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Home , Infill, Megalopolis, Northeast megalopolis, Redevelopment

Uniting People, Places & Systems: Unbound

University of School of Design Department of & Regional

April 2006 Acknowledgements

We would like to thank...

Carol Ash, Palisades Interstate Commission Alex Knopp, Former Mayor of Norwalk John Atkin, Regional Plan Association David Kooris, Regional Plan Association Kip Bergstrom, Economic Policy Council Erik Kulleseid, Trust for Public Land Eugenie Birch, Department of City and Regional John Z. Kukral, Northwood Investors Planning, University of Pennsylvania Matthew Nemerson, Technology Council Janet Burnet, Ramapo River Intermunicipal Council Bruce Nolop, Pitney-Bowes Allison L.C. de Cerreño, Rudin Center for Emily Moos, Regional Plan Association Transportation Policy & Management, New Robert Pirani, Regional Plan Association York University Douglas Rae, School of Management, Karen Chapple, City and , University Martin E. Robins, Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning of Pennsylvania & , Rutgers University Steve Cochrane, Moody’s Economy.com Petra Todorovich, Regional Plan Association Peter Cohen, Jim Tripp, Environmental Defense Jennifer Cox, Regional Plan Association Regional Plan Connecticut Committee Robert Dye, Moody’s Economy.com Vukan R. Vuchic, School of Engineering and Applied Peter Goldmark, Environmental Defense Science, University of Pennsylvania Michael M. Ego, University of Connecticut Lyle Wray, Capitol Region Council of Governments Jeff Ferzoco, Regional Plan Association Otto Zapecza, USGS Emil Frankel, Parsons Brinkerhoff Jeffrey Zupan, Regional Plan Association F. Clarke Hampe, Amtrak Christopher Jones, Regional Plan Association

2006 International Planning Workshop, Fundacion Metropoli, Madrid, , March 6-11 2006.

A major contributor to the development of the concepts and recommendations presented inthis report was the 2006 Inter- national Planning Workshop. The studio team wishes to thank the Ford Foundation, Institute for International Education, for funding this week-long symposium. We are also grateful to the Fundacion Metropoli in Madrid for hosting this workshop and to Alfonso Vegara, the Fundacion’s President, and Waikeen Ng, from the Fundacion for their leadership of the workshop. We were joined in Madrid by teams from the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Michigan, who were working on parallel projects for the and Great Lakes Mega-Regions, respectively. We extend special thanks to the European faculty for the workshop, which included a distinguished group of scholars and practioners from Spain, the , the and . PennPraxis, the public service research arm of the University of Pennsylvania School of Design, served as the University’s sponsor for the international workshop. European Faculty: Andreas Faludi, University of Delft, Delft, the Netherlands Pierre Laconte, International Society of City and Regional Planners, Hague, the Netherlands Vincent Goodstadt, Glasgow and Clyde Valley Structure Plan Committee, Glasgow, UK Jaap Modder, Regional Board of City-Region Arnhem-Nijmegen, the Netherlands Oriol Nello, Government of Catalonia, , Spain Waikeen Ng, Fundacion Metropoli, Madrid, Spain Robin Thompson, Greater Authority, London, UK Alfonso Vegara, Fundacion Metropoli, Madrid, Spain Edwin van Uum, VISTA Landscape and , Arnhem-Nijmegen, the Netherlands

Most importantly, we would like to thank our studio advisors, Robert Yaro, Professor of Practice and President of the Regional Plan Association, and Armando Carbonell, Visiting Faculty and Senior Fellow and Co-Chairman of the Department of Planning and Urban Form of the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Table of Contents

Executive Summary -Background -2006: Megalopolis Unbound Environment - Highlands case study -Sustainability Strategies -Connect Green Spaces to Urban Places -Promote Compact Developments -Invest in Renewable Energy -Protect Cultural Landscapes -Implement Sustainability Initiatives on Varying Scales Economy -Current Conditions -Economic Challenges & Opportunities -Strategies - -Beyond Borders -Education Transportation -Current Conditions -Existing Network & Ridership -Vision -Strategies -Upgrade in Phases -Institution & Funding Reforms -Improved Standards of Service Summary -Cost-Benefit Analysis -Conclusion -Endnotes & Sources page 1

strategies to strengthen the synergies between these to improve the economy the improve to cities these between synergies the strengthen to strategies proposedand cities, market weak strongNortheast’sand the mapped then team The water supplies mega-region’s and the provide other that natural areas resources,natural surrounding and the the core, urban remaining the area of the Northeast’s 14 states. The team examined the dynamics of the Northeast, and defined the area’s three zones: the Northeast. state of urban and , mobility and environmental conservation in current the at look to essential was it economy its strengthen can it how and growth, this accommodate can Northeast the how orderexamine In to peers. its of most than robustless growthexperiencing mega-region,is U.S. it any strongestof the economy 2050, Megalopolis can expect to grow by another 18 million. Although densely populated the mega-region in the nation with Northeast 48 million people (2000 census). has By most the ,is Stretchingto fromit mega-region. Megalopolis Northeast In 2005, a second University of Pennsylvania team zoomed in to define and evaluate the in thePacificNorthwest. Ft. Worth, Austin and , to Cascadia, stretching from to VancouverPortland the of networks Texasthe mega-regionto Megalopolis Northeast urban Triangle - , comprising dense the from range These country. the spanning regions mega-regions.fromstudio mega- 2004 ten A identified Pennsylvania of University the of world the in play to role special a diversity,has and size in vast States, United The these at future our for plan we different levels,aconceptthatDutchplannerscall“dancing through thescales.” that essential is It micro-scale. the at life of quality not only shaping today’s global economy at the macro-scale, but also affect everyone’s urban centers, suburban developments, and supporting hinterlands. Mega-regions are have grown to cities such world, proportions the that Around they now trade. constitute and their production own global regionsof share comprised increasing of an driving cities, but “mega-regions” – large, connected networks of metropolitan regions that are In a changing world economy, the major players are no longer nation-states or individual INTRODUCTION Executive Summary blue. The mega-regions identifiedbythe2004UniversityofPennsylvaniastudio,withurbancore areas circled in Executive Summary growth. economic future accommodate its and strength maintain to ability one another, andcrippletheregion’s with integration lack systems these Currently,mega-region. a of “bones” selected because they are the major were areas These transportation. the and economy, the environment, the team Northeast: the in for studio improvement areas target three 2006 on focused the years, previous of work the upon Building room forimprovement. much is there clearly competitive, economically and powerful is region the While mega-region. entire the of in core area - 62,440square miles miles - 188,380square -18% ofU.S. - 52millionpeople areas - 5majormetropolitan - 14states Megalopolis Northeast Northeast Executive Summary page 2 under-performing cities. of Megalopolis but to enhance them. sustain The its Northeast must competitive advantages while simultaneously innovate and to ensure people have build healthy, upon sustainable, and them, well-connected communities in which to live, work, and enjoy life. strategies are essential in realizing this vision of a tightly-linked a of vision this realizing in essential are strategies transportation network for the mega-region. the large amounts of money First, involved, investments should due be to phased in starting with and upgrading between the line demonstration existing HSR a adding infrastructure then New York. Second, institutional and funding reforms must be the with terms to come must government federal the enacted: fact that public transit will never be a profit-making business, but is a public service. Public/private partnerships must be forged to provide the necessary funds to run a reliable system. Third, and high-quality, most salient to riders, there must on-time of rates greater with service of standards improved be arrivals, faster service, tickets. affordable and more Although the initial investment costs may seem staggering, the term pay-offs long- for the region as a whole are incalculably large and far-reaching. Why Plan for the ? Although the is currently a leader in the global the from competition increasing faces Northeast the economy, competitors traditional our from and Asia of countries growing in . The challenge is to not just maintain the strength The Northeast consists of a densely populated corridor of growth cities and and , could provide quick links in place—with and local systems can remain regional whereas between major cities, major improvements in maintenance and operations. Three cities. High Speed Rail (HSR) is the most appropriate mode to service the needs of mega-regions stretching 500 miles across. An from HSR system, much like those 200- in Europe could support such a system. However, the 2005 studio team studio 2005 the However, system. a such support could identified transportation linkages as a major weakness in the mega-region, with particular emphasis on the lack of strong connections between strong cities and under-performing mega-region mega-region is infrastructure. No other U.S. existing region has as much transit as the Northeast, nor does any investment other region reach densities that in transportation Transportation Transportation One of the greatest competitive advantages of the Northeast of the pharmaceutical industry is analyzed, to identify to analyzed, is industry pharmaceutical the of geography the potential advantages that would result from strengthened transportation urban centers. between the Northeast’s links Stamford. Stamford. Drawing upon lessons from these two places, it is apparent that stronger and faster physical links and improved urban fabric are needed throughout the region. The economic as the number of patents produced. The natural competitive The natural as the number of patents produced. advantages of the Northeast and its challenges are illustrated with case studies of two Connecticut cities, Hartford and investing in its infrastructure. universities research And top ten the despite of seven contains the mega-region fact that the in the nation, these not institutions leading are in metrics such is “flattening” due enhance their comparative advantages to globalization,to remain competitive. all mega-regions must For the Northeast, this means edge, retaining the world’s most highly sustaining skilled workforce, and its technological homes in and among Northeastern cities and are leaders in the in leaders are and cities Northeastern among and in homes world marketplace. preeminence the However, mega-region’s in the global economy is at risk. Because the marketplace infrastructure, infrastructure, the Northeast has attracted the headquarters of over half of all Fortune 500 companies. Economic clusters their made have services financial and pharmaceuticals as such The economy of Megalopolis has the only after world, the in economy a largest third the it making vast $3.2 trillion GDP, U.S. and Japan. Because of its dense, well-established urban mega-regional cooperation. mega-regional Economy this goal: connect green spaces to compact urban development; places; tap promote into opportunities for energy; renewable identify and protect cultural landscapes; and enable New York Highlands as a case study, the team examined the a for planning partof are that challenges the opportunitiesand address can strategies Five future. sustainable more greener, recreational recreational opportunities and scenic viewsheds. supportTo a growing population and become sustainable more both for economic purposes and to economy, the Northeast provide a high must quality of life for our communities. Using the region, region, this eco-structure consists of an extensive system of provide that rivers and spaces, open forests, ranges, mountain a high-quality water supply to cities and in addition to More and more regions are realizing that their environmental assets are not luxury items, but are a type of themselves: infrastructure an “eco-structure.” In the Northeast mega- Environment Environment page 3 s o rnfr i it a oe utial region. sustainable more a into it transform Northeast to the for make is vision The that unique. landscapes Northeast the cultural the protecting and identifying energy 5) and use, renewable land coordinate and implement initiatives to cooperation inter- encouraging investing state 4) 3) sources; energy development; renewable in compact promoting 2) places; urban to spaces green connecting 1) involves: eco-structure, we propose a sustainability strategy that Megalopolis’s the of rest the protect the and YorkHighlands, New To threats. future and and resources current identifies natural area’s the analyzes of and importance Highlands the Appalachian the York New of the section on study case a provides report This both asanenvironmental andqualityofliferesource. barrier beachesandislandsrepresent amajorasset, coast. Alongthecoast,anetworkofestuariesand landscape through rivercorridorsrunningtothe connect totheurban These openspaces developed areas. west ofthecore and lies tothenorth Highlands system, the Appalachian natural resource, Its largest contiguous natural resources. estuaries, andother forests, farms, water supplies, structure” ofpublic mega-region’s “eco- underpinned bythe these placesare harbors. Lifein mouths ormajor positioned nearriver strategically eastern seaboard, that liealongits metropolitan areas live infivemajor mega-region in theNortheast Most residents Forests and open lands provide multiple ecosystem services to the Northeast’s population, including carbon absorption, erosion prevention, watersupply, waterpurification,floodcontrol, wildlifehabitat,and recreation opportunities. Environment providing watertonearly12millionpeople.Aregion 3.5 millionacres thatstretch across fourstates, Megalopolis’s eco-structure. TheHighlandscovers The AppalachianHighlandsisakeypieceofthe Study New York HighlandsCase Highlands system,provides invaluableresources totheMegalopolis. Appalachian four-state the of component one as Highlands, York New The Environment page 4 . 6 The U.S.

4 These water 3 Additionally, the New York Highlands lies Highlands York New the Additionally,

5 network. integrated their urban like Stockholm greenways into greenways European cities European have successfully in the region. the in within the path of a major for guideline visual a form ridges intercontinental mountain The flyway. migratory resting as serve wetlands and forests the and songbirds, that species bird the of Two-thirds way. the along spots use the flywayare in decline due to loss of habitat. In 2004, Congress designated the entire Appalachian Highlands region as an Area of National Significance. The state of of has the protected Highlands with its the portion passage Water of Protection and the Planning Highlands Act Highlands Jersey in New 2004. the of The sections Act certain designates to be preserved, sensitive environmentally higher-density, accommodate while slating other development. This act sections created the Highlands Council to and called for the development of a regional master plan. New York, however, has no The hope is that the New Jersey system Highlands Council will in place. other and Highlands York New the for model a as serve unprotected open spaces throughout the Northeast storage storage basins, making it an ideal source of water for the New York metropolitan region. This ecostructure serves as a conduit for water for 6.5 million people in and surrounding areas. The Highlands also serves as a direct source of water for 4.5 million people in New York and New Jersey. resources are at risk due to on-site and industrial septic storage tanks systems leaking into groundwater supplies, and a lack of coordination jurisdictions and among water management entities. This has political compromised the ability of some places to meet peak water demand. Moreover, the Northeast is projected to add 18-20 million additional people in the next 50 years. If natural its current threatening Highlands, the trends into quickly spread continue, development will resources and ability to drinking provide water safe, to high the quality New York . The New York Highlands for 18 provides animal species valuable and 92 plant habitat species that endangered, are alteration threatened, and or fragmentation “of identified concern”. has Service Forest biodiversity to threat greatest single the be to habitat of 2 1 are are critical to purification, water production, and carbon oxygen opportunities to the northeastern entire United States:the Jersey New York-New Highlands alone welcome 14 million visitors annually. Upland comprising 55% the land cover of in forests, New the York Highlands, characterized by by characterized forest, mountains, and lakes, streams, York the New offersHighlands recreational valuable Water originates in protected watersheds furtherwatersheds north protected in originates south carried is and Water aqueducts and reservoirs. through The New Highlands York is a landscape characterized by high elevations, abundant rainfall, and natural increasingly fragmented by development, which threatens threatens which development, by fragmented increasingly the forest’s ability to perform ecological functions. absorption. In recent years, the forest has become including many along the Appalachian Trail. Appalachian the along many including The New York Highlands abounds with , hiking and biking viewpoints, scenic and trails, lakes, rivers, able canoe- page Connecting green spacestourbanplacesalongrivercorridorsisessentialenhancingtheNortheast’s qualityoflife. the HudsonRiver, toprotect waterqualityfordownstream users. Land shouldbeprotected nearsource watersandalongripariancorridors, suchas growth andeconomicdevelopment. population accommodating while region sustainable more greener, a become to below described strategies five the use can Northeast The Northeast Sustainability Strategiesforthe Environment 5 to urban places along river corridors and landscape. By connecting green new spaces the region’s a eco-structure and the between urban relationship the adopt to approach should Megalopolis Places Green SpacestoUrban Strategy 1.Connect region to think in similar visionary terms. visionary similar regionin think mega- to northeast the in leaders inspire should life urban sustainable of model reinventing London as the world’s premier technology. Mayor Livingstone’s vision of economic promote development through renewable, to efficient and energy, to access affordable increase to change, climate to contribution to London’s reduce goals: three encompasses Power,’ Mayor’s Clean to The Light ‘Green Strategy, Energy life. of urban model initiatives a sustainable into of city the series transform to a Ken launched Mayor has of direction Livingstone, the Greater London Authority the Under London EmbracesClean& Green Identity Environment page 6 7 7 Urban coupled with coupled infill Urban 8 The Dutch Government recently approved the National Spatial Spatial National the approved recently Government Dutch The Strategy, which maintains that and quality environmental of life are protection key factors development. in promoting economic The National Spatial setting Strategy aside areas emphasizes for green space and water in planning for the development of new homes, employment areas, and amenities. In addition to providing parks the Government in also recognizes that urban regional open areas, spaces around cities can enhance the quality of provide life. The Netherlands is also taking a changes recreational environmental the for planning opportunities to approach proactive to and levels sea rising as such warming, global from expected has Government the end, this To patterns. weather extreme set aside lands to allow rivers to expand without destroying protect to aims Government the Moreover, fabric. urban the and enhance the landscapes for which the Netherlands well-known, is such as the Green Heart of is a , network of which cities and regions made up of , , , heart.” agricultural “green and , that enclose an

Credit: Edwin Von Umm, VISTA more populous than 39 states. Eighty-two percent of the city’s residents residents city’s the of percent Eighty-two states. 39 than populous more commute to work via mass transit or bicycle, or on foot, which is why the city has the lowest rate of gasoline consumption in the nation. If the Northeast expects to accommodate an ways additional explore must 18-20 mega-region million the in decision-makers 2050, by people into sensitive partsto limit encroachment such as of the eco-structure, the Highlands, and efficiency. to Philadelphia, promote greater energy lots. vacant 31,000 over contains example, for densification of existing suburban will areas serve to tighten the mega- region’s development patterns while conserving critical open spaces. areas will help to reduce the effect, which occurs in areas areas in occurs which effect, island heat urban the reduce to help will areas cities, surface. impervious in of amounts temperature large and air shrubs or trees average few containing the increases effect island heat urban The efficiency. which exacerbates energy air levels and decreases Development Compact Promote 2. Strategy patterns that promote compact development, coupled with transportation willincreased supportefficiency, sustainability initiatives in the Megalopolis. No efficient benefits of city density betteris than Yorkit New City. in and York New miles, City square 321 the in residents million country eight over accommodates illustrates the energy- Protecting Protecting land near source waters and essential along riparian to corridors maintaining is water for users quality downstream. Estuaries, and shorelines, and environmental harbors safeguarded. must integrity be Coastal waters can play recreational a valuable opportunities role in in providing some of the air reduce can cities landscape, urban the to trees more region’s introducing By largest cities. pollution levels and stormwater runoff rates while enhancing the visual appeal of the streetscape. In addition, increased vegetation in urban Gas Initiative Regional Greenhouse Regional Greenhouse a positive move interstate towards cooperation increased sustainability issues in the Megalopolis. to address aims to a create flexible, market-based, mandatory cap-and-trade program reduce to carbon dioxide emissions represents from RGGI plants. power northeast 2006. This initiative, these states have joined together the for a first time common cause since the Bill of Rights, Agreement Agreement to implement the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), and joined the compact in April - Connecticut, , Maine, Hampshire, New New Jersey, and York, New – signed a Memorandum of regional regional cap-and-trade address carbon program dioxide emissions to the in northeast. the In governors of seven of these states December 2005, In April 2003, Governor Pataki of New invited eleven York northeast governors to draft an action plan to develop a Nature and Water and Nature The Netherlands: Creating Space for Space Creating Netherlands: The areas areas and restoring the tree will canopy bring economic benefits both to ecological the region. and be considered an integral part of the urban landscape. Connecting open space large systems to urbanized competitiveness, and quality of life. Natural lands and waterways should re-greening re-greening urban landscapes, we can sustainability, Megalopolis’s the increase page 7 species face rapid habitat changes, many will become will many changes, habitat rapid face species communities. coastal coastlines will retreat by 150 feet, threatening low-lying by inches 35 increaserise, foot level 1.5 sea every in for and 2100, to 4 rise to levels sea expect Experts 2100. year the by Fahrenheitdegrees 10 to 3 rise to projected are temperatures Global 1970s. the since ice cover has been shrinking at a rate of 9% per decade global 20 the degreeFahrenheitin 1 by rising rose temperature global in average The result temperatures. and atmosphere in earth’s trapped the become which gases, greenhouse and dioxide other carbon emits fuels warming. fossil of global burning The hastened have rates deforestation In recent decades, rapid industrialization and heightened Climate Change Energy Strategy 3.InvestinRenewable n h nrhat eargo, vrg winter average mega-region, over the next century. These temperature changes will northeast temperatures are slated the to rise 4 to 9 degrees In Fahrenheit Energy intheNortheast dramatically. increase to likely are patterns weather extinct. Precipitation rates, storm surges, and extreme Environment that powers the northeast mega-region must be explored. be must mega-region northeast the powers that situational “inadequate future economic by losses, improvementsprevent To to the monitoring. energy system system exacerbated of lack a and awareness” and Ohio, in failure power a by triggered was outage the blackout, the forcetask government U.S.-Canadian joint investigated that vulnerability of Most the northeast’s power system. According operate, called. to a were to important, this event sparked a scrutiny of the reliability services and failed emergency pumps additional water and spoiled, food closed, businesses and markets financial stalled, transportation air alone. U.S. the to losses financial in billion $6.4 estimated an caused and people million 50 approximately largest blackout in North American history, this The . eastern event and northeast, midwest, the affected of parts On August 14, 2003, a massive power failure spread across 2003 Blackout (9) s ies pat n animal and plant diverse As th century,Arctic while 11

Rail and Rail Credit: dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov Credit: and togrow grassforbiofuel. by investigatingstrategiclocationstositewindfarmsandtidalturbines, should capitalizeonthegrowingThe Northeast alternative energy industry more jobsper water. provide farms Wind not consume wind do turbines sources, power other Unlike Power Wind on reducing foreign oil. dependence and economy local the in money keeping mega-region, the within consumed and produced be energysourcesof These can power, biofuel. tidal and is poised to capitalize on the production of wind power, and produce renewable zero or minimal emissions. infinitely The northeast are sources These competitive. Renewable sources of energy are becoming increasingly Renewable Sources: Tidal,andBiofuel Wind, nation. the transform of part can sustainable most northeast the effects the into warming the itself warming, confront global global to region of to gas the preparing contribution greenhouseand northeast’s U.S. the reducing By Megalopolis. of the from come emissions percent Twenty-two threaten fragile ecosystems and coastal areas. Winter efficiency and reduce its economic strength. its economic transportation reduce region’s and the efficiency threaten will patterns Finally,weather extreme deaths. and illnesses related heat- and asthma of cases more to leading cities, our createwill morein summers smog Hotter decline. will productivity agricultural and opportunities recreation

Credit: www.leica-geosystems.com 10 Environment page 8 idal t New York alone York New 20 Development of a of Development

21 Credit: www.fws.gov Credit: 19 The best locations for the installation of tidal 18 by 90 to 95%. Land in the northeast is well-suited to growing varieties of many grass, which is a dense, fast-growing, low- maintenance crop that tilling. or does management, not weed fertilizers, necessarily require contains up to of 2 underutilized million farmland acres purpose. this for used be could that promote will production energy for crop this for market rural economic development and restore as having strong potential include the Merrimack River in River Merrimack the include potential strong having as Delaware. southern in River Indian the and Biofuel Various of varieties significant untapped grass potential hold of renewable source as energy. Grass a can be converted into cellulosic ethanol, a form of derived biofuel non-food plant matter such to as approach sustainable grass more a or offers ethanol wood Cellulosic chips. ethanol. corn-based counterpart, from popular its than energy The production of to corn-based greenhouse gas ethanol emissions because fertilizeto gas, in corn; natural with contributes produced nitrogen, farmers use conversion the in used are gas natural and coal addition, process. When compared with emissions gas greenhouse reduces ethanol corn-based traditional gasoline, emissions reduces ethanol cellulosic while 15%, only by and and can be calculated turbines centuries are in invisible advance. from can The the be shoreline, installed and in they dependent close urban areas proximity along to the concerns the coast. associated energy- with The tidal only power the are amassing upfront capital and required ensuring the mitigation for of any ecological installation issues. costs, Worldwide, few locations suitable are for tidal lagoons. The Northeast mega-region has the unique position of being one of the only two regions in the U.S. that can the being region other the opportunity, this on capitalize . The high tidal power rangessignificant foundfor inpotential the strong offer Atlantic North the in underway is project pilot a Currently, generation. and separates that strait tidal the River, East . The New York State Energy Research & Development Authority (NYSERDA) has found that New tidal of MW 1,000 of capacity potential a has State York energy. strong of areas the include northeast the in turbines the along and Island, Long of End East the along currents identified been have that sites Other coast. Connecticut 16 A 14 Plans are in

15 the new form of the tidal lagoon. These lagoons are impoundments offshore with located turbines in the turbines that are fragile to sensitive ecosystems in Credit: www.darvill.clara.net Credit:

13 Local farmers and landowners 12 This type of structure has operated 17 One of the primary its advantages of predictability: tidal power tides is are regular, consistent, fish-friendly. at La Rance, , since 1966, and in Fundy, the off Bay the of Atlantic coast of Canada, since 1984. lagoon walls. As water enters electricity. produce and spin and turbines the tides, the with exits the lagoon These structures prevent shore erosion and are number of environmental challenges. Today, however, number however, of environmental challenges. Today, technological advances have produced tidal power the energy of the ocean. moon’s gravitational pull Historically, on the hydroelectricity has posed a Tidal Power Also known as lunar power, tidal power harnesses in wind technology, particularly for the Wind farms Megalopolis. have the potential to be developed along the Atlantic Continental Shelf and along ridgelines. If wind farms can be sited impacts, to much avoid negative can visual be gained through investment Studies show, however, that wind farms harm about 1 bird per 30,000. has Moreover, significantly modern technology reduced the noise of wind farms. 20-40% of electric loads with no drop in reliability. Some reliability. in drop no with loads electric of 20-40% birds, migrating threaten windmills that argue opponents are noisy, and are a visual blight on the landscape. Although it is a common belief an unreliable that power wind source, wind energy farms is provide regularly in Spain of parts and , , Northern , Island. producing Long off farm 300 wind offshore MW. an for development wind farm is currently under along 12,000 12,000 along construction under currently is farm wind acres of the Tug eastern Hill in farm plateau wind near largest the Lake be will Ontario completed, when that, production production throughout electricity State’s the York New of 10% that estimate Some northeast mega-region. wind farms. usage could safely be generated from turbines on their property. turbines Wind power holds enormous potential for local energy than than five times thenumber created by coal or nuclear power development. to host a number of by wind agreeing a profit can reap dollar dollar invested than any other energy source, more Environment page 9 ors, ml-cl community small-scale heritage of mixture tourism, economic a from sustainable base a provide can landscapes these strategically, quantified. be leveraged and protected if However, cannot scenic that and values identity, educational, religious, historical, hold often They heritage. area’s an from stems that place of anchor sense they a with First, communities region. the to values many hold landscapes These culture. community’s a in continuity and evolution the of examples living but past, times of relics not are that landscapes “working” often are they express a shared heritage. Moreover, natural—that and cultural, historical, sites— of an cultural collection as interconnected defined the is which called landscape, commonly is preservation heritage of scale new This scale. regional and landscape a at legible most are that practices growing now cultural and resources the in interest is and There buildings historic old museums. beyond look of to field scope its expanded has preservation the Recently, Cultural Landscapes Strategy 4:Protect income. of source important as resourcean this on northeast capitalize the can of parts and rural York other New more upstate in megalopolis, farmers the to in widens grants refineries. biofuel of construction offering the facilitate package production. incentive an created has NYSERDA biofuel initiatives could encouraging state York of advantage New take in Landowners space, andscenicviews. open habitat, wildlife control,erosion provide multiple ecosystem services, such as grasslands Furthermore, economy. local the to consumption and production energy linking while region, the in farmers local to profits o eape i te usn River Hudson the in example, For local ownership through stewardship. of sense a and efforts, revitalization 22 As the market for biofuel interpretative sites, and online travel guides. Since the development the Since guides. travel online and sites, interpretative navigate the resources of the region through a network of visitor centers, visitors helping by heritage promotes that tourism to approachregional Corridor. Heritage Heritage Tourism The following are examples heritage. of best community practices of from selected celebration Heritage the Areas: on based places sustainable place, but almost all strive to use local partnerships to create short and long-term initiatives. economically The goals of the areas vary from place to areas. Instead, a “management entity” leads the planning process for both special places. The National Park Service does not of largecollections these protecting and identifying own, to approach leveled nor manage these mega-region. With Northeast the National the Heritage Area in program, are NPS created which a collaborative, of multi- Areas—eight Heritage cohesive, a form geography.”by Currently,shaped National 27 authorized Congresshas activity to human of patterns from combine arising landscape distinctive resourcesnationally recreational and historic Area“isa Heritage a Congresscultural, whereStates natural, United (NPS), the by designated place Park Service National the by defined As National ParkService:HeritageAreas andCorridors o h lcl omnte i etmtd t vr 1 ilo annually. billion $1 over at estimated is communities benefit local economic the the to sites, eighty all encompass to extrapolated to arebe statistics these If million. $600 estimated sites the an throughoutto official economy reverberating local 80 2005, in its million of $300 than 36 more to spent visitors Area, Heritage National Valley Northeast mega-region.Northeast Since the1990s,Congress hasauthorizedthecreation ofeightNationalHeritageAreas inthe

The Corridor Discovery System is a multi-pronged, a is System Discovery Corridor The :

“Corridor Discovery System,” South Carolina National 23 Environment page 10 The Adirondacks -The Jersey Shore - - -Rocky Coast of & Lighthouses Point Lights, Seguin, (Thatcher Island, Great Lighthouse) -Skyline Drive – Eastern Ridge of VA -“Leaf-peeping” corridors in Massachusetts/ -Rowhouse of Boston, , -Rowhouse Districts of Boston, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, -Public Markets -Coney Island -Universities -Times Square/Broadway Street -Wall - Hassidic Jewish neighborhoods -Brooklyn’s -Harlem -Colonial Philadelphia DC monuments -Washington -Industrial Revolution: Lowell, Paterson, Hopewell Furnace Harbor: Statue of Liberty/Ellis -New York Island -Canals: Erie, C&O Canal -Olmstedian Parks: Central Park, Prospect Park -Historic Urban Parks: Boston Common and Emerald Necklace, Fairmount Public Garden, Park

Urban/Industrial Landscapes Primeval Landscapes integrity; types of upon by many different easily agreed people; Northeastemblematic to the its culture. and Must still exist and survive with a good amount of Must still exist and The value and importance can be of the place that is unique or is Must be a type of place -Dairy farms of Vermont -Battlefields: Gettysburg/Antietam/Manassas and Lexington and Concord -Cape Cod -“The New England ” Vineyard/Nantucket -Martha’s -Long Island North Fork -Brandywine Valley -Pioneer Valley -Amish Country, Pennsylvania -Amish Country, -Maple Syrup “sugarbushes” With Park National of northeast the input regional experts,Service (NPS) number of important a cultural identified. have been for the mega-region landscapes a cultural the idea of what comprises Because applied to following is still evolving, we landscape selection of landscapes: this preliminary criteria to

Pastoral/Non-urban settlement Landscapes Pastoral/Non-urban settlement Iconic Landscapes of the Northeast the of Landscapes Iconic ainl rs fr itrc rsrain ol be could ofthe Preservation Historic Office for Regional Trust National Northeast the and Office Heritage Regional Areas. The National Park Regional Service Northeast creating in interest widespread generating approachesto possible Thereareseveral communities. affected the of people the begun for and initiative, by local a is it that is area heritage of a backbone very The potected. currently not and under-utilized currently on are resourcesthat cultural its capitalize to begin Areas can Northeast Heritage the Service’s program, Park National the under By taking the best aspects from the model developed Implementation Strategy Europeantourism. of market rich the on capitalize to in has abundance. Northeast the which of from countries, colonization own their with associated sites visiting to have tourists European many that attraction strong the shown have studies Various tourism. heritage in An additional asset to the Northeast is a special niche resources. and time their their volunteering support by protection to also and places, these visit easily to mega-region the of linkages population These dense the enable region. accessible the throughout easily people are to areas these infrastructure, transportation dense Megalopolis. and size small of its of heritage Because multi-layered the create are unique not only amongst themselves, but together diverse region’s createdhas areashistory of ethnic palette rich a that The landscapes. strong cultural protect to imperative the and and opportunity the both it landscapes giving cultural preservation and open of space preservation movements, extensive collection an both has mega-region Northeast The A CompetitiveAdvantage the to contributed regional economy has by creating or retaining of local and jobs. hours counseling, over 5,200 business over totaling provided loans has 152 million, $11.3 made has program the Environment in inception its for the Since risky investors. too mainstream to were related that Corridor ventures loan Heritage business National revolving Progress. small a for up of fund set entity Path management The Pennsylvania Southwestern Development Economic becoming involved in the National since Heritage Corridor.visitors of number the in jump 50% a least at and according to pagea 2005 survey, 89% of leveraged over the $30 million in funds for enhancement; sites report have Corridor administeredthe grants by year; every 25% of average to an by visitors increase sites 1996, discovery inthe Plan 11 Corridor Heritage the of 26 This represents a unique opportunity opportunity unique a represents This : Pors Fund,” “Progress

1997, 25 24

be implemented on varying scales within the Megalopolis. investing in renewable and energydevelopment, compact promoting sources places, urban are to initiatives that can Protecting cultural landscapes, connecting green spaces Scales Sustainability InitiativesonVarying Strategy 5:Implement purpose. this for created funds revolving could through governments state these by support efforts providing and seed money, perhaps cultural protecting Federal and identifying landscapes. in part a dialogues. play and couldalso councils meetings and governments public county and in Municipal them engage to communities with relationships have already and level, These local regionaland a both at areknowledgeable agencies initiatives. these in agencies environmental recreational and and Offices Preservation Historic State the of support and input the gain to essential be would it level, local a On assistance. technical providing and significance regional of criteria determining in partners eargo t at Egt tts n h Megalopolis the in states Eight act. to mega-region refusal to sign the Kyoto Protocol and has spurred phenomenon thus best addressed on the a global scale, global the United States’ northeast a is change climate Although Mega-Regional Cooperation control. local or cooperation interstate through achieved if effective more be will others level, Megalopolis the on While some measures are more appropriately implemented aaeet ept pltcl hne i leadership. in changes political despite management public has support sustained momentum for environmental of Broad resources. natural encompassing sets and use, land legislation environment, the 19 of piece and one with statutes regulations environmental 55 initiatives, Zealand’s replaced New for cornerstone to the 1991, according Act of Management Resource established The were boundaries. watershed councils government regional addition, local 12 In councils. city 86 or district 74 and agencies, authorities, government three sector with central them Public replacing agencies, governmental 800 over of restructuring endeavors. or dissolution the included planning reforms civic in greater and involvement processes, government transparent accountability, public received the more in and resulting reforms community, business civic private The from support unprecedented resources. management environmental sustainable goal: of one on policy local and regional, national, refocus to structure government its of overhaul massive a began Zealand New 1980s, late the In New Zealand: A Dramatic Approach to Sustainability

Environment page 12 Credit: http://www. na.fs.fed.us/highlands http://www. Credit: from from the resources of existing organizations, such as the Highlands Coalition, and ensure long-term political Commission Hill Tug The efforts. protection for support and the Finger Lakes Initiative, both located in upstate New York, cooperation for environmental protection. exemplify Ultimately, the entire four-state Highlands successful region should consider intermunicipal increased cross-border cooperation that existing draws protection on efforts throughout the region. Land acquisition is a necessary element of any Land acquisition is a necessary element A land use program. protection environmental Highlands commission for the New York regulatory must prioritize land acquisition depending on the ecological or water resource significance of and each parcel of the degree development Fee threat. the most simple acquisition, can be used to protect or sites while purchase significant and threatened transfers of development rights can be used to of other sensitive lands. permanent protection ensure Finally, this grassroots support commission that exists for protection should Highlands. of By the uniting a diverse set of recognize local interests under the the umbrella of a commission for the New regional York Highlands could benefit entity, a regional Commission, Commission, the New Jersey Highlands Council, and Long Island’s Central Pine Barrens Commission all set in their regions area’ and ‘growth area’ up a ‘protection to prioritize protection needs. This model recognizes essential is areas appropriate to growth channeling that to promoting local incentive-based approach that economic encourages economic development. development and , modeled An after emerging the regional conservation New strategies Jersey of Highlands environmental Council, the protection does could come at the ensure expense of that growth in designated region. development areas in A the New also York Highlands implement Commission a could regional rights which transfer (TDR) would program, allow landowners in of development the from profit a earn to areas preservation designated sale of development rights to their properties. A TDR landowners these for opportunity the provides program to sell the rights to develop their land while permitting landowners in the ‘growth areas’ to build at a density higher by buying these development the rights. New Jersey Pinelands Both and the Barrens Long offer Island Pine successful models of TDR programs. a thorough analysis of the landscape to identify which accommodate might which and sensitive most are lands limited development. The New Jersey Pinelands governments, and then sanctioned by state government. state by sanctioned then and governments, A crucial step in protecting the New Highlands York is governments in the region. The Long Island Central Pine Central Island Long The region. the in governments Barrens and Hill Tug Commissions, on the other hand, were created through collaborative action of municipal New York State currently has examples of both models. both of examples has currently State York New created was example, for Agency, Park Adirondack The through state legislative action and imposed on local use decisions in the region, or the ‘bottom-up’ approach, approach, ‘bottom-up’ the or region, the in decisions use in which region. the existing in efforts protection civic coordinate governments organizations and municipal one of two models: the ‘top-down’ approach, in land all which oversee to entity an creates legislature state the successful regional protection efforts stretch across the across stretch efforts protection regional successful Program Bay Chesapeake the from ranging Megalopolis, to the Cape Cod Commission. New York may adopt The State of New York may choose to adopt a regional regional a adopt to choose may York New of State The valuable the protect to commission regulatory use land of models Various Highlands. York New the of resources New York Highlands Regional Regulatory Commission Land Use that realizes the goals of RGGI. This tri-state agency may also work to coordinate region. the in commissions existing regulatory use land regional and proposed organization organization could allow the tri-state region system together to cap-and-trade work to a implement protect and sensitive energy, ecosystems, renewable invest in Jersey-Connecticut metropolitan region. Currently, the Currently, region. metropolitan Jersey-Connecticut control, pollution air and water on focuses Commission but it has little real authority. Building on this existing borders. borders. The IEC was created in York-New 1936 to coordinate New the for processes clean-up environmental Interstate Environmental Commission (IEC), which could which (IEC), Commission Environmental Interstate seek expanded powers to coordinate and environmental alternative policies and investments across state of open space, area preservation. historic It also has a preservation single-purpose, multi- and state cultural environmental regulatory planning agency, the Tri-State Agency Tri-State The New Metropolitan York area could become a test- bed for many of these concepts. It has a long tradition the mega-region can transform swiftly into a model of investment. public-private sound on based sustainability alternative alternative energy sources in the installation mega-region. the If support the to cooperate states northeastern of wind farms, tidal turbines, and biofuel refineries, implementation implementation of a cap-and-trade system to reduce emissions through market mechanisms. These states should also consider ways to invest in and promote are are members of RGGI, whose primary focus is the Economy page 13 early patterns of settlement of growth prior to World to prior growth of settlement of patterns early to Due cities. center our of many in decisions design the need for parking has dominated planning and urban automobile has continued to define our urban fabric as The structure. and environment the altering cities our through interstates the in ushered era Eisenhower The Financial DistrictandCenterCityPhiladelphia. first word’s high-rise cities the in places like Lower of Manhattan, Boston’s some of emergence the possible elevators and steel transit, frame building construction technology made mass of combination the Century, 19th late the In stations. train around concentrated became development and trolleytracks the side along patterns radial fixed along develop to began city the trolleys and trains became a viable form and cities wereof compact power,and transportation, dense animal by necessity.or leather When shoe than other mobility for Century,19th early the Until there were options limited Megalopolis. the of cities shaped have transportation of forms new history, this Throughout Mega-region. Northeast the of development and growth economic the for framework a provide emergedto have centers urban smaller of network a and regions metropolitan Over the past 350 years five large five years 350 past the Over

it the third largest economy in the world after the US and comprises more than a quarter of the U.S. GDP, making for of the United States’ economy. At engine 3.2 an as trillion recognized been dollars, long has it Northeast The Current Conditions high-speed rail. most of the Mega region will be enabled and shaped by way same the in much highways; introductionof the by by the post-World War II era, altering the physical layout re-shaped for was environment built The conducive business. environmentsmart built and layout a physical creating growth of our patterns the of shaped has history region The networks. transportation with strong dense is Northeast the of environment built The in termsofinter-modaltransportation. richest the and centers urban strongestnation’s the of some remained have Northeast the of cities the II, War world. of wealth and population in the United States, and in the concentration highest the is result The France. of size land country’s the area. of 7% taking mega-region, small Japan Economy 2 1 To put it in perspective, this is approximately the . Even more remarkable is that it is a relatively a is it that is remarkable more Even . Economy page 14 - - - 6 They develop naturally as a 7 Baltimore Baltimore and Washington D.C-- industry similar remarkably have that can be built upon strengths to form mega-regional clusters. in common a shares region The frastructure, economic history, education and markets financial the notably, Most institutions. al geogra Northeastshared a has than 500 more stretching phy, the growth of existing clusters is clusters existing of growth the a critical enabler for economic growth, which knowledge and labor of network expands the innovation. that creates of degrees varying their Despite five performance,the economic largest cities in the Northeast -- Philadelphia, Boston, New York, This is an advantage for the region as face- as region the for advantage an is This 5 Economic Integration A cluster is definedcompanies and asindustries in a geographic region that a concentrationis interconnected of similar by the markets business it channels serves, and shared common as suppliers, common as well educational supportive companies. institutions and means affiliated to increase competitiveness while lowering costs and of transportation and innovation labor. For example, the leading cluster information in technology the related Silicon services, around innovation in computer Valley, hardware and developed software companies, which attracted supportive venture capital Fostering companies. R&D electronics related and firms Manhattan. important in time an becomes increasingly increasingly dispersed global market; capacity and like-businesses other studies to proximity physical have shown that to meet in-person is a competitiveness. regional critical element in fostering This poses an 4 . . 3 the top FIRE firms, for example, are headquartered in headquartered are the top FIRE firms, for example, located in New York, by far the densest U.S. city in terms of population and wealth. More than 90% of half of all Fortune 500 companies 10% of and Global 500 more headquarters than are located in the Northeast, with a disproportionate number of those and high-profile businessis districts, capable of the Northeast catering to extensive businesses that face-to-face require interactions. More than knowledge-based manufacturing and service sectors. service and manufacturing knowledge-based Because of its density, transportation networks the knowledge-based economy. opportunityas the U.S. economy shifts for the region further from low-tech manufacturing and towards the FIRE (finance, insurance and real estate), Health Care, Care, Health estate), real and insurance (finance, FIRE Educational Services, Information and Professional/ Technical Services, are all industries grounded in research research and the utilization generation, of knowledge. The dissemination Northeast’s industries, top strongest The category. and this into fall sectors job workforce workforce with a high level of educational attainment and deal with innovative climate highly sought after by “smart job” businesses that sectors, require a This pattern of development development of pattern This generates a fabric rich urban and a business forms of and greater transportation capacity industrial clusters to form for workforce workforce creates strong central business districts, cheaper and quicker Concentration of capital and and capital of Concentration Economy page 15 to theregion. it bind that force labor resourcesinfrastructure,sharedand on based connection underlying an has of network these its interconnected of firmsand and job sectors areindustry result distributed over the Megalopolis.whole This geographic dispersal a this which As in emerged, has geography trials. economic clinical new a and trends, marketing drug of outsourcing the include trends Other clusters tend biotechnology to locate Successful near strong universities and patents. venture drug capital markets, new not pharmaceutical of headquarters. generators now are firms biotechnology areas that have improved access to resources, workforce and lower cost. For example, independent in located are functions certain now headquarters, to proximity close in operations their of majority larger across Where a a area.previouslydiversification large held geographic firms pharmaceutical greaterpromote to as way a such in structure horizontal and vertical reorganizingits of advantage institutions. research and hospitals manufacturing, device medical insurance, manufacturing, chemical of strongclusters and venturecapital necessary the to of pharmaceutical firms in the world, four of the top ten biotechnology clusters in the country, access take advantage of mega-regional scale. It has The the pharmaceutical unique and advantage medical of cluster having is the one of largest several agglomeration leading economic sectors with the potential to The vertical andhorizontalintergrationThe vertical of thepharmaceuticalandmedicalindustry cluster. Northeast Pharmaceutical Cluster Northeast 8 In addition, the industry has the added the has industry the addition, In Economy page 16 largest global economy, global economy, largest th 11 mega-regions. Europe poses another threat. Although poses another threat. Europe mega-regions. rate is still significantly growth Union’s the European lower than the U.S. at 2.2%, with further integration economies and a high level of of the member state’s rates may jump investment capital available, growth over the next decade. In his bestseller The World Friedman that argues the is advent of the digital age and Flat (2005), begun have Thomas markets global of expansion subsequent the to level the playing field. Despite the balancing Economic Challenges and Economic Challenges Opportunities other of pharmaceuticals and its Despite the strength key industry clusters, the Northeast faces increasing both in the United States regions competition from economic the world. The Northeast’s and around rate since 1997 is slower than several other growth areas particularly the fast growing U.S. mega-regions, Cascadia and of , the Bay Area, is also growth The Northeast’s the Sun Corridor. much slower than that of several of its international twice as fast as GDP is growing competitors. ’s the U.S. and is now the 6 and Pearl River driven by the Yangtze with its growth combining markets, the region can potential in terms reach of its position in the global economy. a greater capacity to foster interconnectedness of firms through its specialized labor institutions and common markets, transportation systems. shared By educational strengths. strengths. Many of the necessary ingredients to forge provide and exist areas metropolitan between synergies the has region The growth. for opportunity unbounded an to address economic development at this scale, Northeast as the a whole is in a position to coordinate its economic similarities and join together to nurture its region. region. While until now there have been no coordinated efforts Corridor rail network. Common economic history and geography has led to a common set of opportunities and challenges determining the economic fate of the miles along the Atlantic Coast, bounded by the Ocean and west, the to Range Appalachian the and east the to linked by the Interstate-95 and the Amtrak Northeast page ratv srtge are strategies proactive more mega-regions, US other with compared rate predicted growth economic lagging a and people of million 18 a increase population With congested. and outdated becoming are transportation networks existing and escalating are prices provide Housing services. to basic unable and under-funded cities these of many leave which of all for among tax base, competition and of divisions racial poverty, concentrations aggravated by further decline is This and overseas. U.S. other the in to regions and sprawling their to and continuing jobs population lose are to Northeast cities and first both second-tier of number A assets. these of erosion prevent to steps take to has Northeast the However, America andanunrivaledethnicdiversity. enhancedbybeinghometomanyofthebestin further is mega-region The workforce. skilled highly a retain help and train attract, which world, the in institutions It is home to some of the best educational and research based job sectors with valuable face-to-face interactions. concentration of executive, professional, and its provideknowledge- which centers, urban largestworld’s the of some has Northeast The world. “flatter” a in ranges” “mountain these make that assets economic important prosperousother of and mega-regionsnumber retain a Northeast however,the advantage, comparative of out Economy 17 areas have significantly lower costs for businesses costs lower significantly have areas Mega-region Northeast the in ten “Best Places” only one, Washington D.C., is located labor, of costs energy, assessed taxes and office space, survey and found that of the location top business national recent a however, advantages, these Despite workers. better-trained and higher-skilled attract therefore can they and markets broader reach to businesses allows are attracted to access to labor. The office operationshavebecomemoreoffice dispersed. the in agglomerate Northeast, production to plants, research continue facilities and headquarters back While metro area withapopulationabove4million. a for costs business lowest the has Georgia , example, For northeast. the in areasmetro most than vrg o 2 pol pr qae mile. square per people 20 of States average United a to compared mile, square per force labor.The Northeast Mega-region has of 150 people in the pool labor immense an provides Northeast the in and highly educated workforce. The population density universities research its of strength the companies, of agglomeration networks, transportation extensive its of because Northeast the in well perform Businesses Business increasingly competitiveglobaleconomy. an in success region’slong-term the secure to needed 11 . The top ranked metro ranked top The . 10 Businesses 12

Economy page 18 13 11.5% of its job base and insurance many as 3.3%, by increased while its suburbs relocated outside the city. other firms Hartford serves as an example of a cold Hartford, Connecticut Connecticut Hartford, major a as known was Hartford Historically, industrial outpost of the Northeast. While reworked Hartford decline, post-industrial in itself by attracting a cluster of insurance firms, and other Fortune500 companies. Hartford are (UTC) Financial Technologies Services, United the and Company, Phoenix all Fortune 500 companies headquartered second the is Technology United Hartford. in in company defense and aerospace largest the United States. According to Magazine Forbes (2004), Hartford is listed in the “Best Places for Business and Careers.” However, in recent years, Hartford lost

Credit: http://ecommerce.nsta.org 14 be pulled into the economic orbit of New York and Boston, which could transform its economic prospects. be pulled into the economic orbit of New York extend commuter rail service from New Haven north to Hartford and Springfield,permit MA. This more service frequent, would lower cost one-seat-ride trips would to Hartford Asia, and Europe in those to similar services rail Northeasthigh-speed the had If the Manhattan. employment centers of Fairfield County and the moment, however, with trips to these places by rail and automobile taking more than two hours, daily commuting travel to both of these places is inconvenient. The State of Connecticut is now proposing to health. At Boston. and City York New both opportunityfrom unique equidistant a located has is it Hartford because including Trinity including College, Trinity Hartford Hospital and others are working together to rebuild the City’s South End and regional additional with matched be important should These steps neighborhoods. first Hollow Frog and state efforts to stabilize Hartford’s tax base and failing public schools if Hartford is to return to economic Hartford is taking steps to rebuild the amenities and livability of its and neighborhoods, after many after neighborhoods, and downtown its of livability and amenities the rebuild to steps taking is Hartford bringing are conversions loft housing downtown and center convention efforts.new A previous unsuccessful institutions” “stranded of number a addition, In downtown. to residents middle-class new and activity 24-hour the year 2000, almost 30% of Hartford’s population was below the poverty line, making it the second poorest poorest second the it making line, poverty the below was population Hartford’s of 30% almost 2000, year the city in the country. Hartford reveal the Hartford exodus reveal of wealthy The residents. people that work and run the Fortune 500 companies located in Hartford do not live in Hartford between the but years 1990 and 2000, which in is the population largest decrease of any city its in Connecticut. In suburbs. Hartford’s population decreased by 14% city in the Northeast mega-region. In addition to its job loss, Hartford faces population loss, racial tensions, racial loss, population faces Hartford loss, job its to addition In Northeastthe mega-region. in city surrounding areas suburban wealthy The poverty. of concentrations high and crime, high values, housing low page

and MainStreet-style . subdivisions large-lot of including variety opportunities, housing a provide cores areas urban exurban these surrounding and Suburban high-rise apartments. to modern districts row- historic from styles housing of array an provide cities center The Northeast’s exurbs. sprawling to areas suburban ring inner to Washington and Philadelphia York, New Boston, in ranging from the nation’s densest urban neighborhoods The Northeast Mega-region has a diverse housing stock, Housing their accompanyingindustries. and jobs skilled highly these of share greater even an attract and barriers these down break the to is growth, challenge business continue to order In them. on and professional workers and the industries executive that managerial, depend skilled highly retain and attract to continues Northeast the obstacles, these Despite land, growing ,andlowcostsoflivinglabor. cheap infrastructure, modern taxes, low boast southwest the Economy in areas metro while labor, expensive and infrastructure outdated congested prices, estate real high taxes, high face Northeast the in businesses this highly attract often salary.lower a for Additionally,pool labor sought-after can firms tradeoff, this of Because living. of standard high a offer that climates the where areas workforce to want to attracted live, in are more affordable workforce and/or warmer skilled cyclical. becomes inthe remain to suit game, and the search to follow for cheaper means of production continue firms Rival competitiveness. increase to firm the allows therefore and less, costs production because simply or overseas South the to move 19 to continue jobs skilled Lower 15 opne ta rqie highly a require that Companies Housing costs in some parts of the Northeast Mega- Northeast the of parts some in costs Housing rcd akt, o eape Cnrl roln West high Brooklyn, Northeast’s Central example, the for markets, of areas priced many However, to of proximity close concentration segregation. in crime, racial and high poverty, to due undesirable Often, affordable homes are located in areas considered income levels. all for options housing and equity more enable could centers urban between times travel shorten that links housing markets, for example, through High Speed Rail among integration Better D.C. Washington than lower much are Philadelphia in prices example, For regions. unaffordable, increasinglyprices vary widely between the Northeast’s metropolitan becoming particularly in strong market are cities and suburbs. Housing region eargo. These institutions haveachieved Mega-region. Northeast universities the in located are ten top the of and eight (2006), News Report World US annual by the survey to According graduation. following region whom chose to remain of in the mega- many top world, the in students some brightest the of attract northeast’s universities The Education their affordability. losing and gentrified becoming are Washington, or Philadelphia Housing valuesintheurbancore area. Economy page 20 They translate the research and knowledge acquired at universities into an economically viable creativity and innovation or brings that product wealth- generating to the market.

19 This is 17 As a result Patents the represent 16 20 In addition to 18 for inventions during the 2003 calendar year are located located are year calendar 2003 the during inventions for in the Northeast Mega-region. collaboration between universities and the market. than any other state University system in the country. the in system University state other any than Only three of the top ten universities receiving patents competitive by attracting more investments and grants. The California public university system obtained significantly more patents has the lowest average cost of fees tuition in and the United States. increasingly becoming are they cost, low their state support to their public college systems than the Northeast. California, for example has an excellent public university system that Public universities in regions, other than expensive more the are region Northeast mega- which indicate that other regions give more However, However, university education is increasingly becoming expensive in the United States. between education and the workforce, which helps maintain students in the northeast after graduation. all U.S. research and development funding is awarded to northeast universities. an important element to creating interactions Northeast to according a study performed by Jiao Tong University. of this remarkable strength, about 40% of international acclaim as well: 7 of the top 20 research universities in the world are in the Mega-region. Southeast’s PiedmontAtlantic they are todointhe starting development concerns,as andeconomic transportation across political borders on leaders couldalsocollaborate ground. Business andcivic delegations canfindcommon its statesandcongressional enormous politicalinfluenceif hasthepotentialfor Northeast 28U.S.Senators,the With states coulddolikewise. from themega-region’s 14 service. MembersofCongress or promote high-speedrail Amtrak’s Corridor, Northeast toreform could leadefforts commissioners, transportation for example,orstate different sectors.Governors, borders couldbeledby New collaborationsacross advantages inafastevolvingglobalmarket. our unique strengths, in order to retain our comparative region entire must work The collectively to site. compete, drawing Center upon Trade World the of rebuilding proposed new trans-Hudson passenger rail tunnels and the as such investments, development economic and similar take have example, the opportunity for to must Jersey,collaborate on New key infrastructure and York Northeast New measures. the development and economic strategies, and transportation joint on borders national established long across working are regions Asia, and Europe forged.In be to connections broken and throughand communications new allowing boundaries, expanded have of information speed exchanging the and transportation in advances Global Beyond Borders locations. Economyunderutilized these in scales pay and rents cost lower of advantage take to businesses their enabling better links these with well, as benefit to stand cities Strong cities. weak-market in development business will enhance cities these between goods and people move to connections transportation moreefficient and faster in Investing poverty. of over-concentrations economies reduce and improve their strengthen to order to in cities center made be Northeast’sthe in amenities existing infrastructureand should investments Major pageInfrastructure 21Strategies

rpr us dctoa porm fr tdns at students only not Technology, for which of Institute Massachusetts programs educational runs Draper systems. defense in specializing lab development and researcha Massachusetts, Cambridge, in Labs Draper companies. start-up 29 University,creating and investments new in billion $1.5 the attracting to at companies developed technology with new ventures deploy joint into new entered of has example, transfer for Yale, marketplace. the the to technologies expedite should Universities needs. business to skills that jobseeker businesses matching include for services customized as well as Centers provide CTWorks services to the example, under- and unemployed, for Connecticut, Southwestern In skills. those for programs training require in invest they then skills and what exactly determine to action direct take should Businesses gap. the plug to serve sectors with education and workforce growing development growingwill of demands by job the demanded Integrating possesses sectors. and job workforce required skills the the skills and the between gap increasing an is there market, global changing the In Education potential future employees. advances technology but also creates new highly skilled 21 nte mdl s MIT’s is model Another 22 Credit: http://www.yale.edu Economy page 22 that might be used to improve livability and competitiveness the of second-tier cities across the Northeast. In addition metropolitan areas that are the to the report, this of focus principal the Northeast also includes dozens large success the cities, second-tier of of which will be critical to success the of of one of the experience The region. larger mega- these smaller cities, Stamford, kinds the illustrates Connecticut, of strategies and investments downtown business district – an important factor in the decision by many employers to locate there in the first place. to , which contains the nation’s largest concentration of managerial, executive and professional jobs and workers. This convenient service brings tens of thousands of Stamford residents to work in the city, and also brings employees from New York to Stamford’s growing Stamford Stamford capitalizes on its proximity to New York City, and its 45-minute Metro-North commute in surrounding suburbs, Stamford’s attractive residential neighborhoods have also increased in value. in increased also have neighborhoods residential attractive Stamford’s suburbs, surrounding in And suburban restrictions on multi-family housing have also pushed segments large of the County’s middle and upper-middle income households into Stamford. successful downtown plan and a major and continuing major investment by the State the by investment major continuing and major a and plan redevelopment downtown successful by helped been has Stamford Manhattan. to service Rail Commuter Metro-North its in Connecticut of risen have prices housing As America. in counties wealthiest the of one County, Fairfield in location its GE Capital and recently, Royal Bank of Scotland’s US Headquarters. Stamford achieved this success this achieved Headquarters.Stamford US Scotland’s of Bank Royal recently, and Capital GE investments strategic and leadership political and business good geography, of combination a through in transportation and downtown redevelopment. It attracted these companies with a large and post-industrial center, post-industrial first center, asWarburg, aUBS major corporateXerox, headquartersBowes, center Pitney andof thenheadquarters asthe ato majorhome financial is Stamford Today, center. services Stamford, Connecticut experienced the same Post World War II de-industrialization that has affected War Connecticut experienced the same Post World Stamford, virtually all of the Northeast’s second-tier cities. But Stamford succeeded in reinventing itself as a Connecticut Second Tier, Not Second-Class: The Success Story of Stamford, Stamford, Story of The Success Not Second-Class: Tier, Second Credit: http://www.views.com Credit: page

increase. and vehiclemilestraveled(VMT)are projected to Transportation 23 Rail (HSR) service between Boston and Washington, DC. Corridor leading to phased development of High Speed Northeast Amtrak’s in service rail improving transportation strategy: Megalopolis broader a of component needs. mobility of this system to meet the Northeast’s accessibility and corridors and airports will Highway further compromise Interstate the the ability in volumes traffic in increases rapid Projected unreliable. and congested increasingly region become has system grown,this have economy its and the As network. intermodal integrated, an as the larger whole, of yet this system is not designed to function system Megalopolis links its disparate metropolitan areas into a transportation The Current Conditions 1 hs eot oue o oe critical one on focuses report This Transportation Decreased reliability ofthelackinvestmentinAmtrak isoneeffect investing in efficient, well-planned transportation system. transportation well-planned efficient, in investing is its failure to capitalize on its dense growth patterns by not of the greatest impediments to the Megalopolis’s prosperity one that found studio Pennsylvania of University 2005 The existing infrastructure cannot the fully accommodate and the speed vehicles, and tracks of maintenance deferred to cuts. led has createdthat has debt funding excessive of an lack budget anticipated of result a as be deteriorates can and situation financial Amtrak’s 71% as further decline to at expected low unacceptably On-time is reliability. deteriorating performance with decline, of state a in are services Express and Regional the Currently higher-speed a provides Boston to DC Washington,fromExpress, also Acela service, Corridor Northeast The Corridor at New Haven, proceeding north through Northeast Hartford. the from splits Service Regional the of branch Springfield the and Buffalo; to YorkAlbany,continuing and The Amtrak Corridor Northeast has one main line that runs is for most trips effective ranging from 100 to 500 miles. transportation needs at certain distances; for example, rail modal potential. Each mode plays a unique role for inter-city increasingly congested, yet does not operate at its full multi- airports, roads,and of rail lines; network this elaborate interconnected an system is has system grown transportation Megalopolis’s The across. miles 500 to 200 from stretch which mega-regions, of development future role facilitating in comparable a play could systems HSR that believe Bergstrom, of Kip Council Policy Economic director Island Rhode the executive the including planners, prominent Many across. miles 60 even to 30 of radius a to sprawl The Interstate System has enabled metropolitan regions to n Hribr; h Epr Srie us ewe New between runs Service Empire the Harrisburg; and York New between runs Keystone The – west and north the to line main the from spur that lines three are There north. the in Boston to south the in DC Washington,from 4 A . 3 2

Transportation page 24 . Improvements to the existing system 8 Existing Amtrak Regional and Acela Express route and stations. route Existing Amtrak Regional and Acela Express rail ridership and a HSR system can easily be integrated multi-modal into system, making the it stronger in the future. Vision those enhance to is study megalopolis this of goal One elements of the Northeast that give advantage it over an other economic regions. A key component of The limited ability of the highway and air networks to expand in the Megalopolis, combined with the under- performance and under-utilization of the passenger rail solution the as rail for case compelling a makes network, to mega-regional transportation issues. Along much of the there is room for an additional rail alignment in areas that are either undeveloped or that adjoin abandoned, derelict or underutilized former encroaches, land developed Where properties. industrial the possibility bridges, and new exists alignments that bypass developed for areas, as is commonly constructing done the with HSR densely tunnels, corridors developed in areas of Europe and The Asia. Northeast is home to and mass a transit strong culture. passenger Compared rail to the the country, rest the of Northeast has substantially higher

5 . . A 7 , congestion has 6 within the Northeast, which will within the open existing up airport capacity infrastructure for distance longer- domestic flights and international flights. air congestion, both in the air and on the ground HSR system that is well connected to cities and their necessary shuttles of number the reduce can centers have limited capacity to expand and are surrounded by surrounded are and expand to along capacity limited run have that shuttles air The sides. all on development of causes major the of one are corridor Northeast the The Megalopolis has some of the busiest airports in the in airports busiest the of some has Megalopolis The airports major the of Most world. the and States United There There is little ability to effectively add capacity to the highway network without pollution. and sprawl exacerbating and areas sensitive invading environmentally megalopolis. The highway network has but expanded, latent demand and economy a growing have population used and up the additional capacity. on its roadways and in the Texas air. According Transportation to the grown Institute significantly in the largest urban areas of the Ridership The Northeast megalopolis is reaching capacity operators fully trained to use Acela’s technology Existing Network and capabilities of Acela Express trains, nor are train near the Newark Liberty InternationalAirport near theNewarkLiberty Aerial photographofthedensedevelopmentandcurrent railalignment Traffic congestioninthemajormetropolitan areas oftheMegalopolisisasignificant problem. Source: Texas Institute Transportation page

incremental improvements to make networks. to the be existing should goal rail first the air system funding, secure that With and highway congestion Megalopolis’s in growth the the on slow passenger would the network in rail investments capacity These and expansions. improvements, capital proper maintenance, ensure would that network funding rail dedicated Thesecure, rider. the to cost accompany lower reliability,and better speed, with operating each should HSR The improved Amtrak Regional and Acela Express services, megalopolis. the of priced areas metropolitan the competitively connecting line rail high-speed and fast, rail convenient a reliable, better create should safe, on Northeast The focusing connections. markets, these between linkages transportation the improving is strategy this Transportation 25

hud receive should U.S., aswell astronger the of rest the in than ridership rail higher a has Megalopolis The commuter railridership. Transportation page 26 Phase I The existing system any should long-term capital be investments in public upgraded investment HSR. must be before targeted toward Secure repairing and maintaining aging infrastructure, and proper rolling crew training so stock, that all technology of the on available the Acela Express can be utilized. rail line will improve the accessibility of the Megalopolis’s Megalopolis’s the of accessibility the improve will line rail markets, and take considerable off pressure of the air significant a require will upgrades These system. travel public investment, and cannot be once. Rather, a phased completed approach will give investment all at priority to the projects, with most the urgent long-term objective of a comprehensive inter-city transportation affordable. and accessible, reliable, fast, is that system passenger existing the shoring-up include phases These rail network, followed by a HSR demonstration project between Philadelphia and Boston to then and DC, Washington, New to first extensions, York, with eventual via two branches through Providence and Hartford. . Upgrading the transportation linkages in the Megalopolis the in linkages transportation the Upgrading is high-speed a a key Introducing component future. economic of Megalopolis’s a broader strategy for the Strategies Strategy 1: Upgrade in Phases north from New York though Hartford, and on to Boston to on and Hartford, though York New from north connecting Washington, DC to New Boston York, New Airport, with Newark Philadelphia, Baltimore, stops in Haven, Providence and Boston, with a second branch market connections and alter the relationship between the cities in the Megalopolis. of This is a the larger vision: beginning building a high-speed rail system their completion, be should a York New and demonstration Philadelphia between rail speed project for high- constructed to show how HSR can drastically improve and allowing the system to reach its full potential. During these incremental improvements, or following would improve service and create better connections to other transportation modes, thereby increasing the viability of rail as a competitive transportation option, Transportation page 27

Proposed demonstrationproject andthevisionofHSRinMegalopolis Credit: http://www.ebbc.org/rail/fra.html Credit: - Outstandingdebt(2004):$4.6billion - Domesticintercity travel: - Revenuesderivefrom: DOT), butitistechnicallyaprivatefor-profit corporation. US therefore,the (and Administration Railroad Federal the railroads’ passenger freightservices. the This from agency is spin-off under a the jurisdiction as of 1970 in created National Railroad Passenger Corporation (aka Amtrak) was - 9%CommuterRailAgency - 14%Other - 32%Federalpayments - 45%Passengers - Buses7% - Air92% - Amtrak1% Amtrak: Facts&Figures Payments 9 Transportation 28 page

and airports, and between these modes. perhaps even cross-subsidizing Many Amtrak problematic critics as regulations stock rolling point Administration’s to the Federal to Amtrak’s improvement. Railroad These regulations relate to the requirements for passenger rail rolling stock, and are based on crashworthiness standards not that been have updated since crashworthiness the standards 1940s. are The intended outdated to protect - Amtrak and US DOT could contract with provide a operations services private within certain company limits to specified by both agencies, or services without any limits. Providing additional financial support forAmtrak and the future HSR system is imperative. No rail system in the world operates without public investment, and it is unrealistic for the US DOT or other federal agencies to expect its rail investment, system let alone to become operate a without profitableThe business. federal such government could consider fully all funding Amtrak and HSR infrastructure needs. Perhaps the responsibility for capital costs can be shared between while operator, rail private a and government federal the also receiving increased support from local and state governments. The stress on public budgets could be highways, rail, for funding balancing better by mitigated

- Amtrak could continue as the Northeast’s rail provider ; but with increased financial and institutional support from the US DOT There There are several ways that the US DOT and Amtrak this: can approach would not need transportationrail specialized provider. a as reinvented to be dissolved, but could be could retain ownership of (e.g. Amtrak’s current the assets institute Northeast a Corridor different infrastructure), operating and structure. Amtrak which may be possible through The policy U.S. changes. Department of Transportation (US DOT) private service and make a profit. Unfortunately, there are no transportation systems in the world that earn at a profit. This misguided philosophy needsrevision, The federal government’s philosophy revolves about around Amtrak the expectation that though it Amtrak, is even a public service, should perform like a Federal reform. reform. however, There that suggest an are approach that the government and several federal other HSR stakeholders can pursue. common elements a confusing variety of possibilities for institutional For several years, Clinton and Bush Administration budget proposals have supported disinvestment in Amtrak, while Congress has appropriated For nominal have several amounts supportedyears, Clinton and Bush Administration has budget appropriated proposals disinvestment in Amtrak, while Congress of funding to keep Amtrak running. page al Sne hs oto o te S ln wud be would line HSR the of portion this and Since air rail. between and connections ofmaintaining intermodal goal improving the fulfill to York, Philadelphia New between and stop intermediate would an Airport as International serve Liberty Newark Jersey. Trenton, and Pennsylvania, New Brunswick, Rahway, Elizabeth, and Newark in New in Philadelphia North in areas built-up densely underneath tunnels of miles 30 approximately with alignment, DC rail Corridor Northeast Washington, existing to the parallel mostly would right-of-way new The Boston from extends that system HSR a be should goal ultimate The economic benefits. and transportation significant provide that length can minimum the is further this become Granted, integrated. Philadelphia Greater Greater and of York systems New transportation the and as ridership economies in rail-passenger increase dramatic potential a highest the generate has to and the States, United the in has volumes This corridor York. New 90-mile and Philadelphia demonstration between HSR project the with begins phase next The Phase II mrvd cl Epes evc wud e extended be would service Express Acela improved the time, same the At tunnels. new the into diverted is service current the of some after tunnels Station Penn in project phase. already is which project, Core Region’s the the to Access of part the as by tunnels, rail created passenger be new proposed will that River Hudson capacity the new under the of advantage take would HSR The monorail. by terminals the to connected is that station rail existing the unlike terminals, passenger air the at underground, there is potential to have a station directly Transportation 29 eael rcgiig h ncsiy o government for financing oftheseimprovements. necessity the recognizing belatedly and is making heavy investments in its rail infrastructure, The British Government recently re-nationalized Railtrack reformeffort. this nature of convoluted the on system new the of years 4 first the in collisions train major two infrastructure and complicated web of rail reform. Many critics blamed the operations a created responsibilities ownership and with management companies of and categories separate three These stock. rolling the ownership on over renewal and maintenance, as well took as heavy maintenance track performed and stock, rolling operations, the of maintenance train for than 70 other private companies assumed responsibility More railyards. and stations, tracks, the operated and a private company supported by the government, owned British as Rail, known became system, a partially rail privatized Kingdom’s entity. United the Railtrack, 1996, In Do’s andDon’tsofRailReform: 11 HSR trains would utilize the existing British RailLessons 10

.

Springfield and Worcester in Massachusetts as part as inMassachusetts Worcester and Springfield and Connecticut, Hartford, to north Haven New from different ways. All of these options appear to present to appear options these of All ways. different many in systems these of financing and management the approached have systems rail speed high operate currentlythat Countries throughoutworld. systems the Passengers. Another possibility would Railroad be to examine successful HSR of and Association Congress, National Administration, the Bush the including sources, disparate from Discussions come have proposals reform for ongoing been Multiple stakeholders. different many among decades reformed. have reform institutional Amtrak be current concerning the must network, HSR arrangement true a and system Express Acela improved an create to order In Funding Reforms Strategy 2.Institutional& to secure this right-of-way for the future HSR alignment. After such a study is completed, the next step would be existing development, and geographic physical features. way based on an examination of existing infrastructure, to to conduct a Yorkland Boston survey to establish a possible right-of- New and An initial step toward a complete HSR system would be of Providence, north Hartford, as Haven, through well New DC Washington, as to Baltimore, Philadelphia extensions HSR of bring south would project complete The these of accessibility the economically stagnant increasecities to larger, greatly stronger markets. would service This Boston. to service branch northern a of Credit: http://www.britrail.net . Transportation page 30 stations

13 Credit: http://www.bombardier.com Credit: 12 Credit: http://www.pref.aichi.jp/kotsu/rinia/index_e.html Credit: the largest cities with the busiest the largest - 10 lines and Osaka, - At least 6 trains/hr between - Operating speed: 300 km/hr has also invested a significant sum in theAVE system’s route Barcelona to Madrid the example, For stock. rolling will use 32 train sets, at a cost of €741 million. Spain recently, Most has invested €4 billion in a new order of and Siemens. Bombardier train sets from islands is 100% publicly owned. Spain will have invested about €41 billion the by construction of 2007 rail in infrastructure. This large scale project includes 450 miles of HSR along The first link 5 of 259 corridors. miles, between Madrid and Seville, has already been built. This link has reduced a 6 hour trip on conventional passenger rail to 2.5 hours. Spain The Japanese high speed rail system is admired around the world. It is managed by the Japan National Railway (JNR), although its level operations varies depending on of the type of service involvement and in region in everyday which it runs. The divided between service passenger on the main island, rail and service system is on Japan’s three smaller islands. While rail on the main island is mostly privately owned, rail on smaller the three Global High-Speed Rail Comparisons Rail High-Speed Global Spain: AVE Japan: Credit: http://www.eurogroups.com/images/images/ave.jpg Credit: Credit: http://www.raglanroad.org/weblog/archives/2005_06.html Credit: Transportation page 31 asne ri’ psto a te ot practical most Megalopolis. the the in transportation as intercity of position mode rail’s passenger reinforce to sector private the with work could levels all at government’sgovernment which in way one just is specific This federal needs. other and the funding, some safety, have for support would it Corridor, Northeast development. the operate would oriented sector private the transit While for incentives added with stations and services rail speed high of operation sector private and costs, funded capital in investment sector sector private and private government be debt, Amtrak’s and of would settlement government arrangement pursue an such to for scenario One companies. could private for opportunities profitable Corridor provide passenger Northeast of 1970s—the creation the separate in the Amtrak freight—hence to from operations government rail federal pushed companies the rail freight though Even project. the demonstration to HSR the of especially operation and rail, construction and passenger growth of the success to future vital state is and Federal cooperation for government Northeast. solution the best and in rail the passenger support is involvement governmental sector private of combination Some grow. the to in Private-Public Partnership projected service is and rail high for is demand megalopolis profitable a the not is it operation, of While privatization its Corridor. for to Northeast made the end be can complete an case bring that a operation, would agree Amtrak experts of privatization rail many Although cautiously. very privatization undertaken be must pursuing rail passenger of of option the issues, these thesake of For compromise quality. and safety, could efficiency, security, maintenance infrastructure and of uncertainty the operations train run However,to entities private multiple allowing Lessons). Reform: Rail Rail of British Don’ts and “Do’s (see disastrous be to proved to operations, have that reforms Rail British businesses and the like much maintenance private infrastructure allow control operating would complex that a structure for advocates Administration railBush The the lacking. currently are market enter transportation to sector private the for Opportunities Private Sector to order in make them regulations, consistent with global stock engineering practices. rolling the reexamine should Administration Railroad Federal The Corridor. rolling stock, a scenario that is unlikely on the Northeast freight with collisions from stock rolling passenger the 14 completed system, travel times from Washington, DC, Washington, from times travel system, completed the hour.With one than less to down Philadelphia and YorkNew between time significantly travel bringing periods, longer for speeds high at cruise trains as hour per miles 150 approach can speeds operating actual per miles stations, between distance 186 enough for Allowing to hour. up of speeds with service, faster providewould system rail high-speed A hours. 3 even Boston would be reduced from nearly 4 hours to about to York New from time travel The hours. 2 over just to hours 3 nearly from DC Washington, to York New this speed would increase and reduce travel times fromsystem, existing the to upgrades between With stops. distance station insufficient the existing the and with infrastructure incompatibility of because periods time significant of for hour per miles 150 of speed 68 miles per is hour. The DC system can not reach Washington,its maximum and Boston between Acela Express the of speed operating average the Currently, of Service Strategy 3:Improved Standards of the conventional Regional and Acela Express trains. Express Acela and Regional conventional the of HSR system should cost less the than the current too-high price on cities between travel prices Ticket business packages. competitive frequent as well for as discounts commuters, significant with service, of rail levels all Shinkansen across reduced on be should than Prices trains. Acela on service of frequency and comfort reliability, speed, of levels Japan, lower far twice in with services currently Shinkansen comparable example, of for those are, service) volume highest (Amtrak’s Philadelphia and York New between travelers. rolling for reliability and Tickets greater must be priced more competitively. far infrastructureAcela fares mean will of stock maintenance and Proper timely times. off-peak during minutes 20 than more no between and periods, peak during minutes ten headways every approximately be would system convenience, HSR the along trains maximum For New York to Boston would improve to and less hours, than 2 2 hours. than less to improve would York New to Transportation page 32 15 metropolitan regions shorter. regions metropolitan Philadelphia and New York, will make will York, New and Philadelphia the distance separating the two Reducing the travel time between Implementation of High-Speed Rail of High-Speed Implementation Time Changes With Changes Time custo ad construction and acquisition overpasses, and includes land either at-grade, on bridges, and running track of miles 60 and of tunnels through running track miles 30 approximately be will there that assumption an from derived is range This billion and $11 billion to build. $7 between cost would York projectbetween Philadelphia and New 90- demonstration the mile that estimated be can it systems, existing and projects previous on Based the AcelaExpress. by Philadelphia and York New than Shinkansen the by other each to connected better much are Nagoya and people million 22 approximately of largestrespectively,cities, population combined a with fifth and first the are which YorkPhiladelphia, New and as apart distance same the are and people, million 5 largest of fourth total combined a with and Japan, in population by cities third the are Nagoya and Osaka reliable. less much and slower is which system, Acela is much more competitively priced than even the existing It is also important to note that the Shinkansen in Japan first route linking Tokyo withNagoyaandOsaka. Shinkansen BulletTrain systemopenedin1964,witha in planned or Europe completed and Asia. The oldest of these is Japan being Railways’ now networks HSR are strategies these of components metropolitan Critical regions. component economic their and between transportation connections the goal the strengthening with mobility of systems, these in multi-billion intermodal investments making dollar are countries integrated, These strategies. developing are including Asia, competitors, economic global Northeast’s the of most and Europe in mega-regions Similar Costs f diinl alignment, additional of amount substantial a would require primarily, York, New developed areas that surround aerial structures; bypassing densely than communities to disruptive less and pleasing because tunneling is more aesthetically areas developed densely around building and bridging of options the over Tunnelingchosen was costs. Summary page 33 2 New York City and Philadelphia, the nation’s largest and fifth fifth and largestnation’s the Philadelphia, and YorkCity New between commute people of number small Currently,a only Philadelphia metro region. the in work to Yorkcommuted regionmetroNew the in lived who 1,656 And region. metro YorkCity New the in work to commuted and region metro Philadelphia the in lived 7,538 people only 2000, in result, a As infrequent. and unreliable between service expensive, slow, relatively are services rail these cities, two the regional and Acela provides Although uncertainty. Amtrak and delay to subject and congested are only 90 miles apart, the current highway commute is very largest metropolitan centers. Although these two city centers hwvr Osaka however, ; 1 Cost BenefitAnalysis Commuting BetweenNewYork City n flyovers. and are there York, approximately 190 overpasses, underpasses, bridges, New and Philadelphia between way construction. at-grade of cost the times 4-6 approximately is structures aerial over or tunnels through segment HSR new a of costs Transport,construction Integrated the for Commission UK the to According projects. bridge and overpass of overall number reducing the reduces and also tunneling disruption length, alignment less to addition In average costpermileforTaiwan’s HSRsystem. the mile, per million $9 and France, in system TGV the for cost average the mile, per million $7.5 between be Japan. in Islands and Hokkaido between runs that tunnel the of between runs that TunnelMadrid and France, and $350 million per mile, the cost AVE the of cost the mile, per million $220 between somewhere cost would HSR the of portion tunneling The cost. greatlyincreasethe thereby requiring more land to be acquired, which would costs for this portion oftheHSRto costs forthisportion and construct upgrade is to reduced to flyovers less than 90, and further reducing underpasses, overpasses, of number the areas, urban developed densely under tunneling With billion. $1.2 and million $160 between $11.5 to million $1.5 million, bringing costs from for just this portion of the HSR cost to in ranges project

5

o prd o cntut snl such single a construct or upgrade To 3 The at-grade costs arecosts to at-grade estimated The and Philadelphia ihn h eitn right-of- existing the Within 4

Summary page 34 and Washington DC, this would still only represent 12% represent only still would this DC, Washington and of the potential growth of the economic output of the over a 25 year period. Mega-region Investing in a the increases capacity while of job providing New York NY-Philadelphia high-speed rail opportunities to Philadelphia, a city that link has been left out of the region’s economic prosperity for decades. of terms in efficiency increase will cities two the Linking land use and employment. Employers will have Northeast would clearly be a very expensive undertaking. undertaking. expensive very a be clearly would Northeast estimate end higher the cost to were it if even However, of $55 billion dollars for the corridor between Boston and and eventually stretching from Boston to Washington and beyond, the Megalopolis time has travel the When the problems. these of some opportunityaddress to between New York and Philadelphia is reduced to 45 functioning of potential the have cities two the minutes, as a single economic unit. Philadelphia and Comparable York New and travel Boston between savings time’s and DC could have additional greater benefits. options for This business means location, more efficient transportation options and the potential to the Megalopolis. clusters across and expand business integrate A high-speed rail line linking the major centers in the Northeast Corridor will have positive the that Assuming whole. effectsa as economy mega-regional for the economy of the Northeast were to grow by only one twentieth of one percent, this would create more than $6.3 trillion of additional economic activity over a 25 year period. Building a high-speed rail system for the This is largely 8 7 6 the ICE system in Germany. the ICE system in Additionally, the rolling stock should cost approximately approximately cost should stock rolling the Additionally, the to similar , per million $2 or train per million $28 and trains used by the TGV system in France and cost for the entire system would range between $37.5 between range would system entire the for cost billion and $55 billion. Assuming that the capital cost for the entire 460 mile HSR mile 460 entire the for cost capital the that Assuming demonstration the of structure cost the mirror would line and Philadelphia, the capital between New York project acquisition acquisition costs and use of through areas. urbanized densely between between $130 million and $1 billion, not including land outdated infrastructure in the Northeast. But with high-speed rail a line linking Philadelphia and New York, Area and Southern California) have growth rates around around rates growth have California) Southern and Area 4% compared to the Northeast’s 3%. due to the limited supply of land, higher costs and modest compared to the growth rates of other more western U.S. mega-regions. Corridor and the two California mega-regions (the Bay Cascadia, the Sun Jobs and the Economy Currently the Northeast’s economic growth rate is opportunities and for living and, overall, an economic productivity. increased jobs This will lead to a decrease in sprawl, cleaner air, less road congestion, greater around around transit back investment hubs encourage will into the urban centers. expand and network over a larger region. And resulting the developments transportation will efficiency allow businesses to allowing the two cities to share a workforce and real estate market. Increasing and the entire Megalopolis. and the entire Megalopolis. The connection will economic spur growth by a number benefits of for economic thesetheir cities, surrounding suburbs Implementing a high-speed rail between New City York and Philadelphia will create Benefits Philadelphia MSA is 8.63% vacancy. 8.63% is the MSA Philadelphia for rate vacancy The region. the across housing prices in its current up run sustained a to meet to contributing needs, housing insufficient has region the meaning emergency, housing a constitutes rates the New York MSA City MSA is 5.82%. YorkLess than 6% vacancy $198,500. New is MSA Philadelphia the in $403,600. cost is housing median The Residential RealEstate both of cities. economies the expanding and spikes these lessening Philadelphia, to decanted be could growth Philadelphia’sCity potential this of some market, office economic growth. By connecting Manhattan with Center activity in New York’s business core, limiting New additional York’s potential off choked have rents escalating become tight at the top of each business cycle, rapidly Philadelphia. has in market commercial Manhattan than the as Historically, City York New in expensive as twice also is space office B Class Philadelphia. in than spaceoffice rents for nearly two and a half times more A Yorkclass New growth,City experienced have cities rents. A class in decline slight a and rent office B class for modestly increased Summary only have Philadelphia from results quarter first the While foot. squareper $60 exceeding high, year four a at is price asking rent office A class commercialYorkCity’s New Commercial RealEstate Real EstateMarkets graduates recent its moving toareas withgreater jobopportunities. of 75% page than more with drain”, “brain- And the endure to work. have longer and no will live Philadelphia to where to as choice greater have 35will People million. 12 of workforce a to access 11 h mda huig ot n the in cost housing median The 12 The vacancy rate in rate vacancy The 13 10 The disparity in disparity The Although both Although 9

that by bringing these two metropolitan regions closer regionsmetropolitan two these bringing by that assumed is It links. transportation improved through integrated be to were markets housing their if places cities suggeststhatthere couldbeadvantagestoboth two these between rates vacancy and prices housing Furthermore, automobile expenditures contribute approximately $2billion intaxrevenue. year. per million $500 about increase may product state Pennsylvania’sgross of State the County, Philadelphia into 2025. by people 600,000 metroarea’sgrowalmost to by expected is population a productivity. in in results gain state-level density 6% county’s study a One doubling that found levels. cities. productivity on center and affects positive agglomeration the has density in use land hubs Increasing transit around and and growth density City population York concentrate New will between Philadelphia link rail high-speed A Compact Development into Philadelphia’s more affordable market. of pressure spillover the a allowing Yorkby New in alleviate housing affordable could it City Philadelphia, York New and in markets housing between ties the spend 71% would of $403,600, their cost, income housing on housing. median the By at strengthening home a purchases income median the However, making household a housing. on month a $1037 spend must making the average household income in New York City 30% of their household income on housing, a household $41,509. is The pre-tax median household income in New York City New York Citymarket. the on pressure the alleviating while decrease would region Philadelphia the in rate vacancy the together, 17 vr h cus o tet yas ti is this years, twenty of course the Over 14 If a homeowner spends an average of average an spends homeowner a If 16 If this were concentrated were this If 15 h Philadelphia The 18

Summary page 36 Travel by rail is more 21 Policies Promoting Rail Promoting Policies Environmental Benefits Environmental a provides transit rail congestion, reducing to addition In emissions reduces and energy of use sustainable more into the environment, especially in highly areas. populated The automobile uses five timesmore energy per passenger mile than rail. friendly environmentally than the automobile due to its efficient mechanical systems and ability to carry large loads. Furthermore, increasing oil prices are making it less affordable to for travel by rail. drive preference increased automobiles resulting in 20 commuting in the Northeast Corridor, last commutation passes. doubled the price of monthly year Amtrak European and Japanese HSR links have utilized discounted utilized have links HSR Japanese and European weekly and monthly commutation between cities in fares High Speed Rail Corridors. to promote Similar ridership fare and policies in increased commuting between the cities within Northeast Megalopolis. Coordinated could fare promote policies between commercial and aviation HSR networks could further and reduce increase congestion at the rail Northeast’s major airports. ridership Rather than adopting fare policies designed to promote 19 “uncontrolled” “uncontrolled” development, involving and scenarios These use. automobile and consumption greater land page. described in the next their typical impacts are of scenarios, the first a “controlled” defined in concentrated is development which in model urban areas. A second scenario depicts lower density, will impact the Megalopolis. Rutgers developed University two alternatives has land and roads, and water and water and roads, and land sewer are described below implementation their how and infrastructure and other public other and infrastructure investments associated with to sprawl. Scenarios relating amount of land by consumed and reduces the amount of typical Concentrating growth around transit hubs will reduce the to rail provides an additional 8.6 jobs and $219,000 economy. the regional to products. products. One study shifted million found $1 each for that expenditures automobile from regional regional economy than rail because the expenditures majority are of foreign significantly less the to Summary page 37 16,015 MillionsofDollars Spent 1,264 MillionsofDollarsSaved 135.77 BillionDollarsSpent 6.2 BillionDollarsSaved 1,460,868 acres oflandconverted Uncontrolled Controlled Uncontrolled Controlled Uncontrolled Controlled Road Land 282,853 acres oflandsaved Water andSewer Credit: Unknown Northeast region.Northeast TheUnitedStateswillsave109.00 road willneedtobeaddedoverthenext25yearsin In acontrolled growth scenario,only281,000milesof -new signal interchange - newinterchange toexisting - surfacing - patching&rehabilitation - twotofourlanes - sixlanefreeway Cost PerMile sprawled development. can beimplementedtoavoidtheneedfordrivingand avoid spendinganextra$6.2Billion,simplemeasures uncontrolled growth region. scenariointheNortheast To Over 288,000milesofroad willberequired inan Billion Dollarsundertighterregulations. sewer laterals. of waterperday. Thiswillrequire 3,406totalwaterand million dollarssandwill demand 1,415millionsofgallons The uncontrolled growth scenariowillspendover $16.01 over $14Million. lateral infrastructure willneedtobeinstalledcostingjust 7 milliongallonsofwaterperday, and3,068milesof The controlled growth scenario willsaveanestimated spent asseenbelow. resulting inaconsiderablylarger amountofmoneybeing prodcution andenvironmentally sensitivelandscapes, Sprawling landscapesare detrimentaltoouragricultural environmentally sensitivelandscapes. scenario includingtheprotection offarmlandand Nearly 80%oflandswillbesavedinacontrolled growth $115,000 $6,500,000 $450,000 $650,000 $3,200,000 $8,800,000 Cost ofSprawl Summary page 38 faster-

Conclusion who understand the new role of the mega-region and have proactively planned for their continued economic health and quality of life. Environmental, economic, and transportation systems, all cross boundaries, yet this is not reflected in current management current in reflected not These is strategies this yet will boundaries, be difficult—ifcross all notsystems, impossible—totransportation achieveand ifeconomic, the Environmental, region does not work cooperatively as a unit. those are most the gain to stand that regions the marketplace, global changing rapidly the In future. the for planning or speed rail line that links the major metropolitan areas together and effectively “shrinks” distances between cities, both weak. and strong create create greater opportunities for education to all socio-economic classes, and better integrate its strong cities and its under-performing cities into a single system. This integration can be accomplished primarily through investing in transportation the system. Specifically, existing infrastructure must be upgraded and bolstered by the creation of a high must link natural spaces to urban places, promote compact development, invest in renewable energy, must and link leverage natural the spaces to urban compact places, development, promote invest energy, in renewable of cultural resources landscapes. These will measures not only the improve health environmental of the Northeast, but will also support a growing economy. remain To competitive, the region must also provide more , In order to maintain its prime position, the Northeast must enhance utilized resources. its Given competitive the advantages expected population and increases, the invest region must in become under- more sustainable. do To so, it clusters, clusters, and extraordinary quality of life, Megalopolis has many competitive innovation and cooperation, advantages. regional the Northeast is poised to slip behind not only global competitors, but However, also without greater States. in the United regions growing The Northeast Megalopolis is one of the biggest players in the global marketplace. With the highest population density in the nation, concentration the largest of world’s top rated universities, research the ability to attract robust economic 12. Long Island Offshore 13. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency, and Renewable Energy Endnotes 14. Burkhardt Environment 15. MW: A watt is a unit of power of equal to one joule per second. A 1. USDA Forest Service 2002 Highlands Study p. 68 megawatt is 1,000 watts. 2. Highlands Regional Information System 16. Long Island Offshore 3. USDA Forest Service 2002 Highlands Study p. 14-15 17. Holloway 4. ibid. p. 69 18. Verdant Power 5. ibid. p. 59 19. Griscom 6. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 20. Cornell University 7. Owen 21. “NY Adopts Biofuel Initiative” 8. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society 22. ibid. 9. Handwerk 23. Aldrich 10. Environmental Defense 24. National Park Service 11. Anderson Economic Group 25. ibid. 26. Aldrich Economy 1. Based on U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 2004 data of gross domestic product. The Northeast gross regional product is the sum of the gross state products of the thirteen states and Washington D.C. 2. University of Pennsylvania, 2005 3. Glaeser, 2005 4. Based on location quotients of top five metropolitan areas. Location quotients calculated from reported NAICS industry codes, 1997-2003, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 5. Fortune Magazine ranking for 2005. 6. Doeringer and Terkla, 1995 7. Rosenfeld, 1997, p.10 8. The top pharmaceutical firms are determined by the PharmExec’s Top 50 Report, 2005. Biotechnology clusters are ranked in the Brookings Institution’s Biotechnology Report, 2002. Organizational trends in the pharmaceutical industry are outlined in the Arthur D. Little Global Management Consulting Report, 2003. 9. Based on the 2010 Strategy outlined in the European Economy Review, Directorate General for Economic and Social Affairs, 2004 10. Land area’s are taken from US Census and workforce taken from BEA, 2005 11. Survey conducted by Moody’s Economy.com on “The Best Places for Business and Careers.” published by Forbes Magazine, 2004. 12. Hoffmann and Markusen, 2005 13. Weber, 1929 14. Ranking for top universities compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University are based on research performance and academic quality. Biased against humanities and social sciences. The Economist, September 2, 2004 15. Cortwright and Mayer,2002, p. 16 Based on 2001 National Institute of Health Research Funding for Medical Schools and Research Institutions. 16. United States Patents and Trademark Office, 2006 17. The College Board, 2005 18. ibid. 19. Katz, 2001 20. US Census, 1990 and 2000 21. Yale University, 2006 22. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006 Transportation 1. Penn 2005 Studio, p. 12 2. Penn 2004 Studio, p. 87 3. Amtrak 4. Interview with Jeff Zupan, Regional Plan Association, 2/14/06; Statement of US DOT Inspector General Kenneth Mead before the House of Representatives Committee of Transportation and Infrastructure, 21 September 2005 5. Interview with Peter Cohen, Amtrak, 2/14/06 6. Texas Transportation Institute Urban Mobility Study 7. Interview with Jeff Zupan, Regional Plan Association, 2/14/06 8. ibid. 9. Statement of US DOT Inspector General Kenneth Mead before the House of Representatives Committee of Transportation and Infrastructure, 21 September 2005; and Amtrak 10. Guardian Unlimited, “Key Dates in Britain’s Railway History” 11. Regional Plan Association’s plan for a new passenger rail tunnel under the 12. Interview with Jeff Zupan, Regional Plan Association, 2/14/06 13. Frittelli 14. Railwaytechnology.com 15. This cartogram visually displays the time savings of a HSR line in the Megalopolis. It is based on an assumption of 45 minutes of travel time between New York and Philadelphia, comparable to the time and distance between Osaka and Nagoya, Japan, which is currently achievable on that country’s Shinkansen HSR. 10. Grubb & Ellis, Q1Report, 2006 Cost Benefit 11. Based on a projected increase in growth rate by 1/20th of a percent 1. Wikipedia, “Shinkansen” over 20 years for the 13 states and Washington D.C. 2. Brinkhoff 12. ibid. 3. Railwaytechnology.com; Engineering.com 13. American Community Survey, US Census, 2005 4. These costs were estimated by using precedents outlined in the 14. National Association of REALTORS, 2005 following sources, and accounting for inflation. See Levinson, 15. Litman, 2005, p.30. David, and Jean Michel Mathieu, David Gillen, Adib Kanafani. 16. Woods and Pooley, 2004 5. U.S. Census, 2000 17. Based on GSP Projections by US Bureau of Economic Analysis. 6. UK Commission for Integrated Transport Calculated by author Railwaytechnology.com 18. Calculations done by author 7. Penn 2005 Studio 19. Miller, Robison and Lahr, 1999. 8. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, based on gross state product 10. Center for Urban Policy and Research, Rutgers University growth rates 1997-2003 21. Litman, 2005 9. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005. 22. ibid. 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