and Cemetery TN 116 Anderson Briceville 20030724 06000134 Cross Mountain Miners' Circle Circle Cemetery Ln. Anderson Briceville 20060315 10000936 Daugherty Furniture Building 307 N Main St Anderson Clinton 20101129 Rocky Top (formerly Lake 75001726 Edwards‐‐Fowler House 3.5 mi. S of Lake City on Dutch Valley Rd. Anderson 19750529 City) Rocky Top (formerly Lake 11000830 Fort Anderson on Militia Hill Vowell Mountain Rd. Anderson 20111121 City) Rocky Top (formerly Lake 04001459 Fraterville Miners' Circle Cemetery Leach Cemetery Ln. Anderson 20050105 City) 92000407 Freels Cabin Freels Bend Rd. Anderson Oak Ridge 19920506 Oak Ridge MPS Old Edgemoor Rd. between Bethel Valley Rd. and Melton Hill 91001107 Jones, J. B., House Anderson Oak Ridge 19910905 Oak Ridge MPS Lake 05001218 McAdoo, Green, School 101 School St. Anderson Clinton 20051108 Rocky Top (formerly Lake 14000446 Norris Dam State Park Rustic Cabins Historic District 125 Village Green Cir. Anderson 20140725 City) 75001727 Norris District Town of Norris on U.S. 441 Anderson Norris 19750710 Tennessee Valley Authority Hydroelectric 16000165 Norris Hydrolectric Project 300 Powerhouse Way Anderson Norris 20160412 System, 1933‐1979 MPS Roughly bounded by East Dr., W.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections Works
    University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections Works Progress Administration Historic Sites and Federal Writers’ Projects Collection Compiled 1969 - Revised 2002 Works Progress Administration (WPA) Historic Sites and Federal Writers’ Project Collection. Records, 1937–1941. 23 feet. Federal project. Book-length manuscripts, research and project reports (1937–1941) and administrative records (1937–1941) generated by the WPA Historic Sites and Federal Writers’ projects for Oklahoma during the 1930s. Arranged by county and by subject, these project files reflect the WPA research and findings regarding birthplaces and homes of prominent Oklahomans, cemeteries and burial sites, churches, missions and schools, cities, towns, and post offices, ghost towns, roads and trails, stagecoaches and stage lines, and Indians of North America in Oklahoma, including agencies and reservations, treaties, tribal government centers, councils and meetings, chiefs and leaders, judicial centers, jails and prisons, stomp grounds, ceremonial rites and dances, and settlements and villages. Also included are reports regarding geographical features and regions of Oklahoma, arranged by name, including caverns, mountains, rivers, springs and prairies, ranches, ruins and antiquities, bridges, crossings and ferries, battlefields, soil and mineral conservation, state parks, and land runs. In addition, there are reports regarding biographies of prominent Oklahomans, business enterprises and industries, judicial centers, Masonic (freemason) orders, banks and banking, trading posts and stores, military posts and camps, and transcripts of interviews conducted with oil field workers regarding the petroleum industry in Oklahoma. ____________________ Oklahoma Box 1 County sites – copy of historical sites in the counties Adair through Cherokee Folder 1. Adair 2. Alfalfa 3. Atoka 4. Beaver 5. Beckham 6.
    [Show full text]
  • These Hills, This Trail: Cherokee Outdoor Historical Drama and The
    THESE HILLS, THIS TRAIL: CHEROKEE OUTDOOR HISTORICAL DRAMA AND THE POWER OF CHANGE/CHANGE OF POWER by CHARLES ADRON FARRIS III (Under the Direction of Marla Carlson and Jace Weaver) ABSTRACT This dissertation compares the historical development of the Cherokee Historical Association’s (CHA) Unto These Hills (1950) in Cherokee, North Carolina, and the Cherokee Heritage Center’s (CHC) The Trail of Tears (1968) in Tahlequah, Oklahoma. Unto These Hills and The Trail of Tears were originally commissioned to commemorate the survivability of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) and the Cherokee Nation (CN) in light of nineteenth- century Euramerican acts of deracination and transculturation. Kermit Hunter, a white southern American playwright, wrote both dramas to attract tourists to the locations of two of America’s greatest events. Hunter’s scripts are littered, however, with misleading historical narratives that tend to indulge Euramerican jingoistic sympathies rather than commemorate the Cherokees’ survivability. It wasn’t until 2006/1995 that the CHA in North Carolina and the CHC in Oklahoma proactively shelved Hunter’s dramas, replacing them with historically “accurate” and culturally sensitive versions. Since the initial shelving of Hunter’s scripts, Unto These Hills and The Trail of Tears have undergone substantial changes, almost on a yearly basis. Artists have worked to correct the romanticized notions of Cherokee-Euramerican history in the dramas, replacing problematic information with more accurate and culturally specific material. Such modification has been and continues to be a tricky endeavor: the process of improvement has triggered mixed reviews from touristic audiences and from within Cherokee communities themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Oklahoma Mdideational Directory
    OKI AFOMA OEPftfOMEHT OF UBRM8ES Itwi Pti3UC/vnONS CLEARINGHOUSE COPY I— Oklahoma Mdideational Directory AND Requirements for State Certificates ISSUED BY STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION FOR SCHOLASTIC YEAR 1909 - 1910 HON. E. D. CAMERON, State Superintendent HON. J. W. WILKINSON, Assistant Superintendent Leadey Prising Co. Guthrie, Oklahoma k ^ OKLAHOMA ^ EDUCATIONAL DIRECTORY AND REQUIREMENTS FOR STATE CERTIFICATES j ISSUED BY STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION FOR THE SCHOLASTIC YEAR 1909- 1910 HON. E. D. CAMERON, State Superintendent HON. J. W. WILKINSON, Assistant Superintendent } EDUCATIONAL DIRECTORY. List of Territorial Superintendents of Public Instruction in Order of Appointment. Number. Superintendent. 1 J. H. Lawhead 2 J. H. Parker 3 E. D. Cameron 4 Albert O. Nichols 5 S. N. Hopkins 6 L. W. Baxter 7 J. E. Dyche List of State Superintendents of Public Instruction in Order of Election. 1. E. D. Cameron, First 'State Superintendent—Elected September 17, 1907—Term expires January, 1911. State Board of Education. E. D. Cameron State Superintendent C. N. Haskell Governor Wm. Cross Secretary of State Charles West Attorney General Officers of the Board. E. D. Cameron President Wm. Cross Secretary State Department of Education. E. D. Cameron State Superintendent John W. Will inson Assistant Superintendent J. M. Osborn Examiner and Diploma Clerk O. P. Callahan Agricultural Asisistant Leon W. Wiley Chief Clerk D. B. Hamilton Stenographer 903 4 00 3$ .(TS'Ax ii HON, E. D. JAMERON, STATE SUPERINTENDENT. President of State Board of Education, Agricultural and Industrial Commission, Board of Regents for Normal Schools, Board of Regents for the Girls' Industrial School, Board of Regents of \ the Oklahoma School for the Deaf, Board of Regents for the Oklahoma School for the Blind, and Chairman of the State Board of Pardons, Member Board of Land Commissioners, Board of Regents C.
    [Show full text]
  • Inculpados De Altruismo. Los Cherokees En El Siglo
    -------- ANUARIO deiiEHS 11, Tandll, 1996 INCULPADOS DE A!;fRUISMO. LOS CHEROKEES EN EL SIGLO XIX * Ronald Wright Un motivo de la compra de la Louisiana por Estados Unidos fue precisamente adquirir un «desierto» al que la república pudiera expulsar a todos los indios que no asimilara y en 1808 se comenzó a presionar para que se trasladara toda la nación che­ rokee, sin el menor escrúpulo a la hora de utilizar el soborno y la amenaza cuando las promesas fracasaban. Alrededor de 2.000 cherokees, convencidos de que, de to­ dos modos, se les obligaría a abandonar sus hogares, se encaminaron al oeste, aun­ que la idea resultara odiosa a la mayoría. El oeste ofrecía la oportunidad de continuar con las costumbres ancestrales, pero Jos tradicionalistas, menos contaminados de aculturación, eran los más reacios a abandonar la tierra sagrada y las tumbas anti­ guas. Estos tradicionalistas no se habían beneficiado de la contrapartida por el paso a una economía euroamericana ni deseaban hacerlo. Explotar la tierra de aquella ma­ nera era blasfemo: los arados la abrían desgarrándola más despiadadamente que es­ carbando con palos, lo que la erosionaba, y la escasez de caza demostraba que el mundo se estaba muriendo. En 1811 sns temores se manifestaron en un culto llama­ do a veces la danza del fantasma cherokee, estmcturado por el sanador Tsali. El Creador, decía él, había hecho pueblos d-iferentes en tie1ras distintas; la presencia de los blancos en América era antinatural y equivocada. El Seiíor de la Vida nunca tu- * Esta entrega es un fragmento de Continentes robodos.
    [Show full text]