Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi

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Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Universidade Federal do Pará Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia Turnover de anuros da Amazônia, perspectivas em multi escalas e habitats YOUSZEF OLIVEIRA DA CUNHA BITAR BELÉM-PA 2015 YOUSZEF OLIVEIRA DA CUNHA BITAR Turnover de anuros da Amazônia, perspectivas em multi escalas e habitats Tese de doutorado apresentado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia da Universidade Federal do Pará/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Orientadora: Dra Maria Cristina dos Santos Costa Co-orientador: Dr. Leandro Juen BELÉM-PA 2015 2 Eu sei um pouco de muita coisa, mas muito mesmo eu não sei de quase nada! 3 AGRADECIMENTOS A Dra. Maria Cristina dos Santos Costa, pela orientação, grande amizade, por ter acreditado em mim desde o começo de minha vida acadêmica e por me dar autonomia e suporte na condução dessa tese. Foi um enorme prazer tê-la como orientadora desde meu primeiro estágio no segundo semestre da graduação. Sou com orgulho e satisfação a sua cria mais longa. Ao Dr. Leandro Juen por ter me auxiliado e co-orientado nessa árdua jornada de crescimento e aprendizado. A Dra. Hanna Tuomisto, por me aceitar às cegas na Universidade de Turku e em seu grupo de pesquisa. Obrigado por ter contribuído de forma tão espontânea e eficiente na minha formação científica. É uma honra ter conquistado a sua amizade. A Leandra Pinheiro, Por TUDO mesmo! Minha namorada, companheira, amiga, parceira, colega..., você me ajudou de todas as formas possíveis e imagináveis em cada etapa. Independente do que o futuro nos traga, você já faz parte da minha vida e do pesquisador (pessoa) que me tornei. Te amo! Agradeço a minha mãe, Idalice Oliveira da Cunha, pois ela é a responsável por todo e qualquer tipo de apoio que eu tenha precisado durante a minha vida acadêmica ou social, pois foi a ela que eu recorri em momentos difíceis, ela estava ao meu lado como o mais fiel dos amigos. Ao meu Pai, Miguel Bitar Junior, pelos conselhos, conversas e incentivos constantes nos momentos difíceis dessa estrada, sua experiência me mostrou muitos caminhos e um mundo de possibilidades que estavam a minha frente. É bom saber que posso contar contigo, sempre! Ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia em convênio entre Universidade Federal do Pará e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. A CAPES e ao programa Ciência sem fronteiras (bolsa PDSE) pelas bolsas concedidas Aos projetos e institutos que acreditaram na nossa capacidade e potencial, e financiaram nossas coletas de campo que resultaram nos dados apresentados aqui: 4 Instituto Mamirauá (representados pelo Dr. Helder Queiroz e João Valsecchi) / IPAM / SISBIOTA / PPBio. Sem o suporte de vocês isso não seria possível. A todos os membros do Amazon Research Team (Turku, Finlândia) por me receberem de forma tão espontânea como um membro e me acolherem nessa terra gelada pelo clima, mas receptiva como um país tropical. Ao ICMBio e IBAMA, que nos concederam nossas licenças de coleta e nos ajudaram também com todo o suporte logístico durante o campo nas unidades de conservação (FLONA do Amapá e Tapajós). Aos meus amigos de laboratório e profissão que fizeram parte dessa jornada, Gabi, Pablo, Trevelin (Balú), Lincoln, Beto, Cássia, Fernanda (Xoxó), Alessandro, Angelo e Jossehan. Obrigado a todos que infelizmente não foram aqui citados, mas que me ajudaram de alguma forma. Meus lapsos de memória não são novidade para ninguém, então não levem pro lado pessoal. Meu sincero obrigado! 5 Sumário Resumo geral ............................................................................................................. 09 Abstract ..................................................................................................................... 11 1. INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Referências bibliográficas ............................................................................................. 18 CAPÍTULO 1 (Artigo publicado no Journal of Herpetology, as normas estão de acordo com esta revista) ......................................................................................................... 23 Anuran beta diversity in a Mosaic anthropogenic landscape in transitional Amazon ............. 24 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 25 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 25 Material and Methods........................................................................................................... 29 Study area ............................................................................................................................... 29 Characterization of habitats ..................................................................................................... 30 Experimental design................................................................................................................ 30 Environmental variables .......................................................................................................... 31 Statistical analyses .................................................................................................................. 32 Results ................................................................................................................................... 34 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 38 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. 42 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................... 43 CAPÍTULO 2 (Artigo submetido à Biotropica, as normas estão de acordo com esta revista) ........................................................................................................................ 56 Species turnover in Amazonian frogs: Low predictability and large differences among terra firme forests ........................................................................................................................ 57 Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 58 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 59 Methods ................................................................................................................................. 62 Study area ............................................................................................................................... 62 Experimental design................................................................................................................ 63 Experimental variables ............................................................................................................ 64 Statistical analyses .................................................................................................................. 65 6 Results ................................................................................................................................... 67 Species turnover ..................................................................................................................... 67 Variation in species turnover explained by environmental and spatial distances ....................... 72 Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 71 Local-scale species turnover.................................................................................................... 71 Across-scale comparisions ...................................................................................................... 75 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 76 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................. 77 References ............................................................................................................................. 78 Appendix SI........................................................................................................................... 97 Appendix SII ......................................................................................................................... 99 CAPÍTULO 3 (Artigo a ser submetido) ................................................................... 102 How differences in anuran reproductive modes can affect their turnover: Comparing scales and habitats ....................................................................................................................... 102 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 103 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 105 Material and Methods......................................................................................................... 108 Study area ............................................................................................................................
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