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Muslim Nationalism, State Formation and Legal Representations of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan
Politics of Exclusion: Muslim Nationalism, State Formation and Legal Representations of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan by Sadia Saeed A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Sociology) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor George P. Steinmetz, Chair Professor Howard A. Kimeldorf Associate Professor Fatma Muge Gocek Associate Professor Genevieve Zubrzycki Professor Mamadou Diouf, Columbia University © Sadia Saeed 2010 2 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my parents with my deepest love, respect and gratitude for the innumerable ways they have supported my work and choices. ii Acknowledgements I would like to begin by acknowledging the immense support my parents have given me every step of the way during my (near) decade in graduate school. I have dedicated this dissertation to them. My ammi and baba have always believed in my capabilities to accomplish not only this dissertation but much more in life and their words of love and encouragement have continuously given me the strength and the will to give my research my very best. My father‘s great enthusiasm for this project, his intellectual input and his practical help and advice during the fieldwork of this project have been formative to this project. I would like to thank my dissertation advisor George Steinmetz for the many engaged conversations about theory and methods, for always pushing me to take my work to the next level and above all for teaching me to recognize and avoid sloppiness, caricatures and short-cuts. It is to him that I owe my greatest intellectual debt. -
In Quest of Jinnah
Contents Acknowledgements xiii Preface xv SHARIF AL MUJAHID Introduction xvii LIAQUAT H. MERCHANT, SHARIF AL MUJAHID Publisher's Note xxi AMEENA SAIYID SECTION 1: ORIGINAL ESSAYS ON JINNAH 1 1. Mohammad Ali Jinnah: One of the Greatest Statesmen of the Twentieth Century 2 STANLEY WOLPERT 2. Partition and the Birth of Pakistan 4 JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH 3. World of His Fathers 7 FOUAD AJAMI 4. Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah 12 LIAQUAT H. MERCHANT 5. Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah: A Historian s Perspective 17 S.M. BURKE 6. Jinnah: A Portrait 19 SHARIF AL MUJAHID 7. Quaid-i-Azam's Personality and its Role and Relevance in the Achievement of Pakistan 32 SIKANDAR HAYAT 8. Mohammad Ali Jinnah 39 KULDIP NAYAR 9. M.A. Jinnah: The Official Biography 43 M.R. KAZIMI 10. The Official Biography: An Evaluation 49 SHARIF AL MUJAHID 11. Inheriting the Raj: Jinnah and the Governor-Generalship Issue 59 AYESHA JALAL 12. Constitutional Set-up of Pakistan as Visualised by Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah 76 S. SHARIFUDDIN PIRZADA 13. Jinnah—Two Perspectives: Secular or Islamic and Protector General ot Minorities 84 LIAQUAT H. MERCHANT 14. Jinnah on Civil Liberties 92 A.G. NOORANl 15. Jinnah and Women s Emancipation 96 SHARIF AL MUJAHID 16. Jinnah s 'Gettysburg Address' 106 AKBAR S. AHMED 17. The Two Saviours: Ataturk and Jinnah 110 MUHAMMAD ALI SIDDIQUI 18. The Quaid and the Princely States of India 115 SHAHARYAR M. KHAN 19. Reminiscences 121 JAVID IQBAL 20. Jinnah as seen by Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah,Aga Khan III 127 LIAQUAT H. -
Presidential Cabinet 21-04-1979 to 09-03-1981
3rd Federal Cabinet under President/CMLA General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Federal Ministers to President/CMLA from 21-4-1979 to 9-3-1981 S No Portfolio Period Remarks President and CMLA / COAS Foreign Affairs 21-4-1979 to 9-3-1981 General Muhammad Zia -ul-Haq Health, Social Welfare and -do- 21-4-1979 to 9-3-1981 Population -do- Science and Technology -do- States and Frontier Regions -do- Cabinet Secretariat -do- including Cabinet Division -do- Establishment Division -do- Information & Broadcasting 3-7-1980 to 9-3-1981 Division Labour and Manpower 31-3-1980 to 9-3-1981 Northern Areas and -do- Kashmir Affairs -do- Petroleum and Natural -do- Resources Railways -do- Local Government and -do- Rural Development -do- Culture and Tourism 1-7-1979 to 4-7-1979 1. Mr. Ali Ahmad Talpur Defence 21-4-1979 to 9-3-1981 21-4-1979 to 9-3 -1981 2. Lt. Gen. F . A. Chishti, HI(M) Labour and Manpower 21-4-1979 to 31-3 -1980 21-4-1979 to 31-3-1980 Northern Areas and Kashmir Affairs, Petroleum and Natural Resources 3. Lt. Gen. Ghulam Has san Khan, Production 21-4-1979 to 9-3-1981 21-4-1979 to 9-3 -1981 Industries -do- 4. Mr. Ghulam Is haq Khan, Finance and Economic 21-4-1979 to 9-3-1981 21-4-1979 to 9-3 -1981 Affairs Planning and Development Statistics Commerce Co-ordination 5. Air Marshal Inamul Haque Khan, HJ, Housing and Works 21-4-1979 to 9-3-1981 HI(M), Water and Power 21-4-1979 to 9-3 -1981 6. -
The American Papers Secret and Confidential India-Pakistan-Bangladesh Documents 1965-1973
THE AMERICAN PAPERS SECRET AND CONFIDENTIAL INDIA-PAKISTAN-BANGLADESH DOCUMENTS 1965-1973 COMPILED AND SELECTED BY ROEDADKHAN INTRODUCTION BY JAMSHEED MARKER OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxv Introduction xxvii 1965 1. Highlights of Foreign Minister Bhutto's Conversation with McConaughy on Rann of Kutch. 30 April 1965. 3 2. Indo-Pakistan Conflict: Information Memorandum. 30 April 1965. 6 3. Pakistan's Response to Wilson's Request for an Immediate Ceasefire: Correction. 30 April 1965. 8 4. Provocative Indian Overflight: Asghar Khan's Information. 15 May 1965. 9 5. Meeting with Ambassador Bowles: Briefing Memorandum. 2 June 1965. 11 (i) Summary of Bowles Memorandum on United State's Policy in South East Asia. 1 June 1965. 12 (ii) US Ambassador Chester Bowles Letter to the US Under Secretary of State, George W Ball. 21 May 1965. 14 6. Ambassador Bowles Telegram from American Embassy in New Delhi: Indian Military and Political Objectives Unclear. 6 September 1965. 15 7. McConaughy's Meeting with President Ayub and Foreign Minister Bhutto. 6 September 1965. [5 Documents Partial Accounts] 17 8. Telegram from American Embassy in Karachi on how USG should respond to GOP's request for Action. 6 September 1965. 19 9. MAAG Chief Contacts General Musa. 6 September 1965. 21 10. Kashmir: Comment on GOP's Mood. 7 September 1965. 32 11. McConaughy's Meeting with Ayub. 7 September 1965. 35 12. Message from Shoaib. 7 September 1965. 37 13. GOP's Request for Help: Shah's Briefing. 8 September 1965. 38 14. Memorandum of Conversation: Indo-Pakistan Dispute. 8 September 1965. -
Pakistan Courting the Abyss by Tilak Devasher
PAKISTAN Courting the Abyss TILAK DEVASHER To the memory of my mother Late Smt Kantaa Devasher, my father Late Air Vice Marshal C.G. Devasher PVSM, AVSM, and my brother Late Shri Vijay (‘Duke’) Devasher, IAS ‘Press on… Regardless’ Contents Preface Introduction I The Foundations 1 The Pakistan Movement 2 The Legacy II The Building Blocks 3 A Question of Identity and Ideology 4 The Provincial Dilemma III The Framework 5 The Army Has a Nation 6 Civil–Military Relations IV The Superstructure 7 Islamization and Growth of Sectarianism 8 Madrasas 9 Terrorism V The WEEP Analysis 10 Water: Running Dry 11 Education: An Emergency 12 Economy: Structural Weaknesses 13 Population: Reaping the Dividend VI Windows to the World 14 India: The Quest for Parity 15 Afghanistan: The Quest for Domination 16 China: The Quest for Succour 17 The United States: The Quest for Dependence VII Looking Inwards 18 Looking Inwards Conclusion Notes Index About the Book About the Author Copyright Preface Y fascination with Pakistan is not because I belong to a Partition family (though my wife’s family Mdoes); it is not even because of being a Punjabi. My interest in Pakistan was first aroused when, as a child, I used to hear stories from my late father, an air force officer, about two Pakistan air force officers. In undivided India they had been his flight commanders in the Royal Indian Air Force. They and my father had fought in World War II together, flying Hurricanes and Spitfires over Burma and also after the war. Both these officers later went on to head the Pakistan Air Force. -
Israel-Pakistan Relations Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies (JCSS)
P. R. Kumaraswamy Beyond the Veil: Israel-Pakistan Relations Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies (JCSS) The purpose of the Jaffee Center is, first, to conduct basic research that meets the highest academic standards on matters related to Israel's national security as well as Middle East regional and international secu- rity affairs. The Center also aims to contribute to the public debate and governmental deliberation of issues that are - or should be - at the top of Israel's national security agenda. The Jaffee Center seeks to address the strategic community in Israel and abroad, Israeli policymakers and opinion-makers and the general public. The Center relates to the concept of strategy in its broadest meaning, namely the complex of processes involved in the identification, mobili- zation and application of resources in peace and war, in order to solidify and strengthen national and international security. To Jasjit Singh with affection and gratitude P. R. Kumaraswamy Beyond the Veil: Israel-Pakistan Relations Memorandum no. 55, March 2000 Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies 6 P. R. Kumaraswamy Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel Tel. 972 3 640-9926 Fax 972 3 642-2404 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.tau.ac.il/jcss/ ISBN: 965-459-041-7 © 2000 All rights reserved Graphic Design: Michal Semo Printed by: Kedem Ltd., Tel Aviv Beyond the Veil: Israel-Pakistan Relations 7 Contents Introduction .......................................................................................9 -
Freedom of Religion & Religious Minorities in Pakistan: a Study Of
Fordham International Law Journal Volume 19, Issue 1 1995 Article 5 Freedom of Religion & Religious Minorities in Pakistan: A Study of Judicial Practice Tayyab Mahmud∗ ∗ Copyright c 1995 by the authors. Fordham International Law Journal is produced by The Berke- ley Electronic Press (bepress). http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ilj Freedom of Religion & Religious Minorities in Pakistan: A Study of Judicial Practice Tayyab Mahmud Abstract Pakistan’s successive constitutions, which enumerate guaranteed fundamental rights and pro- vide for the separation of state power and judicial review, contemplate judicial protection of vul- nerable sections of society against unlawful executive and legislative actions. This Article focuses upon the remarkably divergent pronouncements of Pakistan’s judiciary regarding the religious status and freedom of religion of one particular religious minority, the Ahmadis. The superior judiciary of Pakistan has visited the issue of religious freedom for the Ahmadis repeatedly since the establishment of the State, each time with a different result. The point of departure for this ex- amination is furnished by the recent pronouncement of the Supreme Court of Pakistan (”Supreme Court” or “Court”) in Zaheeruddin v. State,’ wherein the Court decided that Ordinance XX of 1984 (”Ordinance XX” or ”Ordinance”), which amended Pakistan’s Penal Code to make the public prac- tice by the Ahmadis of their religion a crime, does not violate freedom of religion as mandated by the Pakistan Constitution. This Article argues that Zaheeruddin is at an impermissible variance with the implied covenant of freedom of religion between religious minorities and the Founding Fathers of Pakistan, the foundational constitutional jurisprudence of the country, and the dictates of international human rights law. -
The Structural Origins of Authoritarianism in Pakistan
CDDRL Number 116 WORKING PAPERS October 2009 The Origins of Authoritarianism in Pakistan Sumit Ganguly Indiana University, Bloomington Center on Democracy, Development, and The Rule of Law Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Additional working papers appear on CDDRL’s website: http://cddrl.stanford.edu. Center on Democracy, Development, and The Rule of Law Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University Encina Hall Stanford, CA 94305 Phone: 650-724-7197 Fax: 650-724-2996 http://cddrl.stanford.edu/ About the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law (CDDRL) CDDRL was founded by a generous grant from the Bill and Flora Hewlett Foundation in October in 2002 as part of the Stanford Institute for International Studies at Stanford University. The Center supports analytic studies, policy relevant research, training and outreach activities to assist developing countries in the design and implementation of policies to foster growth, democracy, and the rule of law. TTThhheee OOOrrriiigggiiinnnsss ooofff AAAuuuttthhhooorrriiitttaaarrriiiaaannniiisssmmm iiinn PPPaaakkkiiissstttaaannn Sumit Ganguly Introduction What ails the Pakistani polity? Since its emergence from the detritus of the British Indian Empire in 1947, it has witnessed four military coups (1958, 1969, 1978 and 1999), long periods of political instability and a persistent inability to consolidate democratic institutions. It also witnessed the loss of a significant portion of its territory (East Pakistan) in 1971 following the brutal suppression of an indigenous uprising in the aftermath of which some ten million individuals sough refuge in India. The flight of the refugees to India and the failure to reach a political resolution to the crisis precipitated Indian military intervention and culminated in the creation of the new state of Bangladesh.i Pakistan’s inability to sustain a transition to democracy is especially puzzling given that India too emerged from the collapse of British rule in South Asia. -
3 Who Is Who and What Is What
3 e who is who and what is what Ever Success - General Knowledge 4 Saad Book Bank, Lahore Ever Success Revised and Updated GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Who is who? What is what? CSS, PCS, PMS, FPSC, ISSB Police, Banks, Wapda, Entry Tests and for all Competitive Exames and Interviews World Pakistan Science English Computer Geography Islamic Studies Subjectives + Objectives etc. Abbreviations Current Affair Sports + Games Ever Success - General Knowledge 5 Saad Book Bank, Lahore © ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this book may be reproduced In any form, by photostate, electronic or mechanical, or any other means without the written permission of author and publisher. Composed By Muhammad Tahsin Ever Success - General Knowledge 6 Saad Book Bank, Lahore Dedicated To ME Ever Success - General Knowledge 7 Saad Book Bank, Lahore Ever Success - General Knowledge 8 Saad Book Bank, Lahore P R E F A C E I offer my services for designing this strategy of success. The material is evidence of my claim, which I had collected from various resources. I have written this book with an aim in my mind. I am sure this book will prove to be an invaluable asset for learners. I have tried my best to include all those topics which are important for all competitive exams and interviews. No book can be claimed as prefect except Holy Quran. So if you found any shortcoming or mistake, you should inform me, according to your suggestions, improvements will be made in next edition. The author would like to thank all readers and who gave me their valuable suggestions for the completion of this book. -
Defining Shariʿa the Politics of Islamic Judicial Review by Shoaib
Defining Shariʿa The Politics of Islamic Judicial Review By Shoaib A. Ghias A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Jurisprudence and Social Policy in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Malcolm M. Feeley, Chair Professor Martin M. Shapiro Professor Asad Q. Ahmed Summer 2015 Defining Shariʿa The Politics of Islamic Judicial Review © 2015 By Shoaib A. Ghias Abstract Defining Shariʿa: The Politics of Islamic Judicial Review by Shoaib A. Ghias Doctor of Philosophy in Jurisprudence and Social Policy University of California, Berkeley Professor Malcolm M. Feeley, Chair Since the Islamic resurgence of the 1970s, many Muslim postcolonial countries have established and empowered constitutional courts to declare laws conflicting with shariʿa as unconstitutional. The central question explored in this dissertation is whether and to what extent constitutional doctrine developed in shariʿa review is contingent on the ruling regime or represents lasting trends in interpretations of shariʿa. Using the case of Pakistan, this dissertation contends that the long-term discursive trends in shariʿa are determined in the religio-political space and only reflected in state law through the interaction of shariʿa politics, regime politics, and judicial politics. The research is based on materials gathered during fieldwork in Pakistan and datasets of Federal Shariat Court and Supreme Court cases and judges. In particular, the dissertation offers a political-institutional framework to study shariʿa review in a British postcolonial court system through exploring the role of professional and scholar judges, the discretion of the chief justice, the system of judicial appointments and tenure, and the political structure of appeal that combine to make courts agents of the political regime. -
Scheme of Studies for MS in Pak Studies-Details of Core Courses
Scheme of Studies for MS in Pak Studies-Details of Core Courses INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND PAKISTAN STUDIES FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE MS COURSES MS PROGRAM IN PAKISTAN STUDIES Requirement of Admission: (Eligibility) M.A. in any Social Science Subject with at least 2.5/4.00 CGPA (Semester System) or 2nd Division at least with 50 % marks (Annual System) from a recognized university. The required admission procedures include an admission test equivalent to GRE test and an interview. Scheme of Study: Two Year Program (Four Semester) MS Program is designed in accordance with the HEC requirements. M.S. Program consists of 30 credit hours, out of which 24 credit hours of coursework and 6 credit hours of Dissertation Core Courses are compulsory The students are required to take four courses each in First and Second Semester. Details of the courses for MS: MS students are supposed to complete 12 credit hours of compulsory course work and 12 credit hours of elective courses. In Addition the MS students will write a dissertation equal to 6 credit hours thus completing 30 credit hours. MS Students should take 2 compulsory courses in each of their first and second semesters. MS Courses: (24Credit hours) 1st Semester: Course Code Title Credit Hrs 1. PS-505 Iqbal and Jinnah: Lives and Thoughts 3 2. PS-506 Research Methodology in Social Sciences 3 3. PS- Any Elective Course 3 4. PS- Any Elective Course 3 1 Scheme of Studies for MS in Pak Studies-Details of Core Courses 2nd Semester: Course Code Title Credit Hrs 1. -
LJMU Research Online
LJMU Research Online Craig, MM ‘Nuclear Sword of the Moslem World’?: the United States, Britain, Pakistan, and the ‘Islamic Bomb’, 1977–80 http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/4612/ Article Citation (please note it is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from this work) Craig, MM (2016) ‘Nuclear Sword of the Moslem World’?: the United States, Britain, Pakistan, and the ‘Islamic Bomb’, 1977–80. International History Review, 38 (5). pp. 857-879. ISSN 0707-5332 LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information please contact [email protected] http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/ ‘Nuclear Sword of the Moslem World’?: America, Britain, Pakistan, and the ‘Islamic bomb’, 1977-1980 Malcolm M. Craig Email: [email protected] This article appeared in The International History Review, Vol.38, No.5 (2016) http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07075332.2016.1140670 1 Introduction In advance of Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu’s March 2015 address to the US Congress, an editorial in the conservative Washington Times commented: Mr Netanyahu has the opportunity to talk in plain speech with no equivocation about the threat that Iran, armed with the Islamic bomb, poses to the survival of the Jewish state and perhaps the United States as well.