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The Life and Work of Sophia Sawyer, 19Th Century Missionary and Teacher Among the Cherokees Teri L

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The Life and Work of Sophia Sawyer, 19Th Century Missionary and Teacher Among the Cherokees Teri L Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 "Behold Me and This Great Babylon I Have Built": The Life and Work of Sophia Sawyer, 19th Century Missionary and Teacher Among the Cherokees Teri L. Castelow Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION "BEHOLD ME AND THIS GREAT BABYLON I HAVE BUILT": THE LIFE AND WORK OF SOPHIA SAWYER, 19TH CENTURY MISSIONARY AND TEACHER AMONG THE CHEROKEES By TERI L. CASTELOW A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2005 The members of the Committee approve the Dissertation of Teri L. Castelow defended on August 12, 2004. ______________________________ Victoria Maria MacDonald Professor Directing Dissertation ______________________________ Elna Green Outside Committee Member ______________________________ Sande Milton Committee Member ______________________________ Emanuel Shargel Committee Member Approved: ___________________________________ Carolyn Herrington, Chair, Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies ___________________________________ Richard Kunkel, Dean, College of Education The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the assistance of several people for their support over the extended period it took to complete the degree requirements and dissertation for my Doctor of Philosophy degree. I would like to thank the many friends and family who have offered encouragement along the way and who did not criticize me for being a perpetual student. My parents, Paul and Nora Peasley, provided moral support and encouragement, as well as occasional child-care so I could complete research and dissertation chapters. My mother-in-law, Judith Messer Largent, also provided similar support and assistance that is greatly appreciated. My children, Meagan and Abby Castelow, have never known a time where one of their parents was not working on an assignment, a research paper, or various degree requirements. They have patiently waited and have developed into independent and inquisitive young ladies. I would not have begun this journey into academe if it were not for the encouragement of my husband, Peter Castelow. He frequently inspired me to realize that lurking inside the body of a middle school Social Studies teacher was an academic capable of completing this dissertation and going on to teach in higher education. My advisor, Dr. Victoria- Maria MacDonald, was willing to work with a full-time teacher and mother who was not on a traditional Ph.D. course. The journey has been a number of years, and I appreciate her guidance and support throughout this process. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................ Page v. Abstract ...................................................................................................... Page vi. 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. Page 2 2. Chapter 1 – Sophia Sawyer’s Early Life and Education .......................... Page 24 3. Chapter 2 – Missionaries and Native American Educational Opportunities . Page 38 4. Chapter 3 – Sophia Sawyer’s Life as a Missionary .................................. Page 57 5. Chapter 4 – Background on the Cherokee Nation and Removal .............. Page 78 6. Chapter 5 – Fayetteville Female Seminary ............................................... Page 106 7. Conclusion ................................................................................................ Page 126 APPENDIX ................................................................................................ Page 133 Timeline of Sophia Sawyer’s Life ........................................................ Page 134 REFERENCES ................................................................................................ Page 136 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................. Page 145 iv LIST OF FIGURES 1. Picture of Sophia Sawyer from 1861 Diploma from Fayetteville Female Seminary ................................................................ Page 1 2. 1861 Diploma from Fayetteville Female Seminary .............................. Page 130 v ABSTRACT Sophia Sawyer (1792-1853) was born and educated in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. She was a strong-willed and independent woman who turned to teaching as a means of support after the death of her parents. At age thirty-one, she joined the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions and was stationed at the Brainerd Mission in Tennessee. Sawyer exemplifies the first generation of women to receive an academy education and become teachers themselves. This dissertation will examine the structure and environment of the schools in which Sophia Sawyer, missionary educator of females and Native Americans, taught the Cherokee students in the missions of Tennessee and Georgia, 1823-1836, and later in the Fayetteville Female Seminary, 1839-1853. In the large number of letters written to, by, and about Sophia Sawyer and her work among the Cherokees, it is revealed that she was a religious and pious person who felt a calling to Christianize and educate the Cherokees. She also displayed considerable respect for their culture, something which is often overlooked in many histories of White/Native American encounters. Sawyer appears to have cared deeply about her students, and the techniques that she used reflect this depth of feeling. The existing written opinions of her are either very positive or very negative, but even her detractors respected her commitment to education. Cherokee leaders such as John Ridge recognized this dedication. It is possible they held Sawyer in such high esteem because of her ability to look beyond the stereotypes held by many other missionaries about Indians. She created a classroom atmosphere which encouraged but challenged the students to learn English, as well as subjects similar to those taught in schools for Anglo-American children. That Sawyer was able to accomplish this with few resources and textbooks is an accomplishment worth examining in light of our modern concern about multi-cultural education. vi Figure 1 – Picture of Sophia Sawyer from 1861 Diploma from Fayetteville Female Seminary. Used with permission from Shiloh Museum of Ozark History, Springdale, Arkansas. 1 INTRODUCTION “She is a lady of fine feelings and susceptibilities of mind, & in the providence of God, unsupported & uncherished by any relations in this world, because those who might have dearly loved her as she deserves, are not now in the land of the living; she enjoys our keenest sympathy, & ought to be supported by the approbation of the Board.”1 The Life of Sophia Sawyer This dissertation will examine in detail the personal, political, and social factors that led Sophia Sawyer (1792-1854) to dedicate her life to teaching Cherokee Indians. Sawyer was a young woman who grew up in New England in the early 1800s. She exemplifies the first generation of women to receive an academy education and become teachers themselves. However, Sawyer answered the call to become a missionary among the Cherokee of the Southeast. As such, she was involved in the attempts to religiously and culturally socialize Native Americans into the mainstream of American culture. The early life of Sophia Sawyer is typical of other young women of this era. She was born on May 4, 1792 in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, the daughter of Abner and Betsey Sawyer. Around 1797 the family moved to Rindge, New Hampshire, and by 1814 Sophia Sawyer began attending a nearby coeducational academy, New Ipswich Academy. However, it was when she transferred to the Byfield Female Seminary in 1820 that Sawyer was exposed to new ideas about the importance of education for women.2 Byfield Female Seminary was organized by Joseph Emerson in 1818, and Emerson was a promoter of the missionary cause for women. Sophia Sawyer was inspired by Emerson to apply as a missionary teacher for the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions (ABCFM). 1 ABC 18.3.1, Vol. 8. John Ridge to David Greene, 24 July 1834. 2 Sawyer letters to Linda Raymond Ward Kingsbury. Diedrich Collection. William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan. Byfield Female Seminary Records. 2 Sawyer began her missionary career in Tennessee where she soon experienced obstacles on the part of her supervisors regarding her ideas about how her students should be taught and their capabilities. Sawyer became more than a teacher to the Cherokee children. She became an advocate on their behalf when the male superintendents did not think them capable of learning difficult subjects. As a woman who had experienced subordination herself, she became sympathetic to the subordination of the Cherokee and formed a bond with them. In fact, Sawyer found one of the few arenas in the mid-nineteenth century where it was acceptable to be a strong woman. She continued teaching in mission schools in both Tennessee and Georgia for thirteen years,3 and was witness to some of the important events of the time in terms of the relationship between the Cherokee Nation, the State of Georgia,
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