Ramboll EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London Heritage Statement

Final report Prepared by LUC June 2020

Ramboll

EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London Heritage Statement

Project Number 11106

Version Status Prepared Checked Approved Date

1. Draft for review R. Haworth M. Conway H Quartermain 10.06.2020

2. Final for issue R. Haworth M. Conway H Quartermain 11.06.2020

Bristol Land Use Consultants Ltd Landscape Design Edinburgh Registered in England Strategic Planning & Assessment Glasgow Registered number 2549296 Development Planning Lancaster Registered office: Urban Design & Masterplanning London 250 Waterloo Road Environmental Impact Assessment Manchester London SE1 8RD Landscape Planning & Assessment

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Contents

EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London June 2020 Contents

Figure 2.3: Elevations in context 11 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Figure 2.4: Street context: Smithfield Market and railway cutting 11 Project background 1 Figure 2.5: Roofscape from Holborn Viaduct 11 Methodology 1 Figure 2.6: 51-53 Charterhouse Street interior 12

Planning policy 2

Chapter 2 Heritage significance 6

Historical background 6 Heritage significance 8 Photographs 11 June 2020 11

Chapter 3 Heritage assessment 13

Conclusions 14

Chapter 4 Bibliography 15

Appendix A Listing description A-1

Table of Tables Table 1.1: NPPF references 2 Table 1.2: Relevant London Plan 2016 policies 4 Table 1.3: Relevant Intend to Publish London Plan 2019 draft policies 4 Table 1.4: Relevant Islington Core Strategy 2012 policies 4 Table 1.5: Relevant Islington Development Management policies 4 Table 1.6: Relevant guidance from Design Guidelines 5 Table 2.1: Listed buildings with potential for setting change 9

Table of Figures Figure 2.1: 47-49 and 51-53 Charterhouse Street 11 Figure 2.2: 51-53 Charterhouse Street roofline silhouette 11

LUC I i -Chapter 1 Introduction EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London June 2020 Chapter 1 Introduction

Project background/ Methodology/ Planning policy context

Project background The EON Energy Centre building consists of two former cold store buildings merged into one property, now housing a combined heat and power (CHP) station. The historic elevations are still clearly distinct: the eastern building, 51-53 Charterhouse Street is grade II listed (listing entry and description at Appendix A); the western building, 47-49 Charterhouse Street, is not listed. The whole site lies within the Charterhouse Square Conservation Area, within the London Borough of Islington The buildings were converted into a power station c.1993. The current proposal comprises installation of heat pumps to internal spaces within the building, plant to the roof and pipe runs at various levels within the building. To facilitate installation of the heat pumps, the central door on the front elevation of 51-53 Charterhouse Street is proposed for temporary removal and re-installation.

Methodology The aims of this statement are to identify the heritage assets affected by the proposals, evaluate their significance and assess the likely impact of the proposals upon them. Where harm may result from the proposed works, appropriate mitigation strategies are suggested. The heritage assets will comprise those directly affected within the site and those nearby which may have their settings changed. Effects to archaeological assets associated with the scheme are subject to a separate assessment.

Significance is identified according to the guidance in Conservation Principles1. Impacts are described in terms of the extent to which the proposed development will degrade or enhance the assets’ significance. The report has been produced in accordance with appropriate historic environment guidance2.

______

1 English Heritage, Conservation Principles, Policies and Guidance, 2008 Significance in Decision-Taking in the Historic Environment: Historic 2 Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2017 Standard and Guidance for historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2 (aka GPA 2); Historic environment desk-based assessment; Historic England 2015 Managing England 2015 The Setting of Heritage Assets: Historic Environment Good

LUC I 1 Chapter 1 Introduction EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London June 2020

Sources Sections 16 and 66, relating to applications for listed building consent and planning permission respectively, The following publicly accessible sources of state that, in considering applications affecting listed buildings, primary and secondary information were used in preparation “special regard” will be had “to the desirability of preserving of this report: the building or its setting or any features of special  Information on designated heritage assets (National architectural or historic interest which it possesses.”; and, Heritage List for England); Section 72 which states that, in considering  Cartographic sources – historic and modern Ordnance applications affecting conservation areas, “special attention Survey and other mapping at various scales; shall be paid to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of that area”.  Published and online sources on the Charterhouse, Clerkenwell and Smithfield area and Smithfield Market; In the operation of this law, the concept of and ‘preservation’ referred to in Sections 16, 66 and 72 has been interpreted as to do no harm.  Legislation and planning documents.

In addition, Greater London Historic Environment National Planning Policy Framework 2019 Record (GLHER) entries were retrieved covering a 200m The application of these laws and national policy radius centred on the building. covering the effects of development on the historic environment are outlined in the National Planning Policy Assumptions and limitations Framework (NPPF)3. There are references to the historic The secondary sources consulted are assumed environment throughout the NPPF but Section 16 ‘Conserving to be reliable unless otherwise stated. Owing to the and enhancing the historic environment’ deals with the topic in coronavirus pandemic situation happening at the time of detail. Table 1.1 overleaf lists the NPPF policies considered preparation, no site visit and no primary archival research relevant to this application. were initially carried out. A change in government advice Guidance on interpretation of NPPF policies is during preparation allowed for a site visit, when additional contained in the conserving and enhancing the historic checks were made and photographs were taken, provided environment section of the Planning Practice Guidance here at Chapter 2. The level of secondary information (PPG)4. available, including site photography provided by the client, is considered to provide a good level of understanding of the Part of this section deals with how to assess if a existing condition and detail of the buildings, sufficient to draw proposal causes substantial harm to a heritage asset’s reliable conclusions on significance and impact. significance as this is the key policy consideration for designated heritage assets5. The PPG states that “Whether a Planning policy proposal causes substantial harm will be a judgment for the decision-maker, having regard to the circumstances of the Legislative context case and the policy in the National Planning Policy Framework”. It goes on to state that it is the “degree of harm The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation to the asset’s significance rather than the scale of the Areas) Act 1990 is the key piece of national legislation relating development that is to be assessed” and that “harm may arise to the protection and treatment of the historic environment from works to the asset or from development within its within the development process. The 1990 Act places a setting”. number of duties on decision makers, key amongst these are:

Table 1.1: NPPF references

Paragraph Content

189 In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be ______

Practice Advice in Planning Note 3 (aka GPA 3) and National Planning Policy 4 https://www.gov.uk/guidance/conserving-and-enhancing-the-historic- Guidance (NPPG). environment 5 https://www.gov.uk/guidance/conserving-and-enhancing-the-historic- 3 Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, 2019. environment#assess-substantial-harm

LUC I 2 Chapter 1 Introduction EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London June 2020

Paragraph Content proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes, or has the potential to include, heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation.

190 Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise any conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal.

192 In determining applications, local planning authorities should take account of: a) the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation; b) the positive contribution that conservation of heritage assets can make to sustainable communities including their economic vitality; and c) the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness.

193 When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation (and the more important the asset, the greater the weight should be). This is irrespective of whether any potential harm amounts to substantial harm, total loss or less than substantial harm to its significance.

194 Any harm to, or loss of, the significance of a designated heritage asset (from its alteration or destruction, or from development within its setting), should require clear and convincing justification.

196 Where a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal including, where appropriate, securing its optimum viable use.

197 The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that directly or indirectly affect non-designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset.

LUC I 3 Chapter 1 Introduction EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London June 2020

Table 1.4: Relevant Islington Core Strategy 2012 policies London Plan The London Plan is the overall strategic plan for Policy Content London, setting out an integrated economic, environmental, CS 9 Protecting B The historic significance of Islington’s transport and social framework for the development of London and enhancing unique heritage assets and historic over the next 20–25 years. The March 2016 version Islington’s built environment will be conserved and consolidates all the alterations to the London Plan since 2011. and historic enhanced whether designated or not. environment It provides a strategic, London-wide policy context within which boroughs should set their local planning policies. Islington’s Development Management Policies, Table 1.2: Relevant London Plan 2016 policies adopted June 2013 contain the following relevant detailed Policy Content policies: Table 1.5: Relevant Islington Development Management 7.8 Heritage C Development should identify, value, assets and conserve, restore, re-use and incorporate policies archaeology heritage assets, where appropriate. Policy Content D Development affecting heritage assets and their settings should conserve their DM2.3 Heritage A. Conserving and enhancing the historic significance, by being sympathetic to their environment form, scale, materials and architectural detail. Islington's historic environment is an irreplaceable resource and the council will ensure that the borough's heritage assets are conserved and enhanced in a manner In addition, the draft new London Plan is at an appropriate to their significance. advanced stage. The 2016 Plan is still the adopted Development that makes a positive Development Plan, but the Intend to Publish London Plan contribution to Islington's local character and distinctiveness will be encouraged. 2019 is a material consideration in planning decisions. The significance given to it is a matter for the decision maker, but it B. Conservation areas gains more weight as it moves through the process to i) The council will require that alterations to adoption. Policies in Chapter 7, Heritage and Culture, are existing buildings in conservation areas relevant to this proposal. conserve or enhance their significance.

Table 1.3: Relevant Intend to Publish London Plan 2019 ii) The council will require the retention of all buildings and structures which make a draft policies positive contribution to the significance of a conservation area. The appropriate repair Policy Content and re-use of such buildings will be encouraged. HC1 Heritage Development proposals affecting heritage conservation and assets, and their settings, should conserve v) Planning applications are required to growth their significance, by being sympathetic to include a Heritage Statement which the assets’ significance and appreciation demonstrates a clear understanding of the within their surroundings. The cumulative significance of any heritage assets affected impacts of incremental change from by proposals and the impact on their development on heritage assets and their significance. settings should also be actively managed. Development proposals should avoid harm C. Listed buildings and identify enhancement opportunities by i) The significance of Islington’s listed integrating heritage considerations early on buildings is required to be conserved or in the design process. enhanced. Appropriate repair and reuse of listed buildings will be encouraged. Local Plan ii) The significance of a listed building can be harmed by inappropriate repair, alteration or The London Borough of Islington adopted the extension. Proposals to repair, alter or Core Strategy of its Local Development Framework in extend a listed building must be justified and appropriate. February 2011. It sets out a series of strategic policies indicating where and how change will happen in Islington, vi) Applications for listed building consent must be accompanied by a Heritage indicates what supporting infrastructure will be needed, and Statement which demonstrates a clear how any environmental impact can be reduced. understanding of the significance of the

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Policy Content Table 1.6: Relevant guidance from Design Guidelines

affected listed building and of the impact on Paragraph Content its significance. 1.20 New buildings and roof extensions to existing E. Non-designated heritage assets buildings should conform to the height of Non-designated heritage assets, including existing development in the immediate area. locally listed buildings and shopfronts, should be identified early in the design process for 1.22 Roof extensions visible from the street or a any development proposal which may impact public open space will not be granted where on their significance. The council will this is harmful to the character and encourage the retention, repair and reuse of appearance of the building. non-designated heritage assets. Proposals that unjustifiably harm the significance of a non-designated heritage asset will generally Although the proposals entail installation of plant not be permitted. at roof level, rather than extensions per se, the principles of this guidance are considered to apply. G. Climate change i) Proposals that aim to mitigate, and adapt Other relevant policies are considered in more to, the effects of climate change should in detail in the Design and Access Statement. Policy compliance the first instance explore all opportunities of and planning balance are covered in the Planning Statement. enhancing energy efficiency and forms of providing renewable energy and improved adaptation to climate change without harming the significance of heritage assets. ii) Where conflict between climate change objectives and the conservation of heritage assets is unavoidable the public benefit of mitigating the effects of climate change will be weighed against any harm to the significance of heritage assets, in accordance with the development management principles in national, London and Islington planning policy.

The Islington Local Plan is being reviewed, with the new proposed Plan currently undergoing Examination in Public.

Guidance Documents: Heritage The London Borough of Islington published The Clerkenwell Green, Charterhouse Square and Hat & Feathers Conservation Area Design Guidelines in January 2002. This document identifies that the special character of the Clerkenwell and Smithfield area derives from surviving evidence of its long history of development over nine centuries, and its great variety of uses including manufacturing, workshops, wholesaling and retailing. Its tightly-built and small scale character is considered a key element in its special character and one sensitive to erosion. 47-49 and 51-53 Charterhouse Street are specifically identified as buildings which must be retained within the conservation area, along with the street’s entrance gates, railings, lampposts, bollards, roadway and telephone kiosk. It contains the following guidelines relevant to this proposal:

LUC I 5 -Chapter 2 Heritage significance EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London June 2020 Chapter 2 Heritage significance

Historical background

The Charterhouse and Smithfield area The name Smithfield derives from ‘Smoothfield’, a flat, grassy area outside the city walls6. In the Roman period burials were precluded within the city and Smithfield appears to have been one of several such areas used as cemeteries. Burials have been found in the area dating between the 1st to 4th centuries A.D. Little evidence of activity has been found from the Saxon period. This is not unexpected since the Roman city is thought to have become largely unoccupied from the early 5th century and as Saxon-period settlement focussed to the west of the city in Lundenwic. By the Norman invasion the area had largely reverted to agricultural use7.

During the medieval period the open spaces of Smithfield became known for a variety of events and uses, including horse- and livestock markets; annual fairs including the famous Bartholomew Fair; royal tournaments and jousts; and as a place of public execution. From the 12th century a number of religious orders founded houses in the area, many of which transformed into a variety of institutions following the Reformation, such as St Bartholomew’s Hospital. The Carthusian Order of Friars founded the Charterhouse, the Anglicised form of ‘Chartreuse’, as a monastery in 1371. The name Carthusian Street also reflects these origins8. After the Reformation, the Charterhouse passed through various noble hands and was converted to an almshouse and school in the early 17th century, the forerunner of the famous Charterhouse public school. The school relocated to Godalming in 1872 but the complex of buildings, reflecting all the stages of its history, remained. It was largely reconstructed following extensive bomb damage in 19419. Charterhouse Square is reputed to be the site of the Charterhouse’s burial ground10.

Smithfield Markets

Old Smithfield Market was an outdoor livestock market located on open ground to the south-east of the ______

6 City of London, Smithfield Conservation Area Character Summary and 9Listing description for The Charterhouse, list entry number 1298101, Management Strategy, adopted 18 September 2012, p.10 https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1298101 accessed 7 Ibid., pp10-11. 21/05/2020 8 Willats, Eric A., Streets with a Story: The Book of Islington, Islington Local 10 Willats 1986, p.61. History Education Trust 1986, revised Islington Heritage Service 2018, digital edition p.57.

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present market complex. It was first established in the 15th to maintain low temperatures through the warmer parts of the century as a weekly livestock market, after animal slaughter year before the ice could be replenished in the winter. From was banned within the city walls11. Growing concern through the mid-19th century electric refrigeration methods started to the 18th and 19th centuries regarding the public nuisance take over from stored-ice systems, using the principle of heat caused by the market gradually led to its reform and exchange through refrigerant chemicals to cool an insulated replacement. The open market closed down in 1855 when the storage space16. Metropolitan Cattle Market opened at Caledonian Road in To enable growing imports of chilled and frozen Islington. The City Corporation developed plans for a large, meat from overseas, the first British refrigerated cold store permanent, covered market on a series of plots to the west of was opened in 1877 in the vaults under Cannon Street railway Charterhouse Square. station. Further dock-side cold stores opened at the Victoria The western section of Charterhouse Street was and the South West-India Docks in the early 1880s. At created on construction of the new Smithfield markets from Smithfield, the basements of the Poultry Market were 186612, cutting through the narrow, winding medieval street converted to refrigerated storage in 1884-717. From the 1890s pattern lined with row houses and back courts. The the construction of cold stores accelerated with significant Metropolitan Line extension between Farringdon and groups developing at the docks, alongside the Thames and at Moorgate was constructed at around the same time, creating Smithfield, which had 6 examples in and around Charterhouse the open cutting north of Charterhouse Street, immediately to Street built between 1894 and 1923. The Red House cold the east of the development site. The majority of the meat store, 1898, is the oldest surviving of these, followed by 51-53 handled at the new Smithfield market was delivered by train13, Charterhouse Street, 1899, designed by C.S. Peach. The Port facilitated by the ingenious construction of the buildings of London Cold Store, 47-49 Charterhouse Street, dates from directly over basement sidings14. 191418, designed by T.H. Smith. The introduction of refrigerated road transport rendered cold stores, including all From this point on the character and uses in the those at Smithfield, obsolete by the early 1980s and all the Charterhouse Street area changed dramatically from highly surviving examples have been converted to new uses19. mixed uses until, by the 1870s, meat and poultry traders predominated, supported by ancillary businesses such as Charles Stanley Peach (1858–1934) worked with coffee-rooms, banks and public houses. By the Second World H.R. Gough in London from 1882 before setting up his own War purpose-built cold stores made up a significant proportion practice c.1885, concentrating on industrial and commercial of the street15. commissions. He came to specialise in the design of electricity generating stations, advising on several in London and Cold Stores elsewhere. He was also responsible for the Lawn Tennis Association’s original Centre Court at Wimbledon20. Methods of cold storage, with the aim of preventing perishable foods from deteriorating, have a long Although not indicated in the list description, some history. The challenge became more pressing through the 18th sources mention that the Central London Cold Storage and 19th centuries with the development of improved Building was designed as a combination of electricity agricultural methods, increasing urbanisation and generation and cold storage, which would accord with Peach’s industrialisation of food production requiring the creation of known expertise and help to explain his commission. RPS’ centralised storage, delivery, wholesale and retail supply analysis of archive material showed the building to consist chains. originally of two uses – an ‘electric light station’ and cold store

Early cold stores or ice houses generally relied on ice harvested from natural sources such as frozen lakes, stored in large enough quantities within an insulated chamber ______

11 City of London, Smithfield Conservation Area Character Summary and 15 Temple, P. (ed.) 2008, pp.265-279. Management Strategy, adopted 18 September 2012, p.12. 16 Every Cooling Solution, ‘A Brief History of Cold Storage’: 12 Temple, P. (ed.), 'Charterhouse Square area: Charterhouse Street and other https://everycoolingsolution.co.uk/a-brief-history-of-cold-storage/ accessed streets', in Survey of London: Volume 46, South and East Clerkenwell, London, 29/05/2020 2008, pp. 265-279: British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey- 17 English Heritage 2003, p.5 london/vol46/pp265-279 [accessed 21 May 2020]. 18 Ibid., p.6 13 City of London, Smithfield Conservation Area Character Summary and 19 Ibid., p.8 Management Strategy, adopted 18 September 2012, p.15. 20 ‘Peach, Charles Stanley’, A Dictionary of Architecture and 14 English Heritage, Western Buildings London Central Markets Smithfield, Landscape Architecture , Encyclopedia.com: Reports and Papers B/01 3/2003, 2003, p.8: https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and- file:///C:/Users/haworth_r/Downloads/WESTERNBUILDINGSLONDONCENTRA press-releases/peach-charles-stanley [accessed 29/05/2020] LMARKETSSMITHFIELD-AREPORTBYTHEHISTORICALRESEARCH.pdf accessed 02/06/2020

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– built in two phases but given the appearance of a single unit A new use: combined heat and power generation with a unifying façade21. 51-53 Charterhouse Street was heavily damaged by a T.H. Smith (1859-1934) commenced independent fire in 1989, following which the two former cold stores were practice in 188422, but no additional information regarding his converted to a combined heat and power (CHP) station in career is available. 1993. Two marine engines installed in the central hall generated electricity, while the by-product heat was captured Margarine and sent through a network of tunnels to heat buildings in the City. Chilled water from the process is also utilised for cooling Oleomargarine, commonly known as margarine, in the area. A major refurbishment in 2017 replaced the old was first developed in France in 1869 in response to a engines with cleaner, gas-fired engines to be the largest urban challenge by Emperor Napoleon III to create an affordable CHP station in the UK at the time28. substitute for butter from beef tallow, for consumption by the armed forces and poorer classes23. In the 1870s, family firms While the front elevations remain intact, internally, very in the butter business in the Netherlands started to little fabric of historic value remains. Extensively damaged by manufacture the product commercially from beef fat and milk. the 1989 fire, and then by the creation of the CHP station in One of these firms was Van den Bergh, which was growing 1993, internal structures within the listed building were largely rapidly in European markets and launched a new margarine cleared away. Historic building analysis carried out for the brand, Vitello, in 1898. 2013 refurbishment shows only small areas of original glazed tile wall finishes and truncated I-beams indicating original floor H. and J. Van den Bergh, the sons and positions remained. A series of vaults under pavement level grandsons of the original margarine business owners, opened also remain as shown in historic archive drawings29. However a branch in London in the 1880s24. The margarine factory was these have also been heavily altered with inserted concrete located in Fulham25. Reliable information is not available but it floors and columns. seems likely that the cold store was located to store beef fat from Smithfield market, one of the main raw materials of margarine, before transportation to the factory. Stratton and Heritage significance Trinder note that the archaeology of the margarine industry is The character of the Smithfield area has been under-researched but that it played a significant role in the shaped by its specialised uses and institutions, and the two British food industry in the first half of the 20th century26. In the cold store buildings forming the site are representative of this 1920s Van den Bergh formed part of the Margarine Unie pattern. They provide a sense of continuity with the area’s group which merged with Lever Brothers in 1929 to form history and have retained much of their external character Unilever27, still one of the world’s major producers of despite substantial changes of use and internal alterations. margarine. 29 sites containing cold stores are included in the The supply of beef fat in industrial quantities National Heritage List (26 listed buildings and three scheduled would require holding premises close to the place of slaughter monuments). The majority are small-scale stores forming part or wholesale, capable of storing the fat below ambient of larger food production and storage complexes such as temperature until sufficient stock had been amassed to ship a farms, dairies, or food retail premises. Three examples are commercially viable quantity to the factory or in response to larger-scale, purpose built cold stores relating to specific varying demand. The logic behind the cold store’s location foodstuffs and processes; fish smokeries, ice factories - or immediately beside Smithfield and its rail connections is margarine, as in the case of this site. Five are located in therefore clear. Greater London, two directly related to Smithfield Market, but this site is the only purpose-built example. 119 Charterhouse Street consists of an 18th century terraced house later ______

21 RPS, ‘47-49 and 51-53 Charterhouse Street, London Borough of Islington, 25 Stratton, M. and Trinder, B., Twentieth Century Industrial Archaeology, Heritage Statement and Desk-based Archaeological Assessment’, 23 July 2013, London, 2000, p.50. p.26 and p.44. 26 Ibid. p.50. 22 Dictionary of Scottish Architects, ‘Thomas Henry Smith’: 27 Unilever, Our History: https://www.unilever.co.uk/about/who-we-are/our- http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=206833 [accessed history/ [accessed 28/05/2020] 02/06/2020] 28 Vaughan, Adam, ‘London's hidden gas plant which could heat and power the 23 Rupp, R., ‘The Butter Wars: When Margarine Was Pink’, National Geographic, future’, The Guardian, 28/07/2017: 13 August 2014: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/food/the- https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jul/28/londons-hidden-gas-plant- plate/2014/08/13/the-butter-wars-when-margarine-was-pink/ accessed which-could-heat-and-power-the-future [accessed 02/06/2020] 29/05/2020 29 AOC Archaeology, ‘51-53 Charterhouse Street, London Borough of Islington: 24 ‘Bergh, van Den’, Encyclopaedia Judaica , Historic Building Appraisal’, June 2013 Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias- almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bergh-van-den accessed 28/05/2020

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converted to a cold store and offices. The Ice Factory and Address/NHL ID Listing Key facts from listing description Cold Store, Digbeth, Birmingham is the only comparable grade purpose-built site of similar date, 1899. Europe at the time of construction. Remarkable ‘pop-architecture’ Historic England’s Industrial Buildings Listing exterior with hexagonal lozenge Selection Guide (2017) notes that cold stores became more lights and open entry bays under common from around 1900. Their “cavernous interiors” were copper canopies. sometimes given an imposing outward treatment which may East Building of II* 1868 meat market by Horace justify their designation, and specifically cites 51-53 Central Market, West Jones, City Architect. 36x6 bay Charterhouse Street as an example of this approach30. Smithfield block plan with central Grand Avenue. French-Italian The building type is therefore fairly rare nationally 1285241 Renaissance in red brick with and significant in its contribution to the Smithfield area, Portland stone dressings, corner towers and structural cast iron providing illustrative historical and aesthetic, architectural gateways and interior. value. 67-77 Charterhouse II 1872, used originally as meat However, internally, very little fabric of historic Street market with 6 shops at ground value remains, as explained above. Overall, the front level before construction of 1375616 elevation, footprint and vaults of 51-53 Charterhouse Street, Smithfield Market in 1877. Venetian Gothic in red and plus a few fragments of internal fabric and finishes, retain their polychrome brick with stone historic and architectural significance. The architectural dressings. expression of the front elevation is the primary source of value, justifying the listing and the building’s contribution to the 79-83 Charterhouse II 1930 Meat inspector's office for Street Smithfield Meat Market by the Charterhouse Square Conservation Area. The interior is, Corporation Engineers’ largely, a complete replacement dating from the 1990s and 1391806 Department. Symmetrical front of subsequent refurbishments and is not of any significance. dressed Portland stone addressing the GII* market Similarly, the front elevation of the Port of London opposite, with strong Art Deco and inter-war Classical influences and Authority building, 47-49 Charterhouse Street, contains its impressive livestock frieze. Good principal significance, contributing positively to the surviving interior. conservation area. As an unlisted building its interior is not protected and internal alterations do not require permission. The site is within the Charterhouse Square conservation area, within LB Islington. The buildings face Setting directly into the Smithfield Conservation Area in the City of The main groups of listed buildings in the vicinity London, which adjoins Islington’s Charterhouse Square with potential to have their settings changed are Smithfield Conservation Area (there is also a conservation area named Markets to the south and south-east of the site and two listed Charterhouse Square in the City of London but this lies a little buildings connected with the history of the markets to the east further to the east). All four main Smithfield Market buildings of the site. Details are listed at Table 2.1 below. Other listed opposite the site (East and West Markets, Poultry Market and buildings close by such as in Cowcross Street and Farringdon General Market) lie within Smithfield Conservation Area. Road are unlikely to be intervisible with the development site Hatton Garden Conservation Area, in LB Camden, lies or to have their significance affected by changes in their approximately 50m to the west, although the conservation setting as a result of the proposed development. areas do not adjoin. Table 2.1: Listed buildings with potential for setting There are no scheduled monuments, registered change parks and gardens or registered battlefields in the vicinity.

Address/NHL ID Listing Key facts from listing description Non-designated heritage assets: The Greater grade London Historic Environment Record (GLHER) has been consulted. No assets liable to setting change are present Smithfield Poultry II 1961-3 by T P Bennett and Son/ Market Ove Arup and Partners. around the site. LB Islington keeps a register of locally listed Interesting paraboloid concrete buildings considered to be of local architectural, historical or 1381209 shell roof, the largest span in environmental importance31. The closest examples to the site ______

30 Historic England, Industrial Buildings Listing Selection Guide 2017 31 London Borough of Islington, Register of Locally Listed Buildings and Locally Significant Shopfronts, April 2010

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are the Smithfield Tavern, 105 Charterhouse Street and a form and distance mean their settings would not be materially series of buildings in Cowcross Street and Farringdon Road. changed. As such, the proposed works will not affect their However their position relative to the site, intervening built significance.

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Figure 2.4: Street context: Smithfield Market and railway Photographs 11 June 2020 cutting Figure 2.1: 47-49 and 51-53 Charterhouse Street

Figure 2.5: Roofscape from Holborn Viaduct Figure 2.2: 51-53 Charterhouse Street roofline silhouette

Figure 2.3: Elevations in context Figure 2.6: Doorways at 51-53 Charterhouse Street

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Figure 2.7: 51-53 Charterhouse Street interior

LUC I 12 -Chapter 3 Heritage assessment EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London June 2020 Chapter 3 Heritage assessment

Impact of proposals

Scope of works The proposed internal works to 51-53 Charterhouse Street consist of:

 Installation of three heat pumps to basement level, each heat pump unit measuring approximately 6.5 x 3 x 3m

 Potential installation of an ammonia scrubber at basement level (this element may not be required but is included for assessment), 3.5m diameter and c.4m high.

 Pipework running internally from basement level, vertically up through the centre of the building to connect to the existing CHP systems at various levels between 5 and 15m above external ground level. 6 wall penetrations will be made to fit the pipework.

The proposed external works to both parts of the building consist of:

 New external dry air cooler installation at roof level on 47-49 Charterhouse Street. The dry air coolers are approximately 3.5m high and remain below existing parapet level.

 Temporary removal of the centre door to the front elevation of 51-53 Charterhouse Street, to allow delivery and installation of the heat pump equipment. The blockwork wall behind the door will be taken down. The door will be retained and re-erected in situ after installation.

Impact on significance of heritage assets

As identified in the significance discussion above, the 1989 fire and subsequent conversion works removed almost all fabric and features of historical significance from the interior of the building. The majority of the proposed internal works to the listed building remain entirely within the core of the CHP installation which consists of a steel and concrete structure inserted from the 1990s onwards.

The exceptions to this are three of the six proposed wall penetrations,4, 5 and 6 which pass through the original party wall between 51-53 and 47-49 Charterhouse Street (refer to drawing 1620009815-4-06-P). This wall is constructed of standard machine-made brick and has no

LUC I 13 Chapter 3 Heritage assessment EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London June 2020

decorative finishes or features of particular interest. New roof installations and plant and would not introduce any openings are required to achieve the installation as the substantial further change. The proposal will not therefore existing access door between the two buildings cannot be affect the character or appearance of the building or the wider used for this purpose. The new openings are kept to a Charterhouse Square Conservation Area. minimum, being three in number to accommodate all the proposed pipework routings, each approximately 500 x Setting 1000mm. None of the vestigial elements of historic interest – The majority of the works are internal. Those glazed tile surfaces or the basement vaults – will be affected. affecting the exterior of the building – removal and The internal works therefore have a low level of replacement of doors and installation of roof plant – have physical impact on small areas of the original fabric of the either no permanent, long-term impact or result in no building. The brickwork party walls are pragmatic, structural meaningful change to the appearance of the building. As such elements which do not contribute to the primary aspect of the they would not alter the setting of nearby heritage assets. building’s significance, the architectural expression of its There is therefore no impact on the settings of the identified principal elevation. The majority of the internal works have no assets. impact on the historical and architectural significance of the listed building. The wall penetrations entail minor loss of Conclusions original fabric, in a manner which leaves its fundamental architectural and historic interest unaffected. The change This report establishes that the heritage significance of would constitute a very low level of less than substantial harm 47-49 and 51-53 Charterhouse Street is not harmed by under the terms of NPPF para. 196. the proposals. The works will have no effect on the The 2013 building assessment report identifies significance of other heritage assets in the vicinity that the existing doors to 51-53 Charterhouse Street appear to through change to their settings. The proposals comply with the key requirements of NPPF, regional and local be modern reproductions of the originals, which would have heritage policy and guidance. been damaged or destroyed in the 1989 fire32. The doors appear to be mounted onto the blockwork wall behind, which The proposals meet the tests of the primary legislation, is to be removed. Works to these doors therefore does not in that they have paid special regard to the desirability of affect historic fabric, as they are modern replacements. preserving the listed building or its setting or any However care was taken to reproduce the original design and features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses; and that special attention has been paid to materials and the doors therefore still hold value, showing the the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character original design intention of the architect and allowing an or appearance of the conservation area. appreciation of the complete elevation. This also helps the building to maintain a positive contribution to the Charterhouse Square Conservation Area, and to the setting of the Smithfield Conservation Area.

The removal of the doors is intended to be short- term and temporary, and the existing doors are to be re- erected in situ. This aspect of the proposal will only impact the significance of the building for the duration of the removal, and no permanent harm will be caused if they are replaced as intended. Conditions on the planning and listed building consent decisions could assist in controlling the duration of removal, the nature of temporary storage and the detail of re- installation. The roof-level works take place only on building A, 47-49 Charterhouse Street, which is not listed. The installation remains below existing parapet level and will not be visible from ground level or most surrounding buildings. The installation would be seen in context of existing modern

______

32 AOC Archaeology, ‘51-53 Charterhouse Street, London Borough of Islington: Historic Building Appraisal’, June 2013, para.5.3

LUC I 14 -Chapter 4 Bibliography EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London June 2020 Chapter 4 Bibliography

AOC Archaeology, ‘51-53 Charterhouse Street, London Borough of Islington: Historic Building Appraisal’, June 2013

‘Bergh, van Den’, Encyclopaedia Judaica, Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/enc yclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bergh-van-den [accessed 28/05/2020]

City of London, Smithfield Conservation Area Character Summary and Management Strategy, adopted 18 September 2012: https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment- and-planning/planning/heritage-and-design/conservation- areas/Documents/smithfield-character-summary- and%20management-strategy-spd-september-2012.pdf [accessed 28/05/2020]

Dictionary of Scottish Architects, ‘Thomas Henry Smith’: http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=2068 33 [accessed 02/06/2020]

English Heritage, Western Buildings London Central Markets Smithfield, Reports and Papers B/01 3/2003, 2003: file:///C:/Users/haworth_r/Downloads/WESTERNBUILDINGSL ONDONCENTRALMARKETSSMITHFIELD- AREPORTBYTHEHISTORICALRESEARCH.pdf [accessed 02/06/2020]

Every Cooling Solution, ‘A Brief History of Cold Storage’: https://everycoolingsolution.co.uk/a-brief-history-of-cold- storage/ [accessed 29/05/2020]

Historic England, Industrial Buildings Listing Selection Guide 2017

London Borough of Islington, Clerkenwell Green, Charterhouse Square and Hat & Feathers Conservation Area Design Guidelines, January 2002: https://www.islington.gov.uk/-/media/sharepoint-lists/public- records/planningandbuildingcontrol/information/adviceandguid ance/20192020/20190911ca09charterhousesquare.pdf accessed 13/05/2020 [accessed 20/05/2020]

London Borough of Islington, Register of Locally Listed Buildings and Locally Significant Shopfronts, April 2010: https://www.islington.gov.uk/planning/designandconservation/l ocally_listed_buildings [accessed 10/06/2020]

‘Peach, Charles Stanley’, A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/dictionaries-

LUC I 15 Chapter 4 Bibliography EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London June 2020

thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/peach-charles- stanley [accessed 29/05/2020]

RPS, ‘47-49 and 51-53 Charterhouse Street, London Borough of Islington, Heritage Statement and Desk-based Archaeological Assessment’, 23 July 2013

Rupp, R., ‘The Butter Wars: When Margarine Was Pink’, National Geographic, 13 August 2014: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/food/the- plate/2014/08/13/the-butter-wars-when-margarine-was-pink/ accessed 29/05/2020

Stratton, M. and Trinder, B., Twentieth Century Industrial Archaeology, London, 2000

Temple, Philip (ed.), Survey of London: Volume 46, South and East Clerkenwell, London, 2008: British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol46 [accessed 21/05/2020]

Unilever, ‘Our History’: https://www.unilever.co.uk/about/who- we-are/our-history/ [accessed 28/05/2020]

Vaughan, Adam, ‘London's hidden gas plant which could heat and power the future’, The Guardian, 28/07/2017: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/jul/28/londons- hidden-gas-plant-which-could-heat-and-power-the-future [accessed 02/06/2020]

Willats, Eric A., Streets with a Story: The Book of Islington, Islington Local History Education Trust 1986, revised Islington Heritage Service 2018. Digital edition: https://www.islington.gov.uk/-/media/sharepoint-lists/public- records/leisureandculture/information/adviceandinformation/20 182019/20190115streetswithastoryjanuary2019.pdf [accessed 20/05/2020]

LUC I 16 -Appendix A Listing description EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London June 2020 Appendix A

Listing description

Statutory Address: 51-53, CHARTERHOUSE STREET

Grade: II

List Entry Number: 1253084

Date first listed: 28/04/1988

Date of most recent amendment: 07/06/1995

Cold store. 1899. Designed by C Stanley Peach. Brick with stone dressings and decoration; tiled mansard pavilions; otherwise roof not visible. 2 main stages. 7 bays to ground floor. Ground floor with Ionic half columns to centre 5 bays and Ionic console capitals to end bays. Blind arches to end bays and archway to second bay from left. Centre bays open with timber doors in pairs, or roll-down doors. Cornice above ground floor with words 'London Central Markets Cold Storage' to frieze. End bays to upper stage slightly advanced, with stone quoins and low, decorative pavilion roofs. Pilaster strips flanking centre bay, rising to arched window set in central pediment. Cartouches to centre and end bays, the latter with narrow corniced slit-like apertures beneath. Dentil cornice above first stage, with scrolly consoles below central pediment. Ball finials to left and right of pediment and turned finials to pavilion roofs to left and right, which each have inset circular window with decorative architrave. Built for J Van den Bergh, a cooper/margarine merchant. A relatively early cold store, treated architecturally.

(This building was formerly listed in the City of London).

https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1253084 accessed 13/05/2020

LUC I A-1 Appendix A Listing description EON Energy Centre, Charterhouse Street, London June 2020

LUC I A-2