TITLE PAGE: VOLUME 1 OF 1

CROP GROUPING PETITION – STONE FRUIT GROUP 12, TECHNICAL AMENDMENT TO 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (12) AND 180.1 (h)

(Apricot; Apricot, Japanese; Capulin; Cherry, black; Cherry, Nanking; Cherry, sweet; Cherry, tart; Choke cherry; Jujube; Klamath ; Nectarine; Peach; Plum; Plum, American; Plum, beach; Plum, cherry; Plum, Chickasaw; Plum, ; Plum, Japanese; Plumcot; Prune (fresh); Sloe)

AUTHOR HONG CHEN, Ph.D.

INTERREGIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT NO. 4 RUTGERS UNIVERSITY 500 COLLEGE ROAD EAST, 201W PRINCETON, NJ 08540

New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station Publication No. A - 27200-01-07, Supported by State, U.S. Hatch Act and other U.S. Department of Agriculture funds.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 1 of 304 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE: VOLUME 1 OF 1 ...... 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 2

TECHNICAL AMENDMENT: ...... 3 PROPOSED AMENDMENT ...... 3 BACKGROUND ...... 4 CULTURAL INFORMATION ...... 5 PEST PROBLEMS ...... 5 SUGGESTED INTERIM TOLERANCE EXPRESSION...... 6 Table 1. Tolerances established on Stone Fruits Crop Group (ppm)...... 8 Table 2. Major Stone Fruits Production in 2005 ...... 11 Table 3. Crop Group Comparison:...... 12

ATTACHMENT 1. SYMPOSIUM PROPOSAL ...... 14

ATTACHMENT 2. COMMODITY MONOGRAPHS...... 18

ATTACHMENT 3. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES...... 50

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 2 TECHNICAL AMENDMENT: 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (11), Crop Group 12, Stone Fruits Group

IR-4 Project and the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC) propose an amendment to 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (12) Crop Group 12, Stone Fruits Group, and 40 CFR 180.1 (h) information relevant to stone fruits.

PROPOSED AMENDMENT 1. Amend the existing crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (12) that consists of following 11 commodity entries: 1. Apricot, armeniaca L. () 2. Cherry, sweet, Prunus avium (L.) L. (Rosaceae) 3. Cherry, tart, Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae) 4. Nectarine, P. persica var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K. Schneid. (Rosaceae) 5. Peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica (Rosaceae) 6. Plum, L. ssp. domestica (Rosaceae) 7. Plum, Chickasaw, Prunus angustifolia Marshall (Rosaceae) 8. Plum, Damson, Prunus domestica spp. insititia (L.) C.K. Schneid. (Rosaceae) 9. Plum, Japanese, Prunus salicina Lindl. (Rosaceae) 10. Plumcot, Prunus domestica L. x P. armeniaca L. (Rosaceae) 11. Prune (fresh), Prunus domestica L. ssp. Domestica (Rosaceae)

To an expanded crop group that consists of following 22 commodity entries: 1. Apricot, Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae) 2. Apricot, Japanese, Siebold & Zucc. (Rosaceae) 3. Capulin, Prunus serotina Ehrh. subsp. capuli (Cav.) McVaugh (Rosaceae) 4. Cherry, black, Prunus serotina Ehrh. ssp. serotina (Rosaceae) 5. Cherry, Nanking, Prunus tomentosa Thunb. (Rosaceae) 6. Cherry, sweet, Prunus avium (L.) L. (Rosaceae) 7. Cherry/tart, Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae) 8. Choke cherry, Prunus virginiana (Rosaceae) 9. Jujube, Ziziphus jujube Mill. (Rhamnaceae) 10. Klamath plum, Prunus subcordata Benth. (Rosaceae) 11. Nectarine, Prunus persica var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K. Schneid. (Rosaceae) 12. Peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica (Rosaceae) 13. Plum, Prunus domestica L. ssp. domestica (Rosaceae) 14. Plum, American, Prunus americana Marshall (Rosaceae) 15. Plum, beach, Prunus maritime Marshall (Rosaceae) 16. Plum, cherry, Ehrh. (Rosaceae) 17. Plum, Chickasaw, Prunus angustifolia Marshall (Rosaceae) 18. Plum, Damson, Prunus domestica spp. insititia (L.) C.K. Schneid. (Rosaceae) 19. Plum, Japanese, Prunus salicina Lindl. (Rosaceae) 20. Plumcot, Prunus domestica L. x P. armeniaca L. (Rosaceae) 21. Prune (fresh), Prunus domestica L. ssp. Domestica (Rosaceae) 22. Sloe, L. (Rosaceae) And all edible varieties and/or hybrids of Prunus species and Ziziphus species

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 3 2. The following commodities, Sweet or tart cherry, peach, and plum or fresh prune, remain as representative commodities for the expanded group.

3. Adding the following two crop subgroups: 1). Subgroup 12-A: Peach subgroup. Representative crop: Peach, and Plum or Fresh prune. Sixteen commodities included in this subgroup are: Apricot; Apricot, Japanese; Jujube; Klamath plum; Nectarine; Peach; Plum; Plum, American; Plum, beach; Plum, cherry; Plum, Chickasaw; Plum, Damson; Plum, Japanese; Plumcot; Prune (fresh), and Sloe.

2). Subgroup 12-B: Cherry subgroup. Representative crop: Sweet or Tart cherry. Six commodities included in this subgroup are: Capulin; Cherry, black; Cherry, Nanking; Cherry, sweet; Cherry, tart; and Choke cherry.

4. Deleting two Definitions, Cherries (sour cherries and sweet cherries) and Peaches (peaches, nectarines) from 40 CFR 180.1 (h).

BACKGROUND The current Crop Group 12, Stone Fruits group published in 40 CFR 180.41 includes 11 commodity entries in the botanical family of Rosaceae. Sweet or tart cherry, peach, and plum or fresh prune were selected as representative commodities for this group. There have been many group tolerances established on stone fruits crop group (Table 1) and many of those were based on the residue data generated from the representative crops.

Since this crop group was established in 1995, more species and varieties of stone fruits have become popular in commercial production or trade. There are also some “orphan” crops that are not in the Rosaceae family but contain a single seed with a hard shell, such as Jujube. The morphology of this crop resembles some stone fruits such as cherries and small varieties of as it has large canopies shading the small sized fruits, and should be similar to the stone fruits in terms of residue exposure. Also according to phylogenetic studies there is a systematic affinity between Jujube (Rhamnaceae family) and “real Stone Fruit” (Rosaceae family) (Turchetti & SISCO 2006a). Adding this commodity in the EPA stone fruits group will benefit the growers for crop protection. Some other species or varieties of stone fruits are also added in the proposed stone fruits group, including the Japanese apricot. The Japanese apricot is a popular fruit in Asia, and its commercial products such as preserved Ume or Ume juice have been sold in American markets. In the Japanese crop grouping system, Japanese apricot (ume) is grouped with Japanese plum (sumomo) and apricot (andzu) as "small sized stone fruits" (NAGASAWA 2006d).

This petition proposes “Stone fruits Group 12” with 22 commodity entries, among these 21 are in the botanical family of Rosaceae and one in the family of Rhamnaceae. Compared with many other crop groups, most commodities in this group are closely related and all the commodities share similar morphological and cultural characteristics. Commodities and their varieties and/or hybrids proposed in this group include all the commodities in the Codex Classification of Stone Fruits Group and EU Crop List of Stone Fruits Group. Representative commodities in the existing EPA Stone Fruits Group, Sweet or tart cherry, peach, and plum or fresh prune have been recommended by the Workgroup to be representative commodities for the proposed new group. The new Stone Fruits Group and the representative commodities proposed in this petition would facilitate the harmonization of the US and the Codex crop classification systems.

Currently there are two Commodity Definitions for stone fruits published in 40 CFR 180(1) (h), Cherries and Peaches. To facilitate residue data generation and tolerance

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 4 establishment on small and large varieties of stone fruits, two subgroups are proposed in this proposal for the stone fruits group, as peach subgroup and cherry subgroup. Peach subgroup includes medium to large fruits such as peaches, nectarines, plums, and jujube; and cherry subgroup includes small fruits, the cherries. By proposing the two subgroups the author recommends to delete the two commodity definitions from the regulation.

The original Crop Group 12 proposal was generated at the USDA/IR-4 Crop Grouping Symposium in Washington, DC, October 2002 by Workgroup 4 Chaired by Van Starner of IR-4 and Co-Chaired by Craig Hunter, Rick Loranger, Rick Melnicoe, Chris Olinger, and John Wise (see Attachment 1, Symposium proposal). It was further discussed and developed within the stone fruits Workgroup of the ICGCC. This workgroup consists of over 100 crop or regulatory experts from the US, NAFTA, EU, Asia, Middle East, and Latin America regions representing over 40 countries. The Workgroup discussed and validated each of the proposed commodities and representative commodities. The author has updated and developed commodity monographs as supporting data (see Attachment 2, Commodity Monographs). A Bibliography is provided at the beginning of the monographs. Copies of partial references are included in this petition in Attachment 3.

CULTURAL INFORMATION Given the fact that most commodities included in this group are from the same botanical family, they are similar in morphology and cultural methods (see Attachment 2, Commodity Monographs). They are widely grown in temperate and subtropical regions, and are among the most popular fruits in the markets.

PEST PROBLEMS There are some common pest problems among stone fruits. The most important pest problems associated with this group of commodities are insects, mites, diseases, and nematodes. The following are the list of important insects, diseases, and nematodes of the stone fruits:

Peaches: (CROP PROFILES; CHAPUT & CARTER 2006a; MEISTER ET AL 2006a) 1. Insects: San Jose scale, oriental fruit moth, true bugs, peach twig borer, codling moth, aphids, lesser peachtree borer, (greater) peachtree borer, plum curculio, white peach scale, peach tree borer, terrapin scale, thrips, etc. 2. Mites: European red mite, spider mites, peach silver mite 3. Diseases: brown rot, peach canker, peach leaf curl, green fruit rot, shot hole, rust, powdery mildew, peachtree short life syndrome and oak root rot, etc. 4. Nematodes: ring nematode

Cherries: (CROP PROFILES) 1. Insects: American plum borer, black cherry aphid, cherry fruit fly and black cherry fruit fly, lesser peachtree borer, obliquebanded leafroller, plum curculio, etc. 2. Mites: European red mite 3. Diseases: bacterial canker, black knot, brown rot, leaf spot, powdery mildew, phytophthora toot and crown rots, etc. 4. Nematodes: root knot nematode, ring nematode, lesion nematodes, and dagger nematodes. 5. Weeds: annual grasses, broadleaf weeds, perennial grasses, woody brush and vines, etc.

Plums: (CROP PROFILES; CHAPUT 2006a; MEISTER ET AL 2006a)

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 5 1. Insects: San Jose scale, oriental fruit moth, peach twig borer, omnivorous leafroller, codling moth, citrus cutworm, plum curculio, white peach scale, peach tree borer, terrapin scale, thrips, etc. 2. Mites: spider mites 3. Diseases: brown rot, jacket rot, green fruit rot, powdery mildew, phytophthora root and crown rot, rust of stone fruit, crown gall, bacterial canker, etc. 4. Nematodes: root knot nematode, ring nematode, root lesion nematodes, and dagger nematodes.

SUGGESTED INTERIM TOLERANCE EXPRESSION Until the new crop group is published in 40 CFR, the author suggests that the Minor Use Branch of the Registration Division and the ChemSAC, EPA/OPP approve the proposed crop group and establish the following interim tolerance expressions for tolerance petitions:

1. Crop Group 12 tolerance expression: (rep crops: Sweet or Tart cherry, Peach, and Plum or Fresh prune) Apricot; Apricot, Japanese; Capulin; Cherry, black; Cherry, Nanking; Cherry, sweet; Cherry, tart; Choke cherry; Jujube; Klamath plum; Nectarine; Peach; Plum; Plum, American; Plum, beach; Plum, cherry; Plum, Chickasaw; Plum, Damson; Plum, Japanese; Plumcot; Prune (fresh); Sloe; and and/or hybrids of these.

3. Tolerance expression for Subgroup 12-A, Peach subgroup: Apricot; Apricot, Japanese; Jujube; Klamath plum; Nectarine; Peach; Plum; Plum, American; Plum, beach; Plum, cherry;

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 6 Plum, Chickasaw; Plum, Damson; Plum, Japanese; Plumcot; Prune (fresh); Sloe; And all varieties and/or hybrids of Prunus species and Ziziphus species.

2. Tolerance expression for Subgroup 12-B, Cherry subgroup: Capulin; Cherry, black; Cherry, Nanking; Cherry, sweet; Cherry, tart; Choke cherry; And cultivars and/or hybrids of these.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 7 Table 1. Tolerances established on Stone Fruits Crop Group (ppm) (FASONLINE; DUGGAN 2006d; FAJARDO 2006a) Compound US Codex EU 2,4-D 0.2 0.05 0.05 Abamectin 0.01 Acephate 0.02 Aldicarb 0.05 Aldrin 0.31 Amitraz 0.05 Atrazine 0.05 Aviglycine 0.17 Azinphos-Methyl 1 0.5 Azoxystrobin 1.5 0.05 Benomyl 0.1 Benoxacor 0.01 Bentazon 0.1 BHC 0.051 Bifenazate 2.5 Bifenthrin 0.2 Boscalid 1.7 Bromoxynil 0.05 Captan 0.02 Carbaryl 10 0.05 Carbofuran 0.02 Carfentrazone-Ethyl 0.1 0.01 Chlordane 0.11 Chlorfenapyr 0.05 Chlorothalonil 0.01 Chlorpropham 0.05 Chlorpyrifos 0.05 Clofentezine 0.2 0.02 Clopyralid 0.5 Cyazofamid 0.01 Cyfluthrin 0.3 0.02 Cypermethrin 0.05 Cyprodinil 2 2 Cyromazine 0.05 DDT 0.21 Deltamethrin 0.05 0.1 Diazinon 0.02 Dichlobenil 0.15 Dicofol 0.02 Dieldrin 0.31 Diflubenzuron 0.07 Dimethoate 0.02 Diphenylamine 0.05 Diquat 0.02 Diquat Dibromide 0.05 Disulfoton 0.02 Dodine 1 Endosulfan 0.05

1 Administrative Guidelines

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 8 Compound US Codex EU Esfenvalerate 0.02 Ethephon 0.05 Ethofumesate 0.05 Ethylene Oxide 0.1 Fenamidone 0.02 Fenamiphos 0.02 Fenarimol 0.02 Fenbuconazole 1 Fenbutatin-Oxide 0.05 Fenhexamid 10 0.05 Fentin Hydroxide 0.05 Fenvalerate 10 0.02 Ferbam 7 Flonicamid 0.6 Fluazifop 0.05 Fludioxonil 5.0 5 Flumioxazin 0.02 0.05 Fosthiazate 0.02 Gamma Cyhalothrin 0.5 Glyphosate 0.2 (0.1) Heptachlor 0.051 Hexythiazox 1 Imazalil 0.02 Imidacloprid 3 Inorganic bromide resulting 0.05 from fumigation Iprodione 3 Kresoxim-Methyl 0.05 Lambda Cyhalothrin 0.5 0.1 Linuron 0.05 Malathion 0.5 Maleic Hydrazide 0.2 Mancozeb 7 0.05 Maneb 7 0.05 Mesotrione 0.05 Metalaxyl 1 0.05 Methamidophos 0.01 Methidathion 0.05 0.02 Methomyl 0.05 Methoxyfenozide 3.0 2 Metiram 0.05 Metolachlor 0.1 Metsulfuron-Methyl 0.05 Mevinphos 0.5 Myclobutanil 2 2 0.02 Napropamide 0.1 Oryzalin 0.05 Oxamyl 0.01 Oxydemeton-Methyl 0.02 Oxyfluorfen 0.05 Paraquat 0.05 Paraquat Dichloride 0.05 0.01 0.02 Pendimethalin 0.1

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 9 Compound US Codex EU Permethrin 2 0.05 Phorate 0.05 Phosalone 2.0 1 Procymidone 0.02 Prohexadione Calcium 0.05 Propiconazole 1 1 0.05 Propyzamide 0.1 0.02 Pymetrozine 0.02 Pyraclostrobin 0.9 0.02 Pyrethrins 1 Pyridaben 2.5 Pyridate 0.05 Pyrimethanil 3 Pyriproxyfen 1 Quinoxyfen 0.02 Spinosad 0.2 0.2 Spirodiclofen 1 Sulfosate 0.05 Thiabendazole 0.05 Thiamethoxam 0.5 Thiodicarb 0.05 Thiophanate-Methyl 0.1 Thiram 7 3 Triadimefon 0.1 Tri-Allate 0.1 Tridemorph 0.05 Trifloxystrobin 2 3 0.02 Trifluralin 0.05 Ziram 7 Zoxamide 0.02

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 10 Table 2. Major Stone Fruits Production in 2005 (FAO 2005) Countries/ Apricots Cherries Peaches and Plums regions Nectarines Africa 81,286 ha2 3,326 ha 90,973 ha 39,375 ha 394,542 Mt3 8,393 Mt 768,739 Mt 228,965 Mt C. 450 ha 75 ha 43,416 ha 15,500 ha America 2,079 Mt 460 Mt 223,883 Mt 73,292 Mt NAFTA 8,044 ha 32,708 ha 119,722 ha 61,065 ha 85,079 Mt 258,860 Mt 1,622,703 Mt 376,312 Mt S. 4,838 ha 9,283 ha 88,059 ha 35,555 ha America 49,500 Mt 42,061 Mt 917,336 Mt 424,585 Mt Asia 218,638 ha 98,445 ha 789,281 ha 1,738,505 ha 1,315,723 Mt 661,345 Mt 7,891,140 Mt 5,628,669 Mt Australia 3,100 ha 1,400 ha 7,000 ha 4,000 ha 10,658 Mt 8,174 Mt 99,489 Mt 30,000 Mt Europe 118,075 ha 260,882 Ha 334,277 ha 576,343 ha 961,101 Mt 879,030 Mt 4,366,940 Mt 3,151,997 Mt New 600 ha 550 ha 1,300 ha 400 ha Zealand 4,600 Mt 810 Mt 7,500 Mt 2,200 Mt U.S. 7,400 ha 31,500 ha 73,500 ha 45,000 ha 81,790 Mt 250,000 Mt 1,369,300 Mt 300,000 Mt World 442,431 ha 438,169 ha 1,547,528 ha 2,515,743 ha Total in 2,905,072 Mt 2,109,133 Mt 17,267,030 Mt 10,216,020 Mt 2005 World 390,805 ha 333,551 ha 1,384,513 ha 1,755,529 ha Total in 2,098,013 Mt 1,634,579 Mt 10,896,905 Mt 6,499,901 Mt 1995

2 Ha = Hectares 3 Mt = Metic tons

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 11 Table 3. Crop Group Comparison: CODEX Crop Group 003, Stone Fruits Group, proposed US Crop Group 12, Stone Fruits Group, and EU Crop List of Regulation 2 (1) (iv)

Row Codex US EU Crop List or Regulation # Commodity Name Commodity Botanical Name Commodity Botanical Name Name Name 1 Stone fruits NA4 Stone fruits NA Stone fruits NA 2 Cherries Prunus cerasus L.; P. avium L. see Cherry, tart Cherries Prunus cerasus, and Cherry, (sweet Prunus avium sweet cherries, sour cherries) 3 Plums (including Prunus domestica L.; other Prunus spp and Plum Prunus domestica L. ssp. domestica Plums Prunus domestica Prunes) ssp. (Damson, , Mirabelle) 4 Apricot Prunus armeniaca L.; Apricot Prunus armeniaca L. Apricots Prunus armeniaca syn: Armeniaca vulgaris Lamarck 5 Prunus insititia L.; see Plum, see Plums syn: Prunus domestica L., ssp. insititia (L.) Damson Schneider 6 Cherry plum Prunus cerasifera Ehrhart, syn: P. divaricata Plum, cherry Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. NL5 Ledeboer P. salicina Lindl., var. Burbank 7 Chickasaw plum (see Plum, Chickasaw) see Plum, NL Chickasaw 8 Cherry, Sour Prunus cerasus L. Cherry, tart Prunus cerasus L. Cherries Prunus cerasus, 9 Cherry, Sweet Prunus avium L. Cherry, sweet Prunus avium (L.) L. (sweet Prunus avium cherries, sour cherries) 10 (Damson (see Plum, Damson) see Plum, see Plums plums) Damson 11 (see Plum, Greengage) see plum see Plums (Greengage plums) 12 Nectarine Prunus persica (L.) Batch, var. nectarina Nectarine Prunus persica var. nucipersica see Peaches (Suckow) C.K. Schneid. 13 Mirabelle (see Plum, Mirabelle) see Plum, see Plums Damson

4 NA = Not Applicable 5 NL = Not listed

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 12 Row Codex US EU Crop List or Regulation # Commodity Name Botanical Name Commodity Botanical Name Commodity Botanical Name Name Name 14 Morello Prunus cerasus L., var. austera L. see Cherry, tart see Cherries 15 Myrobolan plum (see Cherry plum) see Plum, cherry NL 16 Peach Prunus persica (L.) Batsch; Peach Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. Peaches Prunus persica syn: P. vulgaris Mill. persica (include nectarines and similar hybrids 17 Plum, American (see Sloe) Plum, American Prunus americana Marshall see Plums 18 Plum, Chickasaw Prunus angustifolia Marsh.; Plum, Prunus angustifolia Marshall see Plums syn: P. Chicasaw Mich. Chickasaw 19 Plum, Damson (see Bullace) Plum, Damson Prunus domestica spp. insititia (L.) see Plums C.K. Schneid. 20 Plum, Greengage (see Plums) see Plum see Plums Prunus insititia L., var. italica (Borkh.) L.M Neum. 21 Plum, Japanese (see Plums) Plum, Japanese Prunus salicina Lindl. see Plums Prunus salicina Lindley; syn: P. triflora Roxb. 22 Plum, Mirabelle (see Bullace) see Plum, see Plums Prunus insititia L., var. syriaca; Damson syn: P. domestica L., ssp insititia (L.) Schneider 23 Prunes (see Plums) Prune (fresh) Prunus domestica L. ssp. Domestica see Plums 24 Sloe Prunus spinosa L.; several wild Prunus spp. Sloe Prunus spinosa L. see Plums 25 NL Apricot, Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc. NL Japanese 26 NL Capulin Prunus serotina Ehrh. subsp. capuli NL (Cav.) McVaugh 27 NL Cherry, black Prunus serotina Ehrh. ssp. serotina NL 28 NL Cherry, Nanking Prunus tomentosa Thunb. NL 29 NL Choke cherry Prunus virginiana NL 30 NL Jujube Ziziphus jujube Mill. NL 31 NL Klamath plum Prunus subcordata Benth. NL 32 NL Plum, beach Prunus maritime Marshall NL 33 NL Plumcot Prunus domestica L. x P. NL armeniaca L.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 13

ATTACHMENT 1. SYMPOSIUM PROPOSAL

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 14

Temperate Tree and Small Fruits (Includes Stone fruits, Pome Fruits, Berries, Small Fruits, and Tree Nuts)

Workgroup #5

IR-4/USDA Crop Grouping Symposium 7-8 October 2002 Arlington, Virginia

Chair: Van Starner Co-Chairs: Craig Hunter, Rick Loranger, Rick Melnicoe, Chris Olinger, John Wise.

Note: The established Crop Groups reflected the US EPA’s 40 CFR 180.41, Health Canada’s Pest Management Regulatory Agency’s Directive 98-02, and Mexico’s Crop Grouping System which are identical.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 15

Crop Group 12. Stone Fruit Author’s Classification of Stone Fruit Crop Groups Crop Groups US = 12 Canada = 12 Codex = FS Mexico = 12 US = 12 Canada = 12 Codex = FS Mexico = 12 Rep. Commodities Established Commodities ValidateY/N Proposed Commodity Validate Y/N Additions/Changes Sweet or tart cherry, Apricot (023) Y Cherry/black ((144) Y** peach, and plum or fresh Cherry/sweet ((146) Y** Cherry/Nanking (145) Y** prune Cherry/tart (147) Y** Plum/American (477) Y* Nectarine (452) Y Plum/cherry (478) Y* Peach (452) Y Plum (476) Y* Plum/Chickasaw (479) Y* Plum/Damson (480) Y* Plum/Japanese (481) Y* Plumcot (482) Y Prune (fresh) (476) Y*

*IN THE CROP GROUP TABLE FOR STONE FRUIT, THE COMMODITIES “PLUMS” SHOULD BE IDENTIFIED AS FOLLOWS: “PLUM, INCLUDING ALL SPECIES OF PRUNUS IDENTIFIED AS PLUM, SUCH AS, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, CHICKASAW, DAMSON, JAPANESE, PRUNE, AMERICAN, CHERRY, ETC., AND CULTIVARS AND HYBRIDS OF THESE.” IF THIS RECOMMENDATION IS NOT ACCEPTABLE, THEN ALL INDIVIDUAL PLUMS SHOULD BE LISTED.

** IN THE CROP GROUP TABLE FOR STONE FRUIT, THE COMMODITIES “CHERRIES” SHOULD BE IDENTIFIED AS FOLLOWS: “CHERRIES, INCLUDING ALL SPECIES OF PRUNUS IDENTIFIED AS CHERRY, SUCH AS, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, SWEET, TART, BLACK, NANKING, CAPULIN, CHOKECHERRY, ETC., AND CULTIVARS AND HYBRIDS OF THESE.” IF THIS RECOMMENDATION IS NOT ACCEPTABLE, THEN ALL INDIVIDUAL CHERRIES SHOULD BE LISTED.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 16 Workgroup Worksheet

Workgroup #: ___5______Crop Group: __12______Additions to Established Crop Groups and Subgroups Common Scientific Name Group/SG Rep Edible Person(s) Comments Validate: Name Placement Crop Part Requesting Y/N 12.1 12 Cherry Fruit R. Esau Y** Chokecherry Prunus virginiana (Canada) (Rosaceae) 12.2 Capulin 12 Cherry Fruit Mexico Capuli Y** Cherry (144) Prunus serotina Subsp. capuli (Rosaceae)

ADDITIONS TO CROP GROUP 12 BY WORKGROUP # 5 CROP GROUP ALL PRUNUS AS IS FRUIT R. MELNICOE ADD THE WORDS Y 12 HYBRIDS STONE FRUIT “PRUNUS HYBRIDS” IN CROP GROUP COMMODITY LIST TO CAPTURE ALL PRUNUS HYBRIDS ** SEE DOUBLE STARS UNDER CROP GROUP 12 ABOVE

Editor’s Note: Under Crop Group 12 (Stone Fruit), the Editors propose the additions of subgroups and expanded or new crop definitions for the representative crops of Crop Group 12: Peach, Cherry and Plum.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 17

ATTACHMENT 2. COMMODITY MONOGRAPHS

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 18 Draft Monographs, Stone Fruits Group 12: 1. Apricot, Prunus armeniaca L. (Rosaceae) (023) 2. Apricot, Japanese, Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc. (Rosaceae) (12 – 1) 3. Capulin, Prunus serotina Ehrh. subsp. capuli (Cav.) McVaugh (Rosaceae) (12 – 2) 4. Cherry, black, Prunus serotina Ehrh. ssp. serotina (Rosaceae) (144) 5. Cherry, Nanking, Prunus tomentosa Thunb. (Rosaceae) (145) 6. Cherry, sweet, Prunus avium (L.) L. (Rosaceae) (146) 7. Cherry, tart, Prunus cerasus L. (Rosaceae) (147) 8. Choke cherry, Prunus virginiana (Rosaceae) (12 – 3) 9. Jujube, Ziziphus jujube Mill. (Rhamnaceae) (305) 10. Klamath plum, P. subcordata Benth. (12 – 4) 11. Nectarine, P. persica var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K. Schneid. (Rosaceae) (12 – 5) 12. Peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica (Rosaceae) (452) 13. Plum, Prunus domestica L. ssp. domestica (Rosaceae) (476) 14. Plum, American, Prunus americana Marshall (Rosaceae) (477) 15. Plum, beach, Prunus maritime Marshall (Rosaceae) (12 – 6) 16. Plum, cherry, Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. (Rosaceae) (478) 17. Plum, chickasaw, Prunus angustifolia Marshall (Rosaceae) (479) 18. Plum, Damson, Prunus domestica spp. insititia (L.) C.K. Schneid. (Rosaceae) (480) 19. Plum, Japanese, Prunus salicina Lindl. (Rosaceae) (481) 20. Plumcot, Prunus domestica L. x P. armeniaca L. (Rosaceae) (482) 21. Prune (fresh), Prunus domestica L. ssp. Domestica (Rosaceae) (476) 22. Sloe, Prunus spinosa L. (Rosaceae) (12 – 7)

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 19 REFERENCES:

ANON(c): Anon(c). 1916 Where are the best pawpaws? J. Hered. 7:291-296.

BEACH PLUM: Webpage information, Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, http://www.beachplum.cornell.edu/index.html

CAPE COD: The Beach Plum, A History and Grower’s Guide. Online publication, Cape Cod Cooperative Extension – Barnstable County, UMass Extension and USDA cooperating

CHAPUT & CARTER 2006a: Chaput, J. & N. Carter. 2006. Personal communications. Pests of stone fruits. 01 Dec. 06.

CHILDERS: Childers, N.F. 1983. Modern Fruit Science. 9th Edition. N.F. Childers Publisher, Gainesville, FL. 583 pp.

CHILDERS(a): Childers, N.F. 1969. Modern Fruit Science. 4th Edition. Chapter 15: Culture of Plums pp 388-412. Horticultural Publications/Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.

CODEX: Codex Alimentarius. 1993. Pesticide Residues in Food. Section 2. Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds. FAO/WHO, Rome, Italy. Vol. 2: 218 pp.

CROCKER(a): Crocker, T.E. 1994. Peaches and Nectarines in Florida. University of FLorida. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. IFAS. Circular 299-D. 9 pp.

CROP PROFILES: USDA Crop Profiles. http://cipm.ncsu.edu/CropProfiles/cropprofiles.cfm

DESAI: Desai, B.B. and D.K. Salunkhe. 1995. Cherry. In Handbook of Fruit Science and Technology, D.K. Salunkhe and S.S. Kadam, editors. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY.

DUGGAN 2006d: Duggan, P. 2006. Personal Communication. Stone fruits MRLs. 29 Nov, 06.

FACCIOLA: Facciola, S. 1990. Cornucopia: A Source Book of Edible . Kampong Publ. Vista, CA. 677 pp.

FAO STATISTICS: FAO Statistics 2004. http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops

FAJARDO 2006b: Fajardo, J. 2006. Personal Communication, Stone fruits MRLs. Chemtura Corporation, Middlebury, CT. 29 Nov, 06.

FERGUSON: Ferguson, L., G.S. Sibbet, and G.C. Martin. 1994. Olive Production Manual. University of California, Division of Agricultural and Natural Resources Publication 3353. 160 pp.

FLOVOR AND FUTUNE: Online information from Flavor and Fortune magazine, Institute for the Advancement of the Science and Art of Chinese Cuisine, http://www.flavorandfortune.com/index.html

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 20

FLORIDATA: http://www.floridata.com/index.cfm.

GRIN: World Economic Plants in GRIN, Online information, http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- bin/npgs/html/taxecon.pl

GUPTA: Gupta, O.P. and S.S. Kadam. 1995. Ber (Jujube). In Handbook of Fruit Science and Technology. D.K. Salunkhe and S.S. Kadam, editors. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY.

JOSHI: Joshi, V.K. and V.P. Bhutani. 1995. Peach and Nectarine. In Handbook of Fruit Science and Technology, D.K. Salunkhe and S.S. Kadam, editors. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, NY.

LOGAN: Logan, M. 1996. The Packer 1996 Produce Availability and Merchandising Guide. Vance Publishing Corporation. , IL.

MAGNESS: Magness, J.R., G.M. Markle, and C.C. Compton. 1971. Food and Feed Crops of the United States. NJAES Bulletin 828, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. 255 pp.

MARK: Mark’s Fruit Crops, Online information, http://www.uga.edu/fruit/html.

MARKLE: Markle, G.M., J.J. Baron, and B.A. Schneider. 1998. Food and Feed Crops of the United States. 517 pp. Second Edition. MeisterPro Reference Guides. Willoughby, Ohio

MARQUIS: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/prunus/serotina.htm.

MARTIN 1987: Martin, F.W., C.W. Campbell, and R.M. Ruberte. 1987. Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: An Inventory. U.S.Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Handbook No. 642. 252 pp (Illus.)

MCCALLUM: McCallum, M. 1996. New dried carrot pieces could spawn other vegetable products. Great Lakes Vegetable Grower, No. 10, p. 1-3, October, 1996.

MEISTER ET AL 2006a. MEISTER, C., D. HORTON, & D. POLLET. 2006. Personal Communication, Pests of the stone fruits, 04 & 05 Dec. 06.

NAGASAWA 2006d: Nagasawa, N. & J. Ikeda. 2006. Personal Communication. Stone fruits and production data in Japan, 14 Apr. 06.

NC STATE: Plant Fact Sheets. Online information. NC State University. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/index.html

PLANTS FOR A FUTURE: Plants For A Future webpage. http://www.pfaf.org/index.html

PURDUE: Purdue Homepage, http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/default.html

REHM: Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual Dictionary of Agronomic Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA. 286 pp.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 21

REICH: Reich, L. 1991. Uncommon Fruits worthy of Attention: A gardener's guide. Addison- Wesley Publishing.

ROOK: Rook, E. J. S. Flora, Fauna, Earth, and Sky... The Natural History of the Northwoods. http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/index.html.

SCHREIBER: Schreiber, A. and L. Ritchie. 1995. Washington Minor Crops. Food and Environmental Quality Lab, Washington State University. 325 pp.

TREE BOOK: Minnesota Power webpage. http://www.mnpower.com/treebook/fact84.html.

TESKEY: Teskey, B.J.E. and J.S. Shoemaker. 1972. Tree Fruit Production. Chapter 5: Cherries Pp. 238-293. The AVI Publishing Co. Westport, Ct.

TURCHETTI & SISCO 2006a. Turchetti, M. & R. Sisco. 2006. Personal Communication, Stone fruits, olive and jujube, 14 Dec. 06. Ratto Brothers and UC Davis, CA. USA

US EPA 2004: US EPA. 2004. Title 40-Protection of Environment. Parts 150 to 189. Code of Federal Regulations. Office of the Federal Register. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 620 pp.

USDA,NRCS: USDA,NRCS. 1995. The Plants Database. Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service). National Plant Data Center, USDA. Baton Rouge, LA. 1008 pp.

VT: Dendrology at Virginia Tech homepage. http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/main.htm.

WESTPORT: Westport, M.N. 1978. Temperate-Zone Pomology. W.H. Freeman Co., NY. 428 pp.

WIKIPEDIA: Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Online information. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 22 023 1. Apricot [Abricot, (MARKLE); Siberian apricot, Xing, Abricotier, Aprikose, Aprikosenbaum, Marille, Damasqueiro, Albaricoque, Damasco, damasquino (GRIN); andzu (NAGASAWA 2006d)] Rosaceae Prunus armeniaca L. (syn: Amygdalus armeniaca (L.) Dumort.; Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.; Prunus armeniaca L. var. vulgaris Zabel) (GRIN) 2. Description: The deciduous tree is of medium size, usually held to not over 18 feet by pruning. Plants are propagated by budding or grafting onto rootstocks. Leaves are entire, ovate to round ovate, deciduous. Apricots bloom very early, so production is limited to areas where blooms will not be injured by frost. The fruit is generally globose to slightly oblong in shape, 1 1/4 to 2 1/2 inches in diameter. Newer varieties produce larger fruit, with some fruit approaching a small peach in size. The fruit is pubescent when young, but nearly smooth when ripe. Its flesh is yellow, the skin yellow or blushed red. Fruit is subject to cracking in humid climates, so commercial production largely in states west of the Rocky Mountains. Flavor ranges from mildly tart to sweet. Some important variety/types include Castlebrite, Patterson, Katy, Improved Flameing Gold, Royal, Tilton and Blenheim. (MARKLE). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to harvest in about 70 to 100 days (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Apricots are planted in solid blocks if self-fruitful, at spacings of up to 20-24 ft between trees and rows. They are trained as open center trees. Generally, all new growth and interfering wood is removed each year, exposing the spurs to maximal sunlight. (MARK). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: Dietary value, per 100 gram edible portion contains 85% water, 51 calories, 1% protein, 0.2% fat, 11-13% carbohydrates, 2-3% crude fiber, percent of vitamins recommended daily allowance set by FDA are 54% Vitamin A, 2.1% Thiamin/B1, 2.5% riboflavin/B2, and 2.3% niacin, 22% vitamin C, 2.1% calcium, 2.9% phosphorus, 5.0% iron, and 6.0% potassium (MARK). f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: Minor production in Idaho and Utah (MARKLE). 5. Other commercial production regions: Some fruit are imported from Chile, New Zealand, Turkey, Italy, Greece, Spain and . 6. Use: Fresh eating, canning, drying, preserves, juice. More than 84% of the apricots produced in the U.S. are canned, dried or frozen (GHORPADE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Entire fruit except pit. However, “waste” pit can be processed to yield apricot kernal oil. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Crop Group 12: Stone Fruits Group c. Codex Group: 003 (FS0240) Stone fruits d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, LOGAN, MAGNESS, SCHREIBER, US EPA 2006, MARKLE, MARK, NAGASAWA 2006d, 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 10, and 11. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: PRNAR

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 23 (12 – 1) 1. Apricot, Japanese (Japanese apricot, mume, mei, abricotier du Japon, abricotier japonais, japanische Aprikose, ume, damasqueiro-da-China (GRIN)] Rosaceae Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc. (syn: Armeniaca mume Siebold; Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc. var. tonsa Rehder (GRIN) 2. Description: Prunus mume is a species of Asian plum in the family Rosaceae. It is called ume in Japanese, méi in Chinese, and maesil in Korean. The tree originates from China, but it has also been grown in Japan and Korea since ancient times. The tree is cultivated for its fruit and flowers. Although normally called a plum, it is actually more closely related to the apricot. Another species commonly referred to as the "Japanese plum" is the sumomo (Prunus salicina). The tree flowers in late winter, typically late January or February in East Asia, before the leaves appear. Each flower has five petals and is 1-3 cm in diameter. The flowers are typically white, though cultivars may have rose or deep red flowers. The leaves appear shortly after the petals fall. The leaves are oval, with a pointed tip. The fruit ripens in early summer, typically June in East Asia. The ripening of the fruit coincides with rainy season. Each fruit is round with a groove running from the stalk to the tip. The skin is green when unripe, and turns yellow, sometimes with a red blush, as it ripens. The flesh becomes yellow. (WIKIPEDIA).

3. Crop data: a. Season: Blooming most vibrantly amidst the winter snow (WIKIPEDIA). b. Cultivation: c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: Ume juice is extracted by preserving the fruits in sugar. In China, sour plum juice is made from smoked ume. It is traditionally flavoured with sweet osmanthus flowers. The juice produced in Japan and Korea is made from green ume. In Korea, maesil juice, which is marketed as a healthful tonic, is enjoying increasing popularity. e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: Folklore (GRIN). In traditional Chinese medicine, the smoked fruits, called wumei, is used for medicinal purposes. They are generally black in color and are believed to be effective against parasites, as well as in stopping ulcers and promoting a strong digestive system and heart. (WIKIPEDIA). g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: 5. Other commercial production regions: 6. Use: Beverage base (GRIN). Ume liquor is popular in both Japan and Korea. Umeshu is a Japanese alcoholic drink made by steeping green ume. Pickled ume are a Japanese specialty. Umeboshi are generally eaten with rice as part of a bento. A by-product of umeboshi production is umeboshi vinegar, a salty, sour condiment. Huamei or Chinese preserved plum, refers to any of a large number of Chinese foods involving plums pickled in sugar, salt, and herbs such as licorice. There are two general varieties: a dried variety, and a wet (pickled) variety. Huamei are usually consumed as a snack. (WIKIPEDIA). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: 9. Classifications:

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 24 a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): None c. Codex Group: None d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, WIKIPEDIA, 11. Production Map: 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code:

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 25 (12 – 2) 1. Capulin [capulí (GRIN); capolin, cerezo, detsé, detzé, taunday, jonote, puan, palman, xengua, cerezo criollo, cereza, cereza común, wild cherry, black cherry (PURDUE)] Rosaceae Prunus serotina Ehrh. subsp. capuli (Cav.) McVaugh (syn: Prunus capuli Cav.; Prunus salicifolia Kunth; Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. salicifolia (Kunth) Koehne) (GRIN) 2. Description: Native to northern and southern America (GRIN). The tree is erect, reaching 12- 15 m in height, with a short, stout trunk to 0.9 m in diameter. The deciduous, alternate leaves are 6-18 cm long, dark-green and glossy above, pale beneath; thin, finely toothed. Flowers are about 2 cm wide with white petals and a conspicuous tuft of yellow stamens. The aromatic fruit is round, 1-2 cm wide, with red or nearly black, rarely white or yellowish, smooth, thin, tender skin and pale-green, juicy pulp of sweet or acid, agreeable, but slightly astringent flavor. There is a single stone with a bitter kernel. (PURDUE). 3. Crop data: a. Season: In Mexico, the tree blooms from January to March and the fruits ripen in July and August. In Guatemala, flowers appear from January to May and fruits from May to September. The fruiting season in El Salvador extends from December through April. (PURDUE). b. Cultivation: The tree requires a subtropical to subtemperate climate. It grows naturally at elevations between 1,200-3,400 m (PURDUE). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: The ripe fruits are eaten raw or stewed; also are preserved whole or made into jam. In Mexico they are used as filling for special tamales. With skin and seeds removed, they are mixed with milk and served with vanilla and cinnamon as dessert. Sometimes the fruits are fermented to make an alcoholic beverage. (PURDUE). e. Nutritional aspects: Aaccording to analyses made in Guatemala and Ecuador, food value Per 100 g of edible portion contains 76.8-80.8 g moisture, 0.105-0.185 g protein, 0.26-0.37 g fat, 0.1-0.7 g fiber, 0.56-0.82 g ash, 17.2-25.1 mg calcium, 16.9-24.4 mg phosphorus, 0.65-0.84 mg iron, 0.005-0.162 mg carotene, 0.016-0.031 mg thiamine, 0.018-0.028 mg riboflavin, 0.640-1.14 mg niacin, and 22.2 32.8 mg ascorbic acid (PURDUE). f. Medicinal aspects: A sirup made of the fruits is taken to alleviate respiratory troubles. The leaf decoction is given as a febrifuge and to halt diarrhea and dysentery; also applied in poultices to relieve inflammation. A leaf infusion is prescribed in Yucatan as a sedative in colic and neuralgia and as an antispasmodic. The pounded bark is employed in an eyewash product. The leaves contain essential oil, fat, resin, tannin, amygdalin, glucose, a brown pigment and mineral salts. The bark contains starch, brown pigment, amygdalin, gallic acid, fat, calcium, potassium and iron. All of these parts must be utilized cautiously because the bark, leaves or seeds in contact with water can release HCN. (PURDUE). g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: 5. Other production regions: 6. Use: Fruits (GRIN). The seeds contain 30-38% of a yellow, semidrying oil suitable for use in soap and paints. The sapwood is yellow with touches of red. The heartwood is used for furniture, interior paneling, cabinets, turnery and general carpentry. Old roots are valued for carving tobacco pipes, figurines, etc. (PURDUE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruits 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Fruits 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): None c. Codex Group: None d. EPA Crop Definition: None

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 26 10. References: GRIN, PURDUE, 11. Production Map: 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code:

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 27 144 1. Cherry, Black [black cherry, Rum cherry, cerisier Tardif, Ahlkirsche, Elsenkirsche, später Traubenkirschbaum, cerezo Americano (GRIN)] Rosaceae Prunus serotina Ehrh. subsp. Serotina 2. Description: Native black cherry tree of eastern North America, grows rapidly to 50 feet or more tall. Foliage is dense with peach-shaped leaves. Fruits are globose, red to purple-black and sweet or bitter. (MARKLE). Black cherry is the largest of the native cherries found throughout the Eastern United States. It is also known as wild black cherry, rum cherry, and mountain black cherry. Large, high-quality trees suited for furniture wood or veneer are found in large numbers in a more restricted commercial range on the Allegheny Plateau of Pennsylvania, New York, and West Virginia. Smaller quantities of high-quality trees grow in scattered locations along the southern Appalachian Mountains and the upland areas of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Elsewhere, black cherry is often a small, poorly formed tree of relatively low commercial value, but important to wildlife for its fruit. (MARQUIS). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Flowers in May (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Black cherry hardy to USDA Zones 4 - 9. It grows fast, cannot survive in shade and grows best in full sun. It thrives with annual rainfalls of 20-80 in (50.8-200.3 cm). Cleaned black cherry seeds range from 6,800 to 17,900/kg (3,100 to 8,100/lb), averaging 10,600/kg (4,800/lb). (MARQUIS). Seeds require 3-4 months of chilling before germination. Selections are propagated from soft wood cuttings in spring. (FLORIDATA). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: In the southern Appalachians, bark is stripped from young black cherries for use in cough medicines, tonics, and sedatives (MARQUIS). g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No data. 5. Other production regions: 6. Use: Eaten fresh, made into preserves, pies, cherry bounce, and flavoring cider, brandy, rum and liqueurs. The bark is used in medicine. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: No specific entry d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: FLORIDATA, GRIN, MARKLE, MARQUIS 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 4 and 5. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: PRNSO

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 28 145 1. Cherry, Nanking [Manchu cherry, Downy cherry, Korean cherry, mao ying tao, japanische Mandelkirsche, yusura-ume (GRIN); Mongolian cherry, Chinese bush cherry, Hansens bush cherry (MARKLE)] Rosaceae Prunus tomentosa Thunb. (syn: Cerasus tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall., nom. nud.; Prunus tomentosa Thunb. var. endotricha Koehne) (GRIN) 2. Description: This hardy deciduous bush is native to central Asia. The plant is a spreading shrub or small tree that grows 10 to 15 foot high. The plant flowers very early in spring. The flowers are profuse and somewhat frost tolerant and yield a heavy crop of short stemmed half-inch red fruit. The fruit has a tangy taste simular to tart cherry, however fruit are extremely soft limiting the ability to ship the fruit any distance. In addition, the fruit has a short shelf-life. The plant can hybridize easily with apricot, plum, and other cherries. Some improved cultivars include “Drilea”, “Eileen”, and “Baton Rouge”. (MARKLE). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Fruit ripens last half of July (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Requires a good, well drained soil. Fairly drought tolerant. It does best in full sun. Needs cross pollination to produce fruit. (TREE BOOK). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: Northern tier states, no statistical data available. 5. Other commercial production regions: Canada and Russia 6. Use: Fruit is used for pies, jams and jellies as well as eaten fresh out of hand. The plant is a beautiful ornamental specimen. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Mainly the fruit pulp and fruit peel. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Could include in Crop Group 12: Stone Fruits Group based on “Plum (Prunus domestica, Prunus spp.)”. But considered miscellaneous for now. c. Codex Group: 003 (FS 0012) Stone fruits; (FS 0013) Cherries d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, REICH, WHEALY, USDA NRCS, FACCIOLA, MARKLE, TREE BOOK 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 5 and 12. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: PRNTO

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 29 146 1. Cherry, Sweet [Mazzard cherry, Bird cherry, Gean, Ou zhou tian ying tao, cerisier des oiseaux, merisier, Herzkirsche, Süßkirsche, Süßkirschenbaum, Vogelkirsche, seiyo-mizakura, cerejeira, Cerezo (GRIN); Cerise, Duke cherry, Maraschino cherry (MARKLE)] Rosaceae Prunus avium (L.) L. (syn: Cerasus avium (L.) Moench; Cerasus avium var. aspleniifolia G. Kirchn.; Prunus avium (L.) L. var. aspleniifolia (G. Kirchn.) H. Jaeger; Prunus cerasus L. var. avium L.; Prunus macrophylla Poir.) (GRIN) 2. Description: The sweet cherry tree is an upright grower, medium in size, up to 40 or more feet, but usually held to 20 feet or less by pruning. The deciduous leaves are oblong. The sweet cherries are separated into two types, the Hearts and the Bigarreaus. The Hearts are characterized by soft tender flesh and heart shaped fruit. The Bigarreaus are mostly round shaped fruit. All types have smooth, thin skins which adhere to the fleshy pulp and a single round pit. The fruit are 3/4 to an inch in diameter. There is a depression in the skin where the stem attaches. Fruit are borne on 1 to 3 inch stems, in groups of 1 to 5. Fruit color varies in different varieties from light red to near black, with a few yellow. The plant is sensitive to extreme heat and cold conditions which limits its production areas. In addition, plant is subjected to early season frost injury and fruit cracking, factors which reduce the quantity and quality of fruit. Duke cherry is a hybrid between sweet and tart cherry. (MARKLE). There are less than 100 sweet cherry cultivars grown in the major production regions around the world today. 'Bing', 'Napoleon' (syn. 'Royal Ann'), ‘Ranier', and 'Lambert' are the most important cultivars in North America. Pollinizers for 'Bing' are often 'Early Burlat', 'Black Tartarian', and 'Van'. There are a few self compatible cultivars such as ‘Stella' and ‘Lapins', but they are of poorer quality than ‘Bing' and others that form the basis of the industry. (MARK). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to harvest in 80 to 100 days (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Cherries are T-budded onto rootstocks during late summer and forced to grow the next season. (MARK). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: Dietary value per 100 gram edible portion contains 80% water, 70 calories, 1.3% protein, 0.3% fat, 17% carbohydrates, <1% crude fiber; percent of vitamins recommended daily allowance set by FDA are 2.2% vitamin A, 3.6% Thiamin/B1, 3.8% Riboflavin/B2, 2.2% Niacin, 22.2% Vitamin C, 2.8% Calcium, 2.4% Phosphorus, 4% Potassium, and 4.1% Potassium (MARK). f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: 5. Other commercial production regions: Significant imports from Canada and Chile (MARKLE). 6. Use: Fruit is used for fresh eating out of hand, cooked or canned into sauces for desserts or salads. Also fresh sweet cherries are used for juice, , brandy and freezing. In the U.S., sweet cherries are primarily used fresh, approximately 50 percent. The processed sweet cherries are primarily brined and used for maraschino cherries. (MARKLE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit skin and pulp without the pit. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with the pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Crop Group 12: Stone Fruits Group (Representative Crop) c. Codex Group: Stone fruits 003 (FS 0013) Cherry; (FS 0244) Sweet cherry d. EPA Crop Definition: Cherry = Sour cherry, Sweet cherry

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 30 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, LOGAN, MAGNESS, TESKEY, US EPA 2004, IVES, DESAI, MARKLE, MARK, 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 5, 10, 11, and 12. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: PRNAV

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 31 147 1. Cherry, Tart [Red cherry, Pitted cherry, Cerisier aigre, Cerezo, Dwarf cherry, Duke cherry (MARKLE); morello cherry, Pie cherry, Sour cherry, Tart cherry, ou zhou suan ying tao, cerisier acide, griottier, Sauerkirsche, Sauerkirschenbaum, Weichsel, ginjeira, cerezo ácido, guindo (GRIN)] Rosaceae Prunus cerasus L. (syn: Cerasus marasca Host; Cerasus vulgaris Mill.; Prunus cerasus L. forma marasca (Host) C. K. Schneid.; Prunus cerasus L. var. salicifolia H. Jaeger; Prunus cerasus L. var. umbraculifera H. Jaeger; Prunus marasca (Host) Rchb.; Prunus semperflorens Ehrh.; Prunus vulgaris Schur) (GRIN) 2. Description: It originated in Eurasia, and only cultivated (GRIN). The tart cherry tree is rather small, to 20 feet, spreading and much branched. It is much hardier than the sweet cherry tree with production usually in northern areas (not south of Ohio and Potomac rivers). The leaves are ovate, obovate in shape, rather stiff and glossy. There are two types, the Amarelles, with light red flesh and juice and the Morellos. Fruits are in groups of 1 to 4 on 1 to 2 inch stems. They are near round, slightly depressed at the stem, about 3/4 inch diameter. The peel is smooth and thin, and adheres to the soft, juicy, tart pulp. The single pit is near round. Duke cherry is a hybrid between tart and sweet cherry. Almost all tart cherries are mechanically harvested. (MARKLE). 'Montmorency' is by far the main sour cherry in the USA and Canada, accounting for 99% of all production. In Europe, ‘Schattenmorelle' is a major . (MARK). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to harvest in 80 to 100 days (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Cherries are T-budded onto rootstocks during late summer and forced to grow the next season. Generally pruned more to stimulate new shoot production, due to the tendency to produce lateral flower buds exclusively on short shoots. Spaced at 18x24 inch rectangular, or up to 25 ft square. (MARK). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: Dietary value per 100 gram edible portion contains 84% water, 58 calories, 1.2% protein, 0.3% fat, 14% carbohydrates, <1% crude fiber; percent of vitamins recommended daily allowance set by FDA are 20% vitamin A, 3.6% Thiamin/B1, 3.8% Riboflavin/B2, 2.2% Niacin, 22.2% Vitamin C, 2.8% Calcium, 2.4% Phosphorus, 4% Potassium, and 4.1% Potassium (MARK). f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: 5. Other commercial production regions: 6. Use: Mostly frozen or canned for culinary use (pies, preserves) or processed into juice. Approximatly 10% of all tart cherries are dried, infused with sugar and made into a snack food. Tart varieties are primarily processed, about 94 percent. Small quantities are brined or used for juice, wine, preserves and candied cherries. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: All except pit. Some oil extracted from seed kernels . 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with the pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Crop Group 12: Stone Fruits Group (Representative Crop) c. Codex Group: Stone fruits 003 (FS 0013) Cherry; (FS 0243) Sour cherry d. EPA Crop Definition: Cherry = Sour cherry, Sweet cherry 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, McCALLUM, TESKEY, US EPA 2004, DESAI, MARKLE, MARK,

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 32 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 5, 9, 11 and 12. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: PRNCE

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 33 (12 – 3) 1. Choke cherry [bitter-berry, chokecherry, cerisier de Virginie, virginischer Traubenkirschbaum, cerezo de Virginia (GRIN)] Rosaceae Prunus virginiana L. (syn: Cerasus demissa Nutt.; Cerasus demissa Nutt. var. melanocarpa A. Nelson; Prunus demissa (Nutt.) D. Dietr.; Prunus melanocarpa (A. Nelson) Rydb.) (GRIN). 2. Description: Native to north America (GRIN). A small, upright tree to 25 feet and 6 inches in diameter, often forming shrubby thickets. Leaves are alternate, simple, oblong to nearly oval, 2 to 4 inches long, dark green above and paler below. Flowers are white, in a loose terminal raceme appearing after leaves. Fruits are dark red to purple drupe, 1/3 inch in diameter. Twigs are slender but stouter than black cherry. Barks are smooth, gray-brown in color. (VT). Fruits although somewhat astringent, are relatively sweet when fully ripe (ROOK). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Fruits maturing in late summer (VT) b. Cultivation: Chokecherry is generally intolerant of poor drainage, prolonged spring flooding, or high water tables. Except for heavy clay, is adapted to a wide range of soil textures, but most sites are characterized by silty or sandy soils with good depth, fertility, and drainage. Propagation by seed, following cool, moist stratification of 120-160 days at 36º-41º F. (ROOK). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: 5. Other production regions: 6. Use: Used to make , syrups, jellies, and jams. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): c. Codex Group: d. EPA Crop Definition: 10. References: GRIN, VT, ROOK, 11. Production Map: 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code:

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 34 305 1. Jujube [Ber, Chinese date, Gingeolier, Common jujube, Tsao, Chinese jujube, Tsa, Azufaifo (MARKLE); Chinese red date, Cottony jujube, Indian jujube, Tsao (PURDUE)] Rhamnaceae Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (syn: Z. sativa Gaertn.; Z. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex F.H. Chen; Z. zizyphus (L.) Meikle) 1. Indian Jujube Ziziphus mauritiana (PURDUE) 2.Description: The jujube or Chinese date, introduced into this country from China, is a medium size decidous tree, up to 25 or more feet, with glossy green, deciduous foliage. It thrives best in warm, dry climates; but will withstand winter temperatures down to _20 degrees F. Small flowers grow in cluster in some of the leaf axils. Plants have an extended blooming period. Fruit is generally dark, mahogany brown when ripe, oval to pyroform in shape and range in size from a cherry to a plum. The fruit have a single stone. It is very sweet, with sugar content up to 22% and fruit will dry if left on tree, similar to figs. Fruit skin is smooth and thin until drying of fruit occurs, then becomes wrinkled. Pulp is dryer than in most fruits. (MARKLE). Chinese date, Zizyphus jujubai,called zao in Chinese, can be found in three colors. The most common are red (hong zao) and black (nan zao), and black is the most medicinal. There is also brown dates commonly called jujubes or the Great Date and in Chinese called mi zao or de zao. (FLOVOR AND FUTUNE). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to mature in 2 to 4 months, depending on variety and climate (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Jujubes should be given a warm, sunny location, but are otherwise relatively undemanding. Given adequate heat and sun, the trees will thrive without any special care. It is tolerant to drought. Unpruned trees produce as well as trees that have been pruned. Extensive winter pruning, however, will keep the plants in better health and produce more easily obtainable fruit. Most Chinese cultivars in the U.S. are grafted or budded onto a thorny rootstalk which produces many suckers from the roots. Jujubes should be set out 10 to 15 feet apart since they require high light intensities for good production. (PURDUE). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: Can be made to jujube syrup, jijube cake, and candied (PURDUE). e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: Many parts of the Chinese date are considered medicinal. The fruits and seeds are used for anxiety, insomnia, and dizziness, the bark for fever and diarrhea, the root thought to promote hair growth and also reduce fever, and the leaves used for scorpion stings. To use them, Chinese like to dry them in the sun no matter their color. (FLOVOR AND FUTUNE). g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: Not commercial. Scattered trees, mostly home gardens in Southern tier states. 5. Other commercial production regions: China 6. Use: Some fresh eating, dried, smoked, pickled, or candied. (MARKLE). Chinese use red dates in soups and braised dishes. Brown dates are used in both soups and candies as they are considered moisturizing. (FLOVOR AND FUTUNE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit pulp and fruit skin. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with stone removed 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit - edible peel b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous c. Codex Group: 005 (FT 0302) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit - edible peel d. EPA Crop Definition: None

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 35 10. References: GRIN, CODEX, MAGNESS, REICH, MARTIN 1987, GUPTA, MARKLE, PURDUE, 11. Production Map: No entry 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: ZIPJU

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 36 (12 – 4) 1. Klamath plum [Pacific plum, Sierra plum, western plum (GRIN)] Rosaceae Prunus subcordata Benth. 2. Description: Native to north America (GRIN). A thicket-forming shrub or small tree, sometimes reaching 25 feet tall. Leaves are alternate, simple, deciduous, broadly ovate to oval, from 1 to 3 inches long, green above and paler below. Flowers are small, white, and perfect; borne in a loose, rounded cluster. Fruits are oblong drupe, 1/2 to 1 1/4 inches long; yellow, dark red, or purple when mature; large single seed is ridged on one side, edible. Twigs are slender, round, and smooth; eventually dark reddish brown with conspicuous lenticles. Barks are thin (about 1/4 inch), grayish brown, and tending to break into fissures and scaly plates. (VT). 3. Crop data: a. Season: b. Cultivation: c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: 5. Other production regions: 6. Use: Fruit; graft stock; ornamental. (GRIN) 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): c. Codex Group: d. EPA Crop Definition: 10. References: GRIN, VT, 11. Production Map: 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code:

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 37 (12 – 5) 1. Nectarine [brugnon, Nektarine, Nektarinenbaum, tsubai-momo (GRIN)] Rosaceae Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica (Suckow) C. K. Schneid. (syn: Amygdalus persica L. var. nectarina Aiton; Amygdalus persica L. var. nucipersica Suckow; Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nectarina (Aiton) Maxim.) (GRIN) 2. Description: Only cultivated (GRIN). Trees are relatively small, usually held to under 15 feet by pruning. Fruits are relatively large with large, deeply ridged stones. Fruit 2 to 3 1/2 inches diameter. Nectarines have a smooth, plum-like peel. Nectarines have apparently originated from peaches by mutation. May be freestone, pit relatively free of the flesh, or clingstone, pit adheres to flesh. (MARKLE). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to harvest range is 75 – l50 days with most crops being 100 – 120 days (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: In some areas, late frost can significantly damage the crop. Winter chilling is required to break dormancy. (MARKLE). Deep, fine-sandy loam soils with good internal drainage and freedom from alkali or salinity are best for optimum nectarine growth and production. Nectarine trees will not produce commercially acceptable crops under arid California conditions without supplemental irrigation water. Many nectarine orchards are furrow or flood- irrigated. No-till cultivation is widely used in California in mature nectarine orchards. This entails a herbicide-treated berm in the tree row with weeds in the row middles being controlled by mowing. Fruit thinning is an annual practice and hand labor is preferred over mechanical or chemical options. Nectarines follow a similar pattern to freestone peaches with a harvest season extending from late April through late September. (CROP PROFILE). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: 5. Other commercial production regions: Significant imports of fruit come from Chile. Also grown in Italy, Spain, China and France. (MARKLE). 6. Use: Fresh fruit, and processed (i.e. canned, dried, marmalade, baby food). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit for fresh market utilize entire fruit minus the pit. Processed fruit uses mainly the fruit pulp. The peel (skin) is often included with dried fruit 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Representative commodity of Crop Group 12:Stone Fruits Group c. Codex Group: Stone fruits 003 (FS 0245) Nectarine; (FS 0247) Peach d. EPA Crop Definition: Peach = Peach & Nectarine 10. References: GRIN, ANON(c), CODEX, LOGAN, MAGNESS, SCHREIBER, US EPA 2006, IVES, REHM, JOSHI, CROCKER(a), MARKLE, 11. Production Map: Peach: EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 10. Nectarine: EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 10, and 11. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: Peach: PRNPS; Nectarine: PRNPN

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 38 452 1. Peach [Pecher, Duraznero, Duraznos, Melocotonero, Peche (MARKLE); brugnonier, pêcher, Pfirsich, Pfirsichbaum, momo, pessegueiro, abridor, duraznero, Durazno, melocotonero (GRIN)] Rosaceae Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica (syn: Amygdalus persica L.; Persica vulgaris Mill.) (GRIN) 2. Description: Trees are relatively small, usually held to under 15 feet by pruning. Fruits are relatively large with large, deeply ridged stones. Fruit 2 to 3 1/2 inches diameter, pubescent throughout the growing season, and are usually brushed by machine prior to marketing to remove most of the pubescence. May be freestone, pit relatively free of the flesh, or clingstone, pit adheres to flesh. (MARKLE). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to harvest range is 75 – l50 days with most crops being 100 – 120 days (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Deep, fine-sandy loam soils with good internal drainage and freedom from alkali or salinity are best for optimum peach growth and production. Peach trees will not produce commercially acceptable crops under arid California conditions without supplemental irrigation water. Most peach orchards are furrow or flood-irrigated. No-till cultivation is widely used in California in mature peach orchards. This entails a herbicide-treated berm in the tree row with weeds in the row middles being controlled by cultivation. Fruit thinning is an annual practice and hand labor is preferred over mechanical or chemical options. Clingstone canning peaches are harvested beginning in July through mid September. Shipping of fresh freestone peaches begins with early season harvests in late April and continues through late October. (CROP PROFILE). In some areas, late frost can significantly damage the crop. Winter chilling is required to break dormancy. (MARKLE). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: 5. Other commercial production regions: Significant imports of fruit come from Chile. Also grown in Italy, Spain, China and France. (MARKLE). 6. Use: Fresh fruit, and processed (i.e. canned, dried, marmalade, baby food). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit for fresh market utilize entire fruit minus the pit. Processed fruit uses mainly the fruit pulp. The peel (skin) is often included with dried fruit 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Representative commodity of Crop Group 12:Stone Fruits Group c. Codex Group: Stone fruits 003 (FS 0245) Nectarine; (FS 0247) Peach d. EPA Crop Definition: Peach = Peach & Nectarine 10. References: GRIN, ANON(c), CODEX, LOGAN, MAGNESS, SCHREIBER, US EPA 2006, IVES, REHM, JOSHI, CROCKER(a), MARKLE, 11. Production Map: Peach: EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 10. Nectarine: EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 10, and 11. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: Peach: PRNPS; Nectarine: PRNPN

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 39 476 1. Plum [European plum, Garden plum, prune plum, Gage, Prunier, prunier commun, Pflaume, Pflaumenbaum, Zwetsche, Zwetschge, Zwispeln, ameixoeira, cirolero, ciruelo (GRIN); Greengage plum, Common plum, Plum prune (MARKLE)] 1. Prune (Pruneaux, Pasa) (MARKLE) Rosaceae Prunus domestica L. ssp. domestica 2. Description: According to Childers (1969) “a prune is a plum which because of higher sugar content can be dried whole without fermentation at the pit. Growers in California who ship their fruit to canneries are known as plum growers, while those producing drying varieties are known as prune growers. Commercially, the prune is largely dried, but it is also canned and sold fresh. Plums are sold fresh, canned, or split and dried with the pit removed.” The species P. domestica is the most important plums/prunes grown in the U.S. It includes all the prunes grown for drying and most of those canned, as well as a number of varieties mainly marketed fresh. There are 125 prune varieties. Trees are medium sized, usually held to 15-18 feet by pruning. Trees are of medium hardiness. The plant is characterized by large thick leaves with an upper dark green surface and pale green lower surface. The leaf margins are coarsely notched. The fruits are borne on spurs. There is extreme variation in size shape and color of fruit; 1 to 1 1/2 inches diameter, globose to oval, and with a firm, meaty flesh. Peel can be purple, red, yellow or green and is smooth, with a waxy surface and adheres to flesh. (MARKLE). Plums are used fresh or dried to make prunes. Prunes are only made from sufficiently firm plums that are sweet enough to dry without fermenting. (CROP PROFILES). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to harvest in 130 – 160 days (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Soil depth is the most important factor for determining the success of a plum orchard. It should be not less than 3.5 feet in depth and well drained. (CROP PROFILES). Plums are T- or Chip-budded onto rootstocks as are other stone fruits. Japanese plums, like peaches, are typically small, spreading trees. They are planted at relatively close in-row spacings (10-20 ft), leaving about 18-20 ft between rows depending on equipment size. Pollinizers are planted in alternate row arrangements or distributed about every 3rd tree in every 3rd row. The larger European plum requires wider spacings than Japanese in many cases, and those grown for prunes do not require pollinizers. Plums are trained to open center, but usually more upright than peach due to the natural growth habit. Pruning during formative years is light; interior branches and waterspouts are thinned, and growing scaffolds are headed to induce branching. At maturity, vigorous upright shoots are removed, since fruiting occurs increasingly on spurs on older wood as trees age. (MARK). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: 5. Other commercial production regions: Significant imports from Chile. Many European countries, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia produce plums/prunes. (MARKLE). 6. Use: Fresh market and processing. Most processed plums are dehydrated into prunes. Some are canned, or used for preserves and beverages. Prunes are dried within 18-24 hours after harvest. In Europe, plum kernel oil is extracted and used as a salad oil or in cosmetics. (MARKLE). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Usually just the fruit pulp and fruit skin. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded; and its dried processed commodity, prune.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 40 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Crop Group 12:Stone Fruits Group (Representative crop) c. Codex Group: Stone fruits 003 (FS 0014) Plume (Prune); (FS 4065) Greengage plum d. EPA Crop Definition: None, but proposing - Plum=Prune (fresh) 10. References: GRIN, CHILDERS, CODEX, MAGNESS, SCHREIBER, TESKEY, US EPA 2004, LOGAN, IVES, WESTPORT, CHILDERS(a), MARKLE, CROP PROFILES, MARK 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 5, 10, 11 and 12. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: PRNDO

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 41 477 1. Plum, American (Native plum, Sloe, Blackthorn, Prunier americain) Rosaceae Prunus spp. 1. American plum (American red plum, River plum) P. americana Marshall 1. Sloe (Blackthorn, Prunellier, Espino negro) P. spinosa L. 1. Klamath plum (Sierra plum, Pacific plum) P. subcordata Benth. 2. Description: There are at least 14 species of native Prunus that are considered American plums. Some of these native species have been crossed with traditional cultivated plums or used as a rootstock to yield commerical varieties. Some of the more prominent species includes P. americana, a small graceful tree that yields abundant 1 inch red and yellow fruit that are excellent for wildlife and out of hand fresh eating. The fruit is especially good for preserves. Leading cultivars are Desoto, Hawkeye, Wyant, Weaver and Terry. Beach plum or shore plum (P.maritima) is grown in coastal areas from New Brunswick, Canada to Virginia. The 1" diameter fruit was used widely by early colonial settlers for fresh eating, jams, jellies and sauces. It is a straggling stiff, thorny bush which grows 6-10 feet high. The fruit color ranges from bluish purple, to red to yellow. The Sierra, Pacific or Klamath plum (P. subcordata) grows in California and Oregon. The fruit are yellow to red growing to 1 inch in diameter. The plant is a medium shrub or small tree with fragrant white flowers. The fruit make valued wild plum perserves. There are very limited commercial plantings of these. (MARKLE). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to harvest varies with species, generally 70 – 120 days (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No statistical data available. 5. Other commercial production regions: Northern hemisphere (BAILEY 1976). 6. Use: Fruit of most species is gathered from the wild for making jams, and jellies. Some are eaten fresh. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Mainly the fruit pulp, pit and peel usually removed during processing into preserves. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruit b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Crop Group 12:Stone Fruits Group as “Plum (Prunus domestica, Prunus spp.)” c. Codex Group: Stone fruits 003 (FS 0249) Wild Prunus spp and Sloe (Prunus spinosa) and (FS 4061) American plum. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CHILDERS, CODEX, MAGNESS, TESKEY, US EPA 1994, WHEALY, BAILEY 1976, US EPA 1995a, BHUTANI, MARKLE 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 12. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: PRNSS (P. spp.), PRNAM (P. americana), PRNSN (P. spinosa)

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 42 (12 – 6) 1. Plum, beach [Shore plum, Strandpflaume (GRIN)] Rosaceae Prunus maritime Marshall 2. Description: Beach plum or shore plum is grown in the coastal areas from New Brunswick, Canada to Virginia. The 1" diameter fruit was used widely by early colonial settlers for fresh eating, jams, jellies and sauces. It is a straggling stiff, thorny bush which grows 6-10 feet high. The fruit color ranges from bluish purple, to red to yellow. (MARKLE). The beach plum grows in a tree-like form or as a low, bushy spreading plant that can reach widths of 10 to 15 feet. As a bush, the beach plum can grow to a height of 10 feet. It can have recumbent branches and often sends up many vertical shoots from the roots. The tree types may grow singly or in thickets. The root system of the beach plum is mainly composed of several coarse lateral roots with few fibrous roots. Leaves are alternate, simple, 1 inch to 1.5 inches long. Fruits ranges from 0.5 – 1 inch in diameter. The fruit color can be red, purple, deep blue, and, rarely, yellow. The plum has a tart acidic flesh. (CAPE COD). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to harvest varies with species, generally 70 – 120 days (MARKLE). Blooming in May, the edible fruit ripens from late August through September (CAPE COD). b. Cultivation: Beach plum has similar cultural requirements and pests as other commercially grown plums (BEACH PLUM). The beach plum is not limited to sandy soil, it may be planted in any fertile, well drained soil. Its growth in such soil will be more vigorous and we believe crop size may be improved. Full sun is required for fruit production. (CAPE COD). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No statistical data available. 5. Other commercial production regions: Northern hemisphere (BAILEY 1976). 6. Use: Fruit of most species is gathered from the wild for making jams, and jellies. Some eaten fresh. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Mainly the fruit pulp, pit and peel usually removed during processing into preserves. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruit b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Crop Group 12:Stone Fruits Group as “Plum (Prunus domestica, Prunus spp.)” c. Codex Group: Stone fruits 003 (FS 0249) Wild Prunus spp and Sloe (Prunus spinosa) and (FS 4061) American plum. d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, MARKLE, BEACH PLUM, CAPE COD 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9 and 12. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: PRNSS (P. spp.), PRNAM (P. americana), PRNSN (P. spinosa)

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 43 478 1. Plum, Cherry [Myrobalan, Purple leaf plum, Japanese cherry plum, Ciruela mirobalana (MARKLE); myrobalan plum, kersiepruim, ying tao li, bacarinier, cerisette, mirobolan, prunier cerise, Kirschpflaume, Kirschpflaumenbaum, Myrobalane, türkische Pflaume, ciliegio susine, mirobalano, abrunheiro, arañón, ciruela chabacana, ciruelo mirobalan, guindo, mirobolán, Pissard Plum (GRIN)] Rosaceae Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. (syn: runus cerasifera Ehrh. var. atropurpurea H. Jaeger; Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. subsp. myrobalana (L.) C. K. Schneid; Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. var. pissardii (Carrière) L. H. Bailey; Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. var. woodii (Späth) Rehder; Prunus divaricata Ledeb; Prunus divaricata Ledeb. subsp. Divaricata; Prunus divaricata Ledeb. subsp. nairica Kovalev; Prunus korolkowii R. Vilm.; Prunus myrobalana (L.) Loisel.; Prunus pissardii Carrière; Prunus sogdiana Vassilcz.) (GRIN) 2. Description: Childers noted that this plant is mainly used for a rootstock for European and Japanese varieties of plums. Vigorous, upright tree grows rapidly up to 20 feet. Dark, reddish purple leaves with bright red tips hold their color all season. Small fragrant pink flowers in spring yield small fruit (round or oval) that are yellow or red in color. Fruiting is sporadic. “Thundercloud” and “All Red” are most prominent varieties. (MARKLE). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to harvest in 70 – 120 days (MARKLE). White flowers bloom in April, and fragrant; 1" reddish fruit ripen in summer (NC STATE). b. Cultivation: Requires sun, moist and well drained soil (NC STATE). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No statistical data available. Naturalized in USDA Hardiness Zone 4 (BAILEY 1976). 5. Other commercial production regions: No entry 6. Use: Fruit is used for perserves, fresh out of hand eating and as a seed source from which the seedling rootstocks are grown. Also a beautiful ornamental shade tree. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Mainly the fruit pulp, pit and peel usually removed during processing into perserves. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Included in Crop Group 12:Stone Fruits Group based on “Plum (Prunus domestica, Prunus spp.)” c. Codex Group: Stone fruits 003 (FS 0242) Cherry plum d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CHILDERS, CODEX, TESKEY, US EPA 1994, WHEALY, BAILEY 1976, MARKLE, NC STATE, 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 5 and 7. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: PRNCF

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 44 479 1. Plum, Chickasaw [Sand plum, Mountain cherry, Chabacano (MARKLE); Cherokee plum, Chickasaw plum, Florida sand plum, Chicasapflaume (GRIN)] Rosaceae Prunus angustifolia Marshall [syn: P. chicasaw Michx.(MARKLE); Prunus watsonii Sarg. (GRIN)] 2.Description: Tree to 16 feet tall with leaves 1 to 3 inches long. Fruit is ½ inch in diameter, red or yellow, thinned skin with soft, juicy sweet pulp. Grows from New Jersey to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. (MARKLE). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to harvest in 70 – 120 days (MARKLE). Flowers in April, and the seeds ripen from June to July (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). b. Cultivation: Thrives in a well-drained moisture-retentive loamy soil. Prefers some lime in the soil but is likely to become chlorotic if too much lime is present. Succeeds in sun or partial shade. Seed requires 2 - 3 months cold stratification and is best sown in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle. Grow them on in a greenhouse or cold frame for their first winter and plant them out in late spring or early summer of the following year. (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No data. Hardy in USDA hardiness Zone 4-9 (WHEALY 1993). 5. Other commercial production regions: No entry 6. Use: Fruit of most species is gathered from the wild for making jams, and jellies. Some eaten fresh. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Mainly the fruit pulp, pit and peel usually removed during processing into perserves. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Crop Group 12 :Stone Fruits Group as “Plum, Chickasaw (Prunus angustifolia)” c. Codex Group: Stone fruits 003 (FS 0248, FS 4053) Chickasaw plum d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, BAILEY 1976, CODEX, TESKEY, US EPA 2006, WHEALY, MARKLE, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 2, 4 and 5. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: PRNAN

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 45 480 1. Plum, Damson [Bullace, Damson plum, Mirabelle, Bullace plum (MARKLE); wu jing zi li, pruneaulier, Haferpflaume, Kriechenpflaume, alubukhara (GRIN)] Rosaceae Prunus domestica spp. insititia (L.) C.K. Schneid. (syn: Prunus insititia L.) 2. Description: These are small oval or round firm fruited plums, were grown in Europe before the Christian era and brought to America by the earliest settlers. The small, compact trees are hardy and disease resistant. They are distinguished from European plums (P. domestica) by having a more compact and dwarfed habit of growth. They thrive better in eastern U.S. than other European plum types. The fruits are less than 1 inch in diameter, round to oval and purple (Damson), yellow (Mirabelle) or white/black (Bullace). The skin is very acid, making the fruits rather unsuitable for eating out of hand. However, they make highly esteemed jellies and jams, and are grown commercially for that purpose. (MARKLE). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to harvest in 100 – 125 days (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Requires a well-drained moisture retentive soil. Succeeds in light shade but fruits better in a sunny position. Thrives in a loamy soil, doing well on limestone. Grows well in heavy clay soils. (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: The bark of the root and branches is febrifuge and considerably styptic. All members of the genus contain amygdalin and prunasin, substances which break down in water to form hydrocyanic acid (cyanide or prussic acid). In small amounts this exceedingly poisonous compound stimulates respiration, improves digestion and gives a sense of well-being (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: 5. Other commercial production regions: Europe (FACCIOLA 1990). 6. Use: Used mainly for jelly/jam or other culinary purposes. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Pulp in making jelly and jam, but whole fruit cooked prior to separating out seeds and peel. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Crop Group 12:Stone Fruits Group as “Plum, Damson (Prunus domestica ssp insititia)” c. Codex Group: Stone fruits 003 (FS 0241) Bullace; (FS 4055) Damson; and (FS 4063) Bullace and Damson; (FS 4057) Mirabelle; (FS 4071) d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CHILDERS, CODEX, MAGNESS, TESKEY, US EPA 2006, BHUTANI, FACCIOLA, MARKLE, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 11. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: No specific entry

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 46 481 1. Plum, Japanese [Oriental plum (MARKLE); Li, prunier japonais, chinesischer Pflaumenbaum, su-momo, ameixeira-japonesa, ciruelo japonés (GRIN)] Rosaceae Prunus salicina Lindl. (syn: P. triflora Roxb.; Prunus thibetica Franch.; Prunus triflora Roxb. var. mandshurica Skvortsov; Prunus ussuriensis Kovalev & Kostina (GRIN) 2. Description: The Japanese plums were introduced into the U.S. during the latter part of the 19th century, and have become popular in our market. Trees of Japanese plums are of medium size, and not very hardy to winter cold. In addition, they are early blooming and susceptible to frost. Hence commercial production is mainly in California.. The fruit is relatively large for plums, 1 1/2 to over 2 inches in diameter. Shape is variable, but mostly conic to oval. Color generally light to dark red, never blue. Flesh generally soft and very juicy when ripe. Peel smooth, with waxy surface. Because these plums have high quality and will cross with American species they have been used in breeding to improve the quality of the hardy native types. Important cultivars include “Santa Rosa”, “Burbank”, and “Kelsey”. (MARKLE). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to harvest in 60 – 160 days, depending on variety (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: Thrives in a well-drained moisture-retentive loamy soil. Prefers some lime in the soil but is likely to become chlorotic if too much lime is present. Succeeds in sun or partial shad. Seed requires 2 - 3 months cold stratification and is best sown in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No statistical data available. Mainly California. Also grown in southeast and northcentral U.S. (FACCIOLA 1990). 5. Other commercial production regions: Japan, Canada 6. Use: Mainly fresh market, eating out of hand. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Generally all except pit. Peel may be separated from pulp in mouth and not eaten. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Crop Group 12:Stone Fruits Group as “Plum, Japanese (Prunus salicina)” c. Codex Group: Stone fruits 003 (FS 0014) Plums; (FS 4069) Japanese plum d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References: GRIN, CHILDERS, CODEX, MAGNESS, TESKEY, US EPA 1994, WESTPORT, FACCIOLA, MARKLE, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 10. 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: PRNSC

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 47 482 1. Plumcot (Stone fruit, Drupe) Rosaceae Prunus domestica L. x P. armeniaca L. 1. Peachcot P. domestica x P. persica. (L.) Batsch 1. Other Stone Fruit Crosses (Aprium, Plum cherry, ®) P.domestica L. or P.salicina Lindl. x P. spp. 2. Description: These hybrids are made by crossing members of the stone fruit group. The most common are the plumcots which are crosses of European type plums (prunes) with apricots. These plumcots are not the Apricot Plum (P. simonii) that are common in China. Plants and fruit can take on many of their parent’s characteristics. For example some varieties of plumcot can yield relatively large yellow fruit with golden yellow flesh and apricot flavor. Others, are much more like their plum parents. Peachcots have a large yellow fruit with a peach like flavor, however the tree has all apricot characteristics. Some unique crosses include “Aprium” (plumcot backcrossed to an apricot), Plum-Cherries (Sand cherry x Japanese Plum), and Pluot® [(P. domestica L. x P. armeniaca L.) x (P. domestica L.)] which is a hybrid [(plum x apricot) x plum] and is termed an “ISP plum” or “interspecific plum”. (MARKLE). 3. Crop data: a. Season: Bloom to harvest varies with crosses (MARKLE). b. Cultivation: c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: No statistical data available. 5. Other commercial production regions: See Peach 6. Use: Fruit is used for perserves or fresh out of hand eating. Some are beautiful ornamental specimens. 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Mainly the fruit pulp and fruit peel. The pit is removed and discarded. 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded. 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: Stone fruits b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Except for plumcot there is no mention of these crosses in Crop Group 12:Stone Fruits Group. These crosses logically fit into the crop group. c. Codex Group: Stone fruits 003 (FS 0012) Stone fruits d. EPA Crop Definition: None 10. References:CODEX, US EPA 2006, WHEALY, MARKLE, 11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region, See Peach 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code: No specific entry, genus entry is PRNSS

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 48 (12 – 7) 1. Sloe [blackthorn, hei ci li, épine noire, épine-noire, prunellier, prunier, gewöhnliche Schlehe, Schlehdorn, Schlehe, Schwarzdorn, prugnolo, spino nero, abrunheiro, ciruelo Silvestre, endrino, espino negro (GRIN)] Rosaceae Prunus spinosa L. 2. Description: The Blackthorn is a large shrub or a small tree of the genus Prunus. Its fruit is called the sloe, or in the Scots language, slaes. The blackthorn is native to Europe, western Asia, and North Africa. The common name is derived from its dark bark and skin, and from the thorns or spines that it bears. In Ireland, a straight blackthorn stem is traditionally made into a walking stick. It bears a fruit called the sloe, which is similar to a small damson or plum, suitable for preserves, but too tart to eat (unless deeply frozen, as it is practiced in Eastern Europe). The blackthorn is extensively planted for hedging and for cover for game birds. Some forms are grown for ornament and flower. (WIKIPEDIA). The flowers are hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). 3. Crop data: a. Season: It is covered in white flowers in early spring (WIKIPEDIA). Flowers from March to April, and the seeds ripen in October (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). b. Cultivation: The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very alkaline soil. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil. The plant can tolerate maritime exposure. (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). c. Availability in the marketplace: d. Preparation for cooking: e. Nutritional aspects: f. Medicinal aspects: The flowers, bark, leaves and fruits are aperient, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, laxative and stomachic. An infusion of the flowers is used in the treatment of diarrhoea (especially for children), bladder and kidney disorders, stomach weakness etc. (PLANTS FOR A FUTURE). g. Crop photos. 4. Production in U.S.: 5. Other production regions: 6. Use: In rural England so-called sloe gin is made from them, though this is not a true gin but a liqueur. In Navarra, Spain, patxaron is a popular liqueur made with sloes. Sloes can also be made into jams and if preserved in vinegar are similar in taste to Japanese umeboshi. (WIKIPEDIA). 7. Part(s) of plant consumed: 8. Portion analyzed/sampled: 9. Classifications: a. Authors Class: b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): c. Codex Group: d. EPA Crop Definition: 10. References: GRIN, WIKIPEDIA, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, 11. Production Map: 12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer Code:

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 49

ATTACHMENT 3. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 50

Copyright material may not be reproduced without the consent of the copyright holder.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 56 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 57 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 58 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 59 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 60 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 61 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 62 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 63 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 64 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 65 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 66 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 67 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 68 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 69 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 70 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 71 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 72 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 73 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 74 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 75 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 76 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 77 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 78 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 79

Copyright material may not be reproduced without the consent of the copyright holder.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 87 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 88 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 89 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 90 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 91

Copyright material may not be reproduced without the consent of the copyright holder.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 99 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 100 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 101 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 102 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 103 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 104 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 105 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 106 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 107 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 108

Copyright material may not be reproduced without the consent of the copyright holder.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 110 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 111

Copyright material may not be reproduced without the consent of the copyright holder.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 123 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 124 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 125 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 126

Copyright material may not be reproduced without the consent of the copyright holder.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 131 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 132 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 133 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 134 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 135 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 136 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 137 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 138 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 139 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 140 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 141 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 142 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 143 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 144 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 145 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 146 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 147 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 148 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 149 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 150 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 151

Copyright material may not be reproduced without the consent of the copyright holder.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 154 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 155 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 156 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 157 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 158 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 159 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 160 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 161 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 162 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 163 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 164 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 165 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 166 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 167 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 168 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 169 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 170 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 171 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 172

Copyright material may not be reproduced without the consent of the copyright holder.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 177 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 178 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 179 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 180 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 181 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 182 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 183 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 184 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 185 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 186 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 187 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 188 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 189 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 190 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 191 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 192 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 193 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 194 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 195 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 196 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 197 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 198 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 199 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 200 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 201 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 202 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 203 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 204 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 205 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 206 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 207 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 208 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 209 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 210 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 211 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 212 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 213 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 214 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 215 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 216 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 217 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 218 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 219 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 220 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 221 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 222 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 223 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 224 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 225 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 226 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 227 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 228 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 229

Copyright material may not be reproduced without the consent of the copyright holder.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 237 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 238 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 239 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 240 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 241 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 242 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 243 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 244 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 245 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 246 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 247 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 248 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 249 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 250 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 251 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 252 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 253 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 254 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 255 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 256 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 257

Copyright material may not be reproduced without the consent of the copyright holder.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 261 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 262 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 263 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 264 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 265 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 266 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 267 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 268 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 269 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 270 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 271 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 272 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 273 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 274 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 275 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 276 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 277 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 278 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 279 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 280 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 281 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 282 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 283 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 284 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 285 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 286 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 287 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 288 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 289 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 290 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 291

Copyright material may not be reproduced without the consent of the copyright holder.

IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 297 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 298 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 299 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 300 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 301 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 302 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 303 IR-4 Stone Fruit Crop Group Petition_PR#09896 Page 304