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Home , 387 BC, 388 BC, 395 BC, Antalcidas, Artabazos II, Battle of Cyzicus

IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Παλαιοθόδωρος Δημήτρης Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος Για παραπομπή : Παλαιοθόδωρος Δημήτρης , "Pharnabazus", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία URL:

Περίληψη : Pharnabazus II (c. 450‑373 BC), was of Hellespontine and one of the protagonists in the Greco‑Persian wars fought for the control of Asia Minor. He fought against the Athenians (411‑407 BC) during the Ionian War and against the Spartans under Dercylidas and Agesilaus (399‑393 BC). He defeated the Spartans in the sea battle at Cnidus (394 BC) and paved the way for Persian ascendancy in Asia Minor. He later led two abortive campaigns in . Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης

Between 450 and 445 BC Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου

c. 373 BC Κύρια Ιδιότητα Satrap of

1. Family

Pharnabazus was an official of royal descent in the .1His birth is dated to before 444 BC.2 Between 414 and 412 BC he inherited the office of satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia from his father Pharnaces II.3 He had a legitimate brother, whose name is unattested,4 while another, illegitimate, brother and his uncle, Susamithras, are also mentioned.5 He was married to Apame (387 BC),6 daughter of king Artaxerxes II (404-351 BC) and had three sons: Artabazus III,7 later satrap of Phrygia (362-330 BC), Oxythres and Dibictus.8 His heir, Ariobarzanes (387-362 BC) belonged to the same family; it is unclear, however, whether he was his legitimate brother or an older legitimate son from an unknown spouse.9 He also had an illegitimate son by one Parapita.10 His family controlled estates around , where he had his palace on a naturally fortified position, surrounded by hamlets and paradises.

2. Deeds

Since 413 BC, Pharnabazus has participated in Darius II’s (423-404 BC) efforts to re-annex the coastal areas of Asia Minor to the Achaemenid Empire and make them pay tribute. He formed an alliance with the Spartans and was active against the Athenians during the Ionian War (412-405 BC) launching military operations in the Hellespont. His successive defeats at the hands of the Athenians and forced him to come to terms, but the settlement was annulled by , who arrived in Asia Minor in 407 BC as karanos.11 In 405 BC, taking advantage of the power vacuum in Asia Minor following the defeat of the Athenians, he captured areas on the borders of his realm with Phrygia, where he installed exiles from Miletus.12

In 404 BC he warned the legitimate king Artaxerxes II of Cyrus’plans to rebel. Cyrus drove him out of his satrapy in 401 BC.13 In that year Pharnabazus sided with Artaxerxes at the , and soon after, as a satrap again with increased powers extending to the borders of Pisidia, he repeatedly faced the force of the Ten Thousand.14 During the war between and Persia he bore most of the brunt of Spartan military operations. Dercylidas was the first to launch a campaign against him; Pharnabazus managed to negotiate truce in two consecutive occasions (in 399 and 398 BC), but could not avoid the loss of . Soon after (397-395 BC), independently and sometimes in cooperation with (his superior and satrap of ) he faced Agesilaus, who had allied himself with the defector and the Paphlagonian ruler Otys; Agesilaus repeatedly invaded Pharnabazus’realm and sacked Dascyleum. Ultimately, he failed to inflict a decisive defeat on his opponent, and an understanding was reached.15 By lavishing bribes on politicians, Pharnabazus managed to turn the Greek cities against Sparta and incited the

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Corinthian War (395 BC).16 He restored his rule over Aeolis and, in cooperation with and the Athenians, he rebuilt the Persian fleet and won a decisive victory over the Spartans in the naval battle of Cnidus in 394 BC, although he failed to capture the cities of Abydus and Sestus.17 In the following year he launched a campaign in Laconia. He continued to fight alongside his allies, the Athenians, until he was recalled to in 388 BC, where he got married to Apame. The sources describe this recall as a promotion, but attribute his removal from Asia Minor to Artaxerxes’spectacular change of policy in favour of Sparta and .18 Pharnabazus also led two of Artaxerxes’abortive campaigns against Egypt in 386-383 and in 374-373 BC. He was recalled in 373 BC and replaced by . He probably passed away soon after, for there is no subsequent mention of his name.19

3. Assessment

Pharnabazus, the most actively engaged in Greek affairs Persian of his era, was seen as the quintessential Oriental despot, totally given to luxuriousness. The difficulties one faced when seeking an audience with him had become proverbial.20 Various judgements are made about him in the sources: and depict him as a loyal and brave warrior, but also a competent statesman and diplomat. Other sources, though, emphasize his greediness, the facility with which he resorted to bribery and intrigue to deal with his adversaries, his envy of the and his famous grudges. His is charged with the murder of Alcibiades, his adversary in the Ionian War, who was a guest in his realm (404 BC). He clashed with Iphicrates over the supreme command of the Egyptian campaign, while his well-known antagonism with Dercylidas and led to the latter’s falling into disfavour at Sparta.21 At any rate, he maintained excellent relations with most of his Greek allies, especially with the Spartan Mindarus during the Ionian War and with the Athenian Conon during the war between Persia and Sparta. The fact that he also cooperated and maintained friendly relations with the Syracusan , who was himself exiled and found himself with no ships after the destruction of the Peloponnesian fleet at the battle of (410 BC), reveals a certain disinterestedness.22

The willingness of the cities of the Hellespont to defect from , the removal of Lysander by the Spartans following his request, his reluctance to install Persian garrisons and the constant support he offered to his friends and allies, often in contravention of official Persian policy, reveal that Pharnaces had earned the trust of his allies and his Greek subjects.

His political acumen and his military and diplomatic skills are beyond doubt. Among his greatest virtues was his ability to vigorously support his policies with all available means and the facility with which he inspired confidence in his interlocutors. He passionately supported Darius II’s anti-Athenian policy, until he foresaw it would lead to an impasse. He remained loyal to Darius’heir Artaxerxes II in a critical time of great upheavals in the empire (401 BC). On a number of occasions he was forced to come to terms with Greek generals in order to secure his position, and was willing to pay great sums to this end. He managed, however, to foresee the dangers behind Sparta’s and Lysander’s hegemonic stance, and succeeded in eliminating him politically. Pharnabazus was the first one to realize the necessity of launching a Persian offensive at sea and on Greek soil in order to eradicate the danger posed by Agesilaus. By entering into an alliance with Athens and Conon he managed to thwart this threat by leading the Persian fleet into the Aegean and penetrating as far as the shores of Laconia, for the first time after the (449 BC) at . He was in fact the main architect of Persian ascendancy over Asia Minor and the Aegean following the Peace of Antalcidas (387 BC).23 On internal front he not only managed to retain his realm intact notwithstanding recurrent raids, but succeeded in increasing it spectacularly, by expanding the borders of his satrapy to the north edges of Aeolis and Troas, thanks to the mercenary army of Zenis and Mania. His satrapy was organized like a miniature kingdom; it was subdivided into smaller fiefdoms or ‘satrapies’, like those of Zenio and Mania at Troas and of Ratines in the Gordium24 area, which he used to launch recurrent raids into Pisidia, , Bithynia and .25 He frequently used Greeks who were guests in his court as agents to further his policies, mainly prominent statesmen, like Apollophanes of Cyzicus, who intervened in his dispute with Agesilaus, or exiles, like the members of the embassies he sent in 412 BC to Sparta. Apparently he could speak Greek, if it is true that his celebrated discussion with Agesilaus took place without the aid of interpreters. This would be perfectly normal for the scion of a noble family installed in the Hellespont area for several decades. On the contrary, his relations with the Persian officials were not exceptional. There was constant antagonism between him and Tissaphernes. It is clear that Cyrus’mission in 407 BC is connected with the inability of the two to join forces against the common threat posed by the Athenians.26 This rivalry intensified during the war against Sparta. Eventually, Pharnabazus’intercession with Artaxerxes II at Susa in 398/397 BC and his complaints against Tissaphernes marked the beginning of the end for the satrap of Lydia.27

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Sometimes his choices were antipodal to official Persian policy, especially when in 408 BC he signed a ceasefire with the Athenians and escorted their embassy to Gordium. In 395 BC he stated to Agesilaus that, had he not been given supreme military command, he would have rebelled and joined the Spartans.28 Notwithstanding, it is clear that Artaxerxes respected him immensely, judging from the important offices that were bestowed upon him.

1. , grandfather of Darius I (520-486 BC) was an ancestor of his. The founder of the family, Pharnaces I is identified with Parnaka, son of Arsames, mentioned in the tablets, cf. Lewis, D. M., Sparta and Persia (Leiden 1977), p. 8, n. 25. On the family see Balcer, J. M., A Prosopographical Study of the Ancient Persians Royal and Noble c.550-450 B.C. (Lewiston - Queenston - Lampeter 1993), pp. 84-86.

2. Xenophon (Hellenica 4.1.31), reports that his was older than Agesilaus (the latter was born in 444 BC).

3. This office was also held by his great‑grandfather, Artabazus II, Pharnabazus I (his grandfather) and Pharnaces II (his father), who is also mentioned by (Birds, 1.028‑1.030), and apparently was still alive in 414 BC.

4. Thuc. 8.58.1.

5. Son of Pharnaces: Thyc. 8.6.1. Brother of Bageaus: Xen., Hell. 3.4.13; Plut., Alc. 39 (he is mentioned as ); Nep., Ale. 10. Nephew of Susamithras, Plut., Alc. 39.

6. Husband of Apame: Plut., Artax. 28.

7. On Artabazus III as a son of Pharnabazus see Nöldeke, Τ., review of the book ʺKrumbholtz, De Asiae Minoris Satrapis Persicis (Leipzig 1883)ʺ, Göttingische gelehrte Anzeiger (1884), pp. 294‑295. For a contrary view cf. CHI 2 (1985), pp. 381‑382, n. 4.

8. Polyaen. 7.33.2.

9. Brother: Hornblower, S., (Oxford 1982), p. 173. First born son: Weiskopf, Μ., The So-called "Great Satrap's Revolt" 366-360 (Historia Einzelschriften 63, Stuttgart 1989), p. 27. Member of the family: Noldeke, Τ., review of the book "Krumbholtz, P., De Asiae Minoris Satrapis Persicis (Leipzig 1883)", Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen (1884), pp. 295-296. One of Pharnabazus’nephews was named Ariobarzanes: , An. 1.325. Most historians reject this connection: Sekunda, V.N., "Persian Settlement in Hellespontine Phrygia", AehHist 3 (1985), pp. 179-180.

10. Xen., Hell. 4.1.39-40; Plut., Ages. 12.

11. Alliance with Sparta: Thuc. 8.6.1., 8.8.1-2, 8.58.1, 8.80.1-2. See Lewis, D.M., Sparta and Persia (Leiden 1977), p. 87. Military deeds: Thuc. 8.62.1, 8.80.1-2; Xen, Hell. 1.1.4-8, 1.1.25, 1.2.16. 1.3.8-13, 3.1.16; Plut., Alc. 28-31; Diod. S. 13.45.6-66. On the ceasefire see Amit, M., "Le traité de Chalcédoine entre Pharnabaze et les Stratèges Athéniens", AC 42 (1973), pp. 436-457. On its annulment by Cyrus: Xen., Hell. 1.4.1-7.

12. Diod. S. 13.104.6. The manuscripts report that Pharnabazus captured Clauda, but most historians accept the emendation of this word to Blaunda. Cf. Debord, P., "La mise en place et l’organisation des satrapies perses en Asie Mineure occidentale (VIe-début IVe siècle)", Cahiers du Centre G. Radet 3 (1983), p. 4.

13. Diod. S. 14.19.6.

14. Warning to Artaxerxes: Diod. S. 14.22.1. Pharnabazus’activities during Cyrus’revolt: cf. Briant, P., Histoire de l' Empire Perse. De Cyrus à Alexandre (Paris 1996), pp. 637-639. Clashes in Bithynia with the Ten Thousand: Xen., Anabasis 6.5.30 and 6.4.24. Expulsion from his realm: 7.1.2 and 7.2.7, 12, 14.

15. Dercylidas’raids: Just., Epit. 6.1.2-3; Xen., Hell. 3.1.9-20. Truce with Dercylidas and Dercylidas’raid into Bithynia: Xen., Hell. 3.2.1; Diod. S. 14.38.5. Second truce and Pharnabazus mission to Susa for negotiations Xen., Hell. 3.2.9; Diod. S. 14.39.1. Joint action with Tissaphernes: 3.2.13-20;

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Diod. S. 14.39.4-6 and 14.79.1-8. Some mints of the so-called “satrap”Ionian coins are erroneously attributed to Pharnabazus, see Robinson, E.S.G., "Greek Coins acquired by the 1938-1948", NC 8 (1948), pp. 48-56. Military operations by Agesilaus: Hellenica Oxyrhynchia, 21.5; Xen., Hell. 4.1.1ff. Destruction and sack of Dascyleum: 4.1.33. Understanding with Agesilaus: 4.1.29-39; Theop. Hist., Hellenica XI, in Eusebius., Praeparatio Evangelica 10.2-3; Plut., Ages. 12.

16. Timocrates of was sent to with money from Pharnabazus to be used as bribes: Hellenica Oxyrhynchia, 7.2.2-5. Polyaenus (1.48.3) attributes these bribes to a plan conceived by Conon. Other sources do not mention Pharnabazus at all: Xen., Hell. 4.3.1; Plut., Ages. 15. Later Pharnabazus offered money in the conference of the Allies at Corinth and to the Athenians in order to rebuild their city walls. Xen., Hell. 4.8.31; Philochorus, FGrHist 328 F 146; Plut., Ages. 23; Diod. S. 14.84.6.

17. Creation of a fleet with Conon: Xen., Hell. 4.3.11; Diod. S. 14.83. Mints from Cyzicus and Mytilene are dated to this period, see Kraay, C.M. - Hirmer, M., Greek Coins (London 1966), p. 72ff., table 718 and Bodenstedt, F., Die Elektronmünzen von Phokaia und Mytilene (Tubingen 1981), p. 82 and 99, table 55, EM 71 respectively. During the same period Pharnabazus dedicates a luxurious outfit to the Parthenon: IG ii² 1418, v. 11; IG ii² 1421, v. 118; IG ii² 1424α, v. 303 and IG ii² 1428, v. 143; Lewis, D.M. - Stroud, R.S., "Athens Honors King Euagoras of Salamis", Hesperia 48 (1979), p. 191, n. 16; Harris, D., The Treasures of the Parthenon and Ereehtheion (Oxford 1996), p. 121 and p. 230. Expulsion of the garrisons: Xen., Hell. 4.8.1-2. Failure to capture Abydus and : Xen., Hell. 4.4.6-12.

18. Xen., Hell. 5.1.28.

19. First campaign: Isocr. 4.140. Coins depicting the head of Hercules on the obverse and the head of a bearded hoplite on the reverse are attributed to this campaign, cf. Moysey, R.A., ʺThe silver stater issues of Pharnabazos and Datames from the mint of Tarsus in Ciliciaʺ, ANSMN 31 (1986), pp. 7‑61. Second campaign: Diod. S. 15.29.3 and 15.41ff.; Plut., Artax. 24; Polyaenus 3.8.38. Recall: Nep., Dat. 4. Coins minted at Nagidus and Tarsus are attributed to this campaign, see Harrison, C., Coins of the Persian Satraps (University of Pennsylvania, Ph.D., Ann Arbor 1982) Le Rider, G., ʺLe monnayage Perse en Cilicie au IVe sʺ, NAC (1997), pp. 151‑167.

20. Epicrates, Lais 3 Κ, reports that the hetaera Lais was more elusive than Pharnabazus; this suggests the complexities of the protocol on audiences with a Persian satrap. Cf. Tuplin, C., Achaemenid Studies (Historia Einzelschriften 99, Stuttgart 1996), p. 80.

21. Murder of Alcibiades: Nep., Ale. 9‑10; Plut., Alc. 37.8‑39; Diod. S. 14.1‑4; Athenaeus 13.574e‑f. Rivalry with Iphicrates: Diod. S. 15.29.3 and 15.41ff.; Plut., Artax. 24; Polyaenus 3.8.38. Rivalry with Dercylidas: Xen., Hell. 3.1.8‑10. Lysander’s fall into disfavour was achieved with a well‑known ruse described by Plut., Lys. 20; Polyaenus 7.18 and ο Nep., Lys. 4.1. When the Spartan, worried over the possibility of being recalled by the , asked Pharnabazus to provide him with a ‘letter of recommendation’ to be handed to the Spartan elders, where he would refute the charges formerly levelled against him. But Pharnabazus, as the document was being drafted, secretly ordered another letter to be written, where the charges were reiterated. In the end, Lysander arrived at council of the elders with the second letter; when it was read out, it sealed his removal.

22. Hermocrates and Pharnabazus: Xen., Hell. 1.1.31; Diod. S. 13.63.2.

23. The victory at the Battle of Cnidus belongs foremost to Pharnabazus and Persia: Lys. 2.56ff; Isocr. 4.119, 142ff, 5.99; Xen., Hell. 4.8.1; Plut., Ages. 17.2.

24. Zenis and Mania: Xen., Hell. 3.1.10-28; Polyaenus 8.54.10. Ratines: Hellenica Oxyrhynchia, 21.6; Xen., Hell. 3.4.13 and Anab. 6.5.7.

25. Raids into Mysia and Pisidia, Xen., Hell. 3.1.3.

26. Weiskopf, M., The So-Callea "Great Satrap's Revolt" 366-360 B.C. (Historia Einzelschriften 63, Stuttgart 1989), p. 17.

27. Just., Epit. 6.1.2‑7‑ Nep., Con. 3.1‑2. Cf. Westlake, H.D., ʺDecline and Fall of Tissaphernesʺ, Historia 30 (1981), pp. 272‑273.

28. Plut., Ages, 3.3.

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Βιβλιογραφία : Harrison C.M., Coins of the Persian Satraps, Philadelphia 1982

Lewis D., Sparta and Persia, Leiden 1977

Briant P., Histoire de l’Empire Perse. De Cyrus à Alexandre, Paris 1996

Moysey R.A., "The silver stater issues of Pharnabazos and Datames from the mint of Tarsus in ", ANSMN, 31, 1986, 7-61

Weiskopf M., The So-Called “Great Satrap’s Revolt”366 -360 B.C., Historia Einzelschriften 63, Stuttgart 1989

Casabone O., "Conquête perse et phénomène monétaire: l’exemple cilicien", Casabone, O. (ed.), Mécanismes et innovations monétaires dans l’Anatolie achéménide, Numismatique et Histoire. Actes de la Table Ronde Internationale d’Istanbul 22-23 mai 1997, Paris 2000, Varia Anatolica XII, 21-91

Le Rider G., "Le monnayage Perse en Cilicie au IVe s.", NAC, 1997, 151-167

Lesnau T., "Pharnabazos (2)", RE 19, 1.842-1.848

Γλωσσάριo : karanos, the Military title of the Achaimenid Empire. The word means “ the Lord of everything”. His holder was charged with the transaction of expeditions or with quelling of revolutions. He had extensive jurisdictions to the local officials of the empire and acted independent from them, while he was supervised directly by the Persian king. paradise Persian world describing the large hunting domains of the Persian officials and the kings. satrap, the The title designated a representative of the Persian king, and was widely used in the Persian language. In ancient writers the term usually designates an official of the Persian empire who assumes highest political and military power within the limits of his satrapia, the division under his command. the Great introduced the institution to the administrative organisation of his empire in the East. In the Roman empire, the office of the satrap was hereditary for Armenian nobles who administered an Armenian klima (=canton, a historic- geographical unit); in the case of the Armenian territories inside the Roman Empire, the satrap yielded limited power under the suzerainty of the Roman emperor.

Χρονολόγιο 450-445 BC: Birth of Pharnabazus

414-412 BC: He takes control of the satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia

412 BC: Pharnabazus invites the Lacedaemonians

411 BC: Treaty and alliances with the Lacedaemonians. Defeat at the sea Battle of Abydus

410 BC: Defeat at the sea Battle of Cyzicus

409 BC: He offers the Lacedaemonians the opportunity to rebuild their fleet. Defeat in the area of Abydus. Abortive attempt to lift the

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siege of

408 BC: Truce with the Athenians

407 BC: He meets with Cyrus at Gordium while accompanying an Athenian embassy, and is placed under Cyrus’ orders

404-403 BC: He murders Alcibiades. He warns Artaxerxes on Cyrus’ impending revolt

401 BC: He is ousted from his satrapy by Cyrus. He fights alongside Artaxerxes at the Battle of Cunaxa and is restored

400 BC: Once more he controls a realm extending as far as the borders of Pisidia

400-399 BC: He fights against the Ten Thousand and bribes Spartan officials to prevent their lingering in Asia

399 BC: War with Dercylidas. Loss of Aeolis. Spartan invasion in Phrygia. Truce

398 BC: Renewed ceasefire with Dercylidas

397 BC: Mission to Susa. He is given the assignment of reorganizing the Persian fleet

396 BC: War with Agesilaus. Spartan invasion in Hellespontine Phrygia

395 BC: New invasion. Destruction of Dascyleum. Truce. He incites the

394 BC: Pharnabazus recaptures Aeolis from the Lacedaemonians. With Conon he reorganizes the Persian fleet and assumes command of the Phoenician ships. Battle of Cnidus and destruction of the Spartan fleet

393 BC: Raid into Laconia. Capture of Cythera. Pharnabazus is present at the conference of Corinth

392-388 BC: Pharnabazus allows Athenian activities in the Hellespont

388 BC: He is recalled to Susa. Pharnabazus is replaced by Ariobarzanes

387 BC: Marriage to Apame c. 386 BC: On the coasts of Phoenicia, Pharnabazus prepares for the campaign in Egypt

385-383 BC: First abortive campaign into Egypt c. 383-380 BC: Pharnabazus is again at Susa

380/379 BC: He is made general of the Persian forces for the second Egyptian campaign

379/378-374 BC: Lengthy preparations for the campaign at the bases in Cilicia

374/373 BC: He leads the campaign into Egypt; the campaign is a failure and he is recalled

373 BC: Death of Pharnabazus

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