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Kapwa Church: Concept and Method

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EDITORS Prof. Ruel D. Garcia, Ph.D. LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE, MANILA Editor in Chief Nassef M. Adiong, Ph.D. University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City Prof. Stephen Bullivant, Ph.D. St. Mary’s University, Twickenham London, United Kingdom Prof. Bryan Froehle, Ph.D. St. Thomas University, Florida, USA Editorial Board Val G. Brillo, S.Th.L. Emmanuel F. Calairo, Ph.D. Amarjiva Lochan, Ph.D. Alma B. Manera, Ph.D. Felicidad G. Pereña, Ed.D. Esmeralda F. Sanchez, Ph.D. Eula M. Tome, Ph.D. PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY PHILIPPINEOF CULTURE, ASSOCIATION HISTORY, ANDFOR RELIGIONTHE STUDY OF CULTURE, HISTORY AND RELIGION The PASCHR JOURNAL PASCHR is a member of National Associations of IAHR (International PASCHRAssociation isis aa membermemberfor the Historyofof National of Religions) Associations under of IAHRthe auspices (International of the AssociationCIPSH, affiliated for the to Historythe UNESCO of Religions) under the auspices of the CIPSH, affiliated to the UNESCO An Affiliate of the International Association for the History of Religion (IAHR) and a regional affiliate of the South and Southeast Asian Association for the Study of Culture and Religion (SSEASR) EDITORIAL POLICY 1. Only accepted articles in PASCHR’s Call for Papers may be forwarded to PASCHR’s Journal Editor-in-Chief for further screening. 2. The article which is accepted for paper presentation must comply to the following editorial policies before its possible inclusion in the PASCHR Journal: a. it must be first language-edited b. it must follow the SCOPUS format, c. it must subscribe to the APA citation style d. works cited must be recent or as current as eight years or above. 3. The editorial board is tasked to proofread only the articles for publication. 4. Upon compliance to these editorial policies, the article is forwarded to peer-reviewers for evaluation. CONTENTS FROM THE EDITORS Plenary Papers: Religion, Society, and the Philippine Experience: An Overview ........................................................... 1 Emmanuel Franco Calairo, Ph.D Some Challenges to the Filipino “Malay” Identity ..................................................................................... 8 Fernando A. Santiago, Jr., Ph.D The Decolonizing Quest in Light of History: The Philippine Reality .................................................. 16 Bryan T. Froehle, Ph.D Icons and Rituals in the Traslación of the Black Nazarene: A National Allegory ........................... 29 Jeanette S. Perez-Grajo, L.P.T., Ph.D Traslación as a Digital Imagined Community: Discoursing the Interface ........................................ 40 Between Religion and Social Media Luciana L. Urquiola, Ph.D Significant Features of Historical Churches in Cagayan, Philippines: ................................................ 46 A Policy Recommendation for Conversation of Historic Site Arthur G. Ibañez, Policarpio L. Mabborang, Jr., Kristinne Joyce A. Lara, Rosemarie B. Cabaña, Edmund Dela A. Cruz and Peter Paul G. Valdepeñas Prevailing Indigenous Filipino Rice-Based Food Processing Practices in ........................................ 60 Cagayan Valley Region, Philippines Marigold M. Soriano, Florentina S. Dumlao, Arthur G. Ibañez, and Denis V. Policar Pahilot: The Faith Healing Tradition of the Ati-Atihan Festival ............................................................ 71 Rhuda Malacad Mujal Special Articles: Towards A Kapwa Church: Concept and Method ....................................................................................... 81 Jessica Joy Candelario, Ph.D Voyages and Vision in Travel Literature: The Quest Motif ..................................................................... 101 Prof. Felicidad P. Galang-Pereña, Ed.D The PASCHR Journal iv Volume II (2019) FROM THE EDITORS The Covid-19 pandemic made us rethink, redesign, and repurpose the Virtual 6th PASCHR International Conference so that PASCHR could continue to host paper presentations and take publication initiatives for research in Culture, History, and Religion despite the global health crisis. On July 27-30, 2020, we organized an international virtual conference via a platform that linked our international speakers based in the US, Denmark, India, and our local participants from the Philippines’ different parts. We also featured renowned researchers and academicians from premier Philippine universities who delivered keynote and plenary lectures for PASCHR’s primary inquiry areas: History, Culture, and Religion. The PASCHR Journal editorial board collated these lectures and researches, which comprised this fourth issue. The writers’ and editors’ contributions are a pledge of an indefatigable effort despite the unprecedented challenges.” The Editorial Board PASCHR Journal, Volume III (2020) The PASCHR Journal v Volume II (2019) Religion, Society, and the Philippine Experience: An Overview Emmanuel Franco Calairo, PhD Faculty, DLSU-Dasmariñas [email protected] Introduction Luzon. There was also the secularization issue, a breakaway from the Catholic hierarchy that led to Religion, undoubtedly, is an important aspect the birth of the reform movement and ended into of culture of every society. In the Philippines, it is the launch of the Philippine revolution in 1896. part of the country’s historical development. Before the coming of the West, natives in the Philippines The peak of Filipino religious resistance professed a belief system characterized by nature movement to Catholicism would be the worship and animism. Then Islam, the first major establishment of the Philippine Independent religion came to the country via Malaysia and Church (also known as the Aglipayan Church).4 Indonesia. It was a well-developed religion which During the American Occupation, side by side with easily gained converts in southern Philippines.1 education, the Americans introduced the Protestant It quickly spread northward but its advance religion. The Protestant missionaries went to the was checked when the Spaniards colonized the non-Catholic regions such as Northern Luzon, and Philippines. The Spanish occupation broke this somewhat used religion as tool for pacification and precolonial system and introduced an imperialistic colonialism.5 approach using the Catholic religion as a prime Today, when democracy is already at the mover of colonialism in the Philippine archipelago. doorstep of every Filipino family, religious freedom Of course, resistance to this imperialism can be is a sacred right enjoyed by every Filipino. As a gleaned through the various social movements result, several religious institutions were founded during the entire Spanish occupation. One of which either in the mainstream or periphery to promote resisted the imposition of foreign religious system moral development. However, in collective terms, was the Cofradia de San Jose, a group headed by some religious groups in the Philippines nowadays Apolinario dela Cruz AKA Hermano Pule whose engaged themselves in endorsing political candidates organization became very influential in Southern who are running during national elections. 1 TeodoroAgoncillo. History of the Filipino People. Quezon City. Garotech Publishing, 1990. (Eight Edition), pp. 44-46. 2 Agoncillo. Ibid., pp. 105-108. 3 John N. Schumacher. Revolutionary Clergy: The Filipino Clergy and the Nationalist Movement, 1850-1903. Quezon City. Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1981. 4 Schumacher. Ibid., 5 Schumacher. Ibid., The PASCHR Journal 1 Volume III (2020) In summing up, religious institutions are greater than themselves in order to have their important part of Filipino society that had shaped personal beliefs reinforced by the group and its our history and culture. Each stage of Philippine rituals. Those who share a common ideology historical development witnessed the vital role of develop a collective identity and a sense of religious institutions in changing worldviews of fellowship. Filipinos. At the end, the Filipinos already learned Members of moral community also share a from these religious roles through times. So today, common life. This moral community gives rise to they are more vigilant on the role of religious social community through the symbolism of the institutions in their daily lives. sacred that supports the more ordinary aspects of social life. Religion then legitimizes society. It Role of Religious Institutions provides sacred sanction for the social order and There are already several theories about the role for its basic values and meanings. of religion in society. For the purposes of this paper, 3. Religion as Social Control: I will adopt the article shared by Puja Mondal that Frank E. Manuel (1959) had said that was uploaded in the Your Article Library: The Next ‘religion was a mechanism which inspired Generation Library. He outlined and discussed 13 terror, but terror for the preservation of society’. most important functions of religion. While conservatives have valued religion for 1. Religion as an Integrative Force: its protective function, radicals have also often Durkheim believed that the primary function of recognized that religion can be a support of the religion was to preserve and solidify society. It established order, and have, consequently, been functions to reinforce the collective unity or social critical of religion. solidarity of a group. Sharing the same religion Friedrich Engels, a life-long close associate or religious interpretation of the meaning of life of Karl Marx, once noted that religion could unites
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