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Herakles in Brabant. Die Amethyst-Gemme Aus Sint-Oedenrode

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Herakles in Brabant. Die Amethyst-Gemme Aus Sint-Oedenrode BABESCH 88 (2013), 191-203. doi: 10.2143/BAB.88.0.2987081 Herakles in Brabant. Die Amethyst-Gemme aus Sint-Oedenrode Gertrud Platz-Horster Abstract In 2006 during the excavations in the centre of Sint-Oedenrode (NL), an extraordinary Hellenistic amethyst gem in a later gold pendant was discovered in a decidedly medieval context. It depicts in three-quarter view the head of a young man wearing a laurel wreath wrapped with a diadem. Despite intense abrasion to the surface of the gem, the ends of the diadem are visible fluttering on both sides of the man’s neck; the remains of a club above his shoulder, moreover, clearly identify him as the young Herakles. The gemstone can be dated by material, shape, tech- nique, and style to the late 3rd or the first half of the 2nd century BC. It reproduces a true copy of the head of a clas- sical Greek statue created ca 350 BC, which by the evidence of 20 surviving Roman marble copies of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD must have been quite famous. This statue type is known as the ‘Herakles Lansdowne’ after a copy found in the Villa Hadriana in Tivoli near Rome, now in the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu. By adding a laureate diadem the Hellenistic gem engraver characterized the young man as a ruler. But the entirely idealized head only allows suggestions as to who might have been assimilated to the hero. Im März 2006 kam in Sint-Oedenrode in der nie - Grabung durchgeführt; sie legte um die im 11. derländischen Provinz Noord-Brabant ein erstaun - Jahrhundert gegründete Kirche für die schottische liches Schmuckstück ans Licht (Abb. 1-3).1 Im Heilige Oda (heute St. Martin) eine rechteckige Zentrum des heutigen Ortes wurde wegen eines Anlage und zwei große hallenartige Gebäude frei, neuen Bebauungsplans seit 2003 eine großflächige die zur ersten Phase einer Burg der Herren van Abb. 1. Amethyst-Anhänger in Sint-Oedenrode, Abb. 2. Amethyst-Anhänger in Sint-Oedenrode, Vorderseite (Foto Clemens Kerstholt, Beleid en Rückseite (Foto Clemens Kerstholt, Beleid en Ontwikkeling, Gemeente Sint-Oedenrode). Ontwikkeling, Gemeente Sint-Oedenrode). 191 Rode aus dem 11. und 12. Jahrhundert gehörten. mit je zwei Granuli auf jeder Seite gesichert, hin- In dem um 1175 um die Anlage aufgeworfenen ten links mit zwei Kugeln, rechts mit einer Kugel. Erdwall wurde der goldene Anhänger mit einem In der Öse sitzt lose ein Ring, der aus einem schma - antiken gravierten Amethyst entdeckt.2 Stratigra - len Blechstreifen zu einem glattem Runddraht fisch, dendrochronologisch sowie durch Münzen gedreht, an den Enden platt ge schlagen und auf- und andere Beifunde ist der Kontext zwischen einander gelötet wurde. Diese lose Öse erlaubt 1175 und 1230 gesichert. Bei dem Symposium ‘De ein Auffädeln des Anhängers an einer Kette der- Burcht van Rode’ zu den Grabungen am 14. Mai art, dass dieser dann flach auf der Brust liegt. 2011 in Sint-Oedenrode wurde dieser Horizont Maße: Fassung 29.5 x 26.3 x 3.3 mm; H mit fester durch die Geschichte der Grafen von Rode bestä- Öse 36 mm, mit losem Ring 43.5 mm; Dm lose tigt: Arnold I. (reg. 1095–1116) hatte den seit prä- Ringöse 13 mm. historischer Zeit genutzten Platz zu einer Burg Dargestellt ist der Kopf eines jungen bartlosen befestigt; um 1180 kam die Grafschaft Rode durch Mannes in Dreiviertelansicht von vorn mit einer Heirat in den Besitz der Grafen von Geldern, Otto Wendung zu seiner Linken (Abguss Abb. 3a); die II. verkaufte sie 1231 an Hendrik I., Herzog von Haare reichen fast bis an die obere Steinkante, der Brabant (reg. 1190–1235).3 Kopf sitzt hoch im Bildoval auf einem kurzen Anlässlich des Symposiums wurden die wich- Hals; darunter ist der Stein beschädigt: Die feh- tigsten Funde im Rathaus von Sint-Oedenrode aus - lende Büste mit Schulteransatz wird das untere gestellt; dank dem Entgegenkommen der Stadt - Segment der Gemme gefüllt haben. Das kräftige verwaltung konnte ich die Gemme mit dem Kopf Gesicht charakterisieren die in der Mitte und an eines jungen Mannes in dem Goldanhänger mit den Schläfen gewölbte Stirn, die fein in den gera- Öse eingehend unter dem Mikroskop untersuchen. den Nasenrücken geschwungenen Brauen und Der Amethyst - eine Varietät des Minerals Quarz die fülligen Wangen; die detailliert mit plastisch der Härte 7 auf der Skala von Friedrich Mohs abgesetzten Lidern, Iris und Pupille gestalteten (1773-1839) - ist in der Mitte kräftig violett, zum Augen sowie der leicht geöffnete Mund mit vollen Rand hin, besonders im Haar, fast glasklar wie Lippen über dem schweren Kinn vermitteln eine Bergkristall. Der hochovale Stein ist bikonvex eindrucksvolle Präsenz. Die in kleinen Büscheln geschliffen, die Rückseite in der Mitte plan. Die frisierten Haare sind in drei bis vier Reihen über- Gemme misst ca 22.5 x ca 19.2 x 7.2 mm. Sie ist einander gestaffelt (Abb. 3b), die kleinen Haken intakt bis auf zwei große, sich überlappende, erhalten durch die feine Gliederung in einzelne muschelige Absplisse vorne auf der Brust des Strähnen ein kompaktes Volumen; die lebhafte Mannes, die schräg bis in die untere Steinkante Bewegung der gegeneinander abgesetzten und abgeplatzt sind. Die Vorderseite ist stark abge- teilweise unterschnittenen Haarbüschel folgt einem nutzt und verkratzt, besonders an den Kanten zur strengen System (s.u.). Auf dem Oberkopf liegt tiefen Gravur beiderseits des Gesichtes. Die Gem - am Rand der Gravur ein Kranz aus spitzovalen me wurde also über eine längere Zeit getragen Blättern mit Mittelrippe, die gegenständig zum und häufig zum Siegeln verwendet. Die Rückseite Scheitel hin gruppiert sind. Zwischen den Blätter - ist poliert, der Übergang zur ovalen Mittelfläche paaren geben parallele schräge Kerben die Um - leicht verrieben. wicklung des Kranzes mit einer Binde an. Deren Der Stein sitzt etwas lose in der goldenen Fas - Enden sind in Resten auf dem abgenutzten und sung als Anhänger (Abb. 2). Sie besteht aus einem verkratzten Bildgrund erhalten; sie lassen sich am glatten Goldblech, das grob zugeschnitten und zu Abguss (Abb. 3a) besser erkennen als am Stein: Vorder- wie Rückseite des Steins umgebördelt ist. Links neben dem Nacken zeichnet sich der Kon - Außen sind auf den Blechstreifen zwei Perldrähte tur einer Schleife ab, darunter ihr Ende; deutlicher gelötet, darauf ein weiterer Draht mit etwas grö- ist ein flatterndes Bandende auf der anderen Seite ßerer Körnung. Die Lötung von Blech und Dräh - neben dem Kinn. Darunter, über der - wegen der ten wurde nicht sehr sorgfältig durchgeführt, son- Beschädigung nur zu vermutenden - linken Schul - dern sie lässt kleinere Lücken zwischen Blech und ter (Abguss) des jungen Mannes liegen zwei tie- Dekor. In der Mitte oben wurde die Fassung auf- fere tropfenförmige Gravuren, die Reste seines geschnitten und innen ein kleines Blech als Ver - Attributs (s.u.). bindung eingelötet. An dieser Brücke sitzt die in Der Intaglio ist eine Meisterleistung eines Richtung der Fassung angesetzte ovale Öse aus unbekannten antiken Gemmenschneiders: Er hat einem Blechstreifen, auf den außen wiederum ein das Gesicht tief in den bikonvexen Amethyst ge - doppelreihiger Perldraht gelötet wurde. Die Ver - schnitten; die Nasenspitze stößt fast an die abge- bindungen zwischen Öse und Rahmen sind vorn flachte Mitte der Rückseite. Die Dreiviertelansicht 192 Abb. 3a. Abguss der Amethyst-Gemme in Sint-Oeden- Abb. 3b. Abguss der Amethyst-Gemme in Sint-Oeden- rode (Johannes Laurentius, Berlin). rode, Profil nach rechts (Johannes Laurentius, Berlin). erforderte die Gravur der Nase so schräg in den stigt den Lichteinfall in die negative Gravur und Edelstein, dass die Nasenspitze fotografisch von erlaubt die leicht vergrößernde Betrachtung des der Vorderseite nicht ganz zu erfassen ist und das z.T. unterschnittenen Gesichtes von der Rückseite. unterschnitten negative Bild nur mit flexiblem Der Edelstein Amethyst, den schon Plinius d. Ä. Silikon abgeformt werden konnte (Abb. 3a-3b). als ‘glänzenden Purpur’ beschrieb,5 wurde seit Die Gestaltung des lebhaften Gesichtes ist außer- dem frühen 3. Jahrhundert v.Chr. bis in die Spät - ordentlich plastisch mit weichen Übergängen an antike gern für Bildnisse hellenistischer Könige Stirn, Wangen und Kinn, mit fein konturierten und römischer Kaiser verwendet.6 Die Steinfarbe Brauen, Augen und Lippen sowie tiefen Nasen - entsprach der porphyra, dem purpurnen Mantel, löchern. Im Kontrast zur hohen Politur des Ge - der neben der breiten Diadembinde ein wesentli- sichtes hat der Graveur die aus der Stirn aufstre- ches Merkmal hellenistischer Herrscher war.7 Das benden und in die Schläfen eingebogenen Locken Material könnte von den ausgedehnten Amethyst- matt belassen, was dem Werk einen sinnlichen Vorkommen im Wadi Abu Diyeiba, 25 km süd- Reiz verleiht. Der einst ebenfalls hoch polierte westlich von Safaga in der Östlichen Wüste Ägyp - Bildgrund wird die optische Täuschung, der Kopf tens am Roten Meer, stammen.8 trete erhaben hervor, noch verstärkt haben - ein Ein frühes Beispiel bikonvexer Amethyste mit Eindruck, den alle gut gravierten Gemmen erwe- Köpfen in Dreiviertelvorderansicht zeigt eine cken, der hier aber durch die starke Abnutzung Gemme in Berlin (Abb. 4): Das markante Porträt der Oberfläche beeinträchtigt ist. eines Mannes mit vollem Gesicht, gebogener Nase Köpfe oder Büsten in Dreiviertelvorderansicht und großen Augen kennzeichnet die glatte Binde kommen auf Gemmen selten und nur im mit Nackenschleife im gesträhnten, nackenlangen Hellenismus vor, dazu in einigen Rückgriffen Haar als hellenistischen Herrscher, den E. Zwier - während der frühen römischen Kaiserzeit.4 Das lein-Diehl als Ptolemaios III. Euergetes von Ägyp- bevorzugte Material für derartige Darstellungen ten (reg. 246-222 v.Chr.) benannte.9 Diverse Gem - sind klare Steine wie Bergkristall, Amethyst oder men mit Büsten des Zeus-Sarapis, von denen reiner Karneol; die meist bikonvexe Form begün- manche wohl die kolossale, auf Münzen des 193 Ptolemaios IV. Philometor (222-205 v.Chr.) fass- bare Statue im Serapeion von Alexandria reflek- tieren,10 verwenden die fast frontale Ansicht (Abb. 5).11 Ein direkter Bezug zu Statuen wurde auch zwei jugendlichen Köpfen mit leicht gehobenem Kopf und flatterndem Haar auf zwei kleinen, fla- chen Karneol-Gemmen wohl des 2.
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