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Daskyleion'un Ye- Rinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Yap~Lan Tart~~ Malarda 2 Propontis Bölge- Sinde Iki Ayr~~ Yer Önerilmekteydi

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Daskyleion'un Ye- Rinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Yap~Lan Tart~~ Malarda 2 Propontis Bölge- Sinde Iki Ayr~~ Yer Önerilmekteydi DASKYLE~~ ON Prof. TOMRIS BAKIR Hasluck ile yüzy~l~m~z~n ba~~nda ba~layan Daskyleion'un ye- rinin belirlenmesi üzerine yap~lan tart~~ malarda 2 Propontis bölge- sinde iki ayr~~ yer önerilmekteydi. Bunlardan biri için Ryndakos'un (Nilüfer Çay) Marmara Denizine döküldü~ü noktada yer alan E~ke1 3, di~eri için ise Ku~gölünün güneydo~usunda, Ergili Köyünün bat~s~n- da yer alan Hisartepe dü~ünülüyordu. 1952 y~l~~ Nisan ay~nda Kurt Bittel, ad~~ geçen bu her iki yerde de ara~t~rmalar yapm~~~ ve görü~- lerini bir y~l sonra yay~nlanan makalesinde bildirmi~ti 4. Kurt Bit- tel, her iki yerin çevrelerinde ele geçen arkeolojik malzemeleri de de- ~erlendirmi~~ ve sonuçta, Hisartepe üzerinde Herodot'un bahsetti~i 5 ~ satrapl~k merkezinin yer almas~~ gerekti~ini vurgulam~~t~r. 1954 y - ~ l~nda ba~lay~p, birkaç y~l devam eden ve Ekrem Akurgal ba~kanl - ~~nda bir heyet taraf~ndan yürütülen bir inceleme kaz~s~~ da ° Hisar- tepe'de, Daskyleion'un yer ald~~~n~~ kesinle~tiren buluntular~~ vermi~- tir. Hisartepe'de gerçekle~tirilen bu ilk sondajlardan otuzdört y~l son- ra, 1988 y~l~nda burada yeniden kaz~lara ba~lam~~~ bulunmaktay~z 7 (Fig. 1). F. W. Hasluck, "Poemanenum" JHS XXVI, 1906, 23-31. Th. Wiegand, AM XXIX, 1904, 286 vd.; J. A. Munro, "Dascylium" JHS XXXII, 1912, 57-67. 3 J. A. R. Munro, a.g.e., 62 vd. 4 K. Bittel, "Zur Lage von Daskyleion" AA, 1953, 1-16. Herodot III 120, 126; VI 33. E. Akurgal, "Les Fouilles de Daskyleion" Anatolia I, 1956, 20-24, Lev. VII— IX, XI b, XII. ~ ~ 7 Daskyleion'da 1988 y~l~nda yeni ba~layan kaz~lar Prof. Dr. Tomris Bak r ba - kanl~~~nda, Kültür ve Turizm Bakanl~~~ , Eski Eserler ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlü~ü, Ege üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Bursa Müzelerini ve Es- ki Eserlerini Koruma Derne~i, Orman ve Köy I~leri Bakanl~~~~ Bal~kesir Bölge Mü- dürlü~ünün maddi katk~lar~~ ile gerçekle~mi~tir. Ad~~ geçen kurulu~lar~n yetkililerine en derin te~ekkürü sunmak ba~l~ca görevimizdir. Band~rma Kaymakam~~ say~n Alev Akçura'ya, Belediye Ba~kan~~ say~n Hasan Sur'a, Band~rma Rotary Kulübüne ve Ak- sakal Belediye Ba~kan~~ say~n Acar Ye~il~rmak'a manevi destekleri, gerekli alet, araç- lar ve topograf gibi elemanlar~n sa~lanmas~nda gösterdikleri yak~n ilgileri için ~ük- 76 TOMRIS BAKIR Akhamenid krallar!~ ele geçirdikleri topraklar üzerinde kur- duklar~~ yirmi satrapl~ktan 8 dördü Anadolu'da yer al~yordu 9. Bun- lardan biri olan "Daskyleion Satrapl~~~" (Tayaiy Drayahya)" ve bu satrapl~kta iki yüzy~l boyunca yöneticilik yapm~~~ bölge valileri hak- k~nda, Pers yaz~l~~ kaynaklar~ndan" ba~ka eski Yunan ve Roma ta- rihçileri ile yazarlar~ndan yo~un bilgiler edinilmektedir 12. Daskyleion, Trakya, Bo~azlar, Marmara Denizi, Propontis ve Küçük Frigya bölgelerinin hem kontrolünü, hem de siyasi ve ekono- mik idaresini elinde tutma yetkisine sahip bulunuyordu. Satrapl~k merkezi olmadan önce de, bu jeopolitik konumundan dolay~~ Lydia krall~~~= bu bölgedeki yay~hm~~ s~ras~nda önem verdi~i bir kale ol- mal~yd~. Nitekim, yaz~l~~ kaynaklar ve arkeolojik belgeler, Daskylei- on'da 7. yüzy~lda ba~layan bir yerle~meye i~aret etmektedirler. Ad~- n~, kral Gyges'in babas~~ Daskylos'dan alan 13 Daskyleion'un, Damas- kus'lu Nikolaos'un burada çevirisini 14 verece~imiz bir parças~na gö- ranlar~m~z~~ sunar~z. 1988 y~l~~ kaz~~ ekibi, Prof. Dr. Tomris Bak~r'dan ba~ka, Dr. Er- sin Do~er, Ara~t~rma Görevlisi Epigraf—Arkeolog Cumhur Tanr~ver, Arkeolog Gür- han Yay~mc~, Gürcan Polat ve ö~renciler Suat Ate~lier, Emel Dereboylu, Gülçin Kü- serman'dan olu~mu~tur. Band~rma yerel bas~n~ndan "Gürses" ve "Gerçek" gazete- lerine, eski eseri halka benimsetme ve sevdirme konusunda gösterdikleri sürekli çaba için minnet borçluyuz. 8 CAH IV, 194 vd.; Herodot III, 89. 9 Herodot III, 89, 90 : 1) Ionial~lar, Asya Manisal~lar~, Aiolia'hlar, Kariag~lar, Lykia'hlar, Milia'hlar, Pamphilia'hlar. 2) Mysia, Lydia, Lasonia, Kabalia ve Hyten- neia. 3) Hellespontos'da Yunanistandan gelirken sa~da, oturanlar, Phrygia, Asya Traklar~, Paphlagonia, Mariadyn, Suriye. 4) Kilikya. Herodot'a göre Daskyleion Sat- raph~~~ üçüncü satrapl~kt~r. 1° R. Schmitt, "Die Achaimenidische Satrapie Tayaiy Drayahya" Historia 21, 1972, 522-527. 11 Pers kaynaklar~~ için : G. Walser, "Die Völkerschaften auf den Reliefs von Persepolis. Historische Studien über den sogenannten Tributzug an der Apadana- treppe" Teheraner Forschungen Band 2, 1966, 27-50. 12 Herodot, Thukydides, Xenophon (Anabasis, Hellenika, Kyr~~paedie, Hel- lenika Oxyrhynchos), Arrianus, (Anabasis), Strabon, Diodoros, Damaskus'Iu Niko- laos vd. 13 RE "Daskylos" maddesi. 14 Bu çeviri Ege 'üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesinden Doç. Dr. Hasan Malay taraf~ndan yap~lm~~t~r. Metnin sa~lanmas~nda yard~mc~~ oldu~u için ve yapt~~~~ çeviri için kendisine te~ekkürü borç biliriz. DASKYLEION 77 re 15, Sadyattes döneminde krall~~~n sözünün geçti~i bir bölgede, do- lay~s~~ ile Lydia topraklar~~ içinde yer ald~~~~ anla~~lmaktad~ r. "Alyattes'in o~lu olan Lydia kral~~ Sadyattes, sava~mak- ta bir deha, ama di~er bak~mlardan disiplinsiz biriydi. Ni- tekim, bir zamanlar, sayg~n biri olarak tan~nan Miletos'la evli bulunan kendi k~zkarde~ine bir kurban töreni s~ras~ n- da zor kullanarak tecavüz etmi~~ ve sonra onu zevce olarak al~ koymu~tu. Miletos, Gyges'in damad~~ Melas'~n soyun- dan gelmekteydi. Olup bitenlerden son derece üzülerek, kaç~p Daskylion'a gitti. Ama Sadyattes, onu oray~~ da ter- ke zorlad~. Miletos bu kez Prokon (n)esos'a gitti. Bundan k~sa bir süre sonra Sadyattes, birbiri ile karde~~ olan iki ka- d~ nla evlendi. Bunlardan birinden Attale, di~erinden Ad- ramys ad~nda iki gayrime~ru çocuk, kendi k~zkarde~inden ise Alyattes ad~nda yasal bir o~lu oldu". Bu antik yaz~l~~ kayna~~n yan~s~ra, kaz~larda ele geçen seramik- ler de 7. yüzy~lda Daskyleion'daki bu en erken yerle~imi kan~tlamak- tad~rlar. Bunlara örnek olarak eski kaz~larda bulunmu~~ Protokorinth stil evresinden vazolar 18 ile erken oryantalizan döneme tarihlenen seramikler " ve ayr~ca 1988 y~l~~ kaz~s~ nda ele geçen 640-630 y~llar~na tarihlenen bir tabak parças~~ 18 (Fig. 2,3) gösterilebilir. Gene yeni ka- z~~ çal~~malar~~ ile gün ~~~~~ n~na ç~ kan ku~lu kase parçalar~~ (Fig. 4, 5) 19 Alyattes dönemine i~aret eden buluntular olarak 600 y~llar~na tarih- lenmelidirler. Lydia'n~n 7. yüzy~lda Troas'daki hakimiyetinden 20 ve Milet'in Abydos'u i~gal için Lydia kral~~ Gyges'den izin almak zorunda kal- 15 Nikolaos Damaskenos. F. Jacoby, "Die Fragmente der Griechischen Histo- riker" II. Bölüm, 1926, 360, Fragment 63. 18 E. Akurgal, "Les Fouilles de Daskyleion" Anatolia I, 1956, 50. 17 E. Akurgal, Griechische und Römische Kunst in der Türkei 1977, 241, Lev. 3 a. 18 Bursa Arkeoloji Müzesi. Dask 88 AEL. Kaz~~ Env. No. 76. 640/30 y~llar~ na tarihlenen tabak tondo parças~~ pembe hamur ve krem astarl~, astar üzerinde merkez- den da~~lan konsantrik siyah-mor firnis bantlar. Friz bölümünde kontur teknikte sa~a dönük ba~. Figürün kulak çizimi ilginç. Doldurma rozetleri ve frizi bölen dikey ~ualar. 19 Bursa Arkeoloji Müzesi. Dask 88 ADJ. 20 Strabon XII, 4, 6. 78 TOMR~S BAKIR mas~ndan bahseden Strabon'un sözlerinden anla~~ld~~~~ üzere, Lydia krall~~~~ Marmara Denizinin ve Bo~azlar~n Trakya'dan gelebilecek tehlikelere tampon olarak kullan~lmas~na önem vermekteydi 22. Ay- n~~ endi~e ile Gyges'in, babas~n~n ad~n~~ verdi~i bir kaleyi Daskyleion'da kurmas~~ ve bat~ya yay~l~m~~ amaç edinen Akhamenid'Ierin buras~n~, jeopolitik konumu nedeniyle satrapl~k merkezi yapmalar~, Dasky- leion'un tarih boyunca Anadolu'da üstlendi~i rolü aç~kça göstermek- tedir. Yaz~l~~ kaynaklara ve buluntulara göre Daskyleion'da 7. yüzy~l- dan daha erken bir yerle~menin olmad~~~~ anla~~lmasma kar~~n, 1988 y~l~nda gün ~~~~~ na ç~kan sürpriz bir buluntu bu konuda bizi yeni so- rularla kar~~~ kar~~ya b~ rakm~~t~r. Bu buluntu, M. O. 2. bine tarihle- nen bir silindir mühürdür 23 (Fig. 6). ~yi korunmu~, steatit'den ya- p~lm~~, üzerindeki yaz~s~~ ve ilginç figürleri ile Babil glyptik sanat mer- kezlerinden birinde yap~l~p, herhangi bir nedenle Daskyleion'a geti- rilmi~~ olan bu mühür, Hisartepe'de, bir Byzans dolgu çukurunda ele geçmi~tir. Bu mühürün Bat~~ Anadolu'daki bir ticaret kolonisine mi i~aret etti~i sorusu, Daskyleion'da 2. bine, hatta 7. yüz y~la kadar 1. bin ba~~na tarihlenebilecek herhangi bir ba~ka buluntunun henüz ele geçmemi~~ olmas~~ ile cevaps~z kalmaktad~r. Bundan sonra devam edecek kaz~lar~n ve çevrede yap~lan yüzey ara~t~rmalar~= 24 bu ko- nuya aç~kl~k getirece~i beklenebilir. Kyros'un Sardeis'i 547 y~l~nda ele geçiri~inden, Büyük Isken- der'in Granikos'da, Sardeis Satrab~~ Siphidridates komutas~ndaki Pers ordusunu yendi~i tarih olan 334 y~l~na kadar, iki yüzy~l, Daskyleion Satraplar ile yönetilmi~tir. Yönetim dönemlerinin tarihleri kesin ola- rak bilinmemekle beraber, Daskyleion Satraplar~~ için yaz~l~~ belgeler yard~m~~ ile, Akhamenid krallar~n~n, Sardeis satraplar~n~n, Sparta 21 Strabon XIII, 2, 22. 22 C. Roebuck, Ionian Trade and Colonization, 1959, 51. 23 Bursa Arkeoloji Müzesi Env. 88/11. Dask 88 ADS. Daskyleion ön tarihine ~~~k tutacak bu buluntu için ayr~~ bir yay~n yap~lmas~~ planlanm~~t~r. Saarbrücken "eni- versitesinden R. Schmitt'e, say~n Profesör N. özgüç, T. özgüç, A. Erkanal ve H. Er- kanal'a mühürle ilgili sorularda beni ayd~nlatt~klar~~ için te~ekkür ederim.
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