A Comparative Taxonomic Study of Seeds of Some Plants of Rosaceae Family in Iraq
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1 Plant Archives Vol. 20, Supplement 2, 2020 pp. 589-595 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210 A COMPARATIVE TAXONOMIC STUDY OF SEEDS OF SOME PLANTS OF ROSACEAE FAMILY IN IRAQ Zainab Abid Aun Ali Department of Biology, College of science for women, University of Baghdad, Iraq Abstract Seeds of 12 types of fruits of plants within the family Rosaceae, representing seven genera cultivated in Iraq were examined. The study included Pyrus communis L., Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl., Cydonia oblonga Mill., Crataegus azarulus L., Malus domestica Borkh., Prunus persica (L.) Batsch., Prunus persica var. nectarina (Sol.) Maxim., Prunus persica var. platycarpa (Decne.) L.H. Bailey, Prunus domestica L., Prunus domestica var. italica (Borkh.) Schneid., Prunus cerasus L ., Prunus armaniaca L. and Rosa damascene Mill. Seeds were glabrous except of R. damascene were pubescence. Seeds of Prunus were coated by brown thin dry cover (testa) and in other genera were near this color either reddish brown as of M. domestica or light brown as of C. azarulus or dark brown– black as of E. japonica . Most seeds were ovate or obovate but were elliptic in P. armaniaca , puffed Oblong in E. japonica , spherical in P. persica var. platycarpa and were hemi spherical in C. azarulus . Seeds of Prunus were covered by hard woody endocarp; each type has different color and surface sculptures. There were variations in the surface configurations of endocarps and seeds between genera; it can be used as taxonomic evidences in separating the nearest taxa. Keywords : Rosaceae, Pyrus , Eriobotrya , Cydonia , Crataegus , Malus. Prunus, Rosa Introduction have five petals (simple flowers), whereas high numbers of Rosaceae is cosmopolitan, 115 genera and 3200 petals (double flowers) are typical attributes of most of the species, with economic importance especially in the tropical cultivated roses (Annick Dobois et al., 2010). R. damascene zones; known as fruits such as apples, peach, apricot or known as damask rose because it was originally brought to decoration plants such as roses (Al-Kateb, 1988). Plants of Europe from Damascus, it's an important species because of Rosaceae are trees, shrubs or herbs, flowers mostly the essential oils its consisted (Mohamed et al., 2014; actinomorphic, bisexual or rarely unisexual, fruit an achene, Mahmoodreza et al., 2010). Cultivated apple is a deciduous, follicle, drupe or pome, rarely a capsule, seeds without or rarely evergreen tree or shrub, differently from other very scanty endosperm, (Tawsend et al., 1966). Rosaceae Rosaceae species, it has a distinctive basic haploid chromo- family was re- classified into three subfamilies: Rosoideae, some number of x¼17 (Evans & Campbell, 2002). Apple Dryadoideae and Spiraeoideae; all genera of Punoideae and flower is epigenous, bisexual and every flower has Maloideae were included into Spiraeoideae, (D. Potter et al. , syncarpous gynoecium with ovary surrounded by non- 2007). The last subfamily is rather to be called ovarian tissue that will develop to form a pseudocarpic fruit, Amygdaloideae under the international Code of also called "false" or "pome" fruit (Rohrer et al., 1991). Nomenclature as updated in 2011 (McNeill et al., 2012). The Peach Prunus L. has high nutritive value as well as anti- fruits of C. oblonga due to its hardness, acidity and allergic, antitumor, anticancer, anti- inflammatory, astringency it is not edible fresh but it is often used to prepare antibacterial and antimicrobial (Ravi Kant et al., 2018). jam, (Branca et al. , 2005). Hawthorn plant C. azarulus is Monica et al., 2015). (Al-Ma`thidy et al., 2003). The study commonest native species in Iraq the yellowish- red fruit aimed to examine seeds of the most common fruit known eaten and the wood is durable, (Tawsend et al., 1966). Plants between Iraqi people from the family Rosaceae, some of of E. japonica cultivated mainly as an ornamental on a small them edible and some are not (Table 1). Most researchers scale in our gardens (Chakravarty, 1976), it is an exotic plant studied the chemical compounds and their medical important for Iraq, E. japonica used in food products and for health or their taxonomic aspects because there are so many which were the leaves used for asthma, dyspepsia, bronchitis, synonyms, this study tried to found varieties in the kidney cases, and blood sugar control, (Ito et al. , 2000; morphological characteristics in seeds and endocarps Bagamboula, 2004). Roses have been cultivated for centuries particularly in the surface configurations and consider it as and a number of varieties have been selected based on flower taxonomic evidence. traits such as petal form, color, and number. Wild-type roses Table 1 : Classification and local name of studied species Common local Common Order Family Sub-family Genus Species names in IRAQ foreign names Ros- Rosa-ceae Amygdal- Pyrus communis Ārmot Pear ales oideae Eriobotrya japonica Yenk Denea loquat Cydonia oblonga Safarjal, Haiwa quince Crataegus azarulus Zārūr hawthorn 590 A comparative taxonomic study of seeds of some plants of rosaceae family in Iraq Malus domestica Tuffah Apple persica Khoukh-sufy wooly peach persica var. Khoukh- amlas smooth peach nectarina persica var. Khoukh- ka āky flat peach platycarpa Prunus domestica Inj ās European plum domestica var. Gaucha greengage italica* cerasus Karaz cherry armaniaca Mishmish apricot Ros-oideae Rosa damascena Ward rose *Prunus domestica var. italica* after flora of Iraq vol II 1966 , but it is Prunus domestica subsp. italica (Borkh.) Gams , after plant list organization in 2012 Materials and Methods The study followed (Al-Zubaedy et al., 2013) method to examine 25 seeds were collected from well ripe fruits of Rosaceae plants cultivated in orchards and gardens in different districts in the north and east of Iraq during 2017. Some seeds were soaked with salty water to facilitate the breakage of their woody solid cover (endocarp). seeds with testa seeds with broken testa seeds Results and Discussion Fig. 2: seeds of Eriobotrya japonica (A) Quantitative characteristics: (Table 2) and (Table 3) (iii) Cydonia oblonga : (i) Pyrus communis : The fruit was pear shaped, yellow or yellowish green, The fruit of pear was yellow or greenish yellow, endocarp was white cartilaginous, lining the fleshy mesocarp. endocarp was white; cartilaginous enclosed the locules of the Seed was dark brown- black, obovate with three faces (c.s. is mature ovaries were the seeds exited. Seed was elongated triangular), the apex was not sharp acute but narrow semi- obovate, dark brown- black.Seed was glabrous and lack truncate. There was no sculpture on surface and seed was surface sculpturing, entire. (fig.1) glabrous (Fig. 3). Fig. 3: Seeds of Cydonia oblonga (1 mm. between black lines) Crataegus azarulus : Fig. 1: Seeds of Pyrus communis The endocarp was membranous immerged with the (ii) Eriobotrya japonica : fleshy part of edible fruit (mesocarp and exocarp), fruit was The endocarp was thin membranous, white, lining the yellowish- red. There were two seeds at the center of the fleshy mesocarp and merged with it. The seed was oblong, fruit, each seed was elongated hemi- spherical; inner flat side dark brown- black. Seed was glabrous and entire without any and outer convex side; the inner sides face each other. The sculpturing. (fig.2) seed was light brown; with one longitudinal line elevated on convex side. Seed was glabrous. Surface configuration was simple muricate. (Fig. 4) Zainab Abid Aun Ali 591 (a)two seeds attached together ( 5mm.) (b)one seed half spherical ( 5mm.) Figure 4: seed of Crataegus azarulus Malus domistica : the seeds within the cavities of the locules in the mature ovaries (fruit). Seed was reddish- brown, glabrous, obovate The study examined different types of apple; red, yellow, with wide rounded apex and narrow base. Seed lack surface green and all of them have the same features. Endocarp was configuration so it is described as entire. (Fig. 5) white, cartilaginous lining the fleshy mesocarp and including Green apple Yellow apple Red apple Fig. 5: seed of Malus domistica (4mm. —) (iv) Prunus L. sutures. Seed was brown, elongated ovate- lanceolate, glabrous; sculpturing was slightly raised elongated lines. Texture of endocarp of fruit was hard- woody, almost b. Fruit of P. persica var. nectarina was red and smooth. ovate and consist one seed coated with brown thin testa, all Endocarp was ovate- wide lanceolate, golden light seeds were glabrous and so were their woody endocarps, brown, pits are deep, irregular and less, deep grooves sometimes the seed inside it's woody endocarp called stony and acute edges at the base. Seed was brown, elliptic, seed (Al- Ma`thidy et al ., 2003) were seed cultivated and it's and glabrous; sculpturing was some slightly raised lines inside it. It was difficult to obtain good shape seed when tried near both sides. to broken the woody endocarp. Qualitative characteristics c. Fruit of P. persica var . platycarpa was red-pink, wooly; will be as follow: (Fig. 6) fruit is similar in shape with common wooly peach but a. Fruit of P. persica was yellowish pink and wooly. with some flatness. Endocarp was spherical; dark Endocarp was lanceolate, golden light brown, irregular reddish brown, deep elongated irregular pits sculpturing deep pits distribute on surface, deep elongated grooves and acute grooves at the sutures. Seed was brown, wide near the base and there were small delicate pits near the ovate- spherical; sculpturing was dotted. (a) Lateral view 10mm. (b) Lateral view 10mm. 592 A comparative taxonomic study of seeds of some plants of rosaceae family in Iraq (c) Lateral view 10mm. (d) Lateral view 10mm. (e) Apical view 10mm. (f) Lateral view 10mm. Fig. 6: Stony seed of Prunus : (a, b) P. persica , (c, d) P. persica var, nectarina , (e, f) P. persica var. platycarpa d. Endocarp of P. domistica was whitish light brown, e. Endocarp of P. domistica var. italica was whitish gray, surface configuration is acute grooves at the edges, the wide ovate; surface smooth with some wavy- simple pits are darker than the surface, deep edges are along grooves clearly appear at the base.