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the oxford handbook of PROPAGANDA S T U D I E S 000_Castronovo_FM.indd0_Castronovo_FM.indd i 110/1/20130/1/2013 44:26:49:26:49 PPMM 000_Castronovo_FM.indd0_Castronovo_FM.indd iiii 110/1/20130/1/2013 44:26:49:26:49 PPMM t h e o x f o r d h a n d b o o k o f PROPAGANDA STUDIES Edited by JONATHAN AUERBACH and RUSS CASTRONOVO 1 000_Castronovo_FM.indd0_Castronovo_FM.indd iiiiii 110/1/20130/1/2013 44:26:49:26:49 PPMM 3 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto W i t h o ffi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Th e Oxford Handbook of Propaganda studies / edited by Jonathan Auerbach and Russ Castronovo. pages cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–19–976441–9 (acid-free paper) 1. Literature in propaganda—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Persuasion (Rhetoric) in literature. 3. Mass media and propaganda. 4. Literature and society. I. Auerbach, Jonathan, 1954– II. Castronovo, Russ, 1965– PN51.O95 2013 809'.93358—dc23 2013005121 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 000_Castronovo_FM.indd0_Castronovo_FM.indd iivv 110/1/20130/1/2013 44:26:49:26:49 PPMM Contents C o n t r i b u t o r s i x I n t r o d u c t i o n : Th irteen Propositions about Propaganda 1 J o n a t h a n A u e r b a c h a n d R u s s C a s t r o n o v o PART I HISTORIES AND NATIONALITIES 1. The Invention of Propaganda: A Critical Commentary on and Translation of Inscrutabili Divinae Providentiae Arcano 1 9 M a r i a T e r e s a P r e n d e r g a s t a n d T h o m a s A . P r e n d e r g a s t 2. Brazilian and North American Slavery Propagandas: Some Thoughts on Difference 28 M a r c u s W o o d 3. A World to Win: Propaganda and African American Expressive Culture 49 B i l l V. M u l l e n 4. Literacy or Legibility: The Trace of Subjectivity in Soviet Socialist Realism 67 E l i z a b e t h A . P a p a z i a n 5. Narrative and Mendacity: Anti-Semitic Propaganda in Nazi Germany 91 J e f f r e y H e r f 6. The “Hidden Tyrant”: Propaganda, Brainwashing, and Psycho-Politics in the Cold War Period 109 P r i s c i l l a Wa l d 7. Roof for a House Divided: How U.S. Propaganda Evolved into Public Diplomacy 131 N i c h o l a s J . C u l l 000_Castronovo_FM.indd0_Castronovo_FM.indd v 110/1/20130/1/2013 44:26:49:26:49 PPMM vi contents 8. “Thought-Work” and Propaganda: Chinese Public Diplomacy and Public Relations after Tiananmen Square 147 G a r y D . R a w n s l e y PART II INSTITUTIONS AND PRACTICES 9. Instruction, Indoctrination, Imposition: Conceptions of Propaganda in the Field of Education 163 C r a i g K r i d e l 10. Books in the Cold War: Beyond “Culture” and “Information” 180 T r y s h T r a v i s 11 . “The New Vehicle of Nationalism”: Radio Goes to War 201 M i c h e l e H i l m e s 12. Built on a Lie: Propaganda, Pedagogy, and the Origins of the Kuleshov Effect 219 J o h n M a c K a y 13. Propagating Modernity: German Documentaries from the 1930s: Information, Instruction and Indoctrination 237 T h o m a s E l s a e s s e r 14. “Order Out of Chaos”: Freud, Fascism, and the Golden Age of American Advertising 261 L a w r e n c e R . S a m u e l 15. Propaganda and Pleasure: From Kracauer to Joyce 278 M a r k W o l l a e g e r PART III THEORIES AND METHODOLOGIES 16. ‘The World’s Greatest Adventure in Advertising’: Walter Lippmann’s Critique of Censorship and Propaganda 301 S u e C u r r y J a n s e n 1 7. P r o p a g a n d a a m o n g t h e R u i n s 3 2 6 D e b r a H a w h e e 18. Jacques Ellul’s Contribution to Propaganda Studies 348 R a n d a l M a r l i n 000_Castronovo_FM.indd0_Castronovo_FM.indd vvii 110/1/20130/1/2013 44:26:49:26:49 PPMM contents vii 19. The Ends of Misreading: Propaganda, Democracy, Literature 366 S a r a G u y e r 20. Propaganda vs. Education: A Case Study of Hate Radio in Rwanda 378 D a v i d Y a n a g i z a w a - D r o t t 21. Dissent, Truthiness, and Skepticism in the Global Media Landscape: Twenty-First Century Propaganda in Times of War 395 M e g a n B o l e r a n d S e l e n a N e m o r i n 22. Propaganda in Egypt and Syria's "Cyberwars": Contexts, Actors, Tools, and Tactics 418 Sahar Khamis, Paul B. Gold, and Katherine Vaughn Index 439 000_Castronovo_FM.indd0_Castronovo_FM.indd vviiii 110/1/20130/1/2013 44:26:49:26:49 PPMM 000_Castronovo_FM.indd0_Castronovo_FM.indd vviiiiii 110/1/20130/1/2013 44:26:49:26:49 PPMM Contributors Jonathan Auerbach is professor of English at the University of Maryland. In addition to publishing a variety of articles and edited volumes, he is the author of four books, including Male Call: Becoming Jack London, Body Shots: Early Cinema’s Incarnations, and Dark Borders: Film Noir and American Citizenship . He is currently working on a study of propaganda in relation to American Progressivism. Megan M. Boler is professor at OISE/University of Toronto. Her books include Digital Media and Democracy: Tactics in Hard Times (MIT Press, 2010) and DIY Citizenship: Critical Making and Social Media with Matt Ratto (MIT Press, forthcoming). Her current research focuses on hybrid social movements and how young people’s social media practices are redefi ning participatory democracy. Russ Castronovo is Dorothy Draheim Professor of English and American Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He has written and edited eight books, including Beautiful Democracy: Aesthetics and the Anarchy of Global Culture, Necro Citizenship: Death, Eroticism, and the Public Sphere in the Nineteenth-Century United States, and Th e Oxford Handbook to Nineteenth-Century American Literature. His most recent book is Propaganda 1776, forthcoming from Oxford University Press. Nicholas J. Cull is professor of Public Diplomacy at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. He is a historian of the media and the author of a number of studies of propaganda and public diplomacy, the most recent being Th e Decline and Fall of the United States Information Agency: US Public Diplomacy 1989–2001 . His BA and PhD are from the University of Leeds where he studied with the pioneer of propaganda studies, Philip M. Taylor. Th omas Elsaesser is professor emeritus at the Department of Media and Culture of the University of Amsterdam. From 2006 to 2012 he was visiting professor at Yale University, and since 2013 at Columbia University. Among his recent books as author are Terror und Trauma (Kadmos, 2007), Film Th eory: An Introduction through the Senses (Routledge, 2010, with Malte Hagener), and Th e Persistence of Hollywood (Routledge, 2012). Paul Gold is assistant professor of counseling, higher education, and special education at the University of Maryland at College Park and a licensed psychologist. He develops, implements, and evaluates comprehensive team- and community-based rehabilitation approaches to help marginalized persons with severe mental disorders, addictions, and disabilities to return to full community participation. 000_Castronovo_FM.indd0_Castronovo_FM.indd iixx 110/1/20130/1/2013 44:26:49:26:49 PPMM x contributors Sara Guyer is professor of English, comparative literature, and Jewish studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she has directed the Center for the Humanities since 2008.