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Catalogue of the Amphibians of Venezuela: Illustrated and Annotated Species List, Distribution, and Conservation 1,2César L
Mannophryne vulcano, Male carrying tadpoles. El Ávila (Parque Nacional Guairarepano), Distrito Federal. Photo: Jose Vieira. We want to dedicate this work to some outstanding individuals who encouraged us, directly or indirectly, and are no longer with us. They were colleagues and close friends, and their friendship will remain for years to come. César Molina Rodríguez (1960–2015) Erik Arrieta Márquez (1978–2008) Jose Ayarzagüena Sanz (1952–2011) Saúl Gutiérrez Eljuri (1960–2012) Juan Rivero (1923–2014) Luis Scott (1948–2011) Marco Natera Mumaw (1972–2010) Official journal website: Amphibian & Reptile Conservation amphibian-reptile-conservation.org 13(1) [Special Section]: 1–198 (e180). Catalogue of the amphibians of Venezuela: Illustrated and annotated species list, distribution, and conservation 1,2César L. Barrio-Amorós, 3,4Fernando J. M. Rojas-Runjaic, and 5J. Celsa Señaris 1Fundación AndígenA, Apartado Postal 210, Mérida, VENEZUELA 2Current address: Doc Frog Expeditions, Uvita de Osa, COSTA RICA 3Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de Historia Natural La Salle, Apartado Postal 1930, Caracas 1010-A, VENEZUELA 4Current address: Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Río Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, RS 90619–900, BRAZIL 5Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Altos de Pipe, apartado 20632, Caracas 1020, VENEZUELA Abstract.—Presented is an annotated checklist of the amphibians of Venezuela, current as of December 2018. The last comprehensive list (Barrio-Amorós 2009c) included a total of 333 species, while the current catalogue lists 387 species (370 anurans, 10 caecilians, and seven salamanders), including 28 species not yet described or properly identified. Fifty species and four genera are added to the previous list, 25 species are deleted, and 47 experienced nomenclatural changes. -
Species Diversity and Conservation Status of Amphibians in Madre De Dios, Southern Peru
Herpetological Conservation and Biology 4(1):14-29 Submitted: 18 December 2007; Accepted: 4 August 2008 SPECIES DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF AMPHIBIANS IN MADRE DE DIOS, SOUTHERN PERU 1,2 3 4,5 RUDOLF VON MAY , KAREN SIU-TING , JENNIFER M. JACOBS , MARGARITA MEDINA- 3 6 3,7 1 MÜLLER , GIUSEPPE GAGLIARDI , LILY O. RODRÍGUEZ , AND MAUREEN A. DONNELLY 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE-167, Miami, Florida 33199, USA 2 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 3 Departamento de Herpetología, Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Avenida Arenales 1256, Lima 11, Perú 4 Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, California 94132, USA 5 Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, California 94118, USA 6 Departamento de Herpetología, Museo de Zoología de la Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Pebas 5ta cuadra, Iquitos, Perú 7 Programa de Desarrollo Rural Sostenible, Cooperación Técnica Alemana – GTZ, Calle Diecisiete 355, Lima 27, Perú ABSTRACT.—This study focuses on amphibian species diversity in the lowland Amazonian rainforest of southern Peru, and on the importance of protected and non-protected areas for maintaining amphibian assemblages in this region. We compared species lists from nine sites in the Madre de Dios region, five of which are in nationally recognized protected areas and four are outside the country’s protected area system. Los Amigos, occurring outside the protected area system, is the most species-rich locality included in our comparison. -
Identification of the Taxonomic Status of Scinax Nebulosus and Scinax Constrictus (Scinaxinae, Anura) Based on Molecular Markers T
Brazilian Journal of Biology https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.225646 ISSN 1519-6984 (Print) Original Article ISSN 1678-4375 (Online) Identification of the taxonomic status of Scinax nebulosus and Scinax constrictus (Scinaxinae, Anura) based on molecular markers T. M. B. Freitasa* , J. B. L. Salesb , I. Sampaioc , N. M. Piorskia and L. N. Weberd aUniversidade Federal do Maranhão – UFMA, Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Ecologia e Sistemática de Peixes, Programa de Pós-graduação Bionorte, Grupo de Taxonomia, Biogeografia, Ecologia e Conservação de Peixes do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brasil bUniversidade Federal do Pará – UFPA, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade – CEABIO, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia Aquática e Pesca – PPGEAP, Grupo de Investigação Biológica Integrada – GIBI, Belém, PA, Brasil cUniversidade Federal do Pará – UFPA, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros – IECOS, Laboratório e Filogenomica e Bioinformatica, Programa de Pós-graduação Biologia Ambiental – PPBA, Grupo de Estudos em Genética e Filogenômica, Bragança, PA, Brasil dUniversidade Federal do Sul da Bahia – UFSB, Centro de Formação em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto Sosígenes Costa de Humanidades, Artes e Ciências, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Zoologia, Programa de Pós-graduação Bionorte, Grupo Biodiversidade da Fauna do Sul da Bahia, Porto Seguro, BA, Brasil *e-mail: [email protected] Received: June 26, 2019 – Accepted: May 4, 2020 – Distributed: November 30, 2021 (With 4 figures) Abstract The validation of many anuran species is based on a strictly descriptive, morphological analysis of a small number of specimens with a limited geographic distribution. The Scinax Wagler, 1830 genus is a controversial group with many doubtful taxa and taxonomic uncertainties, due a high number of cryptic species. -
Redalyc.Amphibians Found in the Amazonian Savanna of the Rio
Biota Neotropica ISSN: 1676-0611 [email protected] Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Brasil Reis Ferreira Lima, Janaina; Dias Lima, Jucivaldo; Dias Lima, Soraia; Borja Lima Silva, Raullyan; Vasconcellos de Andrade, Gilda Amphibians found in the Amazonian Savanna of the Rio Curiaú Environmental Protection Area in Amapá, Brazil Biota Neotropica, vol. 17, núm. 2, 2017, pp. 1-10 Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Campinas, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=199152368003 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Biota Neotropica 17(2): e20160252, 2017 ISSN 1676-0611 (online edition) inventory Amphibians found in the Amazonian Savanna of the Rio Curiaú Environmental Protection Area in Amapá, Brazil Janaina Reis Ferreira Lima1,2, Jucivaldo Dias Lima1,2, Soraia Dias Lima2, Raullyan Borja Lima Silva2 & Gilda Vasconcellos de Andrade3 1Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rede BIONORTE, Programa de Pós‑graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Macapá, AP, Brazil 2Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil 3Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Departamento de Biologia, São Luís, MA, Brazil *Corresponding author: Janaina Reis Ferreira Lima, e‑mail: [email protected] LIMA, J. R. F., LIMA, J. D., LIMA, S. D., SILVA, R. B. L., ANDRADE, G. V. Amphibians found in the Amazonian Savanna of the Rio Curiaú Environmental Protection Area in Amapá, Brazil. Biota Neotropica. 17(2): e20160252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-BN-2016-0252 Abstract: Amphibian research has grown steadily in recent years in the Amazon region, especially in the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, and Amapá, and neighboring areas of the Guiana Shield. -
Diagnosis Del Estado De Conservación Del
ISSN 0370-3908 REVISTA DE LA ACADEMIA COLOMBIANA de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturale Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales Vol. 38 · Número 146 · Págs. 1-124 · Enero - Marzo de 2014 · Bogotá - Colombia Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales Vol. 38 · Número 146 · Págs. 1-124 · Enero - Marzo de 2014 · Bogotá - Colombia Comité editorial Editoras Elizabeth Castañeda Carmenza Duque Instituto Nacional de Salud, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Colombia Bogotá, Colombia Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia Editores asociados Ciencias físicas y Ciencias matemáticas Armando Espinosa Bernardo Gómez Universidad del Quindío, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Armenia, Colombia Pedro Fernández de Córdoba Carlos Alberto Vargas Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, España Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia Rubén Antonio Vargas Universidad del Valle, José Ignacio Martínez Cali, Colombia Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia Victor Albis Ciencias humanas Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Guillermo Páramo Bogotá, Colombia Universidad Central, Bogotá, Colombia Ciencias naturales (biología, botánica, Rubén Ardila zoología, ecología, bioquímica) Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Gabriel Roldán Bogotá, Colombia Universidad Católica de Oriente, Ciencias biomédicas Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia Felipe Guhl M. Gonzalo Andrade Universidad de Los Andes, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia Bogotá, Colombia Luis Fernando García Jaime Ricardo Cantera Universidad de -
A Importância De Se Levar Em Conta a Lacuna Linneana No Planejamento De Conservação Dos Anfíbios No Brasil
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE GOIÁS INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA E EVOLUÇÃO A IMPORTÂNCIA DE SE LEVAR EM CONTA A LACUNA LINNEANA NO PLANEJAMENTO DE CONSERVAÇÃO DOS ANFÍBIOS NO BRASIL MATEUS ATADEU MOREIRA Goiânia, Abril - 2015. TERMO DE CIÊNCIA E DE AUTORIZAÇÃO PARA DISPONIBILIZAR AS TESES E DISSERTAÇÕES ELETRÔNICAS (TEDE) NA BIBLIOTECA DIGITAL DA UFG Na qualidade de titular dos direitos de autor, autorizo a Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) a disponibilizar, gratuitamente, por meio da Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD/UFG), sem ressarcimento dos direitos autorais, de acordo com a Lei nº 9610/98, o do- cumento conforme permissões assinaladas abaixo, para fins de leitura, impressão e/ou down- load, a título de divulgação da produção científica brasileira, a partir desta data. 1. Identificação do material bibliográfico: [x] Dissertação [ ] Tese 2. Identificação da Tese ou Dissertação Autor (a): Mateus Atadeu Moreira E-mail: ma- teus.atadeu@gm ail.com Seu e-mail pode ser disponibilizado na página? [x]Sim [ ] Não Vínculo empregatício do autor Bolsista Agência de fomento: CAPES Sigla: CAPES País: BRASIL UF: D CNPJ: 00889834/0001-08 F Título: A importância de se levar em conta a Lacuna Linneana no planejamento de conservação dos Anfíbios no Brasil Palavras-chave: Lacuna Linneana, Biodiversidade, Conservação, Anfíbios do Brasil, Priorização espacial Título em outra língua: The importance of taking into account the Linnean shortfall on Amphibian Conservation Planning Palavras-chave em outra língua: Linnean shortfall, Biodiversity, Conservation, Brazili- an Amphibians, Spatial Prioritization Área de concentração: Biologia da Conservação Data defesa: (dd/mm/aaaa) 28/04/2015 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Ecologia e Evolução Orientador (a): Daniel de Brito Cândido da Silva E-mail: [email protected] Co-orientador E-mail: *Necessita do CPF quando não constar no SisPG 3. -
Herpetology at the Isthmus Species Checklist
Herpetology at the Isthmus Species Checklist AMPHIBIANS BUFONIDAE true toads Atelopus zeteki Panamanian Golden Frog Incilius coniferus Green Climbing Toad Incilius signifer Panama Dry Forest Toad Rhaebo haematiticus Truando Toad (Litter Toad) Rhinella alata South American Common Toad Rhinella granulosa Granular Toad Rhinella margaritifera South American Common Toad Rhinella marina Cane Toad CENTROLENIDAE glass frogs Cochranella euknemos Fringe-limbed Glass Frog Cochranella granulosa Grainy Cochran Frog Espadarana prosoblepon Emerald Glass Frog Sachatamia albomaculata Yellow-flecked Glass Frog Sachatamia ilex Ghost Glass Frog Teratohyla pulverata Chiriqui Glass Frog Teratohyla spinosa Spiny Cochran Frog Hyalinobatrachium chirripoi Suretka Glass Frog Hyalinobatrachium colymbiphyllum Plantation Glass Frog Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni Fleischmann’s Glass Frog Hyalinobatrachium valeroi Reticulated Glass Frog Hyalinobatrachium vireovittatum Starrett’s Glass Frog CRAUGASTORIDAE robber frogs Craugastor bransfordii Bransford’s Robber Frog Craugastor crassidigitus Isla Bonita Robber Frog Craugastor fitzingeri Fitzinger’s Robber Frog Craugastor gollmeri Evergreen Robber Frog Craugastor megacephalus Veragua Robber Frog Craugastor noblei Noble’s Robber Frog Craugastor stejnegerianus Stejneger’s Robber Frog Craugastor tabasarae Tabasara Robber Frog Craugastor talamancae Almirante Robber Frog DENDROBATIDAE poison dart frogs Allobates talamancae Striped (Talamanca) Rocket Frog Colostethus panamensis Panama Rocket Frog Colostethus pratti Pratt’s Rocket -
Anura: Hylidae)
Herpetologica, 67(3), 2011, 288–299 E 2011 by The Herpetologists’ League, Inc. A NEW MINIATURE TREEFROG OF THE SCINAX RUBER CLADE FROM THE CERRADO OF CENTRAL BRAZIL (ANURA: HYLIDAE) 1,3 1 2 2 JOSE´ P. POMBAL,JR. ,MARCOS BILATE ,PRISCILLA G. GAMBALE ,LUCIANA SIGNORELLI , 2 AND ROGE´ RIO P. BASTOS 1Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas, Universidade Federal de Goia´s, caixa postal 131, 74001-970 Goiaˆnia, Goia´s, Brazil ABSTRACT: We describe a new species of treefrog of the Scinax ruber clade related to Scinax fuscomarginatus from southwest of the state of Goia´s in central Brazil. The new species is characterized by its small size (snout–vent length of males, 15.9–18.6 mm; females, 18.1–18.7 mm), very slender body, a snout that is strongly acute in lateral view and subelliptical in dorsal view, two lateral broad blackish stripes from the posterior corner of the eye to inguinal region, reduced toe webbing, and advertisement calls that are a single pulsed note with a pulse period of 2–13 ms and a dominant frequency of 2.51–5.95 kHz. Vocalizations of the new species and S. fuscomarginatus, Scinax parkeri, Scinax squalirostris, and Scinax wandae are provided and discussed. Key words: Amphibian; Dendropsophini; New species; Scinax fuscomarginatus; Scinax sp. nov.; Vocalization THE HYLID frog genus Scinax Wagler, 1830, Scinax lutzorum Cardoso and Pombal, 2010; currently comprises .100 recognized species Scinax maracaya (Cardoso and Sazima, 1980); distributed from eastern and southern Mexico to Scinax nasicus (Cope, 1862); Scinax pachy- Argentina and Uruguay, Trinidad and Tobago, crus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937); Scinax parkeri and St. -
Species Diversity and Conservation Status Of
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons Department of Biological Sciences College of Arts, Sciences & Education 4-2009 Species Diversity and Conservation Status of Amphibians in Madre De Dios, Southern Peru Rudolf Von May Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University Karen Siu-Ting Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Jennifer M. Jacobs San Francisco State University; California Academy of Sciences Margarita Medina-Muller Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Giuseppe Gagliardi Museo de Zoología de la Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cas_bio Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation May, Rudolf Von; Siu-Ting, Karen; Jacobs, Jennifer M.; Medina-Muller, Margarita; Gagliardi, Giuseppe; Rodriguez, Lily O.; and Donnelly, Maureen A., "Species Diversity and Conservation Status of Amphibians in Madre De Dios, Southern Peru" (2009). Department of Biological Sciences. 164. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cas_bio/164 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts, Sciences & Education at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Biological Sciences by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Rudolf Von May, Karen Siu-Ting, Jennifer M. Jacobs, Margarita Medina-Muller, Giuseppe Gagliardi, Lily O. Rodriguez, and Maureen A. Donnelly This article is available at FIU Digital Commons: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cas_bio/164 Herpetological Conservation and Biology 4(1):14-29 Submitted: 18 December 2007; Accepted: 4 August 2008 SPECIES DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF AMPHIBIANS IN MADRE DE DIOS, SOUTHERN PERU 1,2 3 4,5 RUDOLF VON MAY , KAREN SIU-TING , JENNIFER M. -
Systematic Review of the Frog Family Hylidae, with Special Reference to Hylinae: Phylogenetic Analysis and Taxonomic Revision
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE FROG FAMILY HYLIDAE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HYLINAE: PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AND TAXONOMIC REVISION JULIAÂ N FAIVOVICH Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Herpetology), American Museum of Natural History Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology (E3B) Columbia University, New York, NY ([email protected]) CEÂ LIO F.B. HADDAD Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de BiocieÃncias, Unversidade Estadual Paulista, C.P. 199 13506-900 Rio Claro, SaÄo Paulo, Brazil ([email protected]) PAULO C.A. GARCIA Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, AÂ rea de CieÃncias da SauÂde Curso de Biologia, Rua CaÃndido Xavier de Almeida e Souza 200 08780-911 Mogi das Cruzes, SaÄo Paulo, Brazil and Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de SaÄo Paulo, SaÄo Paulo, Brazil ([email protected]) DARREL R. FROST Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Herpetology), American Museum of Natural History ([email protected]) JONATHAN A. CAMPBELL Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, Texas 76019 ([email protected]) WARD C. WHEELER Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History ([email protected]) BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10024 Number 294, 240 pp., 16 ®gures, 2 tables, 5 appendices Issued June 24, 2005 Copyright q American Museum of Natural History 2005 ISSN 0003-0090 CONTENTS Abstract ....................................................................... 6 Resumo ....................................................................... -
Phylogenetics, Classification, and Biogeography of the Treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae)
Zootaxa 4104 (1): 001–109 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2016 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4104.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D598E724-C9E4-4BBA-B25D-511300A47B1D ZOOTAXA 4104 Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae) WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN1,3, ANGELA B. MARION2 & S. BLAIR HEDGES2 1Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7593, USA 2Center for Biodiversity, Temple University, 1925 N 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122-1601, USA 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by M. Vences: 27 Oct. 2015; published: 19 Apr. 2016 WILLIAM E. DUELLMAN, ANGELA B. MARION & S. BLAIR HEDGES Phylogenetics, Classification, and Biogeography of the Treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae) (Zootaxa 4104) 109 pp.; 30 cm. 19 April 2016 ISBN 978-1-77557-937-3 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-77557-938-0 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2016 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/j/zt © 2016 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. -
Elaeagia (Rubiaceae), De La Cordillera Oriental De Colombia
Biota Colombiana Volumen 19 (Sup. 1) - Colombia Bio y otras novedades científicas Una publicación del /A publication of: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt En asocio con /In collaboration with: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras - Invemar BIOTAIOTA COLOMBIANAOLOMBIANA Missouri Botanical Garden B C ISSN impreso 0124-5376 Volumen 19 . Suplemento 1 . Junio de 2018 ISSN digitalISSN impreso 2539-200X 0124-5376 ColombiaVolumen Bio 19y otras . Suplemento novedades 1 . científicasjunio de 2018 DOI 10.21068/c001ISSN digital 2539200X Colombia BIO y otras novedades científicas DOI 10.21068/c001 TABLA DE CONTENIDO/ TABLE OF CONTENTS Editorial .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Una nueva especie de barniz de pasto Elaeagia (Rubiaceae), de la cordillera Oriental de Colombia. A new species of Elaeagia (Rubiaceae) from the cordillera Oriental of Colombia. Humberto Mendoza-Cifuentes y José Aguilar-Cano ............................................ 3 Una nueva especie de Allomaieta (Melastomataceae – Cyphostyleae) del piedemonte amazónico de los Andes de Colombia. A new species of Allomaieta (Melastomataceae-Cyphostyleae) from the Amazonian foothills of the Colombian Andes. Humberto Mendoza-Cifuentes .............................................................................................................................................................................................