NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES • VOLUME 2 NUMBER 3 • JUNE 1981

H u m anitie s WHY GREECE AND ROME STILL INTRIGUE US What Songs the Sirens Sing Where Are the Classical Women? Suetonius says that the Emperor Tiberius Women like Clytemnestra and Penelope, delighted in the company of gram m atici— pro­ who figure prominently in Greek literature from fessors of Greek with whom he would discuss the earliest times, are virtually nonexistent in over dinner whatever he had been reading that scholarly interpretations of ancient Greece. day. He especially liked to test their knowledge Historians have understandably been cau­ of mythology with questions such as, "Who tious about incorporating fictitious literary was Hecuba's mother? What name did Achilles images of women in their descriptions of the take when he hid among the women? What ancient world. Yet, to give an account of classi­ songs were the Sirens wont to sing?" cal antiquity without giving just consideration Almost as baffling are the questions I have to the lives of women is to misread the past. been asked to address in this space: What ac­ "Women's history” is no longer an option in a counts for the present resurgence of interest in classics curriculum; it is a sine qua non. the classics? What do students look for today, Historians are enjoined to study women by when they study Greek and Latin, ancient his­ the classical tradition itself. Herodotus, the first tory, or classical civilization? Why do Greece ancient historian, begins his inquiry with sto­ and Rome continue to excite? In short, what ries of women (Io, Medea and Helen), and de­ songs do the Sirens sing today? Like the inquir­ clines to categorize some stories as true and ies that Tiberius put to the professors, these others false. Yet some twentieth-century clas- Silver coin of Augustus issued in the year 17 BC. (Continued on page 4)

The First Interdisciplinary Field It is fitting that my article, which was meant to represent the Roman side of this sym­ posium, should have a practical bias. This is not to be taken as a reaffirmation of the lingering romantic dichotomies between the Greek and the Roman mentality, although such cliches still bedevil much of the popular and even the scholarly literature on the Romans. After all, how can a friend of the Romans answer assertions, such as Winckelmann's, that "good taste arose under the Greek sky"? That good roads arose in the Roman hemisphere? It makes one sound like an engineer who is op­ posed to more liberal arts courses in his so- called professional curriculum. Siren on a black-figure panel amphora, c. 530 BC, The truth of the matter is, of course, that Roman civilization was a synthesis of the Greek and the Roman. The Romans took over from questions, though puzzling, are not beyond all Greece in literary and artistic creativity when conjecture, and like Tiberius, I too have been the Greeks had no remotely comparable attain­ consulting grammatici. ment to put next to that. The Romans combined As ever, my colleagues in classics at an appreciation for the heritage of an older civi­ Swarthmore and elsewhere exhibit a refreshing lization with a knack for revitalizing it, chang­ lack of unanimity. Not all would even agree ing it, and adapting it to fit their own taste and that a classical renaissance is in fact taking society— pragmatic, flexible and undoctrinaire. place, and those who do recognize it offer a va­ The same general principles can usefully be riety of explanations. For some it is just one followed by anyone who is trying to maintain more sign of the conservatism that holds the and widen the study and appreciation of Greek country in its grip. If we are going back to and Roman civilization in contemporary Amer­ basics, what could be more basic than the clas­ ica. This is the goal mainly of professional clas­ sics? For others it is a reaction to the general sicists affiliated with academic programs, al­ collapse of standards a decade ago. Now that though their work should not be limited and is whole generations of students can neither read not, in fact, limited to academe alone. nor write, the pendulum has started its back- Without making a virtue of necessity, I (Continued on page 2) (Continued on page 3) Nike celebrates the victory of Samothrace in 306 BC, In this issue ... 1 SYMPOSIUM: WHY GREECE AND ROME STILL INTRIGUE US What Songs the Sirens Sing by Helen F. North The First Interdisciplinary Field by Karl Galinsky Where Are The Women of The Ancient World? by Sarah B. Pomeroy 5 Solving the Puzzle of Heraclitus 6 Urban and Rural Life Among the Ancients

S The Twin Pillars of American Classical Scholarship Abroad

10 Truth and Beauty in Greek Vases 11 Latin is Dead! Long Live Latin! 13 Aural History: The Odyssey on Radio

14 The Gardens of Pompeii and Other Unearthed Delights

16 State of the States: The Indian This Latin inscription from the base of the column in memory of Caius Duilius clearly shows that all Westem al­ Heritage of America phabets have their roots in Rome. The column stands on the Roman forum.

18 Dustjackets: Research Tools and Reference Works Part II SIRENS, continued from page 1 20 Grant Application Deadlines ward swing. More specifically, the well-docu­ in their classical context fascinate our students, mented power of Latin to improve English but no less interesting to them are the perennial 21 Recent NEH Grant Awards spelling and grammar has inspired a revival of themes of love and death, aspiration and loss, this subject, not just in high schools and pride and despair— themes that were old when Greece & Rome on Slide & Tape 26 colleges, but in many grade schools as well, in the Homeric Sirens sang. Students bored with 27 Editorial the wake of the famous Philadelphia program in the catchword of the sixties— relevance— find Language Arts through Latin. in the classics an inexhaustible store of what is 28 NEH Notes and News True enough, but no classicist worth a truly relevant to their lives at every stage. pinch of Attic salt would settle for these expla­ Still another advantage enjoyed by the clas­ nations.alone. They focus on superficial reasons FOR INFORMATION ABOUT sics today is their high visibility. Travel to the arid identify goals that, however desirable, are realms of gold becomes the privilege of students SUBSCRIPTIONS SEE PAGE 17 mere parerga, by-products. I would no more en­ at ever earlier ages, and the fascination born of courage students to learn Latin because it exploring the ancient streets of Delos or Ostia would improve their spelling and grammar than often results in some assault on the history and I would urge them to read Roman lyric poetry poetry that unlock their secrets. Archaeology because on November 22, 1979, when I was makes classicists of everyone today, young and teaching a seminar in Horace, I happened to old alike. The Swarthmore alumni of the class Humanities notice that a horse named Horatius was run­ of '22 with whom I visited Akrotiri last spring, ning in the Pilgrim Stakes at Keystone, placed a a bimonthly review published by the and the fourth-graders at Germantown Friends bet on him, and won. Gratifying, profitable, but National Endowment for the Humanities to whom I showed pictures of the site this to paraphrase Horace himself, a mountainous Chairman: Joseph D. Duffey winter were identical in their enthusiastic re­ labor to produce a ridiculus mus. sponse. Never have there been more books that Director of Public Affairs: Barry D. Wanger Far more persuasive is the view that the an­ bring to life entrancing aspects of the ancient Editor: Judith Chayes Neiman cient world constitutes a microcosm of human world. Scholars like E. R. Dodds, M. I. Finley, Editorial Board: James Blessing, Harold life, in which can be confronted all the problems Emily Vermeule— Sirens every one— summon Cannon, Carole Huxley, Myron Marty, B.J. Stiles, Martin Sullivan, Armen of today, distanced by sufficient time to make their readers to a world from which they may Tashdinian, Barry D. Wanger, Judith objectivity possible, and conveyed in prose and never escape, nor ever wish to. Chayes Neiman poetry of incomparable power. This, I submit, is And always, underlying every other kind of Managing Editor: Linda Blanken the single, most compelling explanation of the allure, is the fascination of the ancient lan­ Production Manager: Robert Stock appeal of the classics. Moreover, at a time when guages themselves, peerless vehicles for the Librarian: Jeanette Coletti knowledge has become increasingly fragment­ exact expression of thought and emotion, Designed by Maria ]osephy Schoolman ed, the very coherence and completeness of whether conveyed with the power and clarity of classical culture are attractive. From this unique Latin or the subtlety and elegance of Greek. The opinions and conclusions expressed in wholeness proceed multitudes of separate stud­ Roughly a quarter of my teaching is in Humanities are those of the authors and do not neces­ ies, each requiring a special discipline to grasp translation — courses in mythology and the an­ sarily reflect Endowment policy. Material appearing it, and it is a further attraction that to be a clas­ in Humanities may be freely reproduced although the cient theater— and I value a fine translation editor would appreciate notice and copies for the En­ sicist one must have at least some acquaintance above rubies (surely the present high esteem for dowment's reference. Use of funds for printing this with so many subjects — not only the lan­ Greek literature owes much to the brilliant publication has been approved by the Office of Man­ guages, the literatures, the history, but archae­ agement and Budget. Send address changes and re­ translations of Homer and tragedy by poets like quests for subscriptions to the Superintendent of ology as well, art, epigraphy, palaeography, Lattimore and Fitzgerald; Latin literature has Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, and some of the new tools developed to grapple never been so lucky). But to read Homer and Washington, D.C. 20402. Subscription price, $7 per 6 with aspects of the ancient world that are cur­ issues. (USPS 521— 090) Other communications Sophocles without the interference of any mid­ should be addressed to: Editor, Humanities, National rently of prime concern. Every age seeks what it dleman, however faithful, is to feel the authen­ Endowment for the Humanities, Mail Stop 204, needs from antiquity. At this moment psychol­ tic impact of genius. St. Augustine was reading Washington, D.C. 20506. Telephone: 202/724-1840. ogy, anthropology, economics, structuralism, the Aeneid in Latin when he shed those famous ISSN 0018-7526. feminism are prominent among the topics that tears for Dido, and I. F. Stone was reading the 2 Crito in Greek when he wept for Socrates. But, since the languages themselves are im­ mune to change (yet another of their charms), what accounts for their rising popularity today? Surely the development of ways of teaching that facilitate rapid mastery of grammar and forms is in part responsible. The confident ex­ pectation that after little more than one semes­ ter of an intensive course one will be reading Plato or Ovid exerts a powerful attraction. Yet in truth, any method works when the teacher believes in it and loves the subject. The combi­ nation of a tough, demanding subject and a tough, demanding teacher is hard to resist. Add to this what Cicero calls the cupiditas dis- cendi — the lust for learning— and the Sirens' task is nearly done. Finally, then, I turned from grammatici to d iscip u li and asked some classics majors at Swarthmore what had drawn them to Greece or Rome. As they talked of their individual per­ ceptions of the classics, certain words turned up again and again: brilliant, exciting, rigorous, solid, challenging, different, ideal. One spoke of the whole new world that opened up for her when she studied Greek. Some testified to the fascination of what's difficult. Several thought that to understand modern literature and socie­ ty, hence to know themselves, they had to try to understand "how it all began." But the word that turned up most often was "enjoy." "For some reason I enjoyed Caesar tremendously." "I get a lot of enjoyment from studying the lan­ The north face of the magnificient Roman amphitheater built by the Emperor Flavius. guages." "From the start I just enjoyed it all so much." Should we be surprised? Of course not. The Sirens have always promised just this INTERDISCIPLINARY, continued from page I blend of knowledge and delight. They told think it has been beneficial in many ways for and further developed in this decade. Are the Odysseus that anyone who listened to them the ancient languages to have fallen on hard circumstances propitious? I think so, especially would sail on his way full of pleasure and times earlier than the modern foreign lan­ in view of the timeless fascination the Greek knowing more than before. If the peril of suc­ guages, especially in colleges and universities. and Roman historical experience has held for al­ cumbing to their allure has traditionally been The result has been that many classics programs most all subsequent generations, including our emphasized — by Homer, St. Augustine, have become more resourceful, imaginative, own. But much depends again on the initiative Dante— negative connotations were not univer­ and versatile. Departments of Greek and Latin classicists want to seize. In general terms, de­ sal, even in antiquity. Isocrates had a singing include all major areas of Greek and Roman civ­ partments of classics must be concerned with an Siren on his tombstone. Alcibiades likened the ilization: language, literature, history, art, ar­ ability for outreach, and this outreach needs to conversation of Socrates himself to the Siren's chaeology, philosophy, religion, and linguis­ take place in several directions. song. Xenophon thought that the Sirens had a tics. A large program or teaching staff is not Within academic institutions, classicists by special attraction for those who were ambitious really a prerequisite for this kind of orientation. and large have done very well in designing for arete— excellence. I believe that Xenophon In a sm.aller school or program, a classicist "service" courses for diverse numbers of stu­ was right. — Helen F. North has to be the kind of cultural generalist who has dents for whom this often is the only exposure a knowledge of all these aspects of classical an­ to some aspect of the origins of the Western tra­ tiquity and whose teaching, even of the lan­ dition. Mythology courses will retain their cur­ guages, is informed by that knowledge. The rent popularity so long as myth remains a staple current debate within the MLA about the merits in world and national politics, in the advertising of the relative emphasis on language versus lit­ of consumer products, and in the representa­ erature, for all its supposed scope, seems both tional modes of the media— there is no end in anachronistic and quite narrow to a classicist. sight: imperium sine fine dedi. This is not to say that even the best-run Similarly, so long as universities are reluc­ interdisciplinary classics program is a safe tant to heed the call of the Presidential Com­ haven. On the contrary, the Greek and Roman mission on Foreign Languages and Internation­ classics, as defined above, are on the cutting al Studies, paralanguage courses such as the edge of the humanities, protected by few curric­ Greek and Latin element in English (another ulum requirements or built-in clienteles. That manifestation of the "Roots" syndrome) will makes the challenge all the greater but by no continue to flourish. means hopeless. But there are new outreach activities as In the Georgies Vergil praises Jupiter for well. Instead of "alternative" careers for un­ doing away with the former Golden Age of placed humanities Ph.D.'s on assumptions that god-given blessings and instead stimulating the profession (the profession being equated arts and skills by making life difficult and with its graduate programs) needs to be challenging. Today we often overlook the fact reevaluated, classics can again emerge as a that this vital attitude (with the clear under­ leader in the 1980s by giving more thought to standing that the challenge could be met) rather the proper training and future role of its under­ than self-satisfaction and fulfillment became the graduate B.A.'s. The aim is not to produce more ethos of the Augustan age and insured its time­ professional classicists and humanists (although less integrity. We reencounter it in Thomas there is a considerable shortage of Latin high Jefferson's emphasis on the pursuit of happi­ school teachers in many states, in part because ness rather than happiness itself. of the back-to-basics movement), but actively to Classics, then, is an interdisciplinary study promote the notion of future leaders in busi­ of all aspects of two important and influential ness, law, and medicine having classical and cultures. This thrust needs to be maintained humanistic backgrounds. Undergraduate major 3 The Roman aqueduct mendous success of the Pompeii and Alexander Pont du Gard, at Nimes, exhibits. These exhibits also help to dispel the spans the river valley. notion that little new knowledge is being added The lower road was used in classics, and that our main task is to transmit for automobile traffic a safe depository of timeless knowledge. Recent until very recently. archaeological discoveries, for instance, have revolutionized our knowledge of early Rome and the much-neglected rural population of classical antiquity is finally receiving overdue attention by excavations such as that at Meta- ponto in southern Italy. Ultimately, it is not only effective communication to various publics and adaptation to changing needs, but also continuing sound research on some central issues in Greco-Roman antiquity that keeps the classics vital. There is no need for us to lose ourselves in pedantic and peripheral scholar­ ship when so many topics of central importance still need to be explored more fully. Because classics incorporates many timeless programs in classics and other humanistic disci­ elsewhere have proved extremely successful in aspects of the human experience, it has more plines which do not allow for a concomitant their own right and have done away with the capacity than most humanistic disciplines to concentration in a "professional" field such as lingering image of elitism that is associated with redefine itself in times of change. A clear focus health science, management, or computer sci­ classics. The increased interest of many high on goals, to use one more Roman example, and ence need to be revised. Classics departments schools in maintaining and adding Latin pro­ a flexibility of method made the Roman Stoics should have advisory boards composed not grams has already been mentioned. more successful in perpetuating their philoso­ only of their professional colleagues, but of rep­ Furthermore, because of the increasingly phy than were their Greek counterparts or, for resentatives of the outside world. cultural orientation of their discipline and the that matter, the Epicureans. The concern of the Community outreach is an endeavor at inclusion of art and archaeology, classicists classics in the 1980s is not with survival, but which classicists can excel. This begins with have outstanding opportunities to reach the with making the most of the many opportuni­ secondary schools, in fact, the elementary public through public and continuing education ties that exist in the private, public, institution­ schools; Latin programs in inner-city schools in programs that emanate from the immediate ap­ al, and noninstitutional sectors of American Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Indianapolis, and peal of artifacts from antiquity. Witness the tre­ life. — Karl Galinsky

WOMEN, continued from page 1 sical scholars tend to consider ancient reports Macedon, believed that the minds of men were greaves engraved with gold, a pectoral on about extraordinary women of the past as mere fully rational while the minds of women were which were engraved four horsemen charging, fictions and to treat the women themselves as not developed. Therefore it was inappropriate and a quiver of golden silver embossed with a though they could not have existed. for a woman to be portrayed as manly or clever. scene of the capture of a city. (Many of the arti­ Scholars have argued that the references to Although scholars in the past adopted the as­ cles found in the tomb will be on display during Hagnodike, the first female obstetrician in sumption of their classical predecessors, current the next two years in the exhibition, "The Athens, as well as to Lastheneia and Axio- trends in classical studies offer hope for a more Search for Alexander," now appearing at the thea— Plato's female students— are nothing accurate assessment of the activities of the un­ Art Institute of Chicago.) more than anecdotes. The possibility that acknowledged half of ancient society. The occupants of the tomb were clearly a women were authors of neo-Pythagorean trea­ Information about women in ancient times, noble couple— but who, specifically, were they? tises has been dismissed by hypercritical schol­ although scarce, is well within the purview of No writing was found to help identify them, ars. One distinguished scholar has asserted that the classical scholar. A study of women in an­ nor were there any coins to help with the the poetry attributed to Erinna was too sophis­ cient Greece requires scrutiny of written texts dating. Andronicus suggested that the tomb ticated to have been written by a woman, and (for which classical philologists are trained) and was that of the greatest of the Macedonians to offers the hypothesis that a male poet wrote the ability to interpret archaeological evidence be buried at Vergina—Philip II, father of under a female pseudonym. and to use social science techniques. Alexander the Great. But Philip had had several As each woman's existence was discredited The most publicized current controversy wives: which was the woman in the tomb? by scholarly bombardment, the contribution of among classical scholars over the recent discov­ Andronicus identified her as the Macedonian, any women to ancient Greek culture was ques­ ery of what may be the tomb of Philip of Cleopatra, Philip's first wife who was murdered tioned. How could a woman have been an ob­ Macedon dramatizes the need for more knowl­ soon after his death by command of Alexan­ stetrician or a philosopher or a poet? Yet, when edge about women. Analysis of the evidence der's mother, Olympias. Because weapons were viewed together, accounts of these individual found in the tomb calls on a knowledge of the inappropriate for Cleopatra, Andronicus had to women provide some evidence for an increase history of engineering as well as an under­ explain that, contrary to tradition, some of the in women's education in the fourth century and standing of traditional styles of female dress grave goods found in the woman's chamber did during the Hellenistic period. and the diverse social and military roles of not belong to her but to the man. Aristotle, a contemporary of Philip of women from Scythia, Illyria and Macedonia. The English scholar, Professor N.G.L. In 1977, at Vergina in Macedonia, Professor Hammond, concluded that the military arti­ Manolis Andronicus of the University of facts— quiver, arrowheads and greaves— were The star of Macedonia radiates on the lid of a gold Thessaloniki, discovered a royal tomb, consist­ signs that the woman was not Cleopatra, but chest found in an ancient tomb. Does this Lamax con­ ing of two chambers, that had never been one of Philip's two warrior wives— either Meda, tain the ashes of a woman? opened. The larger room was richly furnished a princess of the Getae, or a wife whose name is with the paraphernalia of a noble warrior: a not known to us, from Scythia, near the fabled scepter, carefully wrought armor including a Amazons. According to Herodotus, suttee, the pair of greaves and a gold quiver, and five ivory suicide of a widow, had been practiced in the miniature portrait heads. The chamber also held fifth century by the Scythians, and other a gold coffer containing a man's bones and sources ascribe the practice as well to the Getae. ashes. On the lid of the coffer was displayed the There were still other possibilities, includ­ radiating star of Macedonia. ing Audata, an Illyrian princess who was proba­ The smaller chamber held a second, smaller bly Philip's first wife. Although she took the gold coffer, also decorated with a Macedonian Greek name Eurydike upon her marriage, she star. The remains within are assumed to be does not seem to have adapted to the ways of those of a woman. This room held a gold Greek women. Rather she passed distinctive Il­ wreath of myrtle leaves and flowers, a diadem lyrian traditions on to her daughter and grand­ with blue flowers, arrowheads, a pair of bronze daughter. These three women constitute the earliest example in Greek history of the preser­ Front and back of a bronze Heraclitus coin struck in Ionia, Ephesus, between AD 253-268. vation of a family tradition through the female line. All were warriors. Audata's daughter, Cynane, campaigned with her father Philip and killed an Illyrian queen in combat. Her daugh­ ter, Eurydike, later commanded Macedonian troops on the battlefield. (In fact, it has been suggested that her ashes rest in the smaller cof­ fer at Vergina; the barrel vault construction of the tomb may favor a later date.) It is remarkable that so much here hinges on our knowledge of the history of women. No clues among the man's grave goods help us de­ cide if the remains are those of the genius Philip or his feeble-minded son, Philip (III) Ar- rhidaeus. The weapons and symbols of wealth and power found in the man's burial room sig­ nify little beyond the noble status of their owner. But we can make distinctions between Macedonian and Scythian or Illyrian princesses that can in turn help identify the man. The mystery of the royal tomb challenges the prejudice and half-knowledge of genera­ tions of scholars. — Sarah B. Pomeroy Solving the Puzzle of Heraclitus

If you've ever heard the expression "you can't has focused on debates over arcane minutia while step into the same river twice," you've been af­ the philosopher's overall message has been al­ fected to some degree by Heraclitus, the first most totally ignored. great pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Professor Charles Kahn of the University of Known throughout antiquity as "the dark Pennsylvania wanted to try a different approach. one" or "the riddler" for his somber and enig­ He set out to reexamine Heraclitus and make his matic prose, Heraclitus has exerted a profound in­ writings "accessible" to modern readers. fluence on the history of Western thought. This was no mean task: Socrates himself had Philosophers ranging from Plato and the once remarked it would take a deep-sea diver to early Christian fathers to Hegel and Nietzsche "get to the bottom" of Heraclitus' work. But phi­ have acknowledged a debt to Heraclitus. T.S. losophy professor Kahn used an NEH fellowship Eliot begins his Four Quartets by quoting him: to "soak himself" in Greek literature and culture "The way up and down is one and the same." by visiting Athens and Ephesus. Yet only fragments of his writings remain, The end product of Kahn's fellowship year is and details of his life are almost completely un­ a book (The Art and Thought of Heraclitus, known. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA, By all accounts, Heraclitus was born about 1979) which argues convincingly that the Ephe­ 530 B.C., or roughly three generations before the sian was a master literary stylist as well as the time of Socrates. His home was Ephesus, an first great abstract thinker. Athenian colony in Asia Minor. Likening Heraclitus to the Italian poet Dante, He was a nobleman by birth, and thought de­ Kahn shows that the ancient Greek used repeti­ mocracy a mistake. Yet Heraclitus also railed tion, allusion and poetic ambiguity to drive home against earlier philosophers and poets for failing his points. to acquire "true wisdom." By constantly referring to "dry" human Shunning society, Heraclitus preferred to souls, for example, Heraclitus indicated he brood alone in the mountains until he devised thought human souls at death would rise to the what amounts to the world's first complete politi­ upper atmosphere and become like celestial light, cal philosophy. while lifeless bodies would take a downward path He expressed his views in a book of pithy of dissolution into earth and water. In the same aphorisms, On Nature, which he deposited in the manner, Heraclitus used the image of a lyre string gigantic Ephesian temple of Artemis (one of the drawn taut to demonstrate that opposing tensions Seven Wonders of the ancient world). "Much can produce harmony. learning does not teach understanding" and But why did Heraclitus make his writings so "Eyes and ears are poor witnesses for men if their hard to interpret? souls do not understand" are just two examples "The only hope of 'getting through' to the of Heraclitus' economy of style. audience is to puzzle and provoke them into re­ The world, he said, is ever changing yet es­ flection," Kahn says of his subject. "Hence the sentially always the same— just like the flowing only appropriate mode of explanation is allusive river. He believed a person's fortune is deter­ and indirect: Heraclitus is consciously and un­ mined by human character, not some outside avoidably 'obscure.'" "fate." True wisdom, in his judgment, did not One ancient Greek critic warned his audience mean accumulating facts, but realizing the cosmic not to read Heraclitus too quickly. "It is a hard principle or pantheistic god which governs all ex­ road, filled with darkness and gloom." But the istence. Plato, the most famous of all Greek phi­ critic could have been describing Kahn's interpre­ losophers, was heavily influenced by Heraclitus. tation when he added 'if an initiate leads you on Plato's well-known theory of "forms" or "ideas," the way, [Heraclitus ] becomes brighter than the for instance, was devised in part to respond to radiance of the sun." Heraclitus' notion of a world constantly in flux. — Francis J. O'Donnell Scholars throughout the ages have struggled to decipher Heraclitus' meaning, and his works "The Art and Thought of Heraclitus"/Charles KahnlU. of often have been reinterpreted to fit current philo­ Pe>msylvanial$14,125ll974 -75IIndependent Fellowship for Marble statue of an Amazon, c. 430 BC. sophic trends. But modern scholarship generally Study and Research 5 s

It was the heart of classical Athens, and the soul of its democracy. Within a densely packed thirty-acre square, the Agora embraced virtually all that we conjure up when Greek civilization comes to mind. The ancient marketplace pulsed with life as Athenians gathered daily to argue politics, pur­ chase wine, produce dramas, compete in athletic contests, sue each other and pay homage to gods and heroes. Here in the city center, democratic laws first were forged by Solon in the sixth century B.C., and here they stood displayed in stone monu­ ments two centuries later in the time of Aristotle. On this spot resided the statues of two heroes— Harmodius and Aristogeiton— who struck down the tyrant Hipparchus and made that democracy possible. Balloting with the ostrakon later was used here to make sure that tyranny never (top to bottom) The Tem­ recurred. ple of Hephaestos on the Surrounding the square stood the city's Urban and hill overlooking the administrative buildings, where citizens held po­ Agora; staff members at litical meetings, bragged of victories over the Per­ work shoveling earth, sians and sat on the near-ubiquitous Athenian ju­ surveying a site, using a ries. Nearby were temples, altars, concert halls rural life wheelbarrow; Doric col­ umn drum from interior and libraries, the underpinnings of Athenian cul­ of Royal Stoa, after clean­ tural and religious life. Long lines of adjoining ing; a student cleans an colonnades or "stoas" became the site of commu­ among the architectural block; the nal meals, and a lounging area for philosophers, chief conservator restor­ poets and beggars. ing pottery finds; student Socrates conversed with Plato and other dis­ ancients excavators clear debris ciples in the Stoa of Zeus. Several hundred yards from the floor of a Byzan­ away Socrates passed his final days in prison. A tine house. Numbered century later, Zeno founded his Stoic School of flags mark the coordinates for every square meter philosophy in the nearby Painted Stoa, where the of the site grid. Apostle Paul later debated with Stoics and Epicu­ reans. The early plays of Aeschylus were staged in the Agora's open square before audiences seated on wooden bleachers. The same area was used for religious celebrations, as choruses danced to commemorate the festival of Dionysus. Though a sacred ground, the Agora also was peppered with ramshackle booths and stalls, as fishmongers and cobblers vied for attention with barbershops and booksellers. "A place, an institution and a way of life, the Agora was a direct outgrowth of the national per­ sonality of the Greek people: loudly gregarious, intensely competitive, fiercely independent and ostentatiously public," says T. Leslie Shear, Jr., field director for the American School of Classical Studies' Agora excavations project. With help from an NEH grant, a team of ar­ chaeologists led by Shear spends its summers un­ covering and examining the Agora's remains, seeking to reforge a link with the past. Archaeological investigation and resuscitation of the ancient city began in the early 1830s after Athens had been liberated from Turkish conquer­ ors. But excavations at the Agora itself did not begin until a century later, when an American School of Classical Studies expedition headed by T. Leslie Shear, Sr., began clearing the area. Following in his father's footsteps, the younger Shear has directed the digs since 1968, braving the hot Athenian summers and striving to complete the mission before modern development dooms it for all time. The task has been near-Olympian in scope, for the Agora has fared badly over the centuries: the classical buildings repeatedly were pillaged and built over and the remains lay deeply buried, often beneath crowded tenements. "It tries the ingenuity of the archaeologist," says Shear, "to coax from these shattered stones the stories of their past." Yet the excavated findings have helped chronicle the Agora's history, from its creation by Solon in the sixth century B.C. and destruction by barbarians in A.D. 267 to its eventual reoccupa- 6 Excavating an ancient farmhouse at Fattoria Fabbrizio in the countryside surrounding Metaponto, a Greek colonial city founded about 650 BC.

tion in the tenth century as a Byzantine residen­ atic study of an ancient countryside— began by tial quarter. using aerial photography to identify hundreds of Remains of no less than eight temples, ten farm sites, many arrayed with geometric precision administrative buildings, ten colonnades and into evenly divided plots. many lesser buildings have been uncovered. So Subsequent investigations have "uncovered have more than seventy-five hundred inscrip­ the complexity of rural civilizations," says Carter. tions, several thousand pieces of sculpture, "It's been an eye-opening experience." twelve hundred ballots or ostraka cast in elections In a few short years, the excavators have to banish leading politicians, plus thousands of found a range of rural economic activity, coins, vases and other artifacts. including both opulent and "modest-looking" The shards and debris help illuminate ancient farms. They have also discovered several religious literature and add to our knowledge of virtually shrines sited near springs, apparently dedicated every aspect of Athenian life. to fertility-related female divinities. Shear notes this expanded knowledge has di­ The investigators also uncovered art works rect implications for our own era, since "what we and evidence of industrial pottery and iron- owe most to that extraordinary community is the working plants. idea that knowledge and the ideals of culture can In the process, they also appear to have be taught to others, the fundamental power of ed­ punctured several myths about the nature of an­ ucation, which has guided the development of cient rural life. the humanities and the liberal arts from that day Earlier social and economic historians, Carter to this." notes, "maintained that Greek farmers did not ac­ Literature and archaeology have told us a tually live on the land— that the countryside was great deal about those who lived in ancient cities, inhabited mainly by slaves and poorer classes." but what about the estimated 90 percent of the But the Metaponto digs, which disclosed expen­ population that lived in the countryside? sive pottery and jewelry in some farm houses and Ancient writers, generally working with an burial sites, tend to refute that theory. elite audience in mind, disclosed little about farm­ Perhaps more importantly, the findings ers, peasants and slaves and the life they led. — which were brought almost immediately to And classical archaeology, until recent times, public attention through an NEH-supported tour­ "has virtually ignored rural sites," according to ing museum exhibit— indicate that the economy Joseph Coleman Carter, an archaeology professor and government of urban Metaponto may have at the University of Texas, Austin. depended heavily on the surrounding country­ But Carter and his associates are beginning to side. reverse that trend. Since 1974 he has directed an­ The city/country link is graphically displayed nual expeditions to excavate the countryside sur­ by urban coinage depicting on its face an ear of rounding Metaponto, a Greek colonial city wheat— an obvious farm symbol. Some Italian founded about 650 B.C. (several decades before authorities now also believe that rural expansion the Athenian Agora) in the arch of Italy's boot. in the mid-sixth century B.C. was instrumental in Carter faced a more difficult task than most permitting operation of democracy in urban archaeologists. Instead of setting out to corrobo­ Metaponto. — Francis J. O'Donnell rate literary references, he had to start virtually from scratch to establish rural living patterns. Mr. O'Donnell, a Washington writer, majored in clas­ Fortunately the Metaponto territory is better sics at Princeton. preserved than most rural sites, partly because "Extension of Excavations at the Athenian Agora"IT. Leslie the threat of malaria caused the land to be aban­ Shear, Jr. I American School of Classical Studies, doned for centuries. Ancient farmland was not Athensl$162,789 FMI1979-82l"Rural Life at Metaponto: An Terracotta plaque of a goddess with a female worship­ disturbed by modern plows and heavy equipment Archaeological Investigation"/Joseph C. CarterlU. of Texas, per bearing an animal found near Metaponto, c. fourth until the 1930s. Austinl$60,000 FM11979-821Archaeological Projects, Gen­ century BC. The NEH-supported probe— the first system­ eral Research Program. 7 The twin pillars of American classical scholarship abroad

For the American classics scholar, Greece and is even more diverse, attracting not only schol­ penses, apart from two NEH Challenge Grants, Rome beckon not only with the promise of ars, but artists, composers, architects, and envi­ one to the American Academy in 1978, and an­ knowledge but also with the pledge of suste­ ronmental designers. Unlike the School in. other to the School for Classical Studies in 1979. nance. For located there are the two American Athens, the American Academy in Rome is not Both the Academy and the School conduct institutions that for nearly a century have de­ essentially a school, in the sense of a place archaeological excavations of ancient sites. The voted themselves to nurturing American clas­ where formal classes are held and assignments School's excavation of the Agora in Athens and sics scholarship. given. Modeled by its founder, the eminent ar­ the Academy's excavation at Cosa, have both The American School of Classical Studies in chitect Charles Follen McKim, on l'Ecole de received some funding from the National En­ Athens and The American Academy in Rome beaux arts in Paris and the French Academy in dowment for the Humanities. Both excavations have been important to the work of some of our Rome, the American Academy is a working have made important contributions to the study country's greatest classics scholars. William community with room for a score or so of ac­ of Greek and Roman history and to our knowl­ Arrowsmith, Frank Brown, Albert Van Buren, complished artists and scholars to live and pur­ edge of architecture and city planning. Otto Brendel, Robert Goheen, Richmond sue independent work, unpressured by time or For almost a hundred years the School in Lattimore, John Huston Finley, Evelyn Har­ the need to make a living. Athens has held its excavation training session rison, Ronald Stroud, Emily Vermeule — all The American Academy awards between at ancient Corinth, the oldest but by no means have been associated with the School or the twenty and thirty Rome Prize Fellowships to the only excavation site under the School's aus­ Academy. It is no wonder that fledgling classi­ scholars and artists each year. These fellow­ pices or sponsorship. Shortly after sunrise, a cists regard the institutions as meccas and that ships include a one-year residence at the Acad­ few young scholars begin digging in the Byzan­ fledgling and senior scholar alike prize the year emy, a modest monthly stipend, and an allow­ tine levels behind the South Stoa. They unearth or six months or few weeks of study and schol­ ance for travels and supplies. Scholars and bits of pottery and occasionally whole vessels arly communion that they afford. artists in mid-career are also invited to be resi­ thousands of years old. For many students this "It's an old-fashioned place. It has still, dents at the Academy, or are allowed to visit for is their first brush with archaeological field even after cutbacks, a little bit of nineteenth- brief periods. The school in Athens, on the work. All findings must be recorded and cata­ century elegance," says Professor James R. other hand, awards only four or five highly loged, so at the end of the two weeks, they McCredie, speaking of the School in Athens, competitive fellowships each year. enter their finds into Corinth's new computer which he directed for eight years. Its communi­ The Academy and the School have no offi­ cataloging system. Excellent or unusual speci­ ty includes established scholars who make use cial connection. Yet both were chartered by the mens are exhibited in the School's small mu­ of the School and its facilities to pursue individ­ United States Congress; the School in Athens in seum nearby. ual research as well as sixteen to twenty classi­ 1881, the Academy in Rome less than a genera­ American excavation in Greece and Italy cists who do not yet have Ph.D.'s, who come to tion later, in 1905. goes on indoors as well as out. The Gennadius the school each year for a program of study and Both are privately funded. Unlike their Library at the School in Athens is the site, on travel. The program includes bus trips to ar­ French, German, and British counterparts, they any given day, of scholarly digs into Homer, chaeological sites and museums throughout receive no government funds for operating ex­ Thucydides, or Apollonius Rhodius' A rgo- Greece, where students gather material for re­ ports on the history and archaeology of the sites; a detailed study of Athenian topography; lectures on ceramic, epigraphical and sculptural material in Athens; and excavation training. Not only classicists and archaeologists come to the School. Paleobotanists, says Mc­ Credie, come here in search of clues to prehis­ toric plant life. Natural scientists study the acoustics of ancient Greece. Geologists research the kinds of stone used in ancient tombs, or deft to right) The lintel of trace the changes that have occurred in the the main gate of the coastline of Greece over the centuries. American Academy in If the School in Athens has some of the Rome; the pottery mend­ glory that was Greece, its counterpart in Rome, ing room at Corinth used the American Academy— an Italianate mansion by students at the Ameri­ perched on the crest of the historic Janiculum, can School in Athens; a with its spectacular view of the city— has some view of the collection in of the grandeur that was Rome. Its population the museum at Corinth. 8 (left to right) The Temple of Apollo at Corinth built in the sixth century BC; the Gennadius Library of the American School of Classical Studies in Athens; the Villa Aurelia and gardens of the American Academy in Rome; the inner courtyard of the American Academy's main building.

nautika. The finds may be rich, for among the session are on the road, traveling through way through the Greek bureaucracy. 58,000 volumes of this major collection of clas­ Peloponnese, to Delphi, Boeotia, Crete, or In the same way, the libraries of the School sical, patristic, and Byzantine authors, there are Rhodes, the other group stays in Athens. Dur­ and the Academy serve the wide scholarly com­ forty editions of Homer published before 1601, ing the summer, the School membership is even munity, and may be among the few sources of and, for the same period, more than thirty-five more diverse than usual, and includes high scholarly American publications in Greece and editions of the Greek New Testament. school teachers, college professors, as well as Italy. "The Academy is the place," says Loerke, The library of the American Academy is some undergraduates. "where American scholars go for an update on very strong "in Roman topography and things The Academy is also an active place in the a great deal of the scholarly work that's going dealing with the history of Rome from prehis­ summer. "It's where scholars and writers who on in the Mediterranean — in Rome and toric times," says William Loerke, who is pro­ can't get away during the academic year come," throughout Italy. It is the center of cultural and fessor of Byzantine art at Dumbarton Oaks in says Loerke, who has spent several summers intellectual activity for Americans in Rome." Washington, D.C. Professor Loerke, who has there himself. American archaeologists, he The School of Classical Studies will cele­ done research on early Christian illuminated adds, stop here on their way to and from a dig. brate its one-hundredth anniversary this June manuscripts at the Academy, notes that "if you Every year since 1922, the Academy has held a with a special symposium. The land on which don't find what you need there, you can always special six-week summer school for high school the School now stands was offered to it by the take a short walk down to the Vatican library." teachers. For the past four years, the Academy Greek government in 1886. McCredie notes that The Academy also has a valuable musicolo­ has also held special seminars, sponsored by "we almost didn't accept their offer. The land gy collection, as well -as many original scores the NEH, for college teachers. seemed too far out of town." With the growth created by composers who have stayed there. Both the School and the Academy are en­ of modern Athens, of course, the land is now These materials are imposing enough to make claves of scholarship not only for their own res­ worth a fortune. But the lesson to be drawn the library a "major music center in Europe." idents, but for all American scholars working from the initial hesitancy and the lack of fore­ Finally, the Academy has the Fototeca Unione, throughout the Mediterranean region. Without sight it suggests can be extended to apply to the a splendid archive of over 15,000 photographs the School of Classical Studies in Athens, many Academy in Rome as well: Although the land of ancient sites in Italy, North Africa, and the excavations sponsored by various U.S. and Ca­ on which the School stands may be worth a for­ Middle East which has been published in nadian universities, including the universities tune, the School itself — its contribution to microfiche and distributed to universities, of California, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Toronto, scholarship and culture— is priceless. libraries, and museums throughout the world. and conducted on the island of Ceos, at Nemea, — Carolyn McKee Although most institutions of higher learn­ at Samothrace, and in southern Crete, would Ms. McKee is a Washington writer. ing slow the pace of scholarship during the not have been possible. "The School," says summer months, summer is the busy season in McCredie, "is responsible to the government of American Academy in RomelBill N. Lacyl$150,0001 Athens and Rome. So great is the summer de­ Greece for all American archaeological excava­ 1977-79/Challenge Grant/American School of Classical mand for the School in Athens that it holds two tion there." American archaeologists even re­ Studies in Athens/Mabel L. Lang l$300,000 sessions simultaneously: while students in one ceive practical advice on how to weave their offer!1978 -83IChallenge Grant

9 Four vases from Southern collections: athlete with jumping weights and trainer; Attic white-ground-lekythos, c. 460 BC, from a child's tomb; courtship scene, man and youth, on an Attic black-figure vase; Nike carrying torches on a red-figure amphora.

TRUTH AND BEAUTY IN GREEK VASE$

In May of 1976, NASA launched LAGEOS nized the opportunity to use LAGEOS as mes­ expansive range of subjects in the repertoire of (LAser GEOdynamic Satellite), an efficient little senger had at least once contemplated a Grecian Greek vase painters. Most Attic vases, and most globe bedecked with mirrors for intercepting urn and felt the chill that accompanies under­ of the sixty-odd examples in the exhibition, are laser beams sent from earth. Besides performing standing accomplished without words. For the populated with gods and goddesses, heroes its satellite's function of orbiting the earth and tens of thousands of ancient Greek vases, jars, and monsters, enacting their fascinating intercepting and measuring laser beams, bowls, urns and chalices that have been un­ mythologies. LAGEOS is carrying a visual message. earthed and treasured since the eighteenth cen­ By the time these vases were produced, be­ Designed, at NASA's request, by Carl tury are themselves unique carriers of some of tween the seventh and fourth centuries B.C., Sagan and engraved on a stainless steel sheet the most communicative messages we have vase painting had developed beyond the merely wrapped around the bolt that holds together about the civilization which painted them— a decorative and had begun to narrate, to evoke. LAGEOS's hemispheres, the message is domi­ mere twenty-five hundred years ago. Their In the black-figure and red-figure styles, nated by three maps of the world showing the messages are also sublimely beautiful. the immobility of the Geometric Period has van­ position of the continents— first, as they proba­ The ability to inform and to enchant, that ished. Now the human figure, once a composi­ bly looked 225 million years ago; second, as timeless dualism of the Greek vase that so in­ tion of geometric shapes— a triangle for a torso, they are now; and third, as they probably will spired Keats, is about to be exercised anew by a lines with serifs for arms and legs— has found a look approximately 8.4 million years in the fu­ collection of Greek vases now being assembled proportioned anatomy, muscular structure, a ture. For it is to that configuration of continents for exhibition this November at the New Orle­ face, vitality and even emotion. Thus, when Di­ that LAGEOS is expected to come home and it ans Museum of Art. onysus revels with satyrs, he is able to do so in is for the earthlings living then that its message "Art, Myth and Culture: Greek Vases from graceful abandon; as Perseus, armed with Athe­ is intended. Southern Collections," sponsored by Tulane na's shield, stalks a frightful, hissing Medusa, Very likely, the NASA scientist who recog­ University with NEH support, represents the he can be grimly heroic. Project director H. Alan Shapiro, professor of classics and art at Tulane, suggests that the number of times a theme appears tells us as much about Greek civilization as does the theme's artistic aspect. Though nearly every mythical persona finds visual expression on Greek pottery, none recurs as frequently as Herakles. In fact, of the extant black-figure vases dealing with themes from mythology, fully half show the lion-skinned hero. "He dominates art in all parts of Greece," says Shapiro, who is taking care to reflect this popularity in the exhibition by including ten to twelve vases bearing scenes from the Heraklean legend. Shapiro is also undertaking to uncover in the exhibition the reason for this fascination with Herakles, which scholars believe is due to the fact that he was not localized. "Most Greek heroes," Shapiro explains, "are firmly tied to the city-states they come from— as Theseus is to Athens. But Herakles is panhellenic." Shapiro sugests another telling reason for Herakles' popularity: he is the only hero who has an apotheosis— the only Greek, therefore, who conquers the most universal and powerful of foes, death. Reverence for Herakles is evi­ dence of the Greek perception that life after death is neither reward nor continuation, but a kind of sentence to tedium, as Achilles ex­ presses in The Odyssey: "Noble Odysseus, don't try to comfort me with this flattering description of death. I would rath­ er be alive again as the hired hand of a poor Archaic vase painters depicted women in domestic scenes of household chores or toilette. farmer who barely manages to survive than be 10 the king of all the feeble dead.” There is a comfortable familiarity that en­ gages the viewer of these scenes from Greek mythology. Most of the Western world knows Greece as the homeland of Helen, the play­ ground of the Olympians, the backdrop for the unraveling of the Oedipal mystery. But there is another Greece to be found on Attic shapes— that of the quotidian delights, of the business and custom of the people who actually lived there. Like the vases celebrating Greek mythology, the vases portraying scenes from Greek daily life are being arranged in the exhi­ bition by the subjects they depict: athletic con­ tests, domestic life, religious festivals, courtship scenes, and the work place. "There is a curious sort of escapism reflect­ ed in some of these vases," says Shapiro, noting that in the period of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.) there are fewer depictions of soldiers in battle than one would expect. There is instead a preoccupation with domestic scenes of gentle women reclining or bathing, holding mirrors or vials of perfume, fetching water at a fountain house, or caring for children. The circumscribed activities of women portrayed only in or near their homes under­ scores what Shapiro calls "one of the chief iron­ ies" in our reverence for classical Greece: that the "so-called Golden Age saw women in prob­ ably the lowest status of any period." The ancient ideal of a sound body and a Herakles threatens Triton, the son of Poseidon, on one side of a black-figure amphora. sound mind is reflected in the large number of vases depicting scenes of athletes, training in the gymnasium or palestra, competing in the most unknown, even to many scholars. Vases two centuries later, they were again admired for Olympic games. Among these vases are the for the exhibition are being loaned from private their beauty. Today they continue to inspire. Panathenaic amphorae, small urns awarded to collectors as well as from the Chrysler Museum Perhaps even when LAGEOS falls from the the winners of athletic contests held in honor of at Norfolk, the Duke University Museum of sky, its message, incised like the lines on a Athena. Such religious significance was atta­ Art, The Ackland Art Center of the University black-figure vase, will be housed, in something ched to these amphorae that, their production of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Atlanta's High resembling one of our museums, near the elo­ having become a matter of religious convention, Museum of Art, and the John and Mabel quent earthen diaries from Greece. For Keats's they were worked in the black-figure style for Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota. It is the apostrophe carries a contemporary theme: nearly two centuries after the style was dropped first exhibition to pull together Greek vases When old age shall this generation waste, in favor of red-figure painting. from southern collections. Thou shalt remain in midst of other woe Other scenes that will be viewed in the Greek vase painters are not among those Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou say'st, New Orleans exhibition include the labors of artists who enjoy only posthumous admiration. 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,'— that is all the butcher, the oil merchant, the cobbler, and As H.W. Janson points out in the History of Art, Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. even the potter himself. A number of white- "How greatly the Greeks themselves valued the — Linda Blanken ground lekythoi, funerary urns covered with a beauty of these vessels is evident from the fact Ms. Blanken is managing editor of Humanities. fine white glaze on which is painted some scene that after the middle of the sixth century, the from the obsequies, will complete the exhibit. finest vases frequently bear the signatures of The collection represents the "last frontier the men who made them. . . . Archaic vase "Art, Myth and Culture: Greek Vases from Southern of Greek vases in America," according to painting gives us the first clearly defined per­ Collections"IH. Alan ShapirolTulane U., New Orleans, Shapiro, since the South is the last region of the sonalities in the entire history of art." LAI$59,173 OR; $10,000 offer FMI1981-82IMuseums and country with considerable resources that are al­ When the vases were rediscovered twenty- Historical Organizations Programs LATIN IS DEAD! LONG LIVE LATIN! Mirabile dictu — Contrary to the popular attitude greatly responsible for its demise); the one full year in standardized English vocabu­ image of Latin class as the dreary last rites for a Philadelphia schools have recognized the aca­ lary test scores over a control group that did not language that should have been interred centu­ demic and practical value of Latin. study Latin. Studies in seven other school dis­ ries ago, Philadelphia classrooms are filled with Ecce signum — Since some 65 percent of tricts have also shown statistically significant vitality as elementary and secondary school stu­ English words are based on Latin roots and increases in vocabulary, reading, and Scholastic dents study Latin vocabulary, classical culture, affixes, the study of Latin unlocks a rich vocab­ Aptitude Test scores among students taking and English derivations. ulary to students at all levels and from all back­ Latin. These results are impressive at a time of Arrectis auribus — Sixth graders listen in­ grounds. Similarly, Latin is a useful starting national concern over declining literacy. tently to the teacher's pronunciation, then re­ point for learning Romance languages and, Docendo discimus — An important by­ peat "aqua" in unison as the teacher points to more generally, for understanding basic notions product of the Language Arts through Latin various illustrations of water. They shout of linguistics and syntax. In addition, the program is the revitalization of the participating "aquarium" and "aquatic" in clamorous re­ Philadelphia curriculum includes lessons in teachers. By their own report on an evaluative sponse to the teacher's request for English de­ classical culture designed to stimulate interest survey, many of them were "burned out." The rivatives. in the roots of Western civilization and the dis­ program has reignited their interest in their dis­ Utile dulci — There is real excitem ent ciplines of the humanities. ciplines and their teaching and exposed them to among both students and teachers participating Respice finem — Preliminary results of the new areas of study. Some have even expressed in the Philadelphia public schools' Language project are impressive. Philadelphia School Dis­ interest in pursuing graduate work in classics. Arts through Latin program. This resurrection trict pupils who studied Latin for twenty min­ How does a dead language become one of of Latin is not just an exercise in the arcane (an utes daily in their fifth-grade classes advanced the liveliest subjects in school? The Philadelphia 11 project has an interesting history. In 1968, Dr. hancement of the program. In 1979, the NEH of the material is successfully encouraged Eleanor Sandstrom, director of Foreign Lan­ awarded Drs. Sandstrom and Masciantonio a throughout the teacher training program. The guage Education in the School District of grant to set up formal training programs in ety­ enthusiasm of the Latin specialists, zealots by Philadelphia, and assistant director Dr. Ru­ mology, Latin, and classical culture to prepare nature, appears to be contagious. The curricu­ dolph Masciantonio initiated a program of Latin sixty non-specialist teachers in the Philadelphia lum materials, filled with cartoon-like illustra­ instruction in fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade schools to use the Language Arts through Latin tions, contemporary references, and ingenious classrooms and high school English courses de­ curriculum. A four-semester-hour, college-level exercises are also a source of excitement and in­ signed to acquaint students with basic Latin vo­ course was developed in conjunction with the spiration for both students and teachers. cabulary, English derivations, and classical cul­ classics department at Temple University. The current phase of the Philadelphia proj­ ture. Under NEH grants awarded in 1969 and Training for the new recruits, all volun­ ect will continue until August, 1982, when it 1971, the project codirectors developed a de­ teers, also included staff development sessions will be formally evaluated. There are already tailed curriculum that included teacher guides, and workshops with the Latin specialists who many informal indicators which suggest the instructional kits, and exercise books. were veterans of the program. program's success. There is a waiting list of The curriculum was taught by "itinerant In 1980, the Philadelphia School District re­ schools and teachers wanting to participate in Latin specialists" who spent twenty minutes a ceived an NEH grant to continue the project the program, which is now serving some six day in elementary and secondary classes in and to train an additional sixty teachers through thousand students in Philadelphia alpne. The nearly one hundred schools throughout the dis­ course work at Temple and Millersville State model has been picked up by numerous school trict. But the teachers did not give dry lectures College. districts across the country in addition to Los on Latin declensions followed by quizzes Why does the Philadelphia Language Arts Angeles— Baltimore, Indianapolis, Chicago, stressing rote memorization. Rather they en­ through Latin program work? First of all, it's Washington, D.C. couraged active student participation in oral important to consider the four basic objectives The 1980 Report of the Commission on the exercises — Latin songs, plays, wordgames; of the curriculum: 1) to expand English vocabu­ Humanities, The Humanities in American Life, small group competitions on discovering Eng­ lary and improve reading skills; 2) to increase cites the Philadelphia project as an exemplary lish cognates; multimedia illustrations of Roman awareness of the impact of the classical past on curriculum at the elementary and secondary mythology and lifestyles, all designed to make the present; 3) to provide an introduction to the level for training in "cultural traditions." the study of Latin adventurous, contemporary, basic structure and vocabulary of Latin; and 4) Most importantly, the students are clam­ and joyful. to stimulate interest in the study of foreign lan­ oring for more. A participating teacher com­ The Philadelphia project received nation­ guages and the humanities in general. plained to Masciantonio that she was having wide, indeed international, attention. News These goals are met through two locally difficulty finding time for other subjects in her stories and journal articles described the theat­ produced curricula at the elementary level: class. One fifth grader, concerned the Latin rics in the classroom, like the scene of a teacher Romani Viventes et Dicentes (on Roman life­ courses might not survive district budget cuts, moaning and holding his head in a melo- styles) and Voces de O lym po (on classical wrote to the superintendent: "Please keep Latin dramatization of Minerva's birth from Zeus's mythology). High school English classes use in my school. Latin is my favorite subject. I like forehead. The teacher then effectively exploited Word Power through Latin, a course also pre­ it better than recess!" the myth to explore Latin vocabulary (e.g. pared by Sandstrom and Masciantonio that has lingua Latina vincit omnia! "caput"), English derivatives (e.g. "decapi­ received wide national distribution. — John Lippincott tate"), vestiges of the myth in contemporary Teachers' guides for the courses break each Mr. Lippincott is an Endowment staff member. culture (e.g. Minerva's owl as a symbol of wis­ thematic unit into twenty-minute segments to dom), and Roman lifestyles (e.g. no Excedrin). be given once a day throughout the school year. Ed. note: For those who have not benefited from the The Los Angeles Unified School District Each unit includes: Philadelphia experience, here is a glossary of phrases took special interest in the program and bor­ 1. Latin vocabulary and dialogue tied to used in the article — rowed the Philadelphia course materials. How­ multimedia visual cues and to teacher gestures mirabile dictu: wonderful to say ever, Los Angeles added a twist to implementa­ and pantomime (no English is used); arrectis auribus: with ears alert tion of the curriculum. Because the lessons and 2. playlets and word games from accompa­ utile dulci: the useful with the enjoyable the teacher guides prepared by Drs. Sandstrom nying gamebooks that reinforce unit vocabu­ ecce signum: look at the evidence and Masciantonio were highly detailed and lary; respice finem: consider the results presented in step-by-step fashion, Los Angeles 3. Latin songs, proverbs, mottoes, and docendo discimus: we learn through teaching found that it could train non-specialist teachers quotations that use unit vocabulary; sine dubio: without a doubt to use the materials in their own classes. By not 4. English derivatives elicited orally and lingua Latina vincit omnia: Latin conquers all having to rely on wandering Latinists, Los applied in written exercises; "Our Classical Heritage"/Eleanor L. SandstromlSchool Angeles was able to achieve broader dissemina­ 5. cultural material on the unit theme and District of Philadelphia, PAl$10,00011969-701 tion of the program and to integrate the materi­ related to unit vocabulary. $54,00011970-72l"Language Arts Through Latin"I al more fully into the classroom. Perhaps the most important factor in the Rudolph Masciantonio, Eleanor L. SandstromI School dis­ As if in a rivalry between the Lakers and program's success, however, does not appear in trict of Philadelphia, P A ($ 50, 24 911 97 9 -8 1) the Sixers, Philadelphia now took the ball back this list. Masciantonio insists, "The teacher $58,20611980-82lElementary and Secondary Education across the country and scored a further en­ must be sine dubio a 'ham .'" Lively presentation Programs

Fifth- and sixth-grade Latin pupils from the C.W. Henry school hold a Roman-style banquet on the steps of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, 12 scoffs Rasovsky. "I think the foundation of the highlight the dramatic action, rendered by civilization of classical antiquity is based on or Barry Morse and Irene Worth as Odysseus and inspired by Homer. To me, much of what is Athena, Shepperd Strudwick as Homer and best about Western civilization comes from that, John Glover as Telemachus. Circe, Cyclops, and tells us a great deal about ourselves. Scylla, Sirens, and the rest of the remaining "The Odyssey does have content and it does eighty-four parts are played by a Chicago reper­ because it's so brilliant. It's an alien culture and tory company of thirteen actors. Edward Asner it's 2,800 years old. Nonetheless there it is, and of "Lou Grant" fame narrates. you can still get into it." A listener's guide, A udiobill, has been fund­ Rasovsky and D. Nicholas Rudall, director ed in part by the Mellon Foundation. Like a of the Court Theater at the University of souvenir program with pertinent articles by In an unusual amalgam of scholarship and Chicago, gathered scholars for an advisory scholars, the booklet will be sent to people who show business, a radio drama series of Homer's panel. Rudall served as chairman of the write and ask for it, to monitor the audience Odyssey will play to an estimated five million interdisciplinary group, which included Jarl and to enhance listeners' enjoyment. people around the English-speaking world this Dyrud, M.D., professor of psychiatry, Universi­ The booklet will also be used in a library kit fall. Beginning in October, "The Odyssey of ty of Chicago; James H. Redfield, professor of with posters, a sample cassette tape and bibli­ Homer"— a lush production of veteran actors, classics, University of Chicago; Peter Arnott, ography designed to call attention to the pro­ vivid sound effects and original music— will professor of theater, Tufts; Peter Green, profes­ grams and each library's collection of Greek lit­ woo listeners to the sometimes hypnotic, often sor of classics, University of Texas; and Albert erature and mythology. Eventually, "The astounding tales of Odysseus, and, at the same B. Lord, professor of comparative literature and Odyssey of Homer" will find its way into the time, tell them about the preclassical world. folklore, Harvard. They began by rejecting all classrooms of a generation of students more Each drama is followed by "footnotes" standard translations which left it to Rasovsky tuned to aural and visual presentations than to — documentary-style narrative with interviews to learn some Greek and write a script, from literature printed in book form. of classical scholars and others who put the tale scratch, at their direction. By his account, the More than two hundred noncommercial in its cultural context. panelists were tough critic-masters of tone and radio and cable stations have agreed to broad­ The twelve-part series, funded by NEH, is atmosphere, language and syntax. cast the series. produced by The National Radio Theater of The footnotes were the province of docu­ Four years after Star W ars, Rasovsky's od­ Chicago, powered by director-writer-producer mentary producer Kerry Frumkin who sought yssey in search of Homer's masterpiece is fin­ Yuri Rasovsky. A man of fecund enthusiasm, the advice of the panel on which topics might ished. He has tried to display his treasure so Rasovsky thinks there is no better way to pre­ best be explored and who might be approached that others can see "the beauty of the thing, the sent an oral epic than with an aural technology, for interviews. psychological and cultural richness. Its beaut­ although he often sees such possibilities in less "I think that most people just simply think eous poetry," he says. "It leaps across the ages likely places— he once adapted a silent film for of The Odyssey as a nice adventure story," says at you." — Meryl Harris radio. Frumkin. "W e were trying to let people know Ms. H arris is a free-lance w riter. "I think radio is probably one of the most that the story grew out of a culture and cultural important avenues of culture in America and al­ values, and to help people understand what "Project Odyssey" /Yuri Rasovsky /National Radio Theatre ways has been," he says. "It's been abused and those values are." of Chicago, ILI$299,96011979 -81 /Media Programs underused. In the next few years it will proba­ Among the topics of the footnotes are law bly be the most important medium—if people and government in Homeric times, gods, wo­ who have the power to finance broadcasting are men of The Odyssey, and Homer's place in oral smart— simply because in a tight economy it epic. "If there was some theme in an episode should become immediately apparent that radio that could be best covered by a documentary, is the most cost-efficient cultural medium there that's what we focused on," says Rasovsky. is. I could not do The Odyssey as a television se­ "For instance, at the point in the story rial or a film on anything less than $50 million, where Telemachus is going out for the first time and I've been able to produce it as a radio show in his life, leaving home to visit the great heroes for a relatively small amount." Nestor and Menelaus, this is the time to intro­ It was in fact a film that spurred Rasovsky duce the topic of guest-friendship and what it to initiate the project. "I was walking out of meant in those days— how this is a bond for in­ Star Wars one night, feeling smug. 'We can do ternational relations between great house­ this better on the radio,'" he remembers saying holds— because this is crucial to The Odyssey to his partner. "'W hy not do The Odyssey? It's and our understanding of it, and this is where it the archetypal Star Wars\ Why not do some­ first appeared." thing with co n ten t!" ' Experts interviewed on the air include clas­ Yet Star Wars was one of the most popular sics and law scholars, among them Arthur The Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion which action adventures of all time, and some critics Adkins, Richard Posner, Gregory Nagy, Eric Odysseus passed during his wanderings; Polyphemus, saw it as an allegory fraught with meaning. "I Hamp, and others taped by Frumkin in Greece. the Cyclops Odysseus blinded; Odysseus hides be­ think whatever it was, it was terribly banal," Composer Eric Salzman wrote a score to neath a ram to escape detection. hen Wilhelmina Jashemski first visited Pompeii in the summer of 1957, it was almost as an after-thought, a last stop Win a fact-collecting tour for a book she was planning on Roman Imperial gardens. She vi­ sited at the site with Dr. Tatiana Warsher, a grande-dame of archaeologists who had worked in Pompeii, to gather information on the gar­ dens there, a subject Jashemski thought was, as she now puts it, "done." After all, the site, de­ stroyed in the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79, had been the subject of intense interest since the mid-nineteenth century. Warsher, with a sweeping gesture as she stood in the midst of the Pompeian ruins, said to her visitor, "My dear, this is your first book, and I think it will take you quite some time." Twenty-two years later, Jashemski pub­ lished, with the aid of the NEH, Volume One of The Gardens of Pompeii (Caratzas Brothers Pub­ lishers, NY, 1979). The study of the gardens of the ruined city has become for her a lifelong passion, and in the last twenty-five years she has almost singlehandedly created a new type of archaeology, one which views the soil not so much as an impediment to be removed in the search for the real treasure, but in many ways, When the roots of plants as the treasure itself. growing at the time of the Jashemski's book does not focus on one iso­ Vesuvius eruption de­ lated aspect of Pompeian society, but rather, cayed, volcanic debris because the garden was central to the life of the filled the cavities. Jashemski's crew emptied city, the book is a study of Pompeian life. It is the holes (top) and made organized around the types of gardens which casts of the roots (above). existed in Pompeii: the ornamental, the food- Excavations were photo­ producing, the religious, and the commercial. graphed with a camera Almost as fascinating as the content of the suspended from an aerial book are the descriptions of the methods balloon to show the ar­ Jashemski used to make her discoveries. Every rangements of plants in bit of possible evidence is treasured and ex­ the gardens (left). Balloon ploited to its fullest: carbonized plants, seeds, photo showing the layout pollen, animal bones, root remains, land con­ of a garden (below). The Gardens tours and irrigation works. One of the most exciting discoveries of her years in Pompeii was the revelation that the other unear huge area across from the amphitheater was not a cattle market as it had been called for more it on the rocky Mediterranean shore. She con­ than two hundred years, but was in fact a vine­ jectures that because transportation was so yard. In excavating the area, Jashemski's work­ much more difficult then, olives had to be men were able to make casts of the holes where grown locally if they were to be enjoyed at all. the roots had flourished the day of the erup­ Reinforcing the evidence of the olive root tion. The casts revealed straight rows of pairs of casts was the presence of pollen in the soil. holes. In the vineyards today in the countryside With the help of Professor G.W. Dimbleby of around Pompeii, grape vines cling to sup­ the Institute of Archaeology at the University of porting stakes, and were they both pulled from London, she was able to find as many as twenty the ground, they would leave behind just the different types of pollen in a single soil sample, sort of rows of paired holes that Jashemski's and usually much pollen from the olive trees. casts revealed. One of the most difficult problems Jashem­ Time and time again, her studies of the an­ ski faced was in the logistics of her dig rather cients were reinforced by methods that are still than in interpreting the content of what she in use around Pompeii. One garden which was found. Once the root casts had been made, she planted in rather straight rows of beds had an was at a loss as to how to mark the root sites in obviously elaborate irrigation system which the garden and then how to photograph them. started at one side of the lot and flowed down She tried roof tiles, and then paper plates to the slightly angled beds to the other side of the mark the site of trees in the gardens, neither of garden. A commercial flower dealer in the area which worked. Finally, one of her devoted (Pompeii is one of the headquarters of seed pro­ workmen found an old telephone pole, and duction in the world) came to look at the site then a tree trunk graduated in thickness. Both and said that without a doubt it was a commer­ were sliced and painted white, and the re­ cial flower garden. And when Jashemski visited sulting discs were used to mark where trees and g his garden the next day, she saw the same irri- plants had grown. Jashemski's husband, a gation system, the same slight terracing of the physicist, provided her with a solution to the | flower beds. photography problem by suggesting she use a jg Of course, not all horticultural practices camera suspended from an aerial balloon. After ~ have remained the same since A.D. 79. Fre- trial and error, they perfected the technique and ® quently, Jashemski had to look past the evi- the results are handsome photographs which 5 dence of modern technique to other sources of show beautifully the layout of the plantings 3 proof. She was surprised, for example, by the in the gardens, as well as any land con­ frequency of finding casts of olive roots. Today, tours— paths, flower beds, irrigation channels, 2 she says, olive trees are not grown in the area. and so forth. 2 "It's [the olive tree] so very greedy and they In her supposition that Pompeii was a don't put it in their gardens," but instead grow "done," Jashemski was reflecting, although on 14 ping their treasures across the Atlantic was a reasonable thing to do. The Pompeii exhibit was conceived less as an art exhibit than as a re-creation of life in Pompeii on August 24, AD 79, the day of Vesuvius' eruption. Although their aesthetic value was not ignored, the artifacts were exhib­ ited primarily in terms of their documentary and functional aspects. And the exhibit was or­ ganized according to important aspects of Pom­ peian life: The Volcano, People, The House, The Garden, Religion, Trade and Occupations, and Leisure. A special effort was made to provide the visitor with the tools to make the experience a fruitful one: a children's guide was produced, labels were clear and easy to read, teachers from the adjacent Museum of Fine Arts School demonstrated throughout the show how to make a fresco or a mosaic. A lecture series was held in conjunction with the exhibit; one of the most successful was a talk by Wilhelmina Jashemski on the gardens of Pompeii.

One of the 432,000 people who saw the ex­ hibit in Boston was a freshman at Harvard named Daniel Jacobs. The next year, in an art history course, the bits and pieces of the exhibit that he absorbed led him to do a paper on city planning in Pompeii, and that experience led ultimately to his applying for an NEH Youthgrant for the summer of 1980. In order to give a better picture of the town's ordinary life, Jacob's goal had been to try to group, according to architectural styles, non-Patrician homes in Pompeii, a type largely ignored in the literature. He soon discovered, This mosaic (left) was one of the artifacts from the National Ar­ however, that the regularity of Pompeian chaeological Museum in Naples that toured the United States homes of all types seems to have been largely in 1978-79. Above, the garden terrace of the House of Loreius exaggerated in the literature; a typology of Tiburtinus. f Pompeii and homes would necessitate a longer-term project. Therefore, he narrowed his focus to a small group of adjoining houses, and developed a led delights new thesis based on his findings: that there was not, as is commonly believed, a spectacular re­ a more scholarly plane, a general feeling in the building effort between the earthquakes of 62 United States that Pompeii was an archaeolog­ and 79 A.D., but rather the struggling attempts ical curiosity, a bit sordid and a bit of a back­ by an economically devastated community to water. Newspaper columnist Henry Mitchell make livable their ravaged townscape. said it this way in a review of Jashemski's book: But Jacob's most overwhelming impression "We have all been assuming Pompeii was a of Pompeii was his sense of the remains as congested narrow-streeted provincial town with dwellings rather than as archaeological artifacts. dirty pictures on the walls and that's about it." "It's almost as if I was less concerned with the history of the place than I was from the point of A year before the book was published, a view of human occupation. It could have been portrait of Pompeian life was presented in the thirty years ago or two thousand and it successful touring exhibition of Pompeii arti­ wouldn't have made that much difference to facts, "Pompeii AD 79." Both the book and the me." Not surprisingly, Jacobs is considering exhibition were among the first detailed expla­ pursuing a career as an architect. nations of daily life in Pompeii, so many previ­ More than a quarter of Pompeii still lies ous studies having been occupied with that under the layer of ash and lava which destroyed city's quick and awful death. it and at the same time preserved it nineteen With support from NEH and others, "Pom­ hundred years ago. The current superintendent peii AD 79" was planned by the Boston has decreed that digging should cease until pre­ Museum of Fine Arts and after its stay in Bos­ viously excavated structures are restored and ton continued on to Dallas and Chicago. John any decay arrested. Jashemski comments: "I Herrmann, an assistant curator of the Museum think that is as it should be. I'm glad. New and project director for the NEH grant, rein­ techniques will be developed and I think it forced the idea that the American public did not should wait and give other generations a have a very clear impression of the real value of chance." Pompeii: "Before the exhibition," he wrote, One of the current generation, Daniel "real familiarity with and interest in the Vesuvi- Jacobs, agrees: "You discover more and more to an sites may have been approaching an historic do with the less and less that is remaining," he low." says. "It seems almost the more you dig, the The Boston exhibit was patterned after one more you have to do." held the year before in London. The exhibition If recent years' efforts are an indication, the comprised some three hundred objects primari­ buried 25 percent of Pompeii holds more clues ly drawn from the National Archaeological to the lives of the ancients and, ultimately, to Museum in Naples, and Herrmann noted in one ourselves.______— Louisa Hart Casts of bodies made during the original Pompeian excavations of his reports that the NEH backing helped Ms. Hart, a Washington writer, also teaches writing in 1961-62 revealed the forms of thireteen people who died try­ enormously in convincing the Italians that ship­ at American University. ing to reach safety. 15 Photographs from the project "Moccasins on Pavement" illustrate the urban Indian experience.

STATE OF THE STATES: The In dian Heritage of America When Columbus, in ignorance, labeled the Car­ specific tribal group and work to combat the sights into the history of the relations between ibbean Arawaks los Indios, he began a pattern of image of the composite Indian. The Washoe Native American groups and the colonial and misunderstanding Native American identity Tribe of Nevada and California received funds federal governments. that has persisted throughout our history. The from the Nevada Humanities Committee for Initially, hostilities were engendered by early European travelers and settlers, judging support of a museum exhibit and interpretive misunderstood and conflicting mores and value the New World from their own point of view, program on Washoe basketry. For the Washoe, systems. This is perhaps best illustrated by the considered the indigenous people as lesser baskets are heavily laden with symbolic impor­ confusions related to concepts of land use and beings. To this day, the hundreds of unique tance. The newborn baby was placed on a win­ ownership. To most Native Americans, kinship cultural groups seen through the veil of stereo­ nowing basket at birth and moved to a basket with living creatures and harmony with natural types are often perceived as a single entity with cradle board a month later. In the ceremonies elements were dominating principles. Their a shared culture. which marked the change of girl to woman, a spiritual relationship to the land defined the Other preconceived notions have pre­ specially woven basket played a central role. manner in which it could be used. vented generations of Euro-Americans from The exchange of baskets was an important part To the Europeans, land was a commodity noting the adaptations that influenced the de­ of the marriage procedure. The bonds between which could be bought and sold, but to the In­ velopment of native groups during the past five mother and daughter were strengthened as dian, land could no more be owned than could centuries. Throughout the country, every indig­ basket-weaving skills were taught and family the air we breathe. One could use land, live on enous population has blended aspects of Euro­ designs passed from generation to generation. it, set up boundaries which marked off areas of pean culture with its own traditions. The Indian Baskets served many ceremonial and secu­ use, but in no way did an individual or tribe in the three-piece suit deliberating in corporate lar purposes for the nomadic Washoe who own land. Early land "sales" were misunder­ boardrooms is as much a member of the con­ hunted, fished and gathered seeds in the Sierra stood by the Indians, who probably thought temporary Native American scene as is the Nevada Mountain range, and the technology that the deeds which they signed were agree­ feather-costumed, bell-bedecked dancer beating had reached a high level of sophistication by the ments for shared use. out traditional rhythms on an ancient dance time non-Indian settlement occurred in the re­ Contradictory conceptions of appropriate ground. gion. Instead of stifling the art form, contact ac­ land practices persist to modern times, with In­ We still struggle to move beyond stereo­ tually caused it to develop further. By the end dian ideals of stewardship often in sharp con­ type toward full comprehension of the richness of the nineteenth century when baskets had be­ flict with Western notions of exploitation. A and diversity of Native American cultures. come a major trade item, the demand for number of state humanities councils have sup­ Today Indians, Aleuts, Eskimos and Native Ha- "fancy" baskets by non-Indian collectors ported programs which examine land use waiians join scholars and interested citizens of caused Washoe weaving to enter a period of issues. A project funded by the South Dakota other backgrounds in that effort, and increas­ florescence. Committee on the Humanities, directed by ingly they have been seeking funds from state Today, altered environmental conditions Faith Spotted Eagle of the lower Brule Sioux councils for programming which will improve which have reduced the availability of raw ma­ Tribe, brought the whole issue of resource use cross-cultural understanding. terials have caused the number of weavers to on Indian lands to more than four hundred In­ From these projects emerge discussions of decrease considerably but outstanding baskets dian and non-Indian people in three reservation linguistics and semiotics. Participants are en­ are still being made. The work of the contempo­ towns. Local tribal representatives and spiritual couraged to see the connection between tech­ rary artists, combined with that of their prede­ leaders, scholars of history, jurisprudence, and nology and cosmology. Law, history, aesthetics cessors, was displayed at the Nevada State literature, and representatives of the Corps of and literature gain new dimensions when Museum where the accompanying lectures, cat­ Engineers and the Fish and Wildlife Service dis­ viewed within a Native American content. alog and weaving demonstrations made visitors cussed the question of self determination par­ However, these programs do more than extend aware of the importance of this art within the ticularly as it related to Indian control of natural our understanding of Indian peoples. The ques­ total Washoe cultural system. Tribal experts and resources. tions raised about values provide insights into scholars, by documenting the evolution of The program placed Sioux world views in the nature of human culture, and the conceptu­ Washoe society through the development of juxtaposition with Western world views. Tribal al framework provided by the anthropologist, this particular art, drew attention to the holistic spokespersons, in detailing the concept of reci­ folklorist, historian, or Native American elder is nature of cultural systems. procity which determines their relationship a lens through which the larger American socie­ As various programs within the states de­ with Mother Earth, raised important questions ty is seen with greater clarity. fine specific characteristics of individual Native about the balance which must be achieved be­ Some projects examine the life ways of a American nations, so too do they provide in­ tween right and responsibility in every culture. 16 photograph: The Newberry Library Their words provide a moving com plem ent to to ent plem com moving a provide words Their ers at the school in the early tw entieth century. century. entieth tw i­ early rem the in the school the at incorporated ers labels and catalog The niscences of Com anche people who were board­ were who people didactics. anche Com exhibit of the niscences ar­ students the preparing the to in from texts moved selves them anthropological and consultants chives her and Tribe Cheyenne. It was hoped that they would leave leave or would Kiowa they as that school hoped ericans. to Am eri­ was lan­ m as A It came the greater in They the Cheyenne. of families ersed m im society. values their hil­ and C can were from culture ways, process. guage, old g" removed the sti­ ilizin in "civ and were physically chil­ the schools with they dren, hasten so to efforts boarding tuted adults, ilation of Reservation assim dren. their practices and intensified system value h hsoi facts. historic the r e ch irecto an D m o C e th t c je of ro r P a e n m u Oklahom S e. y the w itte y m m itch by o T C res lo funded e D s itie klaho­ O an School, m u to H Indian presented Sill recently was experience found out how difficult it was to change the the change to was it soon difficult inistrators cultural adm how to out ever, How devoted found ation. institutions transform e becom should cul­ alien of concept. pot pockets reserva­ were they The but go. should populations, what ine culture determ tradi­ to Indian of their struggled else ers up reform give and to cials g in Indians g hen W ag n a forced ination. had century ave self-determ h ers Indian ak m with licy o p problem t n e m ern mans in a photographic exhibit about the Fort Fort the about exhibit photographic a in mans tures w ithin an America devoted to the m elting- elting- m the to Indian devoted the America an contain ithin w to tures well fairly offi­ worked ent tions governm patterns, subsistence tional the reservation policy of the m id-nineteenth id-nineteenth m the of policy reservation the akt poorpi por­ photographic basket; Washoe a 1837; in Village woman Potawatomi a h aia nin Na­ Indian Yakima the of members two of trait Kewawnag at sketched Mee, Queh right) to (left in md n h 1890s. the in made tion, ih hywr on pitu wiead ed us send and white us paint gonna were they Eng­ lish talk to how learn we if was thought I hat "W An intim ate portrait of the boarding school school boarding the of portrait ate intim An hogot s o meia hsoy gov­ history, erican Am of ost m Throughout O fficia l p o licy ru led th a t re s e rv a tio n s s n tio a rv e s re t a th led ru licy o p l fficia O

by dem ographic statistics alone. Although the the Although alone. statistics ographic dem by of issioner m om C appointed was Collier John ae n: f eevto Idins sponsored s" ian Ind Reservation ff O ent: Pavem the rural ithin w by resident incorporated expanded unit. were small political who a regularly uters m here was w com ous activities population enorm onial of cerem areas etropolitan m were Valley Indians move to pro­ . effort life an relocation n 1951, the tio a allevi­ in rv was to e s re begun poverty developed on gram t c policies reservation ffe e ate federal s u the stro ong isa Am d a were had nation the of attentions the made, was recognized. ef­ ilation assim other the of any nor schools ing in wt A rcn ra realities. expecta­ tribal urban erican Am integrating in with tions challenge special a e s o th f o and y n a trade m of , r e v e centers w o were H . cities n io bian t a ic preColum t is h p o s es, tim preconquest In years. of thousands were back opportunities to ent jobs ploym few em offered greater. here w which cities reservations the from pressures ic its econom At ar II. postw country War the World the as in atters ersed m m im conclusion, other itself ericans to Am found ative directed N to soon related policies workable the officially and was ericans Am oderated m Native was of value policy special when Affairs, 1930s the By Indian successful. entirely was forts differences create for the modern urban Indian Indian urban modern Cultural the . for system each create delivery universal, own are differences its cities molds by ed culture perform services rande G Rio the tribu­ and and exico M in ississippi M and the rivers along tary date which city-states roots the has It century. entieth tw the to ie ht grs almost.” girls, almost were white we like girls, white little like dressed We somewhere. . .th at's what I thought, and it it and thought, I what at's .th . somewhere. makes me feel bad." feel me makes A series of lectures called "M occasins on on occasins "M called lectures of series A not function, by city define nthropologists A more to ent itm m com a although ever, ow H l s, u nt ut. .ete te board­ the .neither . quite. not but ost, Alm The Indian urban experience is not limited limited not is experience urban Indian The — — — ua ooih Kaniatobe Homovich Eula ine ia Robedeau Niyah Winnie by the D enver M useum of Natural H istory and and istory H Natural of useum M enver D the by Ms. Ms. of ent developm staff the in with worked consultants Council outside and Advisory erican Am From H oly C ro ss, A la sk a , a v illa g e of th ree ree th of e g illa v a , a sk la A ss, ro C oly H From , ted o n ts c je ro p th e o b th f o of r d to an a B ichael in M rd o lala g co O cil n the u ortrait." o P of C er b enver em D m a A r, lo ay T Experience: an Native 's useum M Program The anities um issues. H these Colorado with the dealt by funded w ays to in still p rid e. . . .w e also n eed ed to to ed eed n nderstanding." u also and e .w respect . . mutual find e. create to rid p needed e still in "W to ays responding. w are challenge er, par­ iv the R ittees m com project kon describe u Y thabascan the succinctly A an on which of s n ticipant words rso e p the fifty come red d n u h a by useums m broadcast to television and circulated state, being the the still is around d n o that ey b exhibit ic d pleasure ten ex great with ld u o was sh It t c walls. je ro p useum m ­ is th them of Indians by er­ m audi­ A discussed es." enver porary D selv affairs ry contem iso v general hear d Indian A to ican ever, 's invited e time rib were T first ences e th the r as o w "F ho w e rib T - x u EH Indi­ N Sio Urban ry ta e h en "T lem p m exhibit, co e th photographic and funded ram g ro p is th make ourselves know n to non-N atives. . .to .to . atives. non-N to n know ourselves anities make hum states and peoples Native which to areness. aw cultural heighten to anities hum the Taylor. to said ," project the ated ticip anted an w with e "W synthesize ents. and requirem adapt ways urban exploring traditional by how e them the varied station Denver photograph­ in traveling The replicated ns. be tow and grow Colorado five program the saw they grow and expand, and it grew even larger than than larger even grew it and expand, and showing grow which by orks and netw of Indians urban system ong am and ties develop social the The Council was determ ined that the effect effect the that ined determ was Council The Program s grow around the country, using using country, the around grow s Program osa i a Edwmet tf e ber. mem staff ent m Endow an is Worssam htgah Nvd Sae Museum State Nevada photograph: — Nancy Worssam Nancy —

photograph: Yakima Indian Nation ) DUSTJACKETS Research Tools and Reference Works—Part II

Although Denis Diderot was not the first to use both more difficult and more significant. education, marital status, children) but also the word, his famous Encyclopedie is generally Nevertheless, whether written by one or by traces the development of the subject's career, credited with establishing “encyclopedia'' as many, an encyclopedia has always reflected a its significance to the time, and the interplay the common, generic term for a comprehensive common series of often complicated decisions. between the public figure and the demands of a compendium of scholarly essays organized for The encyclopedist initially faces the prob­ personal life. general reference. lem of defining the scope of his work from what To establish this information required, in To the Greeks, however, enkyklopaideia usually seems a vast and disparate body of pos­ most instances, original research, and meant a circle or an inclusive system of learn­ sible material. Criteria for what will be then in­ bibliographic citations concerning available pri­ ing. The final victory of this word over the more cluded must be created, and within this corpus mary sources accompany each entry. An ency­ widely used and traditionally appropriate "dic­ relative emphases determined. Crucial in these clopedic reference work like Notable American tionary" testifies, perhaps, to the strength of considerations is the nature of the audience, in Women can thus present for the first time new the encyclopedia's inherent aspiration: to pro­ itself no simple matter. materials for scholarship as well as synthesize vide its readers by the very scope and breadth The basic arrangement of the encyclope­ and order what is already "known.” The of its contents an "all-around" education. dia's contents must be decided. Controversy concentration of a given corpus of material can Whether called dictionaries or encyclopedi­ among scholars about the r e l a t e advantages in its totality also suggest issues, themes, and as such works have been a part of the world's and disadvantages of ordering encyclopedic connections otherwise difficult if not impossi­ civilizations for some two thousand years. The materials by some system of intellectual ble, to perceive. The volume serves to help de­ earliest known "encyclopedic" work is thought classification or by an alphabetical sequence of fine an emerging, largely interdisciplinary field. to have been compiled by Speusippos circa 370 either broad or specific subjects has never died. Finally, the stylistic panache of the B.C. The first Roman encyclopedia, Cato's To what degree must each of the entries be ani­ entries— which at their best attain in twentieth- Praecepta ad filium, apparently appeared in 183 mated by a consistent set of substantive and century terms something of the quality of B.C. The first Chinese encyclopedia, the Huang stylistic standards? Aubrey's Brief Lives— makes the findings acces­ Ian, was being read circa A.D. 220. The first re­ Moreover, who will be both appropriate sible to a wide reading public. corded Arabic encyclopedia, Ibn Qutaiba's and willing to do the research and write these Indeed, Notable American Women typifies Kitab ‘Uyiin al-Akhbdr, was completed circa entries? One cannot always be as fortunate as what Stephen Jay Gould once remarked could A.D. 880. Diderot who was able to recruit as contributors be a supreme virtue of a major reference work, Although these encyclopedias—and most the likes of Rousseau, Voltaire, Condorcet, "its extraordinary capacity for pro­ of those created up to the eighteenth cen­ Turgot, Montesquieu, and Marmontel. And viding. . .instruction by the most pleasant of tury— might bear little resemblance to contem­ after writers are assembled, they must be edited intellectual routes— browsing." Yet, as he con­ porary models, in the aggregate they demon­ and, what is sometimes more difficult, managed. cludes, the experience of such "browsing" can strate a continuous pattern of development and One reason why large-scale reference works in be deceptive. "Each article virtually demands a curious power to command the imagination themselves become the subject of books is that the reading of another dozen or more . . . and attention both of the scholars who usually their history so often involves an absorbing tan­ [until] extrication becomes impossible except by wrote them and the readers for whom they gle of idealism, practical expediency, intellect, an anti-intellectual act of will." were designed. and human psychology. Over one hundred twenty American and Part of the fascination exerted by encyclo­ Not surprisingly, the complex "logistics" of European scholars contributed to the one- pedias may reside in the immense challenges finishing any encyclopedia have constantly volume Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic they pose to those daring to do one and what prompted metaphors of the epic journey or Groups (Harvard University Press, 1980) which their completion signifies. Until two hundred voyage. “Terre, terre," Diderot wrote to a confi­ contains definitions and descriptions of the years ago one person made a dictionary or ency­ dant on completing the Encyclopedie in 1765. more than one hundred ethnic groups in the clopedia. Since then they have been necessarily After fifteen years at sea, the sailor had reached United States as well as twenty-nine thematic collaborative efforts, and this has made them the shore. articles on such topics as assimilation, settle­ Difficulties notwithstanding, the comple­ ment patterns, immigration, and religion. As tion of a number of encyclopedias within the w ith Notable American Women, this work past few years reveals that the encyclopedic tra­ achieves an intellectual resonance greater than dition is not moribund or confined to the the sum of its specific entries. Readers can Britannica model. Past issues of Humanities, for begin to distinguish between what is common instance, have acknowledged the appearance of to the history of ethnic groups in the United no less than four major NEH-funded encyclo­ States and what may be idiosyncratic. Moreo­ pedic reference works: Notable American Women, ver, the information and interpretive conclu­ The Modern Period and the Harvard Encyclopedia sions found in the Harvard Encyclopedia may ul­ of Ethnic Groups (December 1980); the Encyclope­ timately render a service in helping American dia of Bioethics (February 1980); and individual society understand the extent and nature of its volumes of the Encyclopedia of Islam (June 1980). ethnic pluralism. Notable American Women is that species of With the publication of a reference work encyclopedia known as a biographical diction­ like the Encyclopedia of Bioethics in 1979, (The ary. Compiled at Radcliffe and published by Free Press), one can see how an encyclopedia Harvard's Belknap Press in 1980, this volume may provide a relevant and necessary historical contains essays on the lives of 442 American context for a field generally considered a women who in various ways have contributed uniquely contemporary phenomenon. The con­ importantly to American life and culture. Each troversy surrounding many of the issues in the Helen Keller is one of the 442 women included in the entry not only presents basic biographical data field of bioethics dictated that great care be ex­ biographical dictionary, Notable American Women. (dates, materials relating to parents, ancestry, ercised to ensure a comprehensive approach 18 free of the bias of any single point of view. In so doing, encyclopedias like this can attain a value beyond the potential confines of their own epoch. Future scholars and civilizations will study them as historical documents, illuminat­ ing what a society "thought” at a given time about a particular subject. A sampling of some encyclopedias current­ ly in preparation reveals a wide variety of sub­ ject and possible uses. As fascicles and then en­ tire volumes of the Encyclopedia of Islam (E.J. Brill) appear, the contribution that a major in­ ternational reference work may make toward a better understanding of the assumptions and achievements of a world culture is ever more clearly perceived. Conversely, the completion of the Coptic Encyclopedia by a team of scholars directed from the Middle East Center at the University of Utah should illuminate for the first time on a broad scale the influence that a single Christian sect has had on world history. The opportunity offered by the encyclope­ dia to convey comprehensively the potential richness of a (comparatively) limited subject is illustrated by the volumes that have already ap­ peared of a Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Ac­ (clockwise) The Encyclo­ pedia o f B ioethics; detail tresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers, and Other from a 1721 woodcut and Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800 (Southern an engraving showing Illinois University Press). Much of the material David Garrick as Jaffeir comprising the entries on 8,500 individuals will and Susanna Maria be new to scholars and the general reader and is Cibber as Belvidera, both the result of exhaustive research in manuscripts from A Biographical Dic­ and collections of over sixty librarians in the tionary of Actors, Ac­ United States and abroad. Together with its tresses, Musicians, Dan­ 1,500 portraits, these biographical entries cu­ cers, Managers, and Other mulatively convey the world of the London Stage Personnel in stage from the Restoration to the Regency in London, 1660-1880; Ara­ dazzling particularity. bic script from The Ency­ clopedia o f Islam ; Native The compilation of an Encyclopedia of the Hawaiians, one of the American Constitution (Macmillan and Company) groups included in The also envisions the benefit of a sharply focused Harvard Encyclopedia of subject, in this case ostensibly one historical American Ethnic Groups. document. But the contents of this single volume, projected for a million words, will en­ compass 2,000 articles in alphabetical sequence ranging from short definitions of important concepts and terms to biographical sketches and essays on 500 key cases and 250 public acts of constitutional importance. A seminarrative chronology will also be included to redress any distortion imposed on the intellectual relation­ ships among the entries by their alphabetical arrangement. This encyclopedia will thus estab­ lish for its reader in a vivid and highly concen­ trated fashion the context and consequences of the Constitution in the history of American life. However much they differ in content or in­ tended audience, all these encyclopedias repre­ sent the effort of scholars to express the results of their research in a more comprehensive, im­ plicitly interpretive form, to transmute facts and ideas into general knowledge. The English poet and critic, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in dis­ cussing his plan for an encyclopedia, took as its raison d’etre that all things, in us, and about us, are a chaos . . . and so long as the mind is entirely passive, so long as there is an habitual submission of the understanding to mere events and images, as such, without any attempt to classify and arrange them, so long the chaos must contin­ ue. . . . To Coleridge, an encyclopedia if done properly would supply "m ethod," a logic that would res­ cue men and women from the chaos. Seen in this dimension, the making of an encyclopedia becomes a profoundly social act, important for cultural survival. — George Farr

Mr. Farr, a member of the Endowment's staff, di­ rects the Research Materials program. Deadline in For projects Please note: Area code for all telephone numbers is 202. boldface beginning after

DIVISION OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS

— Myron Marty, Acting Director 724-0351 Grant Elementary and Secondary Education— Francis Roberts 724-0373 Higher Education/Regional-National — Blanche Premo 724-0311 July 1, 1981 January 1, 1982

Application DIVISION OF PUBLIC PROGRAMS — Stephen Rabin, Acting Director 724-0231

Deadlines Humanities projects in: Libraries— Thomas Phelps 724-0760 July 15, 1981 January 1, 1982 Through Media— Mara Mayor 724-0318 July 10, 1981 January 1, 1982 September Museums and Historical Organizations— Cheryl McClenney 724-0327 July 15, 1981 January 1, 1982 DIVISION OF STATE PROGRAMS — Donald Gibson, Acting Director 724-0286

Each state group establishes its own grant guidelines and applicati ion deadlines; therefore, in terested applicants should contact the office in their state. A list of these state progra ms may be obtained from tlhe D ivisio n of State Program s.

DIVISION OF FELLOWSHIPS AND SEMINARS —James Blessing, Director 724-0238

FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMS— Maben Herring, 724-0333

SEMINAR PROGRAMS Summer Seminars for College Teachers— Dorothy Wartenberg 724-0376

Directors July 1, 1981 Summer 1982

DIVISION OF RESEARCH PROGRAMS — Harold Cannon, Director 724-0226

General Research Program—John Williams 724-0276

State, Local, and Regional Studies September 1, 1981 April 1, 1982 Research Conferences— David Wise 724-0276 Septem ber 15, 1981 April 1, 1982

Research Materials Programs— George Farr 724-1672

Translations— Susan Mango 724-1672 July 1, 1981 April 1, 1982

Research Resources— Margaret Child 724-0341

DIVISION OF SPECIAL PROGRAMS — Carole Huxley, Director 724-0261

Challenge Grants— Steve Coodell 724-0267

Program Development— Lynn Smith 724-0398 July 15, 1981 December 1, 1981

Science, Technology and Human Values— Eric leungst 724-0354

Final Application August 1, 1981 December 1, 1981

Youth Programs— Marion C. Blakey 724-0396

OFFICE OF PLANNING AND POLICY ASSESSMENT —Armen Tashdinian, Director 724-0344

Planning and Assessment Studies— Stanley Turesky 724-0369 August 1, 1981 December 1, 1981

20 RECENT NEH GRANT AWARDS

Some of the items in this list are offers, not final awards. OR; $4,000 FM. To prepare an annotated scribe and analyze ritual practices of the ics in the Church of San Marco in Venice, translation of the Nart Sagas of peoples of Quiche Maya Indians of Momostenago, with detailed pictorial art of East and Archaeology & the Northwest Caucasus Mountains, im­ Guatemala, as observed through extensive West, and of their current condition and portant to folklore, mythology, compara­ field work. RP restoration. RP Anthropology tive religion, and history. U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; James John Edwards Memorial Foundation, Los Institute of Andean Research, NYC; John L. Peacock: $93,000. To produce sound re­ Angeles, CA; Richard K. Spottswood: Adelphi U., Garden City, NY; Lenora Hyslop: $10,000. To do the analysis and cordings, photographs, and interpretive $69,560. To continue the preparation of a Greenbaum: $48,742. To increase empha­ prepublication research for an NEH- writing about the rituals and observances discography of sound recordings made in sis on humanities education in the School funded archaeological project concerning of two sectarian groups in the United the United States and its possessions from of Social Work by adding folklore and lan­ the Inca road system. RO States and their perceptions of their world 1894 to 1942. RC guage components, that emphasize ethnic Museum of Afro-American History, Rox- and identity. RO Lisa M. Koenigsberg, New Haven, CT; and racial minorities, and by conducting a bury, MA; Beth A. Bower: $42,000. To an­ U. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Ellen L. $2,500. To conduct research into Victorian workshop to prepare faculty to teach the alyze before publication the materials Kohler: $80,000. To study, analyze, and women as seen in decorative arts, painting courses. EP found in the excavation of the African write the final reports on excavations and prints for an exhibit, lectures, tours American Schools of Oriental Research, Meeting House, which had been con­ carried out from 1950 to 1973 at Gordion in and a brochure. AY Cambridge, MA; Walter E. Rast: $48,000 structed by the black community in Boston Turkey. RO Mira N. Liehm, Philadelphia, PA; $10,000. FM. To complete excavation and survey of in 1806. RS Virginia Historic Landmarks Commis­ To write a comprehensive critical history the Early Bronze Age civilization in the North Shore Society of the AIA, NYC; sion, Richmond; John D. Broadwater: of the Italian cinema after 1943. RO Dead Sea area of Jordan. RO Leonard Gorelick: $3,000. To hold a con­ $85,000. To excavate a ship sunk during Louisiana State U., Baton Rouge; Billy J. Andrews U., Berrien Springs, MI; Law­ ference— proceedings to be pub­ the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. RO Harbin: $10,000. To hold a conference on rence T. Geraty: $9,036 OR; $2,000 FM. To lished— with scholarly and popular ap­ Susan L. Vorchheimer, Philadelphia, PA; the English Stage Company at the Royal hold an international conference of editors peal, on lapidary techniques and their $2,486. To document Mormon folk narra­ Court Theatre in England which has spe­ and scholars to create a series of final re­ cultural significance from the paleolithic tives of the Idaho Falls area. AY cial importance for the study of regional ports on their NEH-supported excavations period to the present. RD Washington State U., Pullman; Dale R. theaters in the United States. RD in Jordan. RD Ohio State U. Research Foundation, Croes: $75,000. To do field investigations Rene T. Lysloff, Honolulu, HI; $6,500. To CUNY Brooklyn College; Arthur H. Bank- Columbus; Gijsbertus K. Beynen: $23,000. of a Makah Indian rock shelter and of a work on a new system of musical instru­ off: $38,000 FM. To analyze pottery found To translate Vladimir Propp's The Histori­ fishing camp in northwestern Washing­ ment classification based on construction in the late Bronze Age levels of the Lower cal Roots of the Magic Tale, important to the ton. RO and sound production. AY Morava excavations undertaken with sup­ study of folklore and literary criticism. RL Massachusetts C.O.P.A.R., Cambridge; port from NEH. RO John A. Pertalion, Greenville, NC; $1,048. Nancy C. Schrock: $17,185. To create a Calvert Marine Museum, Solomons, MD; To produce tapes and film records of the Arts— History & guide to the location and content of archi­ Mary Jane Soule: $50,000 OR; $25,000 FM. dialects and customs of the people of the tectural records collections in the Boston To research and prepare tape recordings, Outer Banks, and to research their ori­ Criticism area. RC photos, and written documents for an ex­ gins. AY MIT Press, Cambridge, MA; Roger L. hibition about people and culture along Rebecca O. Reiss, Brooklyn, NY; $2,500. The Arts Connection, Inc., NYC; Elizabeth Conover: $7,500. To publish an interdisci­ the Patuxent River, tributary of the Chesa­ To produce a slide show and taped narra­ B. Zimmer: $50,000 OR; $100,000 FM. To plinary study of medieval architecture peake, which has provided black and tive on the integration of traditional heal­ conduct an elementary-school program of which applies the methodology of modern white Americans in southern Maryland ers in Zimbabwe's new health care sys­ humanities education in dance. ES engineering to long-standing, often fun­ with a way of life for more than 300 tem. AY Barbara A. Biszick, Poughkeepsie, NY; damental questions about Gothic construc­ years. AD Rutgers State U., New Brunswick, NJ; M. $2,146. To explore the significance of tion. RP Caroline County Public Library, Denton, Michael Moffatt: $6,000 FM. To prepare an music in the early Poughkeepsie settle­ Reginald E. M etcalf, Washington, DC; MD; Mary A. Fleetwood: $15,000. To plan annotated translation of A Subcaste of India ment. AY $1,970. To produce an annotated list of re­ for the elderly booklets, slideshows, and by Louis Dumont, important to intercul­ Bonita P. Brereton, Ann Arbor, MI; sources on the African presence in Shake­ programs on the folklife and social history tural studies and anthropology. RL $3,480. To translate the Royal Version of the spearean theatre tradition. AY of Caroline County's small towns. PL Spence School, NYC; Jacqueline Perchick: Hero Phra Malai, a Thai religious text of the Joseph A. Moon, Greensburg, KY; $2,185. Paul A. Clement, Greece: $45,000 FM. To $9,525. To compile a sourcebook for sec­ early 18th century, frequently represented To produce a slide-and-tape show about complete publication of studies made of ondary school teachers and the expansion in temple murals and sculpture, important architecturally and historically significant the Isthmus of Corinth, its Byzantine Wall, of an existing course in the “ new archae­ to the study of Asian religions, anthropol­ sites in Green County. AY Roman Bath, and other features explored ology," focusing on everyday life of the ogy, art history and oral traditions. RL Museum of Modern Art, N YC; Clive J. with NEH support. RO ordinary person. ES Jacqueline Y. Cantey, Brooklyn, NY; Phillpot: $13,358. To continue processing a Columbia U. Press, NYC; John D. Moore: St. Mary's City Commission, MD; Henry $9,777. To produce an annotated bibliog­ variety of published materials about art in $2,500. To publish an ethnography of M. Miller: $74,000 OR; $50,000 FM. To raphy on the contributions black Ameri­ Latin America from 1880 to the pres­ Samoa, which focuses on the mysterious support research and excavation at St. cans have made to the American the­ ent. RC murder of a village chief and solves many Mary's City, Maryland's first capital, in ater. AY Music Performance Trust Funds, NYC; of the mysteries which have plagued other order to discover and interpret the land Columbia U., NYC; Philip D. Schuyler: Lewis R. Skeen: $52,882. To develop music researchers regarding Samoan culture, be­ use system. RO $9,744. To hold a symposium on Muslim education materials that will stimulate a liefs, and attitudes. RP S U N Y , Albany; Michael R. Werner: music— its performers, history, and other greater appreciation of music in students, Thomas E. Ford, Watervliet, NY: $1,088. $21,000 FM. To do an archaeological sur­ aspects — bringing together 50 scholars K-12. ES To tape a record of folk narratives, prov­ vey and excavate the military and civilian from many disciplines. RD Mark J. Nearman, Seattle, WA; $28,000. erbs, sayings, rhymes, poetry, and folk settlement at Mt. Kosmaj, Yugoslavia, Dance Notation Bureau, NYC; Richard A. To translate and provide a critical text for speech and to photograph the people and near the frontier of the Roman empire in Ploch: $1,000. To enable a consultant to Komparu Zenchiku's 15th-century Japa­ places of the Adirondacks. AY collaboration with institutions in Bel­ advise on organizing, cataloging and nese treatises on theater as creative art, George A. Franklin, Epworth, IA: $1,877. grade. RO preserving a unique collection of choreo­ important for the study of Eastern philos­ To collect taped samples of Jumbie stories Clara Stocker, Portola Valley, CA: $2,426. graphic scores. RC ophy, art, and culture. RL told in the Virgin Islands and to research To prepare a paper about sibling care- Dance Notation Bureau, NYC; Muriel New York U., NYC; Kathleen Weil-Garris: the meaning and function of these taking and family structures in a pre­ Topaz: $4,500. To publish the second $80,000 OR: $19,920 FM. To research for a stories. AY industrial society. AY volume in an edition of the works of Doris book the history of 16th-century Italian Marsha L. Genensky, Beverly Hills, CA: Cassandra Torrico, Brooklyn, NY: $2,500. Humphrey, a founder of modern dance in sculpture. RO $2,475. To investigate women's reactions To study the socio-economics of the van­ America, for choreographers, dance schol­ New York U., NYC; Stanley H. Boorman: to social changes as related to the Anglo- ishing weaving tradition in an Andean ars, and students. RP $9,970. To hold a conference to investigate American folksong tradition. AY community of Bolivia. AY Denver Public Library, CO; Bonnie S. musical performances before 1600 and to Harvard U. Press, Cambridge, MA; Arthur U. of California, Berkeley; Stephen G. Hardwick: $70,885. To process the Fisher identify the relationship of various kinds J. Rosenthal: $10,000. To publish a narra­ Miller: $107,600 FM. To continue excava­ Architectural Records Collection, to pro­ of evidence of performances between 1377 tive report-on the 18-year archaeological tion of Nemea, where one of the Panhel- duce a published, illustrated inventory of and 1430. RD exploration of the ancient Lydian capital lenic festivals was held. RO the collection and to improve storage con­ Dru C. Nichols, Beloit, KS; $1,940. To re­ Sardis which covers the Prehistoric, Lydi­ U. of Cincinnati, OH; John L. Caskey: ditions of collected drawings. RC search the use of post-rock limestone by an, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Late $125,000. To analyze information gathered Virginia A. Dickas, Superior, WI; $1,926. settlers of the region. AY Antique periods and includes material on during excavation on the island of KeosI To produce a slide show and narrative on M ich e lle G . P a y m a r, Berkeley, CA; the Sardis synagogue and Jewish com­ Kea. RO George Catlin, important portrayer of Na­ $14,985. To produce a documentary film munity. RP U. of Colorado, Boulder; Robert L. Hohl- tive Americans. AY about singer-songwriter Sippie Wallace as Indiana U., Bloomington; Richard M. felder: $14,000 FM. To survey and map the Rob M. Dishon, Shawnee, OH; $1,325. To representative of the classic blues era of Dorson: $19,793. To implement a compu­ remains of Roman ports at Caesarea produce a history of Shawnee, a once music. AY ter indexing and retrieval system for the Maritima in Israel. RO thriving mining town, through a study of Pennsylvania State U. Press, University Folklore Institute Archives. RC U. of Minnesota, St. Paul; W illiam D. its buildings. AY Pk; John M. Pickering: $5,000. To publish Inst, for the Study of Human Issues, Coulson: $22,000 FM. To do the second Peter C. Frank, Middletown, CT; $2,484. annotated transcriptions of Anglo-Celtic- Philadelphia, PA; Deirdre A. La Pin: year of excavation and surveying of an­ To catalog and restore WWI posters in the American instrumental folk music collect­ $20,000. To prepare a bilingual anthology cient Naukratis in Egypt. RO collection of Davison Art Center and to ed in southwestern Pennsylvania and of 60 narratives of the Yoruba people of U. of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque; create an exhibit focusing on their portray­ northern West Virginia with discussions of southwestern Nigeria, important to the Elizabeth C. Hadas: $1,084. To publish a al of women. AY their cultural context and playing tech­ study of folklore. RL study which employs the disciplines of an­ Harvard U., Cambridge, MA; Glenn A. niques. RP Inst, for the Study of Human Issues, Phil­ thropology, epistemology, and the psy­ Ruby: $9,000 OR; $1,500 FM. To publish a Philadelphia Museum of Art, PA; Merle J. adelphia, PA; John J. Colarusso: $36,000 chology and philosophy of religion to de­ study of the 11th- and 12th-century mosa­ Chamberlain: $16,210. To inventory the ar­ 21 chives of the Museum which document $15,000. To research the history of labor in Frances Rilloraza: $13,403. To redesign the this prominent cultural institution's 100- Russia between 1912 and the First World social studies curriculum in a school sys­ year history. RC War. RO tem to reflect the concepts of global educa­ Princeton U., NJ; Mary M. Schmidt: Classics Ctr. de Estudios dela Realidad Puertor- tion. ES $1,000. To enable a consultant to help with riq u e n a , Rio Piedras, PR; Lydia M. Keith W. Taylor, McBain, MI: $14,000. To a computerized index to 48 art journals of Gonzalez: $18,887. To plan a program do an annotated translation of the 14th- the 19th century. RC Jon G. Corelis, Palo Alto, CA: $12,200. To which will involve the research and dis­ century work Spiritual Powers of the Viet Research Foundation of SUNY, Albany; translate an anthology of first-century semination of information on the history R ealm , the oldest surviving Vietnamese Patricia K. Ross: $26,881. To bring togeth­ Roman elegiac poems and prepare a com­ of the working class of Puerto Rico. AP historical source. RL er historians, critics, and performers for prehensive introduction, notes and a glos­ Brigette A. Dennis; Portland, OR: $4,677. Texas Woman's U., Denton; Elizabeth M. panel discussions and other activities ex­ sary, important for the study of Western To produce six radio programs about the Snapp: $6,100. EC ploring the history of the dance. AD literature and social history. RL history and culture of Afghanistan. AY United Brotherhood of Carpenters, W ash­ Randi L. Silnutzer, Cherry Hill, NJ; Harvard College, Cambridge, MA; John Renee F. Friedman, Kensington, CA: ington, DC; John S. Rogers: $202,800. To $3,670. To produce radio programs and ar­ M. Duffy: $8,352 FM. To develop a catalog $2,633. To prepare slides and a sourcebook produce a traveling exhibition, readers ticles about the meaning of music in the for scholars involved in the use of Greek of the important un-exhibited Lowie Mu­ theater program, and radio series on the lives of county citizens. AY manuscripts. RT seum pre-dynastic Egyptian collection. AY history of the crafts represented in the Southern Illinois U., Carbondale; Kenney Louisiana State U., Baton Rouge, Kenneth Patricia K. Grimsted, Cambridge, MA: Carpenters Union. AP Withers: $2,409. To publish an annotated F. Kitchell: $56,509. To translate and an­ $150,000 OR; $74,499 FM. To complete the U. of Alabama; Malcolm M. MacDonald: edition of the theatrical papers of Vice notate De Animalibus by the 13th-century Ukraine and Moldavia volume in the NEH- $2,455. To publish a translation of the Chamberlain Thomas Coke, which docu­ scholastic Albertus Magnus, important to supported Repositories in the USSR series. Memoirs of Louise Michel, a valuable work ment the history of London theater and the study of classics and the history of RC for social history and women's studies. opera, 1706-1715. RP science. RL Harvard U., Cam bridge, MA; John H. Michel (1830-1905) participated' in the so­ Southern Illinois U., Carbondale; Kenney U. of Chicago, IL; Hans D. Betz: $65,000 Parry: $25,000 OR; $2,500 FM. To collect, cial struggles in France during the Second Withers: $13,132. To publish volumes 7 OR; $2,500 FM. To translate Greek Magical translate, edit, and annotate material for a Empire and early Third Republic and was and 8 (from "H abgood" to "K eyse") in a Papyri, treating the relation between early documentary history of the European dis­ imprisoned for her involvement in the biographical dictionary of actors, ac­ Christian literature and Graeco-Egyptian covery and settlement of Latin America, Paris Commune. RP tresses, musicians, theater managers, and magic, important for the study of ancient important for Hispanic American stud­ U. of California, Los Angeles; Michael F. others who contributed to the thea­ religions and the histories of medicine and ies. RL Lofchie: $56,639. To promote African cul­ ters,opera houses, and concert halls of classical literature. RL Johns Hopkins U. Press, Baltimore, MD; tural history and social studies in elemen­ London from 1660.-1800. RP U. of Wisconsin Press, Madison; Thomp­ Henry Y. Tom: $5,638. To publish an intel­ tary schools, and bring examples of these John E. Steere, Brookline, MA; $2,496. To son Webb: $2,000. To publish a study ex­ lectual history of the Caribbean, identi­ cultures into libraries and media cen­ analyze the serpent motif in art and amining the laws that Athenians framed in fying sources of political and cultural ters. ES mythology and trace its evolution as a the period between the Persian Wars and trends from 16th-century Spanish settle­ U. of Chicago, IL; Douglas C. Mitchell: symbol. AY the death of Philip of Macedon to ensure ment to Dutch, French, and English arriv­ $2,500. To publish a work which compre­ Stockbridge Library Association, MA; the accountability of men in public life. It als in the 17th and 18th centuries to 19th- hensively and systematically examines the Pauline D. Pierce: $36,494. To process and also discusses implementation of these century nationalism promoted by various elements of the Russian slave sys­ prepare an inventory to the arts-related laws and cases of impeachment. RP interaction of native and other influ­ tem from 1450 to 1723, comparing them collections of the Library and to survey Vanderbilt U., Nashville, TN; Daniel M. ences. RP with other slave systems and delineating and prepare a guide to archival resources Patte: $9,997. To hold a conference of spe­ Kent Library Association, CT; Marsden the difference between slavery and serf­ on the arts throughout Berkshire Coun­ cialists in classical philology and semiotics Epworth: $17,533. To develop a reading, dom in early modern Russia. RP ty. RC for a dialogue on modern semiotic the­ discussion and film program to examine U. of Pittsburgh, PA; Frederick A. Hetzel: U. of Arizona, Tucson; Sara W. Gresham: ory. RD the major issues of each of the past five $13,400 FM. To translate Antonello Gerbi's $1,500. To enable a consultant to help or­ decades. PL Idea of Nature in the New Indies, important ganize the University's historical architec­ Knox College, Galesburg, IL; Rodney O. to intercultural and Hispanic studies. RL tural records collection into the Arizona History— Davis: $6,100. EC WGBH Eductional Foundation, Boston, Architectural Archive. RC Louisiana State U., Eunice; Mary A. MA; Richard Ellison: $361,500 OR; U. of Chicago, IL; Wendy J. Strothman: Non-U.S. Duplechin: $6,100. EC $138,500 FM. To produce a series of 13 $16,571. To publish a two-volume scholar­ Middle East Studies Association, NYC; documentary films for public television on ly edition of a Florentine chansonnier, or George N. Atiyeh: $100,000 OR; $136,990 the history of Indochina with emphasis on songbook, from the time of Lorenzo the William H.Gilcher, Ithaca, NY: $4,000. To FM. To edit the Near East National Union the period 1940-1975. PN Magnificent. The work will be part of the produce a documentary film, "Farre- Catalog and perfect a computer program Washington U., Saint Louis, MO; Peter P. Monuments of Renaissance Music series. RP bique — 35 Years Later," about the changes for its production. RC Gaspar: $7,000. To organize the die U. of M issouri, Columbia; Gordon O. in farming methods, family and social New York U., NYC; Robert D. Mc- collection— an important numismatic and Hendrickson: $1,000. To enable a con­ structure and quality of life which have Chesney: $25,621. To translate a Persian historical resource — of the Royal Mint, sultant to advise on the cataloging and occurred over the past 35 years on a small history of Afghanistan from the mid­ London, for a modern, illustrated, analyt­ preservation of the Architectural Records farm in south central France. PN eighteenth century to 1900, important for ical catalog. RC Collection. RC American Historical Association, Wash­ intercultural studies. RL U. of Nebraska Press, Lincoln; Willis G. ington, DC; Konrad H. Jarausch: $10,000 Northwestern U., Evanston, IL; Patrick M. Regier: $3,000. To publish an English OR: $5,000 FM. To hold a conference and Quinn: $51,786. To process the Africana translation of Daniel Gottlob Turk's publish proceedings on approaches, is­ archival holdings of the Melville J. Hers- History— U.S. Klavierschule, a comprehensive, 18th- sues, problems and benefits of quantita­ kovits Library at Northwestern Univer­ century manual about keyboard playing tive history from international and com­ sity. RC that exerted a large influence on keyboard parative perspectives. RD Princeton U. Press, NJ; Sanford G. Carolyn E. Balster, Cedar Rapids, IA; performance and composition in the time Biscayne College, Miami, FL; Francis J. Thatcher: $2,000. To publish the third of a $2,245. To research and develop resource of Haydn and Mozart and the formative Sicius: $32,609. To create three courses planned four-volume study of the 19th- materials on the Sand Creek Massacre of years of Beethoven. RP around which a bilingual, bicultural hu­ century Russian intelligentsia who advo­ 1864, and the role of William Bent in the U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Daniel manities program will be developed. EP cated Slavic culture over that of Western event. AY W. Patterson: $64,955. To develop an in­ Brown U ., P rovid ence, RI; Thom as R. Europe. Volume 3 presents an intellectual Baltimore Theatre Project, Inc., MD; Phil­ novative automated data-retrieval system Adams: $39,803. To index, edit and proof­ portrait of Konstantin Aksakov, one of the ip F. Arnoult: $75,000 OR; $40,000 FM. To for the UNC Folk Music Archive collection read the 1601-1650 volume of A Chronolog­ leading spokespersons of Slavophil­ conduct community forums as part of the of 2400 long-playing discs. RC ical Guide to Writing on the Americas Pub­ ism. RP urban social history theater. AP U. of Southern California, Los Angeles; lished in Europe, and compile the 1701-1725 Princeton U. Press, NJ; Sanford G. Boston Arts Group, Inc., West Newton, Crombie Taylor: $4,286 FM. To purchase installment. RC Thatcher: $3,000. To publish the third and MA; John B. McCarthy: $17,100. To con­ special audio-visual equipment for use CUN Y: Bela K. Kiraly: $153,000. To re­ final volume of a guide to the historical ge­ duct a "Lincoln Day" series of seminars with the NEH-supported multi-media search for a multi-volume publication the ography of colonial Mexico. The result of a and to display Civil War photos, engrav­ project ''Foundations: Steel and political, social, and economic changes in 20-year search in American and European ings and other objects for the study of hu­ G lass." EH military doctrines and practices and the ef­ manuscript collections, the work provides manities issues. ES U. of Tennessee Press, Knoxville; Carol fect of neighboring great powers on East basic historical and bibliographic data on Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA; An­ Orr: $5,000 OR; $2,500 FM. To publish an Central Europe, 1856-1920. RO all aspects and sections of Mexico under drew Buni: $58,842. To conduct an insti­ illustrated, critical history of Tennessee ar­ Cajon Valley Union School District, El the viceroys. RP tute in Boston history for public school chitecture, 1768-1897, interpreting the cul­ Cajon, CA; Candice Marr: $20,606. To cre­ Princeton U. Press, NJ; Sanford Thatcher: teachers. ES tural significance of individual buildings ate a training model for elementary school $3,500. To publish a study tracing the California School for the Deaf, Fremont; and architectural styles. RP teachers in the methods of the historian, growth of a reformist movement among Ralph F. Neesam: $8,438. To continue U. of Washington, Seattle; Naomi B. and construct resource materials for the Muslim religious scholars, a response to processing the California School for the Pascal: $10,000. To publish a systematic classroom. ES the collapse of Muslim political power in Deaf's extensive manuscript and photo exploration of Chinese painting that intro­ Lee V. Cassanelli, Philadelphia, PA; India under British domination. RP collection. RC duces Western readers to both the technic­ $35,700. To compile a one-volume guide to Princeton U. Press, NJ; Sanford Thatcher: Century IV Celebration, Philadelphia, PA; al means used by the Chinese artists and the printed and unpublished sources on $3,000. To publish a scholarly monograph Nancy B. Moses: $17,500. To plan pro­ their traditional stylistic modes. RP Somalia and the Somali-speaking people on the development of the network of po­ grams on how the industrial past is related Washington U., St. Louis, MO; James H. of Africa. RC litical clubs, called Jacobin societies, that to the neighborhoods, people, and work­ Cohan: $9,849. To produce an exhibition The College of Charleston, SC; Michael sprang up at the beginning of the French places of present-day Philadelphia to be ana catalog of Cornell's work and a study M. Finefrock: $10,000 OR; $5,500 FM. To revolution and helped the revolutionary held in conjunction with the city's Century of its relation to symbolist poetry and the hold an international conference to exam­ movement spread to all parts of the IV Celebration. AP romantic genre. AY ine the goals and achievements of Turkey country. RP Central Washington U., Ellensburg; Earl Wayne State U. Press, Detroit, MI; Richard during the reigns of Ataturk, 1881- Research Foundation of CUNY, NYC; T. Glauert: $982. To enable a consultant to R. Kinney: $3,000. To publish a study of 1931. RD David Felix: $146,090. To develop a curric­ evaluate the University's plans to create a the dramatic works of the Austrian Ex­ College of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN; ulum in global history for New York City regional archives for rural central Washing­ pressionist Oscar Kokoschka and the rela­ William M. Delehanty: $6,100. EC high schools. ES ton. RC tionship of his plays to his visual art. RP College of William and Mary, Williams­ Larry J. Simon, Los Angeles, CA: $2,500. Cleveland Public Library, OH; Thomas F. Lucinda A. Whitehill, Cambridge, MA; burg, VA; Richard D. Sigwalt: $19,635. To To produce a narrated slide show about Campbell: $199,421. To present lectures, $2,476. To research into the history of translate two Mashi language histo­ Alfonso X of Castile and Jaume I of Arago- exhibitions, printed and visual materials major landscape gardens of the U.S., and ries— one written and the other tran­ Catalonia, monarchs of medieval to analyze Cleveland's cultural heritage propose a plan for their preservation. AY scribed from the oral tradition— of a re­ Spain. AY from the Civil War to the Great Depres­ Yale U., New Haven, CT; Claude V. Pa- gion in east-central Zaire, Ngweshe. The State of West Virginia, Morgantown; Jack sion. PL lisca: $45,000. To translate a series of 9th- period they cover, the 18th century to the L. Hammersmith: $49,999. To develop a Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; Thom­ to 16th-century texts important to the his­ 1930s, is important to the understanding master's degree program in public his­ as L. McFarland: $6,500. To publish the tory of music and music theory. RL of modern Africa. RL tory. EP fifth of seven proposed volumes of Daniel Columbia U., NYC; Leopold H. Haimson: Stockton Unified School District, CA; Webster's correspondence, 1840-1843. RP 22 Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; Joseph OR; $8,000 FM. To conduct programs in To create a board game simulating the War Charlotte-Mecklenburg Historic Prop. D. Harris: $253,680. To conduct a six-week North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, of Jenkin's Ear, the 1740 siege by Comm., NC; Dan L. Morrill: $8,550. To institute on New England history for ele­ and Wyoming in which humanities schol­ Olglethorpe of the Castillo de San Marcos plan activities to educate residents about mentary and secondary teachers and ars will study important historical charac­ fought by the Spanish and English, for use the history of Charlotte, its heritage, reli­ school administrators, and to plan class­ ters for presentation and discussions in 12 as an educational resource. AY gions, ethnic groups, architecture, neigh­ room follow-up. ES communities. AP Yale U. and New Haven Public Schools, borhoods, values and life. PL Division of the State Historical Society, National Extension Homemakers Council, CT; James R. Vivian: $35,000 FM. To con­ Chicago Historical Society, IL; Archie Iowa City, IA: Mary J. Bennett: $29,201. To In c., Rushville, IN; Eleanor Arnold: tinue institutionalization and greater dis­ Motley: $119,609. To process the contem­ preserve the major collection of historic $14,000. To plan an oral history project in semination of a series of summer institutes porary urban archive and manuscript col­ images of Iowa through photoduplica­ 41 states and two territories, mostly rural, for New Haven English and social studies lections at the Chicago Historical So­ tion. RC to document the changing role of teachers. ES ciety. RC Em ory U ., Atlanta, GA; Linda M. Mat­ homemakers. AP City of Alexandria, VA; Pamela J. Cressey: thews: $36,664. To process the papers of Old Dartmouth Historical Society, New $80,000. To undertake a study of urban well-known Atlanta residents of the late Bedford, MA; Virginia M. Adams: $89,652. change, using methods of historical and 19th and 20th centuries, including Joel To prepare finding aids to maritime and Interdisciplinary archaeological research in the city of Alex­ Chandler Harris, Eleonore Raoul Greene, local history records at New Bedford, andria. RS William B. Hartsfield, Helen Bullard, 1690-1940, and to microfilm more than Colegio Universitario Metropolitano, Rio Richard H. Rich and Josephine Wil­ 1,000 heavily used logbooks. RC Agudath Israel of America, N Y C ; Piedras, PR; Olga T. dejavier: $300,000. To kins. RC Pacifica Tape Library and Program Serv­ Menachem Lubinsky: $34,172. To catalog revise the first- and second-year humani­ Emily E. Gibson, Denver, CO; $1,955. To ice, Los Angeles, CA; Helen T. Kennedy: collections at the Agudath Israel Archives ties courses to reflect an interdisciplinary produce a slide-and-tape show on intern­ $100,000 OR; $22,990 FM. To preserve and concerning Orthodox Jewish America in approach for students enrolled in technical ment of Japanese Americans at Camp catalog 20,000 tapes, many of them unique the 20th century. RC occupations programs. ED Amache during WWII. AY historical recordings, from the five Pacifica Tonnia L. Anderson, Guthrie, OK; $899. College of the Atlantic, Bar Harbor, ME; Great American People Show, Petersburg, Foundation radio stations which began To research the sources of demise of sev­ William M. Carpenter: $47,164. To create IL; John C. Ahert: $24,960. To research broadcasting in 1949. RC eral rural communities. AY team-taught interdisciplinary courses in a and develop theater pieces about Ameri­ James E. Piechocki, Los Angeles, CA; Asia Society, NYC; Betty M. Bullard: new human studies division. EP can history and culture for presentation to $14,240. To produce a film examining a $132,262. To research, test and publish Colorado State U., Fort Collins; Mary F. rural and senior citizens, and others. AP philosophical conflict in a small Oklahoma curriculum guides on contemporary India Crow: $50,000. To combine historical per­ Craig Hershiser, Crete, NE; $2,498. To town over the violation of an ordinance for elementary and secondary school spective with philosophy, literature, art, create videotape and other materials relat­ prohibiting dancing. AY teachers in the U.S. ES and science in an interdisciplinary human­ ed to early Nebraska settlement by people Portland State U., OR; Ralph T. Nelsen: Assoc, of Neighborhood Housing Devel­ ities program. EP from Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Germany $77,296. To conduct an interdisciplinary opers, NYC; William Sarokin: $14,947. To Margaret R. Crabill, Strasburg, VA; and Russia. AY institute on the cultural heritage of produce a film documentary on the history $1,797. To conduct interviews and re­ James D. Hill, Vansant, VA; $2,480. To Oregon and the Northwest. ES of an apartment house in the East Bronx in search into the culture, growth and de­ produce a booklet and exhibition of photos David L. Reynolds, Galesburg, IL; $619. order to explore the forces that shape this cline of a rural town. AY about the young adults of Buchanan To produce a tape-and-slide show about area. AY Timothy M. Craig, Detroit, MI; $2,475. To County, and the historical effects of the the history of railroading in Galesburg. AY Atlanta U., GA; D avid F. Dorsey, Jr.: examine portrayals of Native Americans in coal industry on them. AY Marshall C. Sanford, Dale, SC; $1,457. To $49,262. To create integrated humanities films, with emphasis on films by Native Robert J. Hurry, Clements, MD; $2,308. produce a history of the Coosaw planta­ courses for two-year and four-year college Americans. AY To transcribe, analyze and interpret 18th- tion since 1850. AY teachers. EP Dallas County Community College Dis­ and 19th-century legal and business docu­ Peter H. Schwartz, Berkeley, CA; $1,625. Aurora Public Schools, CO; Barbara Mill­ trict, TX; Ronald S. Hert: $6,100. EC ments of persons engaged in western To write a manuscript on the relationship er: $10,000. To conduct projects in the hu­ Vincent R. DiGirolamo, Berkeley, CA; expansion. AY between liberal social science and right- manities that will involve teachers, stu­ $14,989. To create a videotape about the Johns Hopkins U. Press, Baltimore, MD; wing movements in the U.S. AY dents and parents in the study of their work of Vietnamese refugees and their re­ Henry Y. K. Tom: $3,000. To publish a Ingrid W. Scobie, Del Mar, CA; $35,824. community. ES lations with bay fishermen during the 1981 study of the emergent political system in To research and draft chapters for a book Ball State U., Muncie, IN; Joseph F. Trim­ salmon season. AY New York State in the aftermath of the on politics in California, 1930-1950, with mer: $64,564. To develop fifteen model Diversified Systems Groups, Inc., American revolution, 1760-1790. RP special attention to the political career of curriculum units in American studies. ES Baltimore, MD; Gwendolyn Cooke: Miriam L. King, Lansing, MI; $2,389. To Helen Gahagan Douglas. RS Beaver College, Glenside, PA; Joan W. $32,000. To conduct a series of workshops study life in a public asylum in 1880. AY Southern Maryland Regional Library Allen: $7,571. To plan learning packets in which focus on issues regarding Africa Stephen M. Kohn Providence, RI; $2,500. A ssoc., La Plata; Katharine C. Hurrey: history, philosophy and other disciplines today, and their meaning for America. AP To document the lives of American politi­ $15,000. To plan forums and other pro­ for minority adults in the northern Phila­ Deborah C. Duke, Ann Arbor, MI; $6,584. cal dissidents and prisoners of con­ grams for research into the culture and delphia area. PL To develop a five-week unit for high science. AY heritage of southern Maryland. This is a Louise Berliner, NYC; $2,500. To research schools about women in the U.S. labor Melissa A. Krawizcki, Lancaster, PA; cooperative effort of libraries, museums the life of Texas Guinan, a famous entre­ movement in this century. AY $1,498. To produce a film documentary on and local organizations. PL preneur, to determine the cultural signifi­ E.M. de Hostos Community College of the the culture and history of Lancaster Coun­ State Historical Society of Wisconsin, cance of her 1920s career. AY City, Bronx, NY; Anita C. Cunningham: ty and its contributions to the country. Fif­ Madison; James A. Cavanaugh: $60,000 Kim A. Berry, Bingen, WA; $2,500. To cre­ $6,100. EC teen students will participate in the OR; $12,082 FM. To study the collective ate a film record of the Columbia Gorge Edison Community College, Fort Myers, project. AY bargaining efforts among meat cutters and Indian heritage. AY FL; Anne M. Marcus: $24,228. To institute LaGuardia Community College/CUNY; clerks in southern Wisconsin from the late Lucy J. Bledsoe, Oakland, CA; $2,460. To a new modular approach to teaching in the Richard K. Lieberman: $220,000. To devel­ 1930s for an interpretive essay placing write articles for magazines and junior humanities division. EP op a monograph, an interdisciplinary cur­ these workers and their unions in social high students about women who traveled Enoch Pratt Free Library, Baltimore, MD; riculum for persons out of school, a pam­ context. RO the trail between 1850 and 1855. AY Helen W. Cyr: $642. To enable a consult­ phlet and a series of training seminars Town of Plymouth, MA; M arjorie E. Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA; Jo­ ant to help plan an archive of local and re­ about the community history of Queens Anderson: $50,000 OR; $10,000 FM. To seph F. Flanagan: $125,121. To implement gional television news and documentary County, New York. AP collect, analyze and publish historical data the sophomore and junior stages in a new material at the Enoch Pratt Free Libra­ Steven T. LaPlante, O gdensburg, NY; on the Afro-American experience in tran­ alternative core curriculum in humanities, ry. RC $2,499. To produce a tape-and-slide show sition from slavery to freedom in the focusing on the underlying human values The Exploratorium, San Francisco, CA; about the folklore, history and cultural Plymouth and the greater southeastern that integrate law-economics-political Frank Oppenheimer: $6,460. To plan the roots of Morristown. AY Massachusetts region, emphasizing the theory and literature-music-art. ED use of videotapes, television broadcasting Ann M. Larson, Fort Dodge, IA; $2,498. period 1750-1860. RS Bowling Green State U ., OH; Ann M. and the Museum's collections to interpret To prepare a history and analysis for local U. of Idaho, Moscow; Lois Ackaret: Bowers: $39,381. To survey and develop from the perspective of the humanities the communities about Iowa volunteers who $1,500. To enable a consultant to plan archival control of women's manuscript relationships between science, nature, and fought the first battles against the Ger­ preservation of historic photographic neg­ collections in a 19-county area of north­ the ways we perceive our world. PM mans in North Africa during WWII. AY atives taken by a local studio from 1894 to west Ohio. RC F.U.T.L. Productions, Studio City, CA; J. Robin M. Lenz, Berkeley, CA; $2,500. To 1964. RC Amber Brown, Dutch Harbor, AK; $1,717. K. Rotcop: $500,000 FM. To produce a tele­ produce an oral history of American U.of Missouri, Columbia; Susan L. Flader: To explore the values held by residents of vision movie about Medgar Evers explor­ immigrants. AY $7.4,575. To study the social and economic the Aleutians 40 to 60 years ago, and to ing the emergence of the NAACP in Jack­ Jennifer F. Lobb, Washington, DC; $2,249. development of French colonial society in prepare booklets about them. AY son, Mississippi, and the struggle for To produce a tape-and-slide show for l^igh the middle Mississippi valley from 1720 to Joe Brown, Cashmere, WA; $1,491. To ex­ racial equality for black people. PN school students about a Union soldier's 1830, with an interdisciplinary focus on plore and video-tape the arts and crafts, Marc C. Falcone, NYC; $14,020. To pro­ life in the Civil War. AY the earliest European community in culture and history of the Wenatchee duce a documentary film about Dave Michigan State U. Press, East Lansing; Missouri, Ste. Genevieve. RS Indians. AY Hoover, last practitioner of a vanishing Jean Busfield: $7,500. To publish the U. of Nebraska, Lincoln; Paul Schach: Bucknell U., Lewisburg, PA; Barbara A. American circus tradition. AY fourth and final volume of the edited and $50,000. To conduct a comprehensive Shailor: $50,035. To catalog the medieval The Film Fund, NYC; Joanne Grant: annotated diaries of James A. Garfield, study of the use of spoken and written and Renaissance manuscripts of the $59,500. To disseminate and study the covering the years 1878-1881, including German on the Great Plains from the mid­ Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Li­ NEH-supported film F u n di, the story of Garfield's term in the Senate and four dle of the 19th century to the present. RS brary, Yale, for a three-volume guide to Ella Baker, a leader in the Civil Rights months as President. RP U. of the State of New York, Albany; Peter the collections. RC movement, and the black racial equality Michigan Technological U., Houghton; R. Christoph: $64,076 FM. To translate and Raymond P. Camiscioli, Clifton, NJ; struggle for the last 50 years. AP George H. Daniels: $10,000. To hold a con­ edit the archives of New Netherland, $1,533. To create an audio visual record of The Film Fund, NYC; Ronald W. Hess: ference of specialists in many fields to dis­ Colonial Dutch records important to the the contributions made by Italian immi­ $15,000. To produce a film about three cuss power transport and public policy in study of the early history and culture of grants to northern New Jersey from Asian Indian families representative of the modern America. RD the Middle Atlantic states. RL 1880-1930 in sociology, art, religion, poli­ fourth largest group of new immigrants in Milwaukee Public Library, WI; Paul J. Donald L. Ward, Corrizozo, NM: $2,325. tics and economics. AY the U.S. AY Woehrmann: $27,995. To process the pa­ To investigate family life typical of a min­ Center for Great Plains Studies, Lincoln, Fitchburg Public Library, MA; Arthur J. pers of Carl F. Zeidler, a city attorney and ing town, 1865-1930. AY NE; Susan J. Erickson: $4,935. To collect a Kissner: $46,900. To produce slide-tape mayor lost at sea during WWII, and of Washington State U; Pullman; Clifford E. book of letters and other pieces written by shows, a published anthology and bibliog­ Frank P. Zeidler, a well-known mayor of Trafzer: $10,000. To hold a conference of Swedish immigrants in Saunders County raphies about the ethnic heritage of Fitch­ Milwaukee and a former Socialist Party Native American and other historians to from 1870-1910. AY burg. PL candidate for President. RC assess recent developments in the study of Center for Social Research and Education, Florida Institute of Technology, M el­ Montana Historical Society, Helena; Rob­ Indian history. RD Oakland, CA; William M. Resnick: bourne, FL; Joseph L. Carter: $34,711. To ert M. Clark: $43,025. To catalog 19th- and Suzanne R. Wasserman, NYC; $2,490. To $32,070. To plan a project involving 20 create a "Guidebook to the Humanities early 20th-century historical maps at the prepare an oral history about political per­ service industry trade unions, using mate­ Program," and begin an interdisciplinary Society's library. RC secution and its effect on the family in the rials in literature, history, biography and introduction. EP Mountain/Plains Chautauqua Society, 1950s. AY art, in the study of work and its Florida State U., Tallahassee; David H. Dickinson, ND; Larry J. Sprunk: $110,000 John H. Wing, St. Augustine, FL; $1,000. values. AP Darst: $47,261. To create a new master's 23 program in humanities that will emphasize als and photo displays, films, guides, eval studies and the history of religion. RL interviews and write a history of elders of the relationship of humanities and trips, videotapes and an exhibition about Northeastern Illinois U., Chicago; Edris Ouzinkie, Alaska, a Russian-Aleut com­ arts. EP the cultural diversity of San Antonio. PL Frederick: $49,773. To complete the final munity. AY Fund for Theological Education, Prince­ Michigan Ethnic Heritage Studies Center, development and trial of an undergradu­ South Dakota State U., Brookings; Henry ton, NJ; Michael G. Rivas: $4,000 G&M. Detroit; James M. Anderson: $16,000. To ate interdisciplinary degree course in J. Gehrke: $9,988. To conduct with sup­ To hold a conference of Hispanic Ameri­ collect and preserve historical documents, international-intercultural studies. EP port from the Department of Energy a can scholars to present major research records, oral histories, visual materials, Oberlin College, OH; Clayton R. Koppes: summer workshop (with academic year papers on Hispanic culture followed by and institutional and group histories on $48,812. To create four new humanities follow-up) for South Dakota high school critiques, work sessions and evaluation, as the "Poletow n” area of Detroit and Ham- courses, in many disciplines concerned teachers to study and develop curriculum well as planning for annual research con­ tramck, the original Polish settlement in with environmental issues. EP materials on the technical aspects of ener­ ferences and intercultural consultations Michigan, which is scheduled for destruc­ Owens Valley Paiute-Shoshone Indian gy and the socio-economic impact of cur­ for the period 1982-84. RD tion for urban renewal. AD Cultural, Bishop, CA; Gerald Howard: rent and proposed energy usage. ES Georgian Court College, Lakewood, NJ; Michigan Technological U., Houghton; $55,000. To prepare an ethnography and Stanford U., CA; Robert E. Ward: $58,606. Mary C. Sullivan: $6,100. EC Theodore W. Lockhart: $25,594. To pilot genealogy about the Paiute Shoshone In­ To teach teachers in San Francisco Bay Gillian C. Gill, Lexington, MA; $19,000. six new courses in the humanities curricu­ dian people for a school curriculum. ES area schools about cross-cultural and glo­ To translate and prepare a scholarly edi­ lum in the areas of human values in sci­ Karen A. Page, Evanston, IL; $2,423. To bal education, so that they can incorporate tion of Mirror: the Other Womhn by the ence and technology and the philosophy support a history of the women's move­ new knowledge of the humanities into modern French feminist Luce Irigaray, im­ of science. EP ment in Evanston, 1963-1975. AY their curricula. ES portant to the relationship between psy­ Andrew L. Moore, Old Greenwich, CT; Pasadena City College, CA; Robert C. Sara M. Stanley, Bakersfield, CA; $2,481. choanalysis and women's studies. RL $2,490. To historically document the cot­ Levis: $6,100. EC To prepare a manuscript on tur-n-of-the- Georgia Gomez, Taos, NM; $2,496. To tage industries of urban Connecticut in Pike Place Market PDA, Seattle, WA; Jim century feminist leader Caroline M. interpretively compare photographs of order to demonstrate their potential value J. Simon: $3,600. To create five half-hour Severance. AY relay races and other materials and to take to contemporary society. AY radio programs about the people who live Stevens Institute of Technology, H o­ oral histories of runners in order to dis­ Kristine L. Morrow, Bromall, PA; $1,744. in Seattle's Market neighborhood, and a boken, NJ; James E. McClellan, III: cover changed attitudes of the Taos Pueblo To conduct research into images in history photo exhibit, book and articles. AY $11,740. To conduct an interdisciplinary Indians. AY and literature of alcholism in women. AY Providence Public Library, RI; Christie V. summer workshop to integrate the teach­ Marguerite Gong, Provo, UT; $4,970. To Mount Senario College, Ladysmith, WI; Sarles: $215,000. To develop cooperative ing of the history of science into pre­ prepare a source book and teaching units Paul F. Meszaros: $7,304. To conduct (with programs in public libraries across the college curricula. ES about Asian Americans for elementary and academic year follow-up) a summer work­ state based on themes of Rhode Island's The Suquamish Tribe, Suquamish, WA; secondary schools. AY shop cofunded by the Department of En­ paradoxical history and ethnic diver­ Carey T. Caldwell: $57,071. To produce a R. Dale Grinder, Arlington, VA; $9,980. ergy for northern Wisconsin secondary sity. PL tape-and-slide show of the authentic tribal To hold a conference on disability studies, school teachers to study and develop cur­ Radcliffe College, Cambridge, MA; Pa­ history of the Suquamish people, for pres­ resources, research needs, and informa­ riculum materials on energy issues from tricia King: $50,000 OR; $24,920 FM. To entation to Indian organizations. AD tion gaps. RD both technical and humanities perspec­ collect and transcribe oral histories taken Tacoma Community College, WA; Mario William A. Haines, Ithaca, NY; $4,672. To tives. ES from the first three generations of women A. Faye: $6,100. EC prepare oral histories of Korean immi­ NSF/Carnegie-Mellon U., Preston K. in the executive and judicial branches of Temple U., Philadelphia, PA; David M. grants in San Francisco. AY Covey, Jr.: $74,018. To prepare two re­ the federal government. RC Bartlett: $3,000. To publish a scholarly ac­ Harvard U., Cambridge, MA; Alexander ports— one for professional and one for Regents Press of Kansas, Lawrence; John count of the founding, growth, and con­ P. Kazhdan: $14,429. To translate essays lay audiences— on the value issues implic­ H. Langley: $4,170. To publish a manu­ tinued life of Promiseland, S.C., a rural on Byzantine literature of the 11th and it in federal procedures in setting priorities script on the economic forces, technolo­ black community that has remained intact 12th centuries, important to the under­ for testing and regulating potentially haz­ gies, and local politics which affected the and under the control of blacks since the standing of medieval culture. RL ardous chemicals. AV growth of the French tourist city of Nice. Civil War. RP Lee F. Hickey, Simsbury, CT; $2,500. To NSF/Educational Fund for Individual The work is significant in the fields of Eu­ Temple U., Philadelphia, PA; David M. study the life of Christine Ladd Franklin, Rights; Alan F. Westin: $79,706. To re­ ropean urban history and ecology and for Bartlett: $4,000. To publish a historical an American scientist, logician and philos­ search and prepare reports for lay, scien­ its unique use of computergraphic study of the relationship between early opher whose work is known and praised tific, and legal audiences on an empirical maps. RP city planners and public policy in urban in Europe. AY analysis of current mechanisms to adjudi­ Res. Foundation for Jewish Immigration transportation systems, focusing on the Iona College, New Rochelle, NY; Harry cate ethical protests of scientists and engi­ In c., NYC; Herbert A. Strauss: $24,045 reasons for the demise of rapid mass M. Donkak: $6,100. EC neers working in industry or projects fall­ FM. To produce a volume of biographies transit. RP Japanese American Research Center, ing under governmental regulations. AV of Eastern European emigres of the Nazi Tennessee State U., Nashville, TN; Bobby Honolulu, HI; Dennis M. Ogawa: $69,000. NSF/Inst. of Society, Ethics & Life Sci­ period. RT L. Lovett: $46,525. To conduct a summer To conduct a study of the internment of ences; Willard Gaylin: $88,371. To re­ Research Foundation of SUNY, Albany; institute for secondary school teachers to Japanese Americans in Hawaii during search and prepare papers and guidelines George Browder: $44,189. To create a enhance their abilities to teach Afro- WWII, including a history of the sites, oral on the ethical and social questions raised workshop in the humanities for all disci­ American history and culture. ES history interviews and an analysis of by increasing use of medical surveillance plines. EP f Tennessee State U., Nashville; Regina C. findings. RS as a means of coping with risks to workers Research Foundation of SUNY, Albany; Ensley: $9,996. To involve eight students Jersey City College, NJ; James F. Brown: posed by industrial technologies. AV Mario A. DiCesare: $125,097. To compu­ in preparing a history of the Afro-Amer­ $6,100. EC NSF/U. of Maryland; Peter G. Brown: terize the annual international bibliogra­ ican community in Nashville from 1870 to Johnson C. Smith U., Charlotte, NC; Jo­ $59,875. To research and write two phy of Renaissance studies and the devel­ 1930. AY seph W. Turner: $6,100. books— an interdisciplinary anthology and opment of a classification scheme and Tri-College Cooperative Effort, Dubuque, Kirkwood Community College, Cedar a single author volume— on the practical index. RC IA; Simone T. Poirier-Bures: $38,311. To Rapids, IA; Hanna Weston: $49,406. To and ethical questions related to preserving Sonia Y. Rosario, New Haven, CT; incorporate a humanities curriculum into design, test, and evaluate an introductory, endangered species. AV $15,000. To produce a documentary film adult courses. EP interdisciplinary course that will bring a NSF/Western Michigan U.; G erald E. about reverse migration— from New York Trinity U., San Antonio, TX; Francisco O. sense of cohesiveness and structure to the Markle: $39,352. To research and prepare to Puerto Rico. AY Garcia-Treto: $50,000. To create an humanities curriculum. EP descriptive and analytical reports on the Ellen M. Ross, Princeton, NJ; $2,489. To interdisciplinary integrative course in hu­ Lisa B. Klausner, Ann Arbor, MI; $2,493. role of values in resolving medical contro­ conduct a project illustrating the medieval manities and arts. EP To produce an exhibition of photos with versies, particularly in cancer-related re­ roots of modern hospitals, poorhouses and Union College, Barbourville, KY; Lester text about the elderly Jewish community of search disputes. AV homes for the aged. AY G. Woody: $6,100. EC a declining Miami Beach area. AY Navajo Community College, Tsaile, AZ; Ralph C. Rugoff, Providence, RI; $15,000. U. Press of Kentucky, Lexington; Kath­ Jeanette M. Leehr, Evanston, IL; $2,240. Lynn Huenemann: $10,158. To conduct a To produce a videotape about the resettle­ arine H. Shaw: $5,000. To publish research To describe and analyze Norwegian immi­ summer workshop (with academic year ment of Hmong refugees of Laos in South comparing the verbal and pictorial presen­ grants' adaptations to two rural towns in follow-up) cofunded by the Department of Providence, RI. AY tations in representative excerpts from five the U.S. AY Energy for secondary school teachers from Nancy A. Sahli, Silver Spring, MD; books of legends from medieval Spain. RP Jo A. Lewis, Hephzibah, GA: $2,493. To the Navajo reservations on national and $35,951. To create an annotated bibliogra­ U. Press of New England, Hanover, NH; research area churches and explain their tribal energy topics, including scientific, phy of printed materials relating to wo­ Thomas L. McFarland: $2,500. To publish significance to the area and to black technological, legal, ethical and social men's sexuality. RC a chronicle of 19th-century New England history. AY issues. ES St. Joseph's College, Rensselaer, IN; John lower-middle class life as revealed Linfield College, McMinnville, OR; Vincil Nazareth College, MI; Richard M. Leliaert: P. Nichols: $43,843. To revise the humani­ through the diaries, letters, and published D. Jacobs: $61,000. EC $48,489. To create an interdisciplinary core ties curriculum with special attention to writings of Harriet Hanson Robinson Little Miami Theater Works, L o n ­ curriculum in the humanities. EP art history and criticism. EP (1825-1911) and her family. Hanson was a don, OH; Dennis E. Huffman; $7,182. To The New Jewish High School, Los A n­ St. Louis U., MO; Charles J. Ermatinger: Lowell mill girl, housewife, suffragist, produce a tape-and-slide show about West geles, CA; Sheldon Dorph: $5,000. To cre­ $54,071 OR; $59,977 FM. To catalog rare club woman, and author. RP Liberty, Ohio, a farming community ate a pilot honors course in the humanities books on microfilm at the Vatican Film Li­ U. of Alaska, Anchorage; M ichael E. whose sense of cohesiveness has been lost that integrates the study of Jewish history brary and to add its holdings on microfilm Krauss: $29,318. To catalog the Eskimo- to changing values over the past 100 and culture with the study of Western civ­ of Ethiopic and other manuscripts. RC Aleut language section of the Alaskan Na­ years. AY ilization in high schools. ES St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN; J. W es­ tive Language Center research library and Louisiana State U., Shreveport; Ann M. New York Public Library, NYC; James W. ley Brown: $6,100. EC archive. RC McLaurin: $6,100. EC Henderson: $150,000 OR; $100,000 FM. To St. Olaf College, .Northfield, MN; Erling U. of Arkansas, Little Rock; C. Fred Maine Dept, of Educ. & Cultural Serv­ continue the rehabilitation of the main cat­ T. Jorstad: $50,000. To develop a Western Williams: $49,368. To institute four new ices, Augusta; Patricia J. O'Connoll, alog of the New York Public Library. RC civilization curriculum, taught by the So- courses and workshops in regional $156,000. To conduct summer institutes New York U., NYC; Jill N. Claster: cratic method, for a group of freshman humanities studies. EP and workshops for teachers, students, and $49,091. To create four humanities courses and sophomores. EP U. of California, Berkeley; David T. Well­ scholars to strengthen the teaching of the for a new liberal education program. EP Paige R. Seidel, Denver, CO; $1,060. To man: $175,000. To produce six mono­ humanities in rural schools. ES New York U., NYC; Dorothy W. Swanson: tape oral histories of the Dutch community graphs on the history of the ILWU, with Constance A. Marks, NYC; $14,800. To $72,177. To create finding aids to the Rob­ in Denver and to explore the impact of tu­ special attention to its role in a diverse create a taped record of the life of rural ert F. Wagner Labor Archives of labor his­ berculosis on the community. AY group of West Coast and Hawaiian commu­ Appalachian women. AY tory, workers' education movements and Self Reliance Foundation, Las Trampas, nities. RS Marshalltown Community College, IA; other labor-related documents. RC NM; Judy L. Goldberg: $4,983. To produce U. of California, Los Angeles; Hilda M. Deloy K. Davidsen: $6,100. EC Howard A. Norman, Venice, CA; $12,000. a slide-and-tape show and a study guide Bohem: $80,405. To create a finding aid to Medical College of Ohio, Toledo; Delores To translate Algonquin (Cree) autobio­ about historical Hispanic tales told by the 200,000-photograph morgue of the Los J. Harkins: $39,302. To pilot new required graphical narratives important to oral lit­ elders of a small rural village in northern Angeles Daily News (1923-1954) and print graduate and undergraduate courses and erature and Native American studies. RL New Mexico. AY 10 percent of the negatives selected for faculty workshops in nursing ethics. EP North Texas State U., Denton; Martin D. Andrea L. Sharp, Berkeley, CA; $1,694. To their historic documentary value. RC Mexican American Cultural Center, San Yaffe: $28,937. To prepare a translation prepare a paper, articles and lectures for U. of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Antonio, TX; David M. Canestaro-Garcia: and introduction of Thomas Aquinas: nonscientists about recombinant DNA and George A. Colburn: $367,011. To present $112,000. To prepare public forums, slide- Expositio in Job, a 13th-century commen­ the philosophical issues involved. AY in 1981-82 two humanities courses — and-lecture presentations, library materi­ tary on the Book of ]oh, important to medi­ Carl Smith, Ouzinkie, AK; $1,066. To tape "Food and People'' and "Work in 24 America"— through the series COURSES an region. AP to Buddhist and Taoist studies. RL BY NEWSPAPER. Each course features 15 District of Columbia Public Schools, U. of Illinois, Chicago Circle: Sona S. weekly articles read by some 5 million per­ Washington, DC; Rosanne F. Faust: Hoisington: $23,000. To translate ten im- sons and serves as the basis for credit Jurisprudence $10,000. To develop an interdisciplinary ortant critical essays on Alexander Push- courses at over 300 colleges. AD approach to Shakespeare for children in in's verse novel Eugene Onegin, important U. of Georgia, Athens, Robert N. Save the fourth, fifth and sixth grades. ES to intercultural studies and literary crit­ land: $13,171. To conduct with support American Bar Association, Chicago, IL; George Washington U., Washington, DC; icism. RL from the Department of Energy a summer Norman Gross: $150,000 OR; $150,000 FM. Jonathan Chaves: $50,000. To conduct an U. of Kentucky Research Foundation, workshop (with academic year follow-up) To institutionalize law and humanities/ experimental sequence of graduate semi­ Lexington: John T. Shawcross: $19,000. To for middle school teachers to study and LRE programs in schools throughout the nars on Chinese literature. EP compile a bibliography of the works of develop curriculum units on energy issues country, in order to promote good citizen­ K. E. Gold, Austin, TX; $2,365. To pro­ John Milton and material relating to Mil­ from both technological and humanities ship in students. ES duce a representative collection of poems ton and his work published before perspectives. ES American Bar Association, Chicago, IL; written by American women before 1900, 1700. RC U. of Hartford, W. H artford, CT; M. Marna S. Tucker: $28,477. To plan a pro­ with attention paid to out-of-print works. U. of Minnesota, St. Paul: Lindsay E. Gordon Jensen: $49,981. To institute a gram to increase the public's understand­ This anthology will include brief bio­ Waters: $4,000. To publish the English program designed to attract and introduce ing of fundamental principles of our legal graphical sketches and a critical introduc­ version of the literary theory of Hans Rob­ adults to the study of humanities. EP and judicial system. AP tion. AY ert Jauss, a leading figure in the German U. of Louisville Foundation, Inc., KY; Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gal­ hermeneutic school of criticism, arguing Richard L. Barber: $35,351. To support the lery, San Marino, CA; William A. Ringler, that literature must be understood in addition of new and revised humanities Language & Jr.: $76,956. To compile a comprehensive terms of its reception by readers. RP courses to the School of Medicine. EP bibliography of manuscript sources of U. of Missouri, Columbia; John R. Rob­ U. of Massachusetts, Amherst; Leone Linguistics English verse for the Elizabethan peri­ erts: $25,000. To produce a comprehen­ Stein: $5,000. To publish the first English od. RC sive, annotated bibliography of all books, translation of selected descriptions of College of Arts and Sciences, Greensboro, Independence Community College, KS; studies, monographs, essays, reviews, tropical flora, shellfish, minerals, and pre­ NC; James H. Svara: $6,100. EC Thomas J. Snyder: $2,000. To enable and dissertations by or about Richard cious stones found in the Dutch East In­ Thomas J. Garza, Bryn Mawr, PA; $2,309. consultants to assist in planning the or­ Crashaw, important poet of the 17th dies by the 17th-century Dutch botanist To study teaching methods of the Russian ganization of the William Inge collec­ century. RC Rumphius. Part of the Library of the Indies language verbal system and to compile a tion. RC U. of Nebraska Press, Lincoln; Willis G. series, the work also describes native use student handbook dictionary of verbal John Steinbeck Library, Salinas, CA; John Regier: $3,396. To publish a critical survey of plants. RP stems. AY Gross: $97,624. To produce video-taped and in-depth investigation of 19th-century U. of Massachusetts, B oston; R obert J. Georgetown U., Washington, DC; James programs about the participation of the Spanish American novels, applying eight Swartz: $52,240. To develop a new special­ F. Slevin: $180,378. To enable humanities West in developing this country, as de­ distinct critical approaches to both popular ty area in the Critical and Creative Think­ scholars, teachers, students and others picted through the works of John Stein­ and academic fiction. RP ing M.A. program that would help science from colleges and secondary schools to beck, Robinson Jeffers, the Western novel U. of South Carolina Press, Colum bia; teachers to focus their curricula on discov­ prepare writing courses and materials. ES form and film. PL Earle W. Jackson: $3,000. To publish vol­ ery, theory, and experimentation. ES Linfield College, McMinnville, OR; Peter Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Monographs, ume 6 of the annotated letters of the 19th- U. of Minnesota, St. Paul; David J. Klaas- N. Richardson: $46,539. To pilot modular Newark, DE; Thomas A. Lathrop: $1,500. century American novelist William sen: $87,674 OR; $15,400 FM. To process courses on literature taught in four To publish a mongraph examining the Gilmore Simms, important to the study of nine collections of records from urban set­ languages. EP chivalric romances of the Spanish Golden 19th-century southern American literature tlement houses and human service organi­ U. of California, Los Angeles; Roger W. Age— their development, characteristics, and of antebellum culture. RP zations held by the Social Welfare History Andersen: $10,000 OR; $17,122 FM. To authors, the "model" romance, and sug­ U. of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg; Archives. RC conduct a workshop of European and gestions for new areas of research. RP Claude E. Fike: $1,500. To enable a con­ U. of Minnesota Technical College, North American researchers on second- Lincoln U. PA; Gladys J. Willis: $44,221. sultant to help plan the arrangement, Crookston, MN; Alice E Moorhead: language acquisition. RD To implement two courses in world litera­ processing and cataloging of the Lena Y. $6,100. EC U. of California, Berkeley; James Gray: ture, including Third World literature. EP DeGrummond Collection of children's lit­ U. of Montana, Missoula; Joanne R. Swa- $65,000 FM. To continue the Bay Area Louisiana State U., Baton Rouge; Joseph erature manuscripts, illustrations and ney: $13,876. To create a videotape and Writing Project at several sites across the V. Ricapito: $5,000. To prepare an anno­ books. RC guide on the bicultural lives of Native country until full local funding can be tated translation of the Dialogue of Mercury U. of Texas, San Antonio; Jacinto Qui- American college students. AY raised. ES and C haron by the 16th-century Spanish rarte: $34,975. To conduct a symposium U. of Montevallo, Al; Elizabeth H. U. of Iow a, Iowa City; Carl H. Klaus: scholar Alfonso de Valdes, important for and lecture series on literature and music Rodgers: $6,100. EC $130,482. To continue the Institute on the study of Spanish literature, and the of 17th- and 18th-century Spain and Span­ U. of North Carolina, Greensboro; Ann P. Writing Project established with an NEH Renaissance and Reformation. RL ish America to serve as the scholarly Saab: $43,163. To conduct a workshop and grant in 1977 to improve the teaching of Mattatuck Community College, Water- portion of the Festival Calderon in San aids to prepare teacher teams for the writing in the U.S. EH bury, CT; Frank H. Thomas: $6,100. EC Antonio. AD newly devised, compulsory, interdisci­ U. of Kentucky, Lexington; Stephen Man­ Miami U., Oxford, OH; Donald A. Daiker: Western Connecticut State College, Dan­ plinary course to be offered in Western ning: $6,100. EC $47,469. To change the required English bury; Elise Knapp: $6,100. EC civilization. EP U. of Maryland, College Park; Richard D. curriculum in order to improve student Western State College, Gunnison, CO; U. of Northern Colorado, Greeley; David Brecht: $10,000 OR; $4,638 FM. To hold a writing. EP Blair S. Poelman: $6,100. EC M. Haas: $50,000. To develop two new Soviet-American conference of linguists Purdue U., W. Lafayette, IN; Alan T. Mc­ course programs in the general education specializing in the Russian language. RD Kenzie: $80,715. To conduct a summer in­ curriculum with emphasis on the humani­ U. of Texas, El Paso; Jacob L. Ornstein- stitute for secondary school teachers, li­ ties. EP Galicia: $10,000. To hold a conference to brarians and others in the teaching of Philosophy U. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia; assess the status and future of Chicano literature in relation to contemporary is­ Malcolm Call: $2,200. To publish a seminal English language studies. RD sues. ES monograph on the role of women in the U. of Washington, Seattle; Anne R. Gere: Kristine M. Rogers, Cincinnati, OH; Bryn Mawr College, PA; George L. Kline: Frankish kingdom, focusing on the forces $100,000. To conduct a project in coopera­ $12,000. To translate the 480 letters of $26,869. To prepare an annotated transla­ at work in expanding and limiting wo­ tion with six school districts to design Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) to his tion of Hermeneutics and Its Problems by the men's sphere of activity and influence in courses in literature and social niece Indira Devi Chaudhurani, important Russian philosopher and historian Gustav the medieval aristocracy. RP studies/history in which writing would be to intercultural studies. RL G. Shpet (1879-1940), important to inter­ U. of Puerto Rico, San Juan; Luz A. used extensively. ES David H. Rosenthal, NYC; $4,000. To cultural studies, Russian philosophy and Melendez: $6,100. EC complete a translation and critical intro­ cultural history. RL U. of Washington, Seattle; Karyl Winn: duction to the classical 15th-century Cata­ Emory U., Atlanta, GA; Rudolf A. Mak- $36,953. To survey records and archives lan novel Tirant lo Blanc, important to kreel: $22,494 OR; $33,000 FM. To trans­ relating to Jews and Jewish organizations Literature study of the Renaissance and literary late and edit six volumes of the Selected in Seattle and the Greater Puget Sound re­ history. RL Works of the German philosopher and his­ gion, an area significant for its large pro­ SUNY Press, Albany: Helen Ortali: $3,000. torian Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911), im­ portion of Sephardim—Jews from Turkey, Albion College, MI; James W. Cook: To publish a scholarly edition of American portant to the study of history, literary Greece and Rhodes. RC $25,000. To produce a verse translation novelist James Fenimore Cooper's account history and philosophy. RL U. of Wisconsin, M adison; B. Robert and annotation of Petrarch's 366 C an- of his travels in England, the seventh Richard P. Hayes, Canada: $30,000. To do Tabachnick: $75,845. To prepare video zoniere, considered the first "m odern" lit­ volume in a projected 14-volume edition of an annotated translation P r a m a n a s - tapes and a teachers' guide about black erary work. RL the writings of Cooper. RP a m u c c a y a , by Dignaga, the 6th-century rural communities in the 1800s. ES Arizona State U., Tempe; John T. Wixted: Michael F. Suarez, Lewisburg, PA; $2,492. founder of the Buddhist school of logic, Judith R. Vander, Ann Arbor, MI; $6,178. $23,888. To annotate and translate "Poetry To study the compatibility of rational sci­ important to the study of Indian logic and To collect and analyze songs of Shoshone Gradings" by the 6th-century Chinese entific thought to emotional expression in Buddhist philosophy. RL women in order to increase our knowledge critic Chung Hung, important to intellec­ Utopian literature of this century. AY Michael R. Heim, St. Joseph, MO: of Indian music. RS tual and literary history. RL U. Press of Kentucky, Lexington: Evalin F. $12,941. To translate with notes and an in­ Vassar College, P oughkeepsie, NY; California Institute of Technology, Pasa­ Douglas: $4,972. To publish a modern troduction Martin Heidegger's T he M eta­ Frances L. Goudy: $1,000. To enable a dena, CA; Clayton Eshleman: $20,000. To scholarly edition of the 175 issues of the physical Foundations of Modern Logic Origi­ consultant to help plan the preservation of translate Vol. I of the complete poems of G uardian, published in 1713 by Addison nating with Leibniz, important to the study papers housed in the Vassar Archives, im­ Aime Cesaire, a central figure in the birth and Steele as the successor to their literary of the history of ideas. RL portant as primary sources for the history of Black African literature. RL periodical the Spectator. RP Nancy A. Hogan, Ithaca, NY: $1,627. To of women or as representative of the lives Cinelit Productions, NYC; Jack Willis: U. Press of New England, Hanover, NH; prepare an illustrated booklet for young of women leaders. RC $250,000. To produce a biographical film Thomas L. McFarland: $2,000. To publish students about philosophy and issues, en­ Villa Julie College, Stevenson, MD; Cyn­ for public television about Edith Wharton a book of extended interpretive essays couraging them to think about society in thia E. Kerman: $6,100. EC to complete a project that includes films of using structuralist theory to examine the philosophical terms. AY Visual Arts Research & Resource Center, "The House of Mirth" and "Summer." PN metaphor of passage in 20th-century Susan Noakes, Chicago, IL: $22,400. To NYC; Marta M. Vega: $25,000. To conduct Colum bia U. Press, NYC; W illiam F. French surrealistic poetry and in the work translate and prepare an introduction to a conference and follow-up programs on Bernhardt: $3,000. To publish a biography of four contemporary poets influenced by Emilio Betti's General Theory of Interpreta­ the Orisha tradition to explore and analyze and study of the times of the Chinese surrealist aesthetics. RP tion, important to the study of modern his­ its dimensions in Brazil, Cuba, Haiti, poet, playwright, essayist, and scholar- U. of Chicago, IL; W.J.T. Mitchell: $10,000 tory, literature, philosophy and jurispru­ Trinidad, Venezuela, the U.S., and Af­ official K'ung Shang-jen (1648-1718), best FM. To hold a conference to investigate in­ dence. RL rica. AD known for his play The Peach Blossom Fan, terpretation of the humanities from politi­ Northern Illinois U., DeKalb; Theodore J. Wayne State U., Detroit, MI; Otto Fein- which depicts the last years of the Ming cal and disciplinary perspectives. RD Kisiel: $17,000 OR; $3,000 FM. To translate stein: $72,770. To create a national out­ Dynasty. RP U. of Chicago, IL; Anthony C. Yu: Martin Heidegger's Toward a History of the reach network of humanities studies for The Council of the Southern Mountains, $23,217. To continue an annotated transla­ Concept of Time. RL working adults. ED Clintwood, VA; George R. Brosi: $49,000. tion of The Journey to the West, a Chinese Research Foundation of SUNY, Albany; To conduct a series of public programs on epic narrative of the 16th century, impor­ James B. Wilbur, III: $33,350. To shift the the literature and music of the Appalachi­ tant to the study of Chinese literature and study of business ethics from one existing 25 required course to the four advanced re­ gion currently underway at Berkeley and Bourdieu's Social Criticism of Judgment, im­ quirements of the undergraduate manage­ Harvard. EH portant to the study of modern sociol­ ment degree program. EP Harvard U., Cambridge, MA; Glenn A. ogy. RL St. Bonaventure U., NY; Conrad L. Har­ Ruby: $2,000. To publish a critical edition Jeffrey M. Masson, Berkeley, CA: $18,000 State Programs kins: $20,000. To publish four volumes of of the letters of Gregory Akindynos, a FM. To edit and translate the complete let­ the works of the major medieval philoso­ 14th-century scholar-monk who figured ters of Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, important pher and theologian William of Ockham, prominently in the last major dogmatic to the early history of psychoanalysis. RL Association for the Humanities in Idaho, covering his Opera Theologica VII, VIII, X dispute of Byzantium, inspiring some of New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY; Boise; David Hansen: $340,000 OR; $30,000 and Opera Philosophica IV. RP the finest works of Eastern Orthodox mys­ Charles R. Long: $100,000 OR; $36,000 FM. FM. St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN; Howard tical theology. RP To conduct a program of teaching, con­ California Council for the Humanities, V. Hong: $50,377 OR; $46,516 FM. To Princeton U., NJ; Alan Sponberg: $17,000 sultation, and publication for library per­ San Francisco; Aileen C. Hernandez: translate, edit and annotate the works of OR; $5,000 FM. To translate (with an in­ sonnel about book preservation. RV $952,000 OR; $225,000 FM. the Danish philosopher and theologian troduction) the philosophical treatise Marci M. Reaven, NYC: $150,000. To pro­ Colorado Humanities Program, Boulder; Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855). RL Essay on Vijnaptimatrata, written by the duce a film about inter-ethnic relation­ Patsy Boyer: $394,149 OR; $500,000 FM. Stanford U., CA; Diana Y. Paul: $22,000. 7th-century Chinese Yogacara Master ships in Bronx high school as a microcosm Kentucky Humanities Council, Lexington; To translate the 6th-century Chinese E vo­ K'uei-chi, significant for the study of com­ of the evolving social dynamics in the sur­ Ralph Janis: $414,000 OR; $25,000 FM. lution of Consciousness, a primary text rep­ parative religion, philosophy, and cultural rounding community. AY Louisiana Committee for the Humanities, resentative of Yogacara Buddhism, impor­ anthropology. RL Research Libraries Group, Stanford, CA; New Orleans; Seraphia D. Leyda: $438,000 tant to intercultural and Asian studies, Vanderbilt U., Nashville, TN; Peter C. Nancy E. Gwinn: $108,775. To develop OR; $100,000 FM. comparative philosophy and psychol­ Hodgson: $50,000 OR; $6,800 FM. To cooperative preservation priorities for a Michigan Council for the Humanities, ogy. RL translate G.W.F. Hegel's Lectures on the national plan to maximize use of resources East Lansing; Jacob Nyenhui-s: $582,252 U. of Colorado, Boulder; Leonard G. Philosophy of Religion, central to the philos­ in research libraries. RV OR; $62,500 FM. Boonin: $50,000. To create a set of inter­ ophy of religion and theology. RL Rochester Institute of Technology, NY; Nevada Humanities Committee, Inc., disciplinary courses on social policy as Wichita State U., KS; Michael C. Kalton: James M. Reilly: $31,478. To prepare a Reno; Wilbur Shepperson: $334,000 OR; part of the humanities program in the de­ $17,000. To prepare an annotated transla­ handbook on the practical application of $30,000 FM. partment of philosophy. EP tion of a compendium of Neo-Confucian new photograph preservation meth­ New Hampshire Council for the Humani­ U. of Hawaii, Honolulu; Roger T. Ames: thought by the 16th-century Korean phi­ ods. RV ties, Concord; Edward Bradley: $340,000. $22,460. To prepare a translation and com­ losopher Yi Hwang, important to intercul­ Society of American Archivists, Chicago, North Carolina Humanities Committee, mentary on the Huai Nan Tzu, a compen­ tural studies, the history of religion, and IL; Richard H. Lytle: To coordinate recent Greensboro; Rollyn O. Winters: $472,000 dium of knowledge in lst-century China, comparative religion. RL developments in designing the format for OR; $40,000 FM. important to intercultural studies and to archival data exchange in order to improve Tennessee Committee for the Humanities, the study of Chinese philosophy, political access to the nation's historical rec­ Nashville; Henrietta Grant: $437,000 OR; thought, literature, and traditional cul­ ords. RC $50,000 FM. ture. RL Social Science Theatre Library Association, N YC; La- Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, U. of Kentucky, Lexington; J. Daniel raine Correll: $19,607. To hold a confer­ Charlottesville; Robert C. Vaughan: Breazeale: $15,000. To translate with a crit­ ence in Washington, D.C. for employees $460,000 OR; $60,000 FM. ical exposition of the writings of J. G. Bibliographic Center for Research, Inc., of libraries, museums, archives, media Wisconsin Humanities Committee, Madi­ Fichte (1762-1814), a German philosopher Denver, CO; Karen B. Day: $5,000. To centers, historical societies, performing son; Morton Rothstein: $447,000 OR; and follower of Kant, important to the train 21 persons from Utah, Wyoming, companies and library schools, about the $20,000 FM. study of Transcendental philosopher. RL Colorado, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kan­ preservation problems of mixed media Virginia Polytechnic Inst. & State U., sas, and Iowa to remedy disasters to hold­ collections. RV Capital letters following each grant show Blacksburg; Roger Ariew: $22,000. To ings in libraries, museums, archives, and U. Press of New England, Hanover, NH; the division and the program through translate Martial Gueroult's D es c a rte s historical associations. RV Thomas L. McFarland: $3,000. To publish which the grant was made. (Descartes selon I'ordre des raisons), a semi­ Walter T. Brahm, Dublin, OH; $23,119. To a work which applies new quantitative Special Programs nal 20th-century work important to the study for and plan a book and paper con­ methods to the study of the impact of pop­ AD Special Projects study and history of philosophy. RL servation program for Indiana, Kentucky, ulation growth and migration on two 18th- AP Program Development Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West century Mass. communities, Beverly and AV Science, Technology and Human Virginia. RV Wenham, to draw conclusions about the Values Brown U ., Providence, RI; Thomas R. social implications of rapid population AY Youthgrants Religion Adams: $10,000. To hold a conference of growth. RP AZ Youth Projects library and rare book specialists to set pri­ U. of Arkansas, Little Rock; Rosalie M. Education Programs orities for the divestiture of research mate­ Cheatham: $38,295. To revise an interna­ EC Consultants Jeffrey L. Broughton, Long Beach, CA: rial from rare book and special collection tional studies curriculum with three new ED Implementation $18,000. To produce an annotated transla­ libraries. RD interdisciplinary courses. EP EH Higher Education tion of representative 8th-century Ch'an Columbia U., NYC; Richard L. Darling: U. of California, Berkeley; Todd Gitlin: EP Pilot (Zen) Buddhist texts, significant for the $150,000 OR; $224,992 FM. To train profes­ $45,000 OR; $19,500 FM. To write a book ES Elementary and Secondary study of the history of Chinese Bud­ sional conservation personnel for libraries about television programming and its Planning and Policy Assessment dhism. RL and archives. RV bearing on social conflicts. RO OP Planning and Assessment Studies Bettye T. Chambers, Washington, DC: Ursula A. Day, Mobile, AL; $2,334. To U. of California, San Diego, La Jolla; Public Programs $25,030. To compile a comprehensive bib­ present a slide-tape and a monograph Bennetta W. Jules-Rosette: $1,500. To ana­ PL Libraries liography of 15th- and 16th-century about the effects of hurricanes on a soci­ lyze the social and economic setting of PM Museums and Historical Organiza­ French-language editions of the Scrip­ ety. AY popular African art. RO tions tures. RC East Tennessee State U., Johnson City; U. of Notre Dame, IN; Anthony Kerrigan: PN Media Georgetown U., Washington, DC; Thomas Richard M. Kesner: $1,500. To develop $10,000 OR; $5,000 FM. To translate se­ Research Programs King: $18,000. To hold a public symposi­ computer programs to deal with indexing lected works of Jose Ortega y Gasset, im­ RC Research Resources um at which scholars, among them Rich­ and retrieval problems and administrative portant to intercultural and Hispanic RD Conferences ard Leakey and Kenneth Boulding, will control of small- and medium-sized studies. RL RE Editions discuss their work on the writings of archives. RC RL Translations Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. AD Hazel D. Gilley, Lubbock, TX: $2,498. To RO Basic Research Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, study two Mennonite educational systems RP Publications CA; Mark K. Juergensmeyer: $30,495 FM. with emphasis on the differences between RS State, Local and Regional Studies To develop research guidbbooks, confer­ them, and their effect on families. AY RT Tools ences, and other projects to expand a pro­ Harvard U. Press, Cambridge, MA; Rich­ gram in comparative literature and reli­ ard A. Nice: $5,000 FM. To translate Pierre photograph: The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Head of Epicurus from the Greece and Rome on Slide and Tape Greek Hellenistic Period.

Mythology has led to the discovery of new ways the country, consists of nearly one thousand It may be that colleges with less munificent to teach students about old civilizations. slides, study booklets, and five hours of accom­ resources felt that fact most keenly. Lloyd A mythology course at Ohio State was so panying taped lectures, most of them by Mor­ Hubenka, dean of general studies at Sinclair popular that it became inundated with under­ ford and his colleague Charles L. Babcock. At Community College, Dayton, Ohio, credits the graduates. To cope with the overwhelming Ohio State, students are given assignments to program with an unusual turn of events at the number of students, the classics faculty mount­ play the programs in the learning center or to college of 17,000 students. ed slides and taped lectures, and set up a learn­ borrow them for use at home. "W e started offering courses in classics ing center so that individual students could But they can also be used in more tradition­ three years ago, and for three years nothing tune in to the material, at their convenience, al classroom settings. At least one university is happened. There was practically no enrollment. from carrells. It worked. converting the material for use on television. Last summer I went to a workshop and watched It worked so well, in fact, that it wasn't Anticipating release of the Latin studies the Ohio State presentation and I was struck by long before the faculty, under the direction of series later this year, Morford explains that he how useful and captivating it might be to engi­ department chairman Mark P. Morford, began assembled the project, with NEH support, be­ neering students, with its materials on city shooting, collecting, and commissioning pho­ cause "there was simply nothing like it at the planning and architecture and so forth. We tos, paintings, charts and maps to be packaged university level with reasonable sophistication bought a set, and now classics holds its own in a slide-and-tape Audio-Tutorial Program in and scholarship to show a person what a here. We have an enrollment of two sections! Greek and Roman Civilizations. Roman city was like or to give a good compen­ And they're mostly engineers!" The Roman studies set, now in use across dium of Roman art or architecture." 26 the change in the sources of energy is a good case study of the control or the failure to control the consequences of basic research. Editor's Notes Wood was once the major source of energy, then came coal and finally oil. Each energy Quid novi? transformation depended on the current eco­ The interest in classics. The study of Greek nomic and social conditions and, in turn, pro­ and Roman antiquity is new yet again. Timeless duced fundamental changes in transportation, and timely, "the ancient world constitutes a mi­ manufacturing and domestic life. No policy crocosm of human life, in which can be con­ maker foresaw the consequences of these ener­ fronted all the problems of today, distanced by gy transformations, and the changes were be­ sufficient time to make objectivity possible," yond the control of the scientists who did the Helen North writes in our Symposium, Page 1. basic research. So society muddled through. The outpouring of activities in classics de­ History and Policymaking If we are to be more rational in the transi­ lighted and overwhelmed the Humanities staff. An article in the May, 1981 issue of Humanities tion from oil as an energy resource, the oil- Never have we had such a plethora of projects, described a course at George Washington Uni­ based energy society must be placed in historic­ from a new book about an old subject, the versity, "Applied Ethics for Government Tech­ al perspective. (The same would be true in Greek philosopher Heraclitus, to a truly oral nical Managers," in a way that lumped ethics considering the consequences of any history, The Odyssey on radio. and policymaking together. One might assume technological change.) New government poli­ NEH-supported archaeological digs have from the description that the course deals with cies grow out of old historically established pol­ uncovered the secrets of rural life in a Greek "whistle blowing" and the application of scien­ icies or else a disruptive revolution occurs. The colony and continue to unearth the treasures of tific knowledge in such a way that both are sim­ transition to solar, nuclear or synfuels, or a the most famous Agora of the ancient world— ilar ethical problems. But "whistle blowing" at combination of these, will be either planned as Athens, Page 6. Love Canal, for instance, is quite different from part of the long-term historical evolution or our In The Gardens of Pompeii, as readers of the the issue "Are scientists responsible for the society will be subjected to the same disrup­ article on Page 14 will discover, the gardens are consequences of basic research?" tions that occurred in the seventeenth, eight­ an unexpected clue to life in that death-haunted There are inherently no good or bad conse­ eenth and nineteenth centuries. city. Four separate NEH activities concerning quences of scientific research as there are good Scientists are not responsible for the conse­ Pompeii are discussed: the Jashemski book, and bad consequences in the handling of toxic quences of basic research; policy makers are. If product of a fellowship; its publication subven­ wastes. As someone once said, thinking about those consequences are not to be painful adjust­ tion (research programs); the Pompeii exhibit atomic energy strictly in terms of atomic bombs ments, government managers will have to be (public programs); and a Youthgrant completed is like thinking of electricity in terms of the elec­ instructed in historical evolution in order to only last summer (special programs). tric chair. Nothing in the basic theory of elec­ make transitions due to technological change The Philadelphia story of the Latin "explo­ tricity or nuclear reactions predetermines the take place in a rational and acceptable way. sion," Page 11, is a classical lesson in making outcome, but government managers such as — Harold Issadore Sharlin the study of any language "adventurous, con­ those attending the course at George Washing­ temporary, joyful;" and it is being replicated in ton University do help to determine the conse­ Historian of science and technology; former fellow, Los Angeles, Baltimore, Indianapolis, Chicago quences of those scientific ideas. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and Washington, D.C. Is history an integral part of the course? Res ipsa loquitur. Historical analysis deals with the dynamics of Humanities welcomes letters from readers. Letters —Judith Chayes Neiman the social and economic consequences of up to 700 words should be addressed to Humanities, technological change. Energy technology and NEH, MS 204, Washington, D.C. 20506.

You can always tell a Humanities reader, but you can't tell him much.

HumanitiesH um anities gives its readers a lot to think about: provocative articles and exchanges by writers, scholars and critics such as Robert Bellah, James Baldwin, Catharine Stimpson, Herbert Gutman, Joyce Carol Oates.

But H um anities stimulates action as well as thought. It features a variety of NEH-funded activ­ ities being undertaken by scholars in humanities research, education and public programming. H um anities recently described • a film and accompanying teacher's manual on Islam for undergraduate students of world cultures • a sourcebook detailing 18,026 collections of primary sources in American women's histo­ ry previously inaccessible to scholars • a restructured language curriculum for undergraduates that increased enrollment in lan­ guage courses by 30 percent • a documentary film about World War II women factory workers that started as a youthgrant in oral history and ended as the winner of film awards both in the United States and abroad Find new resources. Reach new audiences. Explore new fields. Subscribe to Humanities.

27 About the authors Helen F. North is G. Karl Galinsky, Sarah B. Pomeroy is Centennial Professor chairman of the clas­ associate professor of of Classics at sics department, Uni­ classics at Hunter Swarthmore College versity of Texas, College and the Grad­ where she has taught Austin, is especially uate School, C.U.N.Y., since 1948. Educated interested in Roman as well as the at Cornell University, civilization of the Au­ coordinator of the she has served as gustan age. A native women's studies pro­ president of the of Strassburg, Alsace, gram at Hunter, a post American Philological Galinsky was educa­ she has held since the Association, as a ted at Bowdoin inception of the pro­ member of the nominating committee of the College and Princeton University. He has been gram. She teaches and writes about women in American Council of Learned Societies, and as a given three separate awards for teaching excel­ classical antiquity, emphasizing law and de­ member of the board of directors of the Ameri­ lence: 1979, American Philological Association; mography. Her book, Goddesses, Whores, Wives, can Academy in Rome and the managing 1976, Student Government, University of Texas an d Slaves: Women in Classical Antiquity committee of the School of Classical Studies in at Austin; 1970, Bromberg Award, University of (Schocken, 1975), has been translated into Ital­ Athens. Her fellowships have included: Texas at Austin. His fellowships have included: ian, Greek, Dutch and German. Pomeroy, who Fulbright, Ford, Guggenheim, AAUW, NEH, NEH, ACLS, Guggenheim, Fulbright, Princeton was originally trained as a papyrologist at Co­ and ACLS. Her most recent book is From Myth National Fellow, Wescott, and Classicist-in- lumbia University, is currently writing a social to Icon: Reflections of Greek Ethical Doctrine in Lit­ residence, American Academy in Rome. history of women in Ptolemaic Egypt. erature and Art (Cornell University Press, 1979). NEH NOTES AND NEWS "And it must follow, as the night Award-winning books ...... and films the day ..." Three NEH-supported publications have re­ Robert Geller, executive producer for "The Continuous cycles characterize seasons, tides cently won distinguished awards, including an American Short Story,” together with the Pub­ and Federal budgets. At the same time that American Book Award. lic Broadcasting Service recently received the Federal agencies are operating on their fiscal Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexu­ most prestigious award in broadcasting, the ality year (FY) 1981 budgets, they are awaiting Con­ by John Boswell, a publication subsidized George Foster Peabody Award for Meritorious gressional approval of their FY '82 budgets by a grant from the NEH Division of Research Service in Broadcasting, for the NEH-supported and— in order to meet Presidential and Con­ publications program, won an American Book series, "The American Short Story." gressional deadlines— are drafting proposals for Award in history. Life on the Mississippi, produced by the Ne­ FY '83. The Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic braska ETV Network and the Great Amwell Company with major funding from the NEH By the end of this month each of the pro­ G roups, published by Harvard University Press gram divisions at the NEH will have completed last October, has received the R.R. Hawkins media program, has received the CINE Golden preliminary proposals for the FY '83 budget for award as the outstanding professional and Eagle Award from the Council on International Non-Theatrical Events. submission to the chairman and the National scholarly book of 1980 from the Association of Encyclopedia Council on the Humanities. American Publishers. The was also This budget proposal, which covers the pe­ funded by the NEH Research division. Exhibition Openings riod October 1, 1982 to September 30, 1983, is Alice James won the Bancroft Prize, awarded Southern Roads/City Pavements: Photographs due at the Office of Management and Budget annually by Columbia University for distin­ of Black Americans by Roland Freeman!Baltimore (OMB) by September 1, 1981. After review by guished works in American history. Author Museum of Art, MD/July 14-September 6 OMB and decisions by the President, the budg­ Jean Strouse wrote parts of Alice James on an 5000 Years of Korean Art!American Museum et will be submitted to Congress this winter as NEH Fellowship for Independent Study and of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, the FY '83 appropriations request. Formal re­ Research awarded in 1976. Washington, DC/July 15-September 15 view by Congress will begin on this request in Another American Book Award winner, The Great Bronze Age of ChinalMuseum of the spring of 1982. Francis Steegmuller, won the prize for transla­ Fine Arts, Boston, MA/July 22-September 30 The FY '82 budget, which goes into place tion for the first volume of The Letters of Gustave The Realist TraditionlSt. Louis Art Museum, this October 1, is still in this process of Con­ Flaubert. Steegmuller's current work on volume MO/July 23-September 20 gressional review. two of The Letters is supported by a translations Manifestations of ShivalKimbaU Art Museum, And as the House begins its review of the grant from the Research division. Fort Worth, TX/August 1-September 27 1983 budget next spring, Endowment staff will be working on recommendations for funding in 1984.

28