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The Geostrategic Environs and Foreign Policy

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The Geostrategic Environs and Foreign Policy Notes CHAPTER 1: THE GEOSTRATEGIC ENVIRONS AND FOREIGN POLICY I. Hedley Bull, 'The Third World and International Society ', The Yearbook of World Affairs, 1979 (London: The London Institute of World Affairs, 1979), pp. 15-31 (see p. 15). 2. See, for example, W. R. Thompson, 'The Regional Subsystem', International Studies Quarterly (17, 1, March 1973), pp. 89-1 17. 3. M. Singer, Weak States in a World ofPowers: The Dynamics ofInternational Relationship (New York: The Free Press, 1972); Robert A. Mortimer, The Third World Coalition in International Politics (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984); Helge Hveem, 'Small Countries under Great Pressure: The Politics of National Vulnerability during International Restructuring', Cooperation and Conflict (XXII, 4, 1987), pp. 193-208; and David Vital, The Inequality of States: A Study of the Small Power in International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967). 4. Carsten Holbread, Middle Powers in International Politics (London: Macmillan, 1984); Stephen P. Cohen , 'Toward a Great State in Asia ', in Onkar Marwah and J. D. Pollack (eds), Military Power and Policy in Asian States: China, India, Japan (Boulder: Westview Press, 1980), pp. 9-41. 5. See, R. Keohane and J. Nye, Power and Interdependence (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977); S. P. Huntington, 'Transnational Organiza­ tions in World Politics', World Politics (24, 3, 1973), pp. 333-368; J. Herz, 'The Territorial State Revisited : Reflections on the Future of the Nation State ', in James Rosenau (ed.), International Politics and Foreign Policy (New York: The Free Press, 1969), pp. 76-89. 6. For a review of major approaches and perspectives on foreign policy , sec, Michael Clarke and Brian White (eds), Understanding Foreign Policy (AI­ dershot , Hants: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 1989). 7. Mohammad Ayoob, 'The Third World in the System of States: Acute Schizo­ phrenia or Growing Pains?' International Studies Quarterly (33, I, March 1989), pp. 67-79. 8. Caroline Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations (Boulder: Rienner, 1987), p. 5. 9. Mustafa Chaudhary, 'Dynamics of Super Power-Small Power Relation ship ', in Syed Farooq Hasnat and Anton Pelinka (eds), Security for the Weak Nations : A Multiple Perspective (Lahore: Izharsons, 1986), pp. 31-9 (see p.38). 10. Hedley Bull, 'The Revolt Against the West', in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (cds), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), pp. 217-28; see also, Peter Lyon, 'The Emergence of the Third World ', in ibid., pp. 229-37. II. Yezid Sayigh, Confronting the 1990s: Security in the Developing Countries, Adelph i Paper No. 251 (London: IISS, 1990), p. 52. 163 164 Notes to Chapter 2 12. Sri Lanka was the chairman of NAM when this application was made and it actively supported Pakistan's case. 13. The African countries whose heads of state/government visited Pakistan included Algeria, Djibouti, Guinea, Kenya, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, So­ malia, Sudan, Zambia, Zimbabwe. The visits in connection with the 2nd Islamic conference, held at Lahore in 1974, are not included. See also chapter on Pakistan's relations with the Muslim world for more visits from Africa. 14. Pakistan extended humanitarian assistance from time to time. Some such instances were: a gift of 5000 tons of rice to Niger (1975), and 500 tons of rice to Seychelles on the eve of its independence (1976); a grant of Rs 1 million to Mozambique to enable it to overcome the negative consequences of appli­ cation of sanctions against Rhodesia (1976); $44 000 for African refugees (1981); rice, wheat flour and other food aid worth 4 million dollars for the famine stricken people (1985); food, clothing and medicine for refugees (1986); relief goods for Uganda (1986); interest-free loan of Rs 50 million to Uganda (1987); another interest-free loan worth 2.45 million dollars to Guinea Bissau (1989). 15. Pakistan is also critical of superpower efforts to deploy offensive weapons in outer space. 16. See the address of Pakistan's Foreign Minister to the UN Conference on Disarmament. Muslim, 1 August 1986; the statement of Pakistan's Minister of State for Foreign Affairs to the UN Conference on Disarmament and Development: Dawn, 27 August 1987. CHAPTER 2: PAKISTAN AND INDIA 1. See, for example, S. M. Burke, Mainsprings ofIndian and Pakistani Foreign Policies (Minneapolis:Universityof MinnesotaPress 1974);Sharif-al Mujahid, 'India-Pakistan Relations, in Latif Ahmad Sherwani, et. al., Foreign Policy of Pakistan (Karachi: Allies Book Corporation), pp. 31-48. 2. Such a point of view is often projected by North Indian political analysts. 3. Siser Gupta, Kashmir: A Study in India-Pakistan Relations (New Delhi: Asia Publishing House, 1966), pp. 440. 4. Stephen P. Cohen, 'The Strategic Imagery of Elites, in James M. Roherty (ed.), Defence Policy Formation : Towards Comparativ e Analysis (Durham, N.C: Caroline Academic Press, 1980), pp. 153-73. 5. Sumit Ganguly, The Origins ofWar in South Asia: Indo-Pakistan Conflicts since 1947 (Boulder: Westview, 1988), pp. 11-14 . 6. S. D. Muni, 'India and Regionalism in South Asia: A Political Perspective ', in Bimal Prasad (ed.), India's Foreign Policy: Studies in Continuity and Change (New Delhi: Vikas, 1979), pp. 115-16. 7. Douglas C. Makeig, 'War, No-war and the Indo-Pakistan Negotiating Pro­ cess', Pacific Affairs (60, 2, Summer 1987), pp. 271-294. 8. Cited from Surjit Mansingh, India's Search for Power: Indira Gandhi's Foreign Policy 1966-82 (New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 1984), p. 240. 9. Pakistan Times, 3 February 1972. 10. For the text of the Sino-US joint communique, see ibid., 28 February 1972. 11. Ibid., 17 February 1972. Notes to Chapter 2 165 12. Sun, 20 February 1972. 13. For a comparison of the Simla Agreement with the Tashkant Declaration, see Z. A. Bhutto, 'The Simla Accord', Pakistan Horizon (XXV, 3, 1972), pp. 3-16; Mehrunnisa Ali, 'The Simla Accord and Tashkant Declaration' , ibid., pp. 53-74. 14. Shri Ram Sharma, Indian Foreign Policy: Annual Survey 1972 (New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1972), pp. 154-5. 15. Lok Sabha Debates, fifth series (XVII, 1,31 July 1972), col. 246. ,16. Mansingh, India' s Search for Power, p. 229. 17. National Assembly ofPakistan Debates (2, 5,14 July 1972), p. 712. 18. See the joint statement issued by the Chiefs of Army Staff of Pakistan and India on 20 December 1972. For the text: Pakistan Horizon (XXVI, I, 1973), p.109. 19. Pakistan Times, 21 September 1972. 20. Ibid., II October 1972. 21. Foreign Affairs Record (XVIII, 7, July 1972), p. 195. 22. Pakistan Times, 3 August 1972. 23. Ibid., 11, 12 and 13 August 1972. 24. See the statement of Aziz Ahmad, Secretary General, Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, on the delienation of the Line of Control in Kashmir: Dawn, 12 December 1972. 25. Lok Sabha Debates, fifth series (XI, 5,17 March 1972), Col. 61. 26. Ibid., (XIV, 35, 2 May 1972), Col. 360. Sec also, Pakistan Horizon (XXV, 4, 1972), p. 85 27. Two categories of detainees were also released: the civilians who were interned for being on a visit to the other side when war broke out were exchanged in September 1972. Those detained prior to the outbreak of war were released in 1974. 28. News briefing by India's Foreign Secretary: Pakistan Times, 29 December 1971. 29. Pakistan Times, 30 December 1971. 30. Bangladesh also established courts for the trials of civilians living in Bangla­ desh on charges of collaboration with the Pakistani military, in 1971. Many people, including the last Bengali Governor of East Pakistan, Dr A. M. Malik, were sentenced to imprisonment, ranging from a few years to life. 31. Compiled from newspaper reports. The Indian authorities claimed that two of them died due to the injuries sustained by them in a clash between two groups of paws. Pakistan disputed this explanation. 32. The statement of the official spokesman of the government of Pakistan: Dawn, 22 April 1973. 33. India accused Pakistan's military and civilian officials of committing brutali­ ties against the people of Bangladesh, and claimed that the Pakistanis 'sys­ tematically liquidated professionals and intellectuals'. It also defended the right of Bangladesh to put such officials on trial. Sec the letter of India's Permanent Representative to the UN Secretary General: Foreign Affairs Record (XVIII, 1, January 1972), pp. 7-9; see also the statement of the Indian delegate to the meeting of the UN Human Rights Commission: ibid., (XVIII, 4, April 1972), pp. 109-10. 34. Dawn, 26 March 1972; Pakistan Times, 26 March 1973; see the letter of 166 Notes to Chapter 2 Pakistan's Permanent Representative to the UN Security Council: Dawn 9 April 1972. 35. Pakistan Times, 15 September 1972. 36. Asian Recorder, 4-10 June 1973, pp. 11420-21. 37. For the text of the Pakistani response to the Indo-Bangladesh Declaration, see: Pakistan Times, 21 April 1973; Pakistan Horizon (XXVI, 2, 1973), pp. 114-15. 38. Aziz Ahmad, Pakistan's Minister of State for Defence and Foreign Affairs, and P. N. Haksar, Indian Prime Minister's Special Emissary, led their delega­ tions. 39. Asian Recorder, 7-13 May 1974, p. 11986. This amount included administra­ tion expenses as well as pay and allowances of the paws. The pay and allowances ranged from Rs14 to Rs139 per month. Pakistan Times, 9 Decem­ ber 1972; see also ibid., 5 August 1972. 40. See the section on the recognition of Bangladesh. 41. The criterion for the repatriation of Biharis was stated in the Tripartite Agreement, 1974. 42. Far Eastern Economic Review, 26 January 1989, p. 28; see also the statement of Pakistan's Finance Minister: Dawn Overseas Weekly, 14-20 July 1988. 43. India was the first country to extend recognition to Bangladesh on 6 Decem­ ber 1971, 10 days before the Pakistani troops surrendered there.
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