The Prut Basin

DEVELOPMENT OF DRAFT RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR SELECTED PILOT BASIN IN UKRAINE -

THE PRUT BASIN

DRAFT

Prepared by UNENGO “MAMA-86”

February 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction ...... ……..……5 1. Characteristic of the characteristics of the Prut river basin district…………………..………..….. ..6 1.1. Description of the Prut river basin district…………………………..………………………………6 1.1.1. Identification of the Prut River Basin…………………………………………………7 1.1.2. Relief…… ………………………………………………………………………………………….8 1.1.3. Geology… ………………………………………………………………………………….…..9 1.1.4. Soil………… …………………………………………………………………………….……..9 1.1.5. Vegetation…… …………………………………………………………………………..……..9 1.1.6. Climate ……………………………………………………………………………………… 10 1.1.7. Hydrological regime …………………………………………………………………………..10 1.2. Typology and identification of surface water bodies…………………………………………… .14 1.3. Typology and identification of groundwater bodies………………………………………………21 2. A summary of significant pressure and impact of human activity on the status of surface water and groundwater ………………………………………………………………… ………….24 2.1. Estimation of point source pollution………………………………………………………………29 2.2. Estimation of diffuse source pollution, including a summary of land use………………………...32 2.3. Estimation of pressures on the quantitative status of water including abstractions……………….36 2.4. Analysis of other impacts of human activity on the status of water………………………………37 3. Determination and mapping of territories that are protected …………………………………. 39 3.1. Register of water bodies for withdrawal of water intended for the drinking water supply……….39 3.2. Register of protected areas for protection of surface and ground waters and preservation of Habitats of species that directly depend on water……………………………………………………40 3.3. Water protection zones and river coastal protection strips………………………………………44 4. Monitoring Programme and Networks in the Prut River basin …………………………...46 4.1. Surface water Monitoring Programme……………………………………………………….…46 4.2. Groundwater Monitoring Programme ………………………………………………………….54 5. Environmental Objectives and Exemptions ...... 59 5.1. Environmental objectives ...... 59 5.2. Exemption According to WFD...... 60 5.3. Cross-cutting issues that will apply to future infrastructure projects ...... 60 6. Economic analysis of water use in the Prut River Basin ...... 62 6.1 Relevant water uses and economic meaning...... …62 6.2. Economic analysis of water use ...... ….668 6.3. Economic control tools...... 63 6.4. Cost-effectiveness as a criterion for selecting measures to achieve reduction targets…………. 66 7. Programme of measures ………………...... 67 7.1. Basic and Supplemented Measures on Maintenance and Restoration of Water Bodies…………67 7.2. Cross-cutting issues ……………………………………………………………………………. 77 8. A summary of the public information and consultation measures taken, their results and the changes to the plan made as a consequence ……………………………………………………79 9. A list of competent authorities ……………………………………………………………………80 10. The contact points and procedures for obtaining the background documentation and information…………………………………………………………………………………………… 83

Abbreviations and Acronyms

As arsenic AWB Artificial Water Body BOD biochemical oxygen demand BUWR River basin management authority Ca calcium Cd Cadmium CIS Common Implementation Strategy (for WFD) Cl Chloride DO dissolved oxygen DWPA drinking water protected areas EC Electric conductivity EPIRB Environmental Protection of International River Basins EU European Union F Fluorine Fe Iron GIS geographic information system GW Groundwater GWB groundwater body GWD GWD- The EU Directive 2006/118/EC on the Protection of Groundwater Against Pollution and Deterioration (referred to as “Groundwater Directive”) GWDTE groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems GWL groundwater level HCO 3 hydrocarbonate Hg Mercury HMWB Heavily Modified Water Body HPP Hydro Power Plant ISO International Standardisation Organisation IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JFS Joint Field Survey K potassium ion // hydraulic conductivity/coefficient of permeability of aquifer M total mineralisation MAC maximum allowable concentration MENR Ministry for Ecology and Natural resources Mg magnesium m3, m 2 cubic meter, square meter mg-eq/l milligram-equivalent per litre = [(mg/l) / eq weight] mg/l milligrams per litre Na Sodium NGO Nongovernment organisation NH 4 Ammonium CNNP Carpathian National Nature Park NO 2 Nitrite NO 3 Nitrate PAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Pb Lead PCE Tetrachloroethylene PoM programme of measures

PRB Prut River Basin PVC polyvinylchloride Q well discharge (l/s) SO 4 Sulphate Sr Strontium TCE Trichloroethylene TDS total dissolved solids TOC total organic carbon WB Water Body WFD Water Framework Directive

INTRODUCTION

This Prut River Basin Management Plan (Prut RBMP) has been prepared in the context of the project “Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project (EPIRB)” funded by the European Commission – Directorate General for Development and Cooperation - Europe Aid and implemented between January 2012 and January 2016 by the consortium led by Hulla & Co “Human Dynamics”.

The overall objective of the project is to improve the quality of water in the trans-boundary river basins of the wider Black Sea region and Belarus. The specific objectives of this project are: • to improve availability and quality of data on the ecological, chemical, and hydro-morphological status of trans-boundary river basins including groundwater, and • to develop River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) for selected river basins/sub-river basins according to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD).

According WFD States should aim to achieve the objective of at least good water status by defining and implementing the necessary measures within integrated programmes of measures, taking into account existing Community requirements. Where good water status already exists, it should be maintained. For groundwater, in addition to the requirements of good status, any significant and sustained upward trend in the concentration of any pollutant should be identified and reversed.

River basin management plan is produced for each river basin district lying entirely within their territory. In the case of an international river basin district falling entirely within the Community, states shall ensure coordination with the aim of producing a single international river basin management plan.

The key aim regarding the development of the RBMP for the Prut pilot sub-basin is to improve understanding of stakeholders on key elements of the WFD and river basin planning process and to integrate management of water resources (surface water and ground water) within the pilot basin district to achieve environmental objectives.

In 2012 Ministry of Environmental Protection of Ukraine approved the order on the Basic Plan on adaptation of environmental legislation of Ukraine to the European Union legal framework (Basic Plan approximation). In the Plan there is a list of respect EU legislations which are in accordance with the list of EU Directives of Annex XXIX Chapter 6 of Part V to the Association Agreement between Ukraine and EU, which was signed in July 2014 and ratified by Ukraine in October 2014.

Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (№ 847-p, September 17, 2014) on Action Plan for the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, on the other hand, was adopted on 2014-2017 years period. According to this order MENR and other central executive authorities were to develop and submit to the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine by 1st of November 2014 draft plans of implementing EU legal acts. This draft plan was prepared by the MENR. In accordance with this plan, Ukraine should develop and approve the provision on River Basin Management Plan and methodology of its development, and to develop River Basin Management Plans for main river basins.

This report was prepared by the team lead by UNENGO “MAMA-86” with significant assistance and consultations provided by team of EPIRB and the project beneficiary institutions of Ukraine – Ministry of environment and nature recourses.

For the preparation of this Report all technical reports and guidelines of EPIRB projects and CIS for WFD implementation were used:

Water body identification and typology, Prut pilot basin, Ukraine

Guidance Document addressing hydromorphology and physico-chemistry for a Pressure-Impact Analysis/Risk Assessment according to the EU WFD

Guidance Document addressing Chemical Status of Surface Water Bodies for a Pressure-Impact Analysis/Risk Assessment according to the EU WFD

Guidance Document on the Development of Programme of Measures and the Achievement of Environmental Objectives According to the EU WFD

Guidance document on prioritizing selected Programme of Measures (PoMs) and simplified Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)

Surface Waters Monitoring Programme in the Prut (UA) River basin

Guidance for groundwater monitoring programme in the Prut and Prut basins, Ukraine

Guidelines for Monitoring the Chemical Status of Surface Water Bodies

Joint Field Survey Report: Surface Waters 2014 Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine

1. Description of the characteristics of the Prut river basin

1.1. Description of the Prut river basin 1.1.1. Identification of the Prut River Basin

The Prut River is one of the largest rivers in Western Ukraine, Moldova and Romania, and is one of the main tributaries of the Danube River. The Prut River originates on the south-western slope of Hoverla mountain, at about 15 km south–south-east of Vorokhta village in the Chornogora massif of the Carpathian forest massifs, and discharges into the Danube River south of Giurgiulesti village, at about 164 km from the Danube mouth. The Prut River has length of 967 km (299 km in Ukraine) and a water catchment area of 27 540 km 2 (17 400 in Ukraine). The elevation drop amounts 1577 m, the overall stream gradient 163%, and the average meander ratio is 2,1.

The Prut River Basin (Prut RB) is transboundary. It is located on the territories of three countries. Of the total basin area, 28% is located in Moldova, 33% in the territory of Ukraine and 49% in Romania. The absolute maximum elevation of the basin is 429,5 m, and the minimum 2,6 m.

Тhe Prut basin in Ukraine and Moldova includes 41 basins of rivers longer than 15 km, 13 of which are first order tributaries. In Ukraine, the Prut RB is located in the Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi regions. (Figure 1.1). The upper part of the river basin is located within the Ukrainian Carpathians and the lower within the Sub Carpathian uplands of the East European Platform.

Figure 1.1. The transboundary Prut River Basin shared by the three countries of Ukraine, Moldova and Romania.

The physical and geographical features in the Prut RB in Ukraine are numerous. Above all, much of its area is located in the mountains. This conditions both the high river water content, which changes relatively little downstream, and the characteristic transience of river processes.

1.1.2. Relief

The territory of the pilot Prut RB covers parts of the Eastern European (Volyn-Podolsky plate) and the Western European platforms, external (folded) and Internal Carpathians and adjacent deflections: Sub Carpathian (advanced) and Transcarpathian (internal). Within these structures (from north-east to south- west) the following tectonic units are standing out: Bilche Volitskaya-zone (the outer part of the autochthonous Subcarpathians deflection formed on the foundation of the Western European platform), Samborski and Borislav-Pokutsko cover of the inside of the deflection, Skibovy cover, Pieniny area and Transcarpathian internal deflection. Pieniny area is the boundary between inside and outside the Carpathian Mountains. In general the structure of the Carpathians is a multi-tiered, cover-scaly with a total displacement of the mass from the south-west to north-east in the direction of the platform (Figure 1.2).

Mountain rivers are characterized by not deep valleys with steep slopes. River valleys are located across mountain ranges. The river valleys are mostly narrow, often with steep slopes and bluff. River valleys are expanding only in areas of soft outputs Oligocene rocks, forming a round or oblong canyon. These mountain rivers differ from lowland rivers in which landscape and geo-botanical terms are throughout more or less the same (azonal). The depth of the valleys in the foothills is 150 - 250 m and in the mountains it is 600 - 800 m. The slope is usually 60 - 70 m / km in the upper and 5 - 10 m / km in the lower parts of stream. The beds of the rivers are not deep. The width of the bed is mostly 3 - 5 m, in the upper part of the river it is 10 - 12 m and in the mouth part 80 - 100 m. The river beds have usually one river horn and covered of pebbles. The downstream parts of rivers usually have many river horns. The upper part of Prut River is a typical mountain river, relatively small, with steep slopes, with boulders and pebbles as sediments. In this upstream section, the river flows through a deep valley, which resembles in canyons at times. The section is largely forested. Trees are often observed as debris in the water stream, especially at bridges. The river course is primarily flowing from south-west to north-east. At the town of Yaremche, the river forms the cascading waterfall of Probiy. Conditionally, the River Prut up to Chernivtsi has three sections: (i) the mountainous section to Yaremche, (ii) the sub mountainous from Yaremche - Kolomya (64km) and the lowland section at Kolomya, Chernivtsi (100 km).

Figure 1.2. Evaluation and terrain of the Prut River Basin

1.1.3. Geology

In the geological structure of the territory is characterised by Precambrian crystalline rocks and products of their destruction, Paleozoic sediments (Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician and Cambrian systems), Mesozoic (Jurassic and Cretaceous systems) Cenozoic (Palaeogene and Neogene systems) and the quaternary system.

The mountainous part of the Prut River consists of Mesozoic sediments (shales, quartzites), which are covered weith flysch sediments on top (sandstone, clay, marl, limestone), and a crushed stone layer of alluvial formations.

The lower River Prut flows through the Volyn-Podolsk Highland, which is part of the East European Platform. At a depth of approximately 1500-3000 m the Precambrian crystalline basement is located. The surface is covered by sedimentary rocks of the Upper Proterozoic, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic. The oldest rocks from of the foundation plate are granites. Tertiary deposits are represented by sedimentary rocks of Paleogene flysch - a gray-green and gray calcareous sandstones, marls, clays overlain by Wiirm time (Annex 1.1).

1.1.4. Soil

Soil cover in the mountainous part of the Prut RB is characterised by brown mountain-forest soils. In general, they have low depth of 30 to 40 cm and sometimes a little more. Below a layer of gravel and stones can be found. River beds consist mainly of sand and gravel and gravel as well as rocky surfaces. The water permeability of the underlying layer is mainly low and this has a significant influence on the formation of flood discharges.

The foothills of the Prut RB are characterised by medium to strongly podzolic soils adjacent to the river meadow. The lower part of the river - before its transfer to the territory of Moldova - dark gray soil and black podzolic soil are dominant.

1.1.5. Vegetation

Deciduous and coniferous forests cover about 35% of the basin’s area. In the forested Carpathians landscape zoning is markedly expressed. In the foothills of the growing oak and hornbeam forests, where, along with the summer growing oak typical for Western Europe meets winter oak and Western European beech.

The lower slopes of the mountains (from 300 to 600 m) are vegetated by broadleaved forests from summer oak, hornbeam, beech, maple, linden, sometimes it is mixed spruce and fir. These forests are raised above 600 m, but some have changed, and with the height gradually dominated by beech and strengthens the role of conifers, above 1250 m. Spruce forests become dominant to an altitude of 1600 m.

The age structure of forests is dominated by young and middle-aged trees (70%), which are characterized by the worst soil and water regulatory functions. Ripening tree stands - 14% of mature, over mature - 16%.

Mountaintops are covered by subalpine meadows and shrub thickets of mountain alder and pine. The left bank of the Prut River is characterised by open grassland, plowed and only occasionally deciduous forest can be found.

1.1.6. Climate

The territory of the Prut RB is characterized by a temperate continental climate. In some years there are dry periods, which have a significant effect on the flow and hydrological regime of rivers of the Prut RB. Highland basin of the Prut is the most humid in Ukraine. The basic regularity of annual precipitation is their decrease with distance from the mountains.

In the mountains (meteorological stations Pozhezhevska, Seliatyn) rainfall is 976-2117 mm per year in and the flat area (meteorological stations Kolomya, Chernivtsi) 395-1331 mm. There is an irregularity of rainfall in time. It so happens that one month annual norm falls half, and on some days monthly rainfall. This defines the flood regime of the river and the formation of floods.

In the Prut RB there are observations during 1990-2013 that showed a change in average monthly and average annual air temperature in comparison with the standard climatic norm. Over the past 24 years the average annual temperature has increased by 0,2-1,9 ° C. The largest increase in air temperature was observed during the winter months (January, February). In the summer months (July, August) temperature has increased by an average of 0,7-1,9 ° C.

In the long cycle for the years 1990-2013 the average long-term rainfall in the PRB compared to the standard, increased from 9 to 93 mm, except for the meteorological station Chernivtsi, where long-term average rainfall has decreased by 23 mm. The highest rainfall was recorded in 1998, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2010 (exceeding the norm ranged within 280-450 mm). It was formed the catastrophic floods during these years. Rainfall that exceeds the norm in most cases falls on the month of March, June, August and November. The "wet" years have also months of precipitation significantly lower than normal. This is usually for months April, May and August.

1.1.7. Hydrological regime

Surface water . The Prut River Basin is characterized by a dense hydrographical network. The density of the river network is 0.94 km / km 2, which is almost three times the average for Ukraine (0.34 km / km2). The density of the network due primarily to two factors: a large dissection of relief and at the same time a significant amount of rainfall. Prut starts in the north-eastern slopes of the Carpathians at an altitude of 1750 m. The main catchment of the Prut is laying in Ukraine territory and forming its water regime. Width of the river channel up to settlement Delyatyn is 20 - 50 m, below expands to 100 - 200 m, depth of water in the channel is 0.2 - 1.5 m, the flow velocity is 2 - 3 m/s. In this area there are about 40 tributaries of the river, the largest of which is Cheremos, Rybnitsa, Pystynen, Luchka.

The largest mountain tributary of the Prut is the River Cheremosh with an average height catchment up to village Usteryky 1100 m above sea level, length of 800 km and the catchment area about 2560 km 2. Cheremosh formed by the confluence of two tributaries – Black Cheremosh and White Cheremosh. Black Cheremosh is almost twice as long and much faster than White Cheremosh. However, both rivers and their tributaries are characterized by considerable of slope valley - more than 10 m/km. Cheremosh flows within 80 miles after the merging of the tributaries to the discharge into the Prut.

The hydrographical network density of this basin is the largest in Ukraine. Other major tributaries of the Prut are the Rybnytsia and Prystynka - stemming from the slopes Pokutsko-Bukovina Carpathians at an altitude of 600-800 m above sea level. The river network density is 0.3-0.9 km/km 2, sometimes – 1,5 km/km 2, within the catchment of Prut tributary river Bilyy Cheremos is 2.5 km / km 2.

The increase of water levels usually start in mid - late March due to snow melting in the mountains, or fallout rain and sets the beginning of river floods in the Carpathians. Flood takes place in several waves, particularly during warming and often complicated or aggravated by rain. The highest spring flood are observed on small rivers usually in the second or third week of March. Maximum spring flood is not always has the highest annual level, most of all the highest level is a level of rain floods. The intensity of spring flood level rise depends mainly on the water content in snow. The duration of spring flood is 1.5 - 2 months (Table 1.1).

Table 1.1 . Typical water levels on the network of hydro-meteorological service River–Post Baseline at Нavg, Maximum level Minimum level the post, m cm cm date cm date Prut–Tatarov 636,57 198 619 31.08.1927 148 23.03-14.11.1999 16-17.11.1999, 25.08-09.12. 2000 Prut–Yaremche 499,89 223 760 08.06.1969 143 05-09.12.2000 Prut–Kolomyya 274,74 290 688 22.07.1974 158 09.12.2000 Prut–Chernovtsy 155,89 257 1038 09.06.1969 106 10.12.2000 Kamenka–Dora 482,36 23 207 14.08.1979 2 07.07.1999 Chernyava–Lyubkovtsy 220,93 271 569 20.06.1998 236 21.08-26.10.2000 Cheremosh–Ustereki 474,09 83 456 08.06.1969 32 09.12.1967 Cheremosh–Kuty 326,16 366 755 08.06.1969 236 19.12.1997 Bilyi Cheremosh–Yablunitsa 592,11 185 447 08.06.1969 114 22, 23.11.1975 Chornyi Cheremosh– 590,48 351 720 08.06.1969 284 18.03.2000 Verkhovina Iltsa–Iltsy 681,98 106 244 08.09.1996 57 16.08-30.11.2000 Putila–Putila 613,06 334 595 28.06.1995 260 25-29.01.1992

The summer rain floods usually begin after the spring flood. Their maxima usually exceed the spring flood level at 0.5 - 1.5 m. Incessant autumn rains cause considerable level rise, sometimes reaching 2-3 m. Reducing the level lasts until August - September and reaches the lowest value at the end of September - October. In some years floods can be from 5-8 times to 10-12 times and more. Is observed increase in autumn, which lasts for winter. In autumn can be very high and even catastrophic floods. Winter regime of levels is characterized by instability due to frequent thaws. The water level rises to 1.0 - 1.5 m, and sometimes by 2.0 - 3.5 m compared with the period before the flood (Figure 1.3, Table 1.2).

Figure 1.3. Runoff hydrograph, Prut River Basin (Yaremche hydrological post, 2008-2011)

Table 1.2. Typical values of water flow at the hydrological stations located in Prut river basin Post Qavg Period Qmax Date Qmin Date 3 3 3 (m /c) (m /c) (m /c) Vorokhta 2,00 1978–2011 87,2 26–27.07.2008 0,12 7-12.02.1987 Tatariv 7,71 1959–2011 517 8.06.1969 0,053 16.12.1961 Yaremche 12,6 1950–2011 1530 8.06.1969 0,68 24.01.1976 Chernivtsi 73,1 1895–1911, 5200 9.06.1969 1,90 14.12. 1961 1919–1924, 1926–1935, 1945–2011

The typical maximum annual runoff modules for the Carpathian rivers are 20 - 30 l/s km 2 . The modern exogenous geodynamic processes in river valleys of Prut basin are: water erosion from heavy rain and lateral erosion of slopes, on slopes - natural denudation and erosion, complicated in some treeless areas, landslides, avalanches, screes and quick sand. As a result of these processes in rivers and streams many diverse-grained material are transported by waterways. The solid of suspended sediment can be dominant. The largest part of the solid runoff of mountain rivers is associated with mud flow. Almost all of the tributaries of the Prut River and Black Cheremosh are under mud flows influence, especially rivers: Kamyanka, Zhonka, Zhenets, Dzembronya, Bystrets, Pohorilets.

Lakes and reservoirs . There are 8 lakes with a total area of 38 ha in the Ivano-Frankovsk region of the Prut RB. 15 lakes with an area of 53 ha are located in the Chernivtsi region. Two reservoirs are located in the basin. These are located in the area of the Novoselytsia district in the Chernivtsi Region. The reservoir on the river Cherlena has a volume of 3.16 mln m 3, at t. Shcherbintsi - 1.37 mln m3. The total volume of reservoirs is 4.53 mln m 3 and with an area of 136 ha. The reservoirs are mainly used for fish farming.

Many ponds are located in the Prut basin. 409 ponds are located in the Ivano-Frankivsk region and 842 in the Chernivtsi region. The total volume of ponds in the Ivano-Frankivsk Region is 13,7 mln m 3, and in Chernivtsi 34,2 mln m 3, their area is near 1.5 thousand ha and 3.4 thousand ha. Volume of ponds and reservoirs is 52.4 mln m3, equivalent to 2% of Prut river runoff.

Groundwater. Hydrogeological conditions of the Prut basin determine the geological structure and orographic special features of this territory Within the Prut basin (Ukraine) there are three geological regions: Volyn-Podolsky artesian basin and Pre-Carpathian basin, fold mountain region of the Carpathians (Figure 1.4). Volyn-Podolsky artesian basin in the investigated area distributed within the south-western margin of the East European platform and takes Prut-Dniester interfluve. The south-west boundary of basin coincides with Corsham-Vashkivskym shear, which is the border of a sharp lowering of Cretaceous and Neogene sediments. It developed sedimentary rocks of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, are clay-sandy sediments, unfavorable to the accumulation of large quantities of groundwater. Fresh groundwaters in Volyno-Podolian artesian basin are contained in the porous and fractured Upper Cretaceous and Neogene sands and sandstones occurring at the depth of about 100 m. Groundwaters of various aquifers are hydraulically interconnected creating joint water bearing complexes. All these aquifers and water bearing complexes are used as centralised water supply sources.

Characteristic feature of Pre-Carpathian artesian basin is that all aquifers contain highly mineralised groundwater and sometimes even brines. Therefore main source of water supply on the territory of artesian basin are groundwaters of alluvial aquifers in the river valleys.

Hydrogeological conditions of the folded Carpathian Mountain artesian basin are particularly complex. Water bearing rocks here are represented exclusively by terrigenous flysch Paleogene and Neogene deposits, that are folded, faulted and fractured. Beside that aquifer systems are strongly complicated by tectonic movements of various geological periods. Therefore there are no unbroken and consistent aquifers in the Carpathian Mountains.

The main source of centralised water supply in Prut basin therefore is unconfined groundwaters of alluvial aquifers and terraces of Prut and Cheremosh river valleys. Other unconfined groundwaters of eolian-delluvial origin which occur on the watershed areas and slopes of river valleys are only of local importance.

Figure 1.4. Main aquifers of Prut river basin analysed for identification and delineation of groundwater bodies

1.2. Typology and identification of surface water bodies

As basis of assessing the ecological status of surface water and planning and implementing a Program of Measures, a typology has been developed as well as rivers and lakes have been divided into discrete volumes, or bodies of surface water (WBs). According to the WFD a ‘water body’ should be a coherent sub-unit in the river basin to which the environmental objectives of the directive must apply.

Surface ‘water bodies’ are discrete sections or parts of water bodies, which differ from each other in their specific natural characteristics, the nature of the impact of human activity or any other significant and distinguishable parameters.

The process of delineation and identifying surface water bodies consist of division of water bodies into sections and parts according to agreed parameters and criteria. Each delineated surface water body is then subject to regular water status assessment and in case good status is not achieved, measures are set to improve it.

The method that has been used for WB delineation involved the identification of the location and boundaries of surface water bodies and the initial characterisation and typology in accordance with the methodology described below: Basic delineation: (i) The surface WBs within the river basin /sub-basin were identified as falling within either one of the following surface water categories —rivers, lakes, or as heavily modified surface water bodies. (ii) For each surface water category, the relevant surface WB within the river basin/sub-basin was differentiated according to a type. These types are defined using the system A of the WFD in accordance with the ToR of EPIRB Project (Table 1.3). Each surface WB within the river basin/sub-basin should be differentiated by the relevant ecoregions in accordance with the geographical areas. The pilot basin under this review belongs to the 16-th ecoregion (the Eastern plains).

Afterwards the WBs were differentiated by surface water body types according to the descriptors set out in the table 1.3.

For heavily modified surface water bodies the differentiation was undertaken in accordance with the descriptors for whichever of the surface water categories (rivers or lakes) most closely resembles.

Table 1.3. System A: Rivers and Lakes Fixed RIVERS LAKES typology Descriptors Descriptors Ecoregion 16 (Eastern plains) 16 (Eastern plains) Type Altitude typology Altitude typology

 high: >800 m  high: >800 m  mid-altitude: 200 to 800 m  mid-altitude: 200 to 800 m  lowland: <200 m  lowland: <200 m Size typology based on catchment area Size typology based on surface area  small: 10 to 100 km2  0.5 to 1 km2  medium: >100 to 1 000 km2  1 to 10 km2  large: >1 000 to 10 000 km2  10 to 100 km2  very large: >10 000 km2  >100 km 2

Depth typology based on mean depth  <3 m  3 to 15 m  > 15 m Geology Geology  calcareous  calcareous  siliceous  siliceous  organic  organic

All rivers with a river basin over 50 km 2 were considered for the purpose of establishing and identifying surface water bodies. Rivers with the catchment areas smaller than 50 km 2 were categorized into individual water bodies in respect to their significance (see section ‘Typology’). However, all small rivers are included into larger drainage basins, which serve as the basis for the management of water bodies.

Detailed delineation: - Human impacts on the physical status of water bodies (“at risk”); - Stricter protection requirements established for protected areas.

A methodological problem for water management has been the large number of identified river bodies and the consequential large amount of work required for studies, monitoring and surveillance. Preliminary aggregation and grouping river bodies, in particular, was applied to reduce administrative burden.

Scheme of typology of water bodies

For the coding of the delineated water bodies the international hydrological coding system was used, known as the Hack's main streams or Gravelius order (Zavoianu et al , 2009), ranks streams based on a hierarchy of tributaries.

Each delineated water body in the Prut pilot basin will obtain a unique identifier using the format given in the Table 1.4. For the Ukrainian part of the PRB the country code UA is based for the identification of water bodies. For lake water bodies UAL abbreviation is used.

Table 1.4. Water body code identification scheme for the Prut pilot basin System First order tributary Second order Third order Fourth order tributary tributary tributary 02 = Danube 01 = Prut River 01 = Yablunetskiy Prutets 0201/xx – the water 02 = Prutets bodies of the Prut River; Chemigivskiy 0201YY/xx – the water bodies of the second 03 = Pistinka 01 = Lyuchka order tributary; 04= Dobrovidka 0201YYZZ/xx – the 05= Turka water bodies of the third 06 = Pibnitsya order tributary 07 = Chernyava 01 = Stavishce 08 = Beleluya 09 = Cheremosh 01 = Chorniy 01 = Shibeni Cheremosh 02 = Bystrets 03 = Iltsya 15

System First order tributary Second order Third order Fourth order tributary tributary tributary 04 = Richka 02 = Beliy Cheremosh 01 = Sarata 02 = Perkalab 03 = Yalovychera 04 = Probiyna 03 = Putila 04 = Rozhen Velykiy 04 = Rozhen Velykiy 05 = Vizhenka 06 = Mlenyusha 07 = Berezhonka 08 = Glybochok 13 = Brusnitsa 14 = Volochina 15 = Sovitsa 16 = Sovitsa Kitsmanska 17 = Shubranets 01 = Moshkov

Identification and delineation of Surface Water Bodies . Surface water bodies are classified into water bodies in natural conditions, heavily modified and artificial water bodies. The determination of surface water bodies and heavily modified water bodies is based on several guidelines and an agreed methodology, details on the risk assessment is provided in Chapter 2.

In the pilot Prut RB there were identified 122 Surface WBs, 7 – heavily modified WBs, 36 WBs were assessed as WBs at risk of failing good ecological status, 52 WBs were not assessed and there is no available information related to them, due to this lack of information these WBs were assessed as WBs possibly at risk.

A list of all surface water bodies and their catchment areas is provided in Annex I and they are shown in the map of Figure 1.5.

Figure 1.5. Surface water bodies in Prut pilot basin

Typology. The type of a water body depends on the set of natural properties of the water body or their parts. On the basis of the ecoregions, geology, the altitude factor and the catchment size, rivers fall within 14 groups:

- Type I includes 9 water bodies within 16-th ecoregion with the siliceous formation and the small catchment area less than 100 km2 on the altitude below 200 m; - Type II includes 5 water bodies within 16-th ecoregion with the siliceous formation and the small catchment area less than 100 km2 on the altitude from 200 to 800 m; - Type II-I includes 2 water bodies within 10-th ecoregion with the siliceous formation and the small catchment area less than 100 km2 on the altitude from 200 to 800 m; - Type III includes 1 water body within 16-th ecoregion with the siliceous formation and the small catchment area less than 100 km2 on the altitude above 800 m; - Type III-I includes 4 water bodies within 10-th ecoregion with the siliceous formation and the small catchment area less than 100 km2 on the altitude above 800 m; - Type V includes 3 water bodies within 16-th ecoregion with the calcareous formation and the small catchment area less than 100 km2 on the altitude from 200 to 800 m; - Type VI includes 11 water bodies within 16-th ecoregion with the siliceous formation and the medium catchment area from 100 to 1000 km2 on the altitude below 200 m; - Type VII includes 9 water bodies within 16-th ecoregion with the siliceous formation and the medium catchment area 100 to 1000 km2 on the altitude from 200 to 800 m; - Type VII-I includes 11 water bodies within 10-th ecoregion with the siliceous formation and the medium catchment area 100 to 1000 km2 on the altitude from 200 to 800 m;

- Type VIII includes 4 water bodies within 10-th ecoregion with the siliceous formation and the medium catchment area from 100 to 1000 km2 on the altitude above 800 m; - Type X includes 2 water bodies within 16-th ecoregion with the calcareous formation and the medium catchment area 100 to 1000 km2 on the altitude from 200 to 800 m; - Type XI includes 10 water bodies within 16-th ecoregion with the siliceous formation and the large catchment area from 1000 to 10 000 km2 on the altitude below 200 m; - Type XII includes 5 water bodies within 16-th ecoregion with the siliceous formation and the large catchment area from 1000 to 10 000 km2 on the altitude from 200 to 800 m; - Type XII-I includes 1 water body within 10-th ecoregion with the siliceous formation and the large catchment area from 1000 to 10 000 km2 on the altitude from 200 to 800 m. On the Ukrainian part of the PRB there are no water bodies belonging to the types IV and IX.

On the basis of geographical and morphological characteristics lake water body in the Prut pilot basin belongs to the single type: - Type I includes 1 water body within 16 ecoregion with the surface area from 0.5 to 1 km 2 and the average depth from 3 to 10 m on the altitude below 200 m.

- Figure 1.6. Prut pilot basin of Ukraine water bodies typology map

Setting initial (reference) conditions for BT Prut basin. For each type of surface water body, described under section 1.1 WFD should be established typospetsyfichni hydromorphological and physicochemical conditions that represent value hydromorphological and physicochemical quality elements specified in section 1.1 of Annex V to this type of surface water about the object for different environmental condition, as indicated in the table in section 1.2 of Appendix V. As a result of years of JFS 2013-2014 and expertise were established reference conditions for BT basin. Prut and WBs with good environmental condition (tab. 1.5).

Table 1.5. Reference water bodies at the Prut river basin and water bodies with good ecological status

№ River Code WB

1 Prut (upstream of “Zarosliak sport club”) UA0201/01

2 Shybeny ( v. Shibeny ) UA0201120101/01

3 Lopatynka (v. Shyshkovtsy) UA020131

4 Zhonka (Yaremche) SW43

5 Peremiiska (Deliatyn) SW29

6 Dereluy (upstream Korovia river) UA020118/03

7 Pistynka (v. Sheshory) UA020103/01

8 Chorniy Cheremosh UA02010901/10

9 Cheremosh UA020112/04

10 Iltsya (v/ Iltsi)) UA0201120103

11 Liuchka (v. Yabluniv) UA02010301/01

12 Rybnitsa (v/ Yavoriv) UA020109/01

WBs in good ecological status

1 Prutetz Chemigivski UA020102/01

2 Beleluia UA020111

3 Chorniy Cheremosh UA02011201/03

4 Cheremosh UA020112/01

5 Prut UA0201/04

6 Liuchka UA02010301/02

7 Pistynka UA020103/02

8 Pistynka UA020106/04

9 Pistynka UA020106/05

10 Pistynka UA020106/03

11 Liuchka UA02010601/01

12 Rybnitsa UA020109/02

13 Chorniy Cheremosh UA02011201/01

14 Shybeny UA0201120101/01

15 Shybeny UA0201120101/02

16 Richka UA0201120104

17 Prut UA0201/05

18 Prut UA0201/06

19 Prut UA0201/07

Heavily modified and artificial water bodies are also categories of surface water bodies. The initial identification of HMWBs and AWBs was based on the existing and easily available information for water bodies and also on the risk assessment approach. In accordance with the EU WFD, the HMWB is designated as “a body of surface water which as a result of physical alterations by human activity is substantially changed in character”

A water body can be designated as a heavily modified surface water body or artificial water body only if it meets the following criteria: 1) Changes in the hydromorphological properties of the water body, which would be required to achieve a good ecological status, would have a significant negative impact on: - the environment in general; - the activities for which the water is abstracted, such as drinking water reserves, electricity production or irrigation; - water regulation, protection against floods, or drainage; - other equally significant permanent human development activities. 2) Due to the limited technical resources and/or excessive costs, the benefits resulting from the artificial or modified nature of the water body would not be achievable through alternative methods, which would be more favourable for the environment.

Seven water bodies have been identified as heavily modified surface water bodies in the Prut pilot basin (Table 1.6)

Table 1.6. HMWB in Prut river basin N River bodies Delineation Code HM alterations 1 Sovitsa UA020115/02 Significant hydromorphological 2 Sovitsa Kitsmanska UA020116/01 changes by the number of ponds along the river. The ponds are 3 Sovitsa Kitsmanska UA020116/02 used for irrigation and flood 4 Shubranets UA020117/01 protection. 5 Moshkov UA02011702/01 6 Rakovec' UA020132 7 Cherlena Rezervoir UAL020101 Significant hydromorphological changes by the HPP and reservoir construction. The 20

volume of the Cherlena Reservoir is 3.16 mil. m3, and the surface area is 0.98 km 2. Reservoir has the seasonal regulation.

The initial identification of AWBs should include the surface water bodies with a catchment area of more than 10 km 2 or surface area more than 0,5 km 2. AWBs were not identified in the Prut basin.

Figure 1.7. Heavily modified water bodies in the Prut pilot basin of Ukraine

There are whole four water bodies (UA0201/01 - UA0201/04) in the Prut, one water body (UA020101/02) in the Yablunetskiy Prutets River Basin and one water (UA020102/02) body in the Chemigivskiy Prutets River Basin within the protected area. The Guculshcina National Park includes 8 water bodies in the Prut and Cheremosh river basins.

1.3. Typology and identification of groundwater bodies

For the management purposes, WFD requires to delineate, characterize and classify groundwater bodies (further abbreviated as GWB). According to the WFD Article 2.12: “Body of groundwater means the distinct volume of groundwater within an aquifer or aquifers”. The first step in the procedure of identification of groundwater bodies is analysis of groundwater aquifers and their parts with a significant flow of groundwater and/or significant volume of abstraction. WFD Article 7 requires identifying all groundwater bodies used, or planned to be used in future, for the abstraction of more than 10 m3/d of drinking water as an average. In the water body identification exercise this volume is regarded as a significant quantity of groundwater. Geological strata capable to abstract this quantity of groundwater (even only locally) should be qualified as aquifers. Almost all 21

Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project This project is funded by Contract No 2011/279-666. A project implemented by a Consortium the European Union led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG aquifers that contain fresh groundwater can produce more than 10 m 3/d and should be analyzed for groundwater body delineation. Four main fresh groundwater aquifers are used for water supply and therefore have been analysed for identification and delineation of groundwater bodies in PRB (Figure 1.3): 1. Quaternary (alluvial) aquifers of Prut river valley and its terraces; 2. Neogene (Miocene) aquifers; 3. Paleogene (Eocene) aquifers and 4. Upper-Middle Cretaceous aquifers. Based on the results of analysis and initial characterisation of the aquifers as well as human impact the 4 groundwater bodies have been delineated in the PRB (Table 1.7 and Fifure 1.8).

Table 1.7. Preliminary identified GWB in Prut River basin, Ukraine Name of the aquifer Water bearing sediments Number of Temporary codes identified of GWB GWB Alluvial Quaternary Boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand with 1 G-Q100 aquifers in Prut river interlayers and lenses of clay and valley and all it’s terraces sandy loams Neogene N1st: sandstones and argillites in the 1 G-200 layers of saline breccias. N 1s1: sand and sandstone interlayers and lenses sometimes aleurolites and marls Paleogene Intercalation of aleurites, aleurolites, 1 G-300 argilites and sandstones Upper-Middle Cretaceous Intercalation of argilites and marls 1 G-400 with thin interlayers of sandstones and aleurolites and lenses of fractured conglomerates and gravelites Total: 4

Devonian aquifer can potentially be used for mineral water supply in future but is not used at present therefore groundwater body in the Devonian aquifer was not identified and delineated

Figure 1.8. Preliminary identified and delineated groundwater bodies in Prut river basin

2. A summary of significant pressures and impact of human activity on the status of surface water and groundwater

The overall aim of the Pressure and Impact analysis (PIA) is the identification/estimation of water bodies at risk, possibly at risk or not at risk of failing the WFD environmental objectives. Water bodies have been classified possibly at risk in the case of insufficient information or knowledge based on the identified significant anthropogenic pressures the Pressure and Impact Analysis and Risks assessment (RA) of not achieving the WFD environmental objectives for WBs in the pilot Prut RB of Ukraine. The results of from WFD compliant monitoring network JFS 2013-2014 and WFD compliant classification of WBs made by the experts of EPIRB Project were used for the PIA and RA based on DPSIR methodology and the Guidance Documents addressing (i) Hydromorphology and Physico-Chemistry and (ii) Chemical Status of Surface WBs. In addition the available data of the national monitoring network (the Central Geophysical Observatory and the Dniester-Prut Basin Department) and national Water Quality Norms and Standards were used for the PIA and RA. The approach followed an interim procedure of risk estimation using pressure and impact criteria/thresholds values for significant anthropogenic pressures in the pilot Prut RB.

General Physico-Chemical conditions

According to the risk assessment for physico-chemical elements of Prut River 35 water bodies (Methodology see in the Annex 2.9) are not at risk , 48 are possibly at risk and 39 are at risk (Figure 2.1).

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Not at risk Possibly at risk At risk

Figure 2.1. Grouping of Prut water bodies for Physico-chemical risk assessment The water quality impact analysis and assessment of the water quality of pilot PRB were made based on the water quality monitoring data provided by Central Geophysical Observatory for the period 2000- 2011 and Dniester-Prut River Management Department for the period 2000-2013. The certain WFD compliant physic-chemical water quality parameters for which monitoring data were available for the Project were used for analysis. We have used the following WFD compliant Ph-Ch parameters for River WB: 1. Oxygenation conditions: O 2 [mg/l] and BOD-ATH, TOC, (COD) as indicators for organic matter, degradability and oxygen demand 2. Acidification status– pH 3. Nutrient conditions NH 4, NO 3, PO 4

Temperature indicators were not used for the analysis. There is no information and data about changes in thermal conditions caused by hydro morphological alterations or other anthropogenic pressures (WWTP).

The analysis of the long term data for the critical water quality parameter on NH 4 shows that there is a substantial impact on water quality, related to NH 4 pollution, which can be a result of the lack of the WWT in the pilot area, taking into account that pollution of WBs by NH 4 associated with discharges of low or untreated domestic wastewater (Figure 2.2). According to results of JFS -2013, 2014 total length of RWBs under NH 4 pollution is 231 km (Annex 2.10); BOD, COD pollution – 208 km (Annex 2.11); pH – 125 km (Annex 2.12).

The available data of long term monitoring of SWB in the pilot Prut RB obtained by Central Geophysical Observatory (CGO) provide a little bit information about water bodies pollution by some of Heavy Metals, oil products and phenols during 2000-2011 period. The JFS 2013 the several chemical parameters, including Heavy Metals, DDT, Aldrin, Endrin, were measured in water samples from 24 Prut SWBs. No DDT, Aldrin, Endrin were found in the taken samples.

The content of total phenols in the rivers can be of natural and anthropogenic original as well as heavy metals and needs further investigation and monitoring with clarification of the method of detection and verification in laboratory with the adequate sensitivity of the existing equipment to measure HM according to WFD EQS.

Figure 2.2. WBs in the Prut river basin polluted by NH 4

The table in the Annex 2.13 shows the results of the preliminary water status evaluation for 45 WBs based on the results of all kinds of risk assessments within the project according Guidance Document addressing hydromorphology and physico-chemistry for a Pressure-Impact Analysis/Risk Assessment according to the EU WFD.

Hydromorphological Alterations

Total number of the SWBs in the Ukrainian part of the Prut RB is 122 – natural RWBs (total length – 151282 km). On the Figure 2.3 below total result of hydromorphological risk assessment is presented.

Figure 2.3. Results of the HM risk assessment for the Prut River water bodies Generally 8 SWBs are heavily modified (128 km) that consist 6% of all PRB (Figure 2.4).

Figure.2.4. Percent frequent of HMWBs in the Prut river basin (Ukraine)

According to hydromorphological risk assessment (the Methodology see in the Annex 2.5) in the UA share of the Prut RB, 29 WBs were assessed as WBs at risk of failing good ecological status, 52 WBs 26

Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project This project is funded by Contract No 2011/279-666. A project implemented by a Consortium the European Union led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG possibly at risk due to a lack of information related to them, and 35 RWBs are not at risk, 6 WBs – heavily modified (Figure 2.5). Grouping of SWBs in the PRB (Ukraine) for Hydromorphological risk is presented in the Annexe 2.6.

Figure.2.5. Risk assessment results for the 123 Prut River Water Bodies regarding hydromorphological alterations aligned to the three categories of at risk, possibly at risk, not at risk.

Total length of WBs under the different HM risks is 382.4 km. On the Figure 2.6 all types of risks within Prut river body is presented.

Figure 2.6. Types of key anthropogenic pressures that cause impacts on river water bodies in the Prut river basin (Ukrainian part)

The main pressure types in the PRB is urban and industrial pollution as well as agriculture . According HM risk assessment eight WBs are affected with total length – 112 km.

There are four water bodies (total length – 103 km) in low part (tributaries) of PRB at risk according risk criterion Impoundment / Reservoir Effect. Several impoundments are in place and affect >30% of the overall water body length.

Hydromorphological alterations. The river body Shubranets with total length 2 km is identified WBs at risk due to criteria – more than 70% of overall water body length is allocated to Morphological Quality Class 3-5.

Risk criterion: River Morphology . There are 11 water bodies identify as a bodies at risk because >30% of overall water body length is allocated to Morphological Quality Class 4-5 (gavial abstraction). Total length of WBs under this risk consists 102 km. A lot of hydrotechnical constructions for bank protection were built on rivers of the Upper Prut basin.

There are three water bodies at risk under hydropeaking risk criterion (totally - 41,4 km), where derivative mini hydro power plants (mini-HPP) were built, including WBs: Prut (Snytynska mini-HPP), Probiyna (Probiynivska mini-HPP) and Byliy Cheremosh (Holoshynska mini HPP) (Figure 2.7).

Figure 2.7. Mini derivative hydropower plants in the pilot Prut RB in Ukraine

The last risk criterion is pounds. Under this risk is WB Ryngach with length 22 km.

Generally the anthropogenic pressures in the Prut RB could be presented in such way: Urban and industrial pollution, agriculture > Impoundment > River morphology (gavial abstraction) > Hydropeaking (hydropower stations) > Pounds > Hydromorphological alterations.

2.1. Estimation of point source pollution

The main anthropogenic pressures on the quality and quantity of water resources in the Prut RB are point sources of pollution, related to discharges of (i) insufficiently treated urban wastewater, (ii) discharges of industrial wastewater, and (ii) inadequate management of municipal, livestock and industrial wastes.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) of all settlements are point sources of pollution of surface water bodies in the Prut basin. In the current economic situation, all wastewater treatment structures are inefficient (Figure 2.8). The WWTPs that have been constructed 50 - 60 years ago, were not designed to take out modern pollutants. Besides, the equipment of treatment facilities is out of date and its lifetime has been exhausted long time ago.

Figure 2.8. Wastewater discharges into surface water bodies of the Prut river basin (mln. m3), 2013 There are more than 200 industrial enterprises of different capacities in the Prut RB. It should be noted that most of them are so-called "secondary" water users, as their wastewaters are transported for treatment to the municipal treatment facilities.

Waste Water Treatment plants are the significant point sources of multi spectrum pollutants, including organic matter, nutrients (particularly, nitrogen and phosphorus) and different chemical pollutants, taking into account that most of industrial enterprises discharge their treated or low treated wastewaters to the municipal sewer and transported to WWTP for the final treatment together with domestic Waste Water (WW). For the assessment of pressure of Untreated Waste Waters (WW) related to emissions of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrogen (N tot ) and Phosphorus (P tot ) into the environment the inventory of the Wastewater treatment in agglomerations with population near 5 000 to more than 10 000 of PRB was done according to the Guidance Documentation Pressure/Impact Analysis (Risk Assessment) addressing hydromorphology and physic-chemistry in the EPIRB Project Pilot Basin. The Table 2.1 gives a rough overview of the present situation on wastewater treatment in the PRB.

Table 2.1. Reference scenario: wastewater treatment in agglomerations within the Prut River Basin Level of sewer coverage WW Rivers population People Portion of WWTP agglomeration Treatment capita units connected to population, level sewer, РЕ , connected to sewer capita % Prut Yaremche 8000 3000 37,5 1 secondary Prut Kolomyya 61 429 50 000 81,4 1 secondary Prut Chernivtsi 262 294 180 000 68,6 1 secondary Sovytsya Zastavna 8097 5274 65,4 1 secondary Sovytsya Kitsman 7293 5428 80,3 1 secondary Prut Novoselytsya 8166 3213 41,3 1 secondary Derelui Glyboka 9465 3009 31,8 1 primary

In the Figure 2.9 the inventory of emissions of BOD5, COD, N tot and P tot from different agglomerations is presented.

Figure 2.9. Emissions of BOD 5, COD, N tot and P tot from non-treated WW in the Prut RB Total load of these pollutants in the Ukrainian part of the Prut RB is presented in the Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10. Total emissions of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrogen (N tot ) and Phosphorus (P tot ) into the Prut River Basin. Significant number of agglomerations less than 10 000 (small towns, townships and rural settlements) is located in pilot area and has decentralized sanitation systems (septic tanks and pit latrines), which generate diffuse organic, nutrients and microbial pollutions of local water resources.

18 WBs with total length 370 km hold the pressure from untreated wastewater from point sources of pollutions. Due to available data the wastewater pressure indicators have been calculated for 7 WBs. For other WBs we don’t have needed data .

The pressure indicators: Untreated wastewaters load in relation to the annual minimum flow of recipient river WB and Total share of wastewater in the river were calculated and used to assess the risk of failing the WFD environmental objectives (Table 2.2).

Table 2.2. Impact indicator 1 of Untreated wastewater from point pollutions – treatment facilities of settlements and risk assessment Rivers of pilot region Indicator 1: Untreated waste waters Assessment

Ch.Cheremosh (Verkhovina) 0.2 Not at risk

Rybnitsa (Kosiv) 0,31 Not at risk

Prut (Yaremche)* 0,3* Possibly at risk*

Prut (Delyatyn) 0,16 Not at risk

Prut (Kolomyya) 2,5 At risk

Prut (Snyatyn) 0,4 Not at risk

Prut (Chernivtsi) 6,0 At risk

* - possibly at risk (taking into account number of tourists)

Based on the results, RWB near city Yaremche is possibly at risk from point source – WWTP taking into account the PE and loads calculations (and RWBs in Kolomyya and Chernivtsi are at risk . The

Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project This project is funded by Contract No 2011/279-666. A project implemented by a Consortium the European Union led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG numbers of tourists, especially during high tourist season, are not included in the initial data for Yaremche city and impact indicators need to be recalculated, but presently such data is not available.

Another pressure indicator has been applied related to point sources pollution: Total share of wastewater in the river. It has been calculated for 7 WBs ( Table 2.3) for which the data were available. Total river length due to this risk is 124 km.

Table 2.3. Impact indicator 4 of Total share of wastewater in the river from a point source pollution and risk assessment

Indicator 4: total share of Rivers of pilot region Assessment wastewater dilution

Ch.Cheremosh (Verkhovina) 0,00002 Not at risk Rybnitsa (Kosiv) 0,01 Not at risk Prut (Yaremche) 0,01 Not at risk Prut (Delyatyn) 0,00001 Not at risk Prut (Kolomyya) 0,003 Not at risk Prut (Snyatyn) 0,001 Not at risk Prut (Chernivtsi) 0,008 Not at risk

In addition to WWTPs, 53 enterprises – polluters, located in the pilot Prut RB were mapped (Figure 2.11) and the risk assessment was done for Indicator 4 on total share of WW dilution in the framework of analysis of main pressures contributing into quality of wastewater discharges. Reference data: Ecological passports of Ivano-Frankivska and Chernivetska Regions, 2012. As a result of the assessment all River Water Bodies receiving WW from 53 point sources were defined as not at risk .

Figure.2.11. Point sources of pollution in the pilot Prut RB of Ukraine Analysis of long term monitoring data on phenols, oil products and surfactants content in River WBs provided by Central Geophysical Observatory for the period 2000-2011 shows that River WBs are under significant loads of phenols (2-41 times higher than MAC) and oil products (1,2-18,2 times). The

Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project This project is funded by Contract No 2011/279-666. A project implemented by a Consortium the European Union led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG content of total phenols in the rivers can be of natural and anthropogenic original and needs further investigation and monitoring with clarification of the method of detection and verification in other laboratories. Usually the low or not treated industrial wastewater are discharged into communal sewage networks or directly to the water bodies, the unauthorized disposal of waste, often unsatisfactory state of landfills for disposal of waste, lack of drainage systems at many industrial sites, closed water systems, dust- and gas- cleaning equipment generate the impacts on Surface and Ground WBs. 2.2. Estimation of diffuse source pollution, including a summary of land use

Anthropogenic pressures from diffuse pollution on surface and groundwater resources are related to some specific problems: non-compliance with water conservation and protection zones; unregulated disposal of municipal wastes, particularly in rural localities; storage of pesticides and chemicals; diffuse pollution from transport (pollutant emissions, run-off from roads) and agriculture (use of pesticides, runoff from farms); etc.

The main sources of diffuse pollution in Prut RB are: - Rain-storm runoffs in Chernivtsi, Kolomyya and other settlements situated nearby the water bodies of the pilot basin as the storm water disposal and treatment systems are not existed in these areas and the untreated storm runoffs are flowing to the nearest water bodies and so polluting them; - Effluents from industrial sites and legal and illegal landfills so they pollute the neighbouring water bodies with fuels and lubricants, oil products and heavy metals, plastics, hazardous substances of infiltrates from the landfills; - Runoffs from farmlands which carry dissolved mineral fertilizers, chemicals and pesticides; - Effluents from animal farms and poultry farms; - Effluents from settlements, cottage townships, individual tourist complexes, hotels and restaurants that are not connected to sewer and equipped properly with waste water treatment systems; - Effluents from deforestation, forest logging roads and tractor logging trails , lead to faster destruction of soil and forest ecosystems and have an negative impact on the water bodies by increasing of solid runoff and decreasing of water quality and natural flood protection capacities of the adjacent territories.

The agricultural pollution factors (using fertilizers, livestock breeding, excessive grazing of pastures) are referred to as diffuse (non point) sources of pollution. It is well known that applying fertilizer for crop production affects the quality of the groundwater and surface waters. The results of pollution monitoring did not prove any significant impact of the above mentioned factors on the river as a whole, being considered mostly as local sources of pollution. The volume of introduced fertilizers can be estimated considering the statistics for separate districts.

A total volume of mineral fertilizers applied over Chernivtsi region in 2011 was 107.3 thousand centres with an average of 88 kg per hectare of crops. Only a small volume of fertilizers is introduced in the mountain area (30-40 kg/ha), while a considerably bigger volume is used in the planes. The average indicator for Khotyn district is 128 kg/ha. In general, the level of fertilization of the Prut river catchment may be considered equal to the average indicator over the region. The same situation is for the organic fertilizers, although only limited data is available in this respect – 0.5 tones/ha.

One of the substantial non-point sources of nutrients and microbiological pollution is the settlements without sewer and WWTPs . The levels of canalization of communal wastewaters in townships and, especially in rural areas in the Ivano-Frankivsk and in Chernivtsi region are low (Table 2.4). In the settlements without sewer or partly canalized the wastewaters are collected in decentralized sanitation

Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project This project is funded by Contract No 2011/279-666. A project implemented by a Consortium the European Union led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG systems: septic tanks or pit latrines. Annually substantial part of the total wastewater production is discharged into septic tanks or disposed of in other ways and by other means in an uncontrolled manner what cause the nitrates and microbial contaminations of the wells and surface water bodies. No detailed data exists about this large component of the wastewater production.

Table 2.4. The level of sewer coverage of the settlements in Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi Regions in 2011 (source: National Report on Drinking Water Quality and Water Supply in 2011) Ivano-Frankivsk region Chernivtsi region coverage Average Average coverage water supply, wastewater, level, % water supply, wastewater level, % litres per day litres per day litres per day litres per day Region in 4 38.7 101.8 6.2 150 120 total Cities 100 89.8 101.2 81,8 180 170 Townships 45.8 89.8 - 87,5 135 130 Villages 0.8 0.7 - 2.5 16.9 60

Solid and industrial wastes . The handling of hazardous and domestic wastes is among the major environmental problems in the Prut RB in Ukraine.

In Chernivtsi region there are 11 municipal solid waste landfills with total area of 67 ha. Of these 8 (with total area of 32 ha) do not comply with their designed capacity. In some areas, rural landfills are an issue. Apart from its official landfill, the city of Chernivtsi has a number of landfills in the Chernovka River tract, down Russkaya and Putilskaya streets. Increasing environmental control and other activities have no any significant results.

According to data from the State Statistical Committee of Ukraine, in 2011 Chernivtsi region generated over 225 000 t of waste, 160 000 of which came from the city of Chernivtsi. The drastic increase of solid waste production and the lack of equipped landfills facilitate results in the infiltration of extremely hazardous toxic, carcinogenic chemicals and biological pollutants into ground and surface water bodies. In the course of this study, no information was found on the qualitative composition of infiltrates from the major landfills in the basin area.

The main sources of groundwater pollution in the Prut basin are settlements, livestock farms, landfills, agricultural lands. The ground water of Quaternary aquifer is contaminated by nitrates, sulphates, chlorides, ammonia.

According to the monitoring data of State Enterprises ‘Geoinform’ there are 8 sources of groundwater pollution along the PRB (4 areal and 4 local) within the Chernivtsi region (Figure 2.12, Annex 2.2). The map shows the sources of groundwater pollution with the indication of their area (areal) and pollutants mostly of organic or chemical origin.

Figure.2.12. Sources of groundwater diffuse pollution in the basin of the river Prut

The Main Diffuse Pollutions Sources. Two pressure indicators have been applied regarding main diffuse pollution sources in EPIRB project (Methodology is presented in Annex 2.4): • Driver: Agriculture: Likelihood for diffuse pollution, • Driver: Animal livestock: Likelihood for diffuse pollution.

The first indicator describes the likelihood of diffuse pollution including typical agricultural contaminants, such as nutrients from fertilizers, pesticides and other plant protection products. The indicator uses a general variable for the quantification of agricultural activities.

There is information on agricultural areas in Ukraine only according administrative-territorial units, not for catchment area of water bodies. The smallest statistic unit is district. The indicator can be calculated for part of river basin which fully lying in such district (Table 2.5). This means that such part of river with all of bodies has the same impact from diffuse pollution sources. According criteria water bodies of Prut RB in Kitsmanskiy, Kolomyiskiy and Snyatynskiy districts is possibly at risk.

Table 2.5. Pressure indicator of Likelihood for diffuse pollution generated by agriculture in the Ukrainian part of the Prut RB River, with Water body District Area of Area used for Share of all catchment district, intensive agricultural area lying in southend ha agriculture in area in a District area this district, given water south. ha or body km 2 catchment Ivano-Frankivsk region Chornyi Cheremosh Verkhovynskiy 125,4 0,9 0.007 Kosivskiy 90,3 0,024 0,0002 Prut Pruters Yablunetskiy, Yaremche 65,7 0,6 0,009 Prutets Chemygivskiy Prut Kolomyiskiy 102,6 10,7 0,104 Prut Snyatynskiy 60,2 8,9 0,15 Chernivtsi region 35

River, with Water body District Area of Area used for Share of all catchment district, intensive agricultural area lying in southend ha agriculture in area in a District area this district, given water south. ha or body km 2 catchment Cheremosh Vyzhnutskiy 90,3 2,7 0.03 Prut Hertsaivskiy 31,6 1.7 0.05 Prut Cheremosh, Kitsmanskiy 60.7 15.4 0.25 Sovytsya, Brusnytsya Prut Rokytna, Rynhach, Novoselytskiy 73.8 0.2 0.003 Cherlena Khotynskiy 71.6 4.6 0.064

Second indicator describes the likelihood of diffuse pollution with typical pollutants stemming from animal live stocking, such as nutrients (with potentially toxic (e.g. NH 4) or chronic effects (e.g. PO 4) that can impact on biological quality elements and organic matter with potentially negative effects on revering oxygen regime).

Water bodies within Hertsaivskiy district of Chernivetska region is “ possibly at risk ”, other - not at risk regarding likelihood diffuse pollution (animal live stocking) (Table 2.6). Data base for Ivano-Frankivsk region is not sufficient to assess the risk from diffuse pollution generated by animal live stocking.

Table 2.6. Impact indicator of Likelihood for diffuse pollution (Driver: Animal livestock) for RWBs in the pilot Prut RB of Ukraine River, with all Water body District Livestock Units Area of district, Indicator for catchment area ha animal lying in District livestock, body LU/ha Ivano-Frankivska region Prut Pruters Yaremche 7087 65665 0,002 Yablunetskiy, Prutets Chemygivskiy Chernivetska region Cheremosh Vyzhnutskiy 10134 90 300 0,11 Prut Hertsaivskiy 10686 31 600 0,34 Prut Cheremosh, Kitsmanskiy 14837 60 700 0,24 Sovytsya, Brusnytsya Prut Rokytna, Novoselytskiy 18321 73 800 0,25 Rynhach, Cherlena Cheremosh Bilyi Cheremosh Putylskiy 18558 88 400 0,21 Khotynskiy 11220 71 600 0,16

2.3. Estimation of pressures on quantitative status of water including abstractions

Analysis of groundwater body status in Prut pilot basin in Ukraine has been conducted using data from: • PRB Analysis report • Prut Groundwater body delineation report ,

• Results of JFS in June 2013. • Results on groundwater abstraction and chemical analyses of exploitation wells from 2010-2012, provided by the State Enterprise “Geoinform”, • and EPIRB Project expert judgment.

Groundwater abstraction does not have negative influence on water bodies and for this reason, abundant data on groundwater abstraction. Four main fresh groundwater aquifers are used for drinking water supply and the same number of groundwater bodies has been delineated in the PRB: 1. Quaternary (alluvial) aquifers of Prut river valley and its terraces; 2. Neogene (Miocene) aquifers; 3. Palaeogene (Eocene) aquifers; 4. Upper-Middle Cretaceous aquifers.

The Characteristics of groundwater system in PRB, Ukraine is presented in the Annex 2.14. The main Quaternary (alluvial) groundwater is contained in Holocene alluvial sediments of flood plains and I-V terraces of Upper–Middle Neopleistocene. The aquifer is located in alluvial sediments of I–V terraces of the Prut and Cheremosh river valleys. The extent of aquifer exploitation depends on the water-bearing capacity of each aquifer and on groundwater quality. Large areas of alluvial GWB waters are fresh, with mineralisation below 1 g/l. Only in the eastern part of the body, TDS exceeds 1 g/l.

Neogene aquifers are widely used for water supply of settlements and individual consumers. Most typical groundwater is fresh of hydrocarbonate-chloride and hydrocarbonate-sulphate composition, with mineralisation <1 g/l.

The Palaeogene (Palaeocene, Eocene and Oligocene) water-bearing complex is located in the Carpathian mountain area and the inner zone of the Pre-Carpathian depression. Ground waters are most often fresh with TDS from 0,1 g/l to 0,4 g/l, sometimes up to 1,5–5 g/l. Aquifers of Early-Late Cretaceous deposits spread in the Pre-Carpathian artesian basin. Groundwaters are fresh hydrocarbonate-calcium, with mineralisation of 0,3–0,4 g/l and total hardness of 4,3 meq/l.

Classification of groundwater bodies has been conducted using joint field survey data, chemical analyses of exploitation wells for the period of 2009-2012 provided by State Enterprise „Geoinform“ and EPIRB Project expert judgment.

Groundwater abstraction in the region has been decreasing during the last decade due to decrease of industrial and agricultural production (Annex 2.16).

Available information on chemical quality of groundwater bodies does not indicate sustained upward trend of salinity and pollutants. Changes of salinity (mineralization) in Quaternary aquifer in 2010-1012 periods are presented in the Annex 2.17.

Based on available limited data and expert judgment groundwater bodies in Prut RB, Ukraine are assigned good quantitative and chemical status with low confidence of assessment.

Figure 2.13. Antropogenic load in Prut river basin

2.4. Analysis of other impacts of human activity on the status of water

Flood protection. High and medium floods caused by heavy rains occur in the Prut basin, which form in the basin water catchment area in Ukraine’s Carpathians. Basin floods are multiple and depend on cyclonic activity over the catchment area. During warm periods and depending on river flow, from 2 to 8 heavy rains per season may cause floods. Flood protection measures include improvements in monitoring practice, damming, straightening of river courses, and strengthening of river banks. In the mountain parts of the basin, one of the popular bank strengthening measures is building of gabion walls. For the flood protection the accumulative -flood storage constructions in the mountains and on the plains, as well as polders and flood reservoir and landslide and mud protection constructions are built in the basin. As of 01.01.2012 202,3 km of sections have been regulated in Ivano-Frankovsk Region and 123,4 km in Chernovtsy Region (source: Dniester-Prut BUVR).

Extraction of river alluvium is one of the major environmental problems in the basin. In many cases, gravel extraction occurs spontaneously in all rivers of the Prut basin without any approvals, often in places where there is a chance to drive. The consequence of a gravel extraction is a reducing of the riverine alluvium marks for Prut and Cheremosh river beds to 1-1.5 m down, and near Chernivtsi it reduced even on 2-2.5 m. The significant flood protection complex was built in the basin of the Prut. However, it is based only on the regulation of riverbeds and river flow (bank protection constructions, protective levees) and does not provide regulation of surface overland flow in watersheds of the rivers and doesn’t increase water accumulation capacity of the area.

Deforestation, forest logging roads and tractor logging trails, great recreational load on some tourist routes, overgrazing of cattle, etc., in many cases lead to faster destruction of soil and forest ecosystems and have a negative impact on the water bodies by increasing of solid runoff and decreasing of water quality and natural flood protection capacities of the adjacent territories.

Timber harvesting and logging at forest cutting is performed manually or by using mechanisms. For logging forest on cutting areas and to transport timbers to the main roads the forestry tractors are used and the temporary tractor roads are laid on the mountain slopes. After finishing work on cutting areas these temporary tractor roads are affected actively by water erosion, which in many cases leads to the linear erosion. Sometimes gravity and natural water logging under significant slopes and specific lithological content of the native rocks lead to formation of the landslides. Most widespread and threaten consequence is a linear (depth) soil erosion on logging tractor roads. Maximum soil washed from fresh cutting areas is up to 600 tones per hectare per year.

As a result of such activity rivers and streams are fed by big amount of different size gravel materials which are transferred by waterways. The content of suspended solid runoff can be substantial. Due to the existing big areas of sedimentary rocks, which are easy eroded, the Upper Prut basin is characterized by high sediment runoff, especially suspended.

Turbidity of Prut River is among the highest in Ukraine, according to observations of the Hydrometeorological Service. Typically, its value is 250–500 g/m3 – higher than that of lowland rivers.

Tourism and recreation. Available natural recreation resources in the region are 1,4-1,8 times higher than in average in Ukraine. Rivers, first of all the Prut and the Cheremosh rivers, play an important role in tourism development in the region, including water tourism. The famous tourist centre is Yaremche. Near 50 hotels and mo than 5000 Green Tourism manors are in operation. In the Polyanytsya there is a new the biggest mountain-skiing resort “Bukovel”. This type of economic activity causes extra sources of point and diffuse pollution of water resources.

Illegal dredging of stone, sand and gravel from rivers causes deformation of river bed, change runoff, increases risk of flooding.

3. Identification of Protected Areas

3.1. Register of water bodies for withdrawal of water, intended for the drinking water supply

1. Vipche River – withdrawal point (Vipche village) for water supply of Verkhovyna settlement with capacity of 1200 m 3 per day. Protective sanitary zones of water withdrawal were worked out during the designing of water withdrawals. They are approved in the established order and developed designation. 2. Lazovanets River – withdrawal point for water supply of Vorokhta settlement with capacity of 200 m 3 per day. The annual volume of water withdrawal is 18 900 m 3. Protective sanitary zones of water withdrawal were worked out during the designing of water withdrawals. They are approved in the established order and developed designation. 3. Zhonka River – withdrawal point for water supply of Yaremche town with capacity of 2000 m 3 per day. The annual volume of water withdrawal is 165 500 m 3. Protective sanitary zones of water withdrawal were worked out during the designing of water withdrawals. They are approved in the established order and developed designation. 4. Prut River – withdrawal point (Knyazhdvir village) for water supply of Kolomyya town with capacity of 34 100 m 3 per day. The annual volume of water withdrawal is 3 015 000 m 3. Water intake structure needs reconstruction. Approximate cost of works on reconstruction of water intake structures is 2 millions of euro. Protective sanitary zones of water withdrawal were worked out during the designing of water withdrawals. They are approved in the established order and developed designation. 5. Underground source – withdrawal point for water supply of Kosiv town with capacity of 1000 m 3 per day. The annual volume of water withdrawal is 31 000 m 3. Protective sanitary zones of water withdrawal were worked out during the designing of water withdrawals. They are approved in the established order and developed designation. 6. Underground source – withdrawal point for water supply of Zabolotiv town with capacity of 300 m 3 per day. The annual volume of water withdrawal is 19 700 m 3. Protective sanitary zones of water withdrawal were worked out during the designing of water withdrawals. They are approved in the established order and developed designation. 7. Underground source – withdrawal point for water supply of Sniatyn town with capacity of 1 800 m 3 per day. The annual volume of water withdrawal is 127 000 m 3. Protective sanitary zones of water withdrawal were worked out during the designing of water withdrawals. They are approved in the established order and developed designation. 8. Underground source – withdrawal point for water supply of Kitsman town. Protective sanitary zones of water withdrawal were worked out during the designing of water withdrawals. They are approved in the established order and developed designation. 9. Prut River – withdrawal point (Lenkivtsi village) for water supply of Chernivtsi city. Protective sanitary zones of water withdrawal were worked out during the designing of water withdrawals. They are approved in the established order and developed designation. 10. Nameless river – withdrawal point for water supply of Hlyboka settlement. Protective sanitary zones of water withdrawal were worked out during the designing of water withdrawals. They are approved in the established order and developed in the open environment. 11. Underground source – withdrawal point for water supply of Hertsa town. Protective sanitary zones of water withdrawal were worked out during the designing of water withdrawals. They are approved in the established order and developed designation (Map, Annex 3.1).

3.2. Register of protected areas for protection of surface and ground waters and preservation of habitats of species that directly depend on water

1. Carpathian National Nature Park Carpathian National Nature Park was created according to the decree #376 of Council of Ministers of USSR on 03.06.1980 on the area of 50 495 hectares.

The park is situated in the north-eastern slopes of Ukrainian Carpathians and covers territory within absolute altitudes of 400 (Dora village) – 2061 (Hoverla mountain) to the north of drainage divide of Chornohora’s ridge and to Yaremche town, then along the Prut River and western tributaries of Chornyi Cheremosh River. The length of the national park is 55 km from northwest to southeast and 20 km from west to east.

Figure 3.1. Protected areas (Nature Parks) in Prut river basin

The park was created for the purpose of preservation, restoration and efficient use of natural complexes and objects of Chornohora and Gorgany that have special environmental, recreational, historical, cultural, scientific, educational and aesthetic value. Rivers and streams are the habitat of brown trout that is one of representatives of salmon fishes. It ascends through the mountain streams up to thousands of meters above sea level. Mountain rivers are the habitat of fishes like common minnow, stone loach, common bullhead, common nase, European chub, spined loach, Carpathian barbel and Danube barbel.

There are ten species of amphibians. Five species belong to the Salamanders’ order and Advanced salamanders’ suborder: common newt, northern crested newt, Carpathian newt, alpine newt and fire salamander. Anura order is represented by four species: yellow-bellied toad, common toad, European tree frog and European common frog.

The territory of park contains about 1000 protected rivers and streams, 85 natural sources of groundwater and two natural lakes of glacial origin: Maricheika lake (area of 0,7 hectares, the depth does not exceed 2,0 m) and Nesamovyte lake (area of 0,3 hectares, depth does not exceed 0,8 m). Two territories within the CNNP were submitted on their inclusion in the list of Wetlands of International Importance to the Ramsar Convention Secretariat:

1) The riverhead of Prut (administrative location: Ivano-Frankivsk region, Yaremche town council, Vorokhta village, geographic location: north – 48°12'N 24°32'E, east – 48°9'N 24°37'E, south – 48°7'N 24°33'E, west – 48°9'N 24°30'E; minimum altitude above sea level is 900 m, maximum altitude above sea level is 2061 m, the total area of wetland is 4935,44 hectares. 2) The riverhead of Pogorilets (administrative location: Ivano-Frankivsk region, Verkhovyna district, Zelene village; geographic location: north – 48°04'N 24°38'E, east – 48°02'N 24°38'E, south – 47°59'N 24°41'E, west – 48°04'N 24°37'E; minimum altitude above sea level is 900 m, maximum altitude above sea level is 2061 m, the total area of wetland is 1624,55 hectares.

2. National Nature Park “Huzulschyna” National Nature Park “Huzulschyna” was created by the Decree of President of Ukraine #456 on May 14th, 2002 on the area of 32 271 hectares. The park was established for the purpose of preservation, restoration and sustainable use of natural (land, water, biotic) resources, unique natural complexes and ethno-cultural environment of Pokuttya- Bucovina Carpathians. The park is indented by numerous rivers and mountain streams. The largest among them are Lyuchka, Pistynka, Rybnytsya, Cheremosh. They are right tributaries of the Prut River. Surface waters of NNP “Huzulschyna” consist mainly of a river network that has a density of 1,1 km per km². The ratios of lake surface and area of marshlands to the total area are low. There are six small natural lakes in the park. The 800 hectares (0,9%) of territory are covered with waters.

Three river systems (Rybnitsa, Lyuchka and Pistynka) occupy approximately equal areas within the territory (on the average of a little more than 25%). The basin of Cheremosh occupies slightly lesser area of approximately 20% of total area, while basins of two other rivers (Tsutsulyna and Berezivka) occupy 2,9% and 0,5% respectively.

The prevalent type of vegetation is the forest formations, which occupy 60% of mountain area and 24% of foothills. The structure of forest stands contains of 58% of hardwood, 4% of softwood and 34% of coniferous species.

The flora of park includes more than 950 species of vascular plants, ten percent of which belong to the endemic, rare and vanishing species. 61 species are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine including lesser butterfly-orchid, perennial honesty, interrupted clubmoss, fir clubmoss, belladonna, henbane bell, Polish larch, common snowdrop, autumn crocus, Swiss pine, European yew, Crocus heuffelianus, martagon lily, 18 species of Orchidaceae family.

The park is the habitat of wild boar, red deer, eastern roe deer, fox, badger, pine marten, otter, wildcat. Brown bear and lynx can be found higher in the mountains. Small mammals of the park are represented by Carpathian red squirrel, stoat, common shrew, bank vole, wood mouse, forest dormouse, hedgehog etc.

The species composition of birds is not identical seasonally. Park is a shelter for nonmigratory and migratory birds. The avifauna of park includes about 190 species overall. Species of the park that are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine are brown bear, Eurasian lynx, Alpine shrew, Mediterranean water

Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project This project is funded by Contract No 2011/279-666. A project implemented by a Consortium the European Union led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG shrew, wildcat, lesser horseshoe bat (mammals); black stork, western capercaillie, golden eagle, horned owl (birds); smooth snake (reptiles); fire salamander, Carpathian newt, agile frog (amphibians); Scarce Swallowtail, large carder bee, Acherontia atropos, Mountain Apollo, musk beetle (insects); streber, Danube salmon, Ukrainian brook lamprey (fishes).

3. National Nature Park “Vyzhnytskyi” Park was established on August 30th, 1995 by the Decree of President of Ukraine #810/95 “On creation of the National Nature Park “Vyzhnytskyi””. Its total area is 11 238 hectares. More than 90% of the NPP “Vyzhnytskyi” area is covered with forests with significant presence of Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies in their forest stands.

The fauna of National Nature Park has about 3 000 species, including 217 species of vertebrate animals that belong to 156 genera, 74 families, 30 orders and 6 classes. The class of birds is represented by 137 species, mammals – by 41 species, bony fishes – by 20 species, amphibians – by 11 species, reptiles – by 7 species, lampreys – by 1 species. The park is home for 62 species that are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, 20 species listed in the European Red List, 21 species from the IUCN Red List, 186 species mentioned in the Berne Convention, 48 species mentioned in the Bonn Convention, 86 species mentioned in the Washington Convention, as well as 70 species that need protection at the regional level.

4. National Nature Park “Verkhovynskyi” Park is situated at the territory of Holoshyna and Zelene village councils within the Verkhovyna district of Ivano-Frankivsk region. It was estabilished in 2010 (Decree of President of Ukraine # 58 on January 22, 2010). The area of park is 12022,9 hectares.

NNP combines in its territory mountain and valley-river natural complexes that are typical for Chyvchyny and Hrynyavy mountains, as well as have special environmental, recreational, historical, cultural, scientific, educational and aesthetic value.

Park is located in Chyvchyny-Hrynyavy mountains (riverhead of White Cheremosh and Black Cheremosh). The overwhelming majority (75%) of NNP territory is situated within the Rakhiv- Chyvchyny region of Ukrainian Carpathians while other 25% – within their Polonyny-Chornohora region.

Water bodies in park are mainly represented by rivers. The biggest of them are White Cheremosh and Black Cheremosh.

There are 700 species of plants at the territory of NNP that is the one third of all vascular plants of Ukrainian Carpathians. 59 species from this amount have been included into the Red Book of Ukraine. “Slope sedge swamps” with the predominance of hairlike sedge and fragmentary appearance of alpine fescue, Festuca porcii, alpine golden saxifrage and starry saxifrage are widespread it the highlands of Chyvchyny.

There are almost 3000 species of animals at the territory of National Nature Park “Verkhovynskyi”. The Chordates phylum is the most studied among all animals that have been found in the park. It is represented by 5 classes: Bony fishes (11 species), Amphibians (6 species), Reptiles (5 species), Birds (80 species) and Mammals (27 species). Brown trout and Danube salmon are found in rivers and high-mountain streams.

5. National Nature Park “Cheremoskyi”

The park is the protected area within the Putyla district of Chernivtsi region. It was established in 2009 (the Decree of President of Ukraine #1043 on December 11th, 2009) on the area of 7117,5 hectares. The purpose of foundation of park is the preservation of natural, historical and cultural complexes and objects of northern branch of Chyvchyny-Maramorosh massif within the Zhupany and Chornyi Dil ridges.

The territory of national park is located within the forest zone of Carpathians. It is dominated by pure fir forests formed of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karat.). Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) can be found as impurities in the fir forest stands. The most environmentally valuable are the fragments of absolutely indigenous cedar-fir forests that have been found on the Velykyi Kamin mountain of Chornyi Dil ridge. Swiss pine (Pinus cembra L.) that has been listed in the Red Book of Ukraine is the codominant of this relic group.

The main water bodies are Perkalaba and Sarata rivers that create the riverhead of White Cheremosh river. Undisturbed biological conditions, safe environment, preserved purity of river water and protected status of territory contributes to the preservation valuable before common but now endangered species of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario L.).

There are 12 species of fishes, 6 species of amphibians, 6 species of reptiles, 93 species of birds and 29 species of mammals in the park.

6. Chernivtsi Regional Landscape Park It is situated in the central and northern part of Chernivtsi region. Park consists of several mostly forest areas: one of them is located to the west of Chernivtsi city (on the right bank of Prut river), other is located to the south of it (in the eastern part of Chernivtsi elevation). One more area is directly adjacent to the north-eastern outskirts of Chernivtsi and the fourth (highest) covers the western part of Khotyn elevation. The total area of park is 21 504 hectares.

There are protected relatively indigenous pure beech, pure oak of sessile oak, beech-oak of pedunculate oak and sessile oak, oak-fir, fir-oak, fir-beech, beech-fir, fir-beech-oak, hornbeam-fir-beech, hornbeam- beech-oak and other mixed forests. Park includes extant unique beech forest with European yew in the second growth (botanical natural monument of national importance “Tysovyi Yar” of 10 hectares). There are 25 protected species of plants that are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.

7. The hydrological reserve of local value Black Cheremosh river with the shoreline strip The area of reserve is 2510 hectares. Its length is 87 km and its width is 300 metres. The eserve was created for the purpose of preservation of mountain river that is the spawning area of valuable fish species. Black Cheremosh runs from the northern slopes of Chyvchyny mountains. Its length is 87 kilometres and the catchment area is 856 km 2. It interflows with White Cheremosh that also starts in Chyvchyny and together they create Cheremosh river.

Black Cheremosh and White Cheremosh are typical mountain rivers with very steep slopes and high speed flow (more than 1,5 m per s), as well as high rocky shores, shallow rapids and rocky bottom. These areas with turbulent flow and rocky channel are inhabited by Danube salmon that is the relict fish species.

8. The hydrological reserve of local value Pistynka river with the shoreline strip The area of reserve is 1140 hectares, its length is 57 km and its width is 200 m. Pistynka river begins from the Hrehit mountain at the altitude of 700 m above sea level. Its lengths is 57 km and the catchment area is 661 km 2. Pistynka is the right tributary of Prut river and flows into it near Kolomyya

Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project This project is funded by Contract No 2011/279-666. A project implemented by a Consortium the European Union led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG town. The width of floodplain is 0,5 – 1,0 km. The riverbed is pebbly; it has the width of 10 – 25 metres forming a lot of picturesque rapids. There are two famous waterfalls of Malyi Huk and Velykyi Huk near the Sheshory village. Pistynka has 148 tributaries with total length of 222 km. It is inhabited by brown trout, European chub, gudgeon and sprilin.

9. The hydrological reserve of local value Rybnytsya river with the shoreline strip Its area is 1080 hectares, length is 54 km and width is 200 m. Reserve was established with the purpose of preservation of one of the biggest tributaries of Prut river. Rybnytsya begins from two streams that run from the slopes of Igrets and Pysanyi Kamin on the altitude of about 800 above sea level. The length of river is 54 km. It flows into Prut river near Vovchynets village. The catchment area is 276 km 2. The mountainous part (about 30 km) of the valley of river is narrow with high steep banks that are covered with forest. The downstream is wider and valley widens to 0,5 – 1,0 kilometre. The riverbed is pebbly with the width of 10 – 25 meters. The flow rate varies in range of 0,5 – 1,0 m per sec. River has numerous rapids in Iavoriv, Sokolivka, Horod and Kosiv. Iavoriv and Kosiv are also notable for waterfalls (“huky”).

10. Natural monument of national importance “Slope swamp” The area of monument is 0,5 hectares. It is situated in Burkut forestry, 37th compartment (27), Verkhovyna state forest enterprise. The altitude is 1550 m asl. “Slope swamp” is located in zone of the mountain valley forests. It is the largest known slope swamp in Ukrainian Carpathians. This natural monument is an extremely interesting in the floristic aspect because it is inhabited by 17 species of sedge as well as other rare plants. The rarest local sedges are Buxbaum's sedge and wheat sedge.

11. Protected stow “Lebedyn” Its area is 44,5 hectares. “Lebedyn” is situated in Iabluniv forestry, 15th compartment (19, 21, 22-24), 27 th compartment (2-12, 15-17), 28 th compartment (27, 28), Kuty state forest enterprise. Lebedyn is the rare mountain lake with depth of 11m that is located among forests and meadows at an altitude of 650 meters asl (Map, Annex 3.2).

3.3. Water protection zones and river coastal protection strips

Water protection zones and river coastal protection strips must be established along rivers, around lakes, reservoirs and other water bodies according to Articles 87 and 88 of the Water Code of Ukraine. Water protection zone is a protected area of regulated business activities. The external boundaries of water protection zone are determined by specially developed projects.

Shoreline protection strips should be established within protection zones along the riverbanks and around the water bodies. Their minimum width must be: - for minor rivers (with catchment area up to 2000 km2), streams, brooks and ponds with area up to 3 hectares – 25 meters; - for medium rivers (with catchment area 2000 – 50 000 km 2), their reservoirs, water bodies and ponds with area of more than 3 hectares – 50 meters; - for large rivers (with catchment area of more than 50 000 km 2), their reservoirs and lakes – 100 meters.

River coastal protection strip is an area with the regime of limited economic activity . Such activities as ploughing, gardening and horticulture, use of pesticides and fertilizers, arranging the landfills, cleaning and maintenance of vehicles and equipment are prohibited there. Lands which are a part of river coastal protection strips should be allocated to the grasslanding or reforestation. The 80-90% of length of

Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project This project is funded by Contract No 2011/279-666. A project implemented by a Consortium the European Union led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG riverbanks should be covered with shelter forest that is intended for obtaining the biofuel (energy forests), creation of plantations of marsh elders and horticultural hardy-shrub species.

Creation of water protection zones and river coastal protection strips requires the development of land management projects with further designation and consolidation of their boundaries disignation. Water bodies that are situated in the protected areas are the habitats of following species of fish and amphibian (Annex 3.3):

The Register of Protected Areas is incomplete and needs additional research in order to: – identification and mapping of all water bodies (surface and underground) that are the sources of drinking water supply or water bodies that will be the sources for water withdrawal; – justification for creation of new protected areas for the preservation of habitats of living aquatic organisms; – detection of areas that are necessary for the protection of economically important aquatic species; – detection of areas that are vulnerable to the entering of nutrients into the water bodies; – assessment of water bodies that are suitable for the purposes of recreation, including swimming; – justification for program of monitoring the water bodies which are the sources of drinking water supply (quantitative and qualitative indicators); – development of measures on the protection of water bodies with the purpose of preventing the deterioration of the drinking water quality.

4. Monitoring Programme and Networks in the Prut River Basin

4.1. Surface Water Monitoring Programme

The two key environmental objectives of the Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC; WFD) for surface waters are: • to prevent deterioration of the status of all bodies of surface water; • achieving good surface water status. The status of surface waters is determined by both its ecological status and its chemical status. Monitoring programmes and assessment is required in order to substantiate where the objectives are achieved. The surface water monitoring programme for the pilot Prut (UA) River basin covers: • surface water categories: rivers and lakes; • the protected areas as defined in Article 6 of the WFD; • artificial and heavily modified water bodies.

Development of a WFD compliant monitoring programme The WFD sets out three types of monitoring programmes: surveillance, operational and investigative. These programmes will be explained further in the sections below.

4.1.1. Surveillance Monitoring Programme of Surface Waters The objectives of Surveillance Monitoring (SM) Programme for surface water are as follows: • supplementing and validating the impact assessment procedure detailed in Annex II of the WFD, • the efficient and effective design of future monitoring programmes, • the assessment of long-term changes in natural conditions, and • the assessment of long-term changes resulting from significant anthropogenic activities.

Sampling locations The selection of sampling locations and the design of the SM programme is based on sub-networks each related to fulfil one or more of the main objectives of SM as presented above. The sub-networks of the SM programme for rivers include the following ones: • SM1 : to be representative of the overall surface water status; • SM2 : detection of long-term trends (the assessment of long-term changes in natural conditions and the assessment of long-term changes resulting from the anthropogenic activities); • SM3 : supplementing and validating risk assessments; • SM4 : large rivers and significant cross border river and lake water bodies.

Nine types of the surface water bodies were identified in the PRB and one sampling location per identified type with reference conditions is included in the SM Programme of the pilot river basin.

The sampling locations for the SM Programme of the PRB are summarized in the Table 4.1 and shown in Figure 4.1. All together 10 sampling locations were selected to be representative for the SM Programme.

Table 4.1. Surveillance monitoring sampling locations in the Prut River basin (rivers) Character Expected Risk No. River name of WB status/potential Location name category SM sub-network Yablunetskiy SM1 1 Prutets WB RC Below Bukovel NR 2 Prut WB RC Turbaza Zaroslyak NR SM1 3 Beliy WB RC Yablunetska NR SM2 47

Character Expected Risk No. River name of WB status/potential Location name category SM sub-network Cheremosh 4 Ribnitsya WB RC Yavory NR SM1 5 Koroviya WB RC Chagor NR SM1 6 Iltsya WB RC Iltsi NR SM1 7 Ryngach WB RC Hotyn-Novoselitsa NR SM2 8 Shybeny WB RC Shybeny NR SM1 9 Prut WB High Luzhany NR SM3 Below Chernovtsy 10 Prut WB Moderate (Border UA/MD) R SM4 NWB means Natural Water Body

Regarding the SM Programme for lakes there were not identified any lakes to be monitored in the pilot river basin. For more details see also the Appendix 1 to the ‘Surface Waters Monitoring Programme in the Prut (UA) River basin’.

Figure 4.1. Sampling locations for the SW Monitoring Programme in the Prut River basin

Quality Elements of SM. According to WFD Annex V.1.3.1, Surveillance Monitoring Programme shall be performed at each monitoring location for a period of one year during the period covered by a RBMP for (see Table 4.2): • parameters indicative of all biological quality elements; • parameters indicative of all hydromorphological quality elements; • parameters indicative of all general physico-chemical quality elements; • priority list pollutants which are discharged into the river basin or sub-basin; • other pollutants discharged in significant quantities in the river basin or sub-basin (pilot river basin specific pollutants ).

Sampling methods and devises based on the European Standards will be used in the monitoring programmes (exception ichtyofauna). The biological quality elements incorporate

Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project This project is funded by Contract No 2011/279-666. A project implemented by a Consortium the European Union led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG for rivers: Macroinvertebrates, Phytobenthos, Macrophytes and Fish; for lakes: Macroinvertebrates, Phytoplankton, Macrophytes and Fish. The water samples will be identified for the abundance and composition for all biological quality elements up to Genus/Species level. Individual metrics (indices) will be applied to the biological quality elements (for ichtyofauna only migratory fish species will be described). The physico-chemical quality elements include for both rivers and lakes: General conditions; Specific both synthetic and non synthetic pollutants. EN, ISO and other international standards will be applied for the analysis of the water samples. The hydromorphological quality elements will incorporate the following elements: Hydrological regime; River continuity; Morphological conditions. Hydromorphological field and assessment protocols as used during the JFS in the EPIRB project will be applied.

Table 4.2. List of the quality elements monitored for the Surveillance Monitoring Programme in the Prut River basin (rivers) Parameter Unit SM Physico-chemical Quality Elements General conditions Temperature oC 1 Dissolved Oxygen mgO2/l 1 pH pH units 1 Conductivity µS/cm 1 Hardness mg/l CaCO3 1 Colour visual 1 o-Phosphate mg P/l 1 Nitrate mg N/l 1 Ammonium mg N/l 1 Chloride mg/l 1 Sulphate mg/l 1 Total suspended solids mg/l 1 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) mgO2/l 1 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mgO2/l 1 Oil substances visual 1 Other specific pollutants Copper µg/l 1 Zinc µg/l 1 Chromium µg/l 1 Priority Substances and Certain Other Pollutants See Report for the Chemical Status Assessment 1 Biological Quality Elements Macroinvertebrates Metrics 1 Macrophytes* Metrics 1 Phytobenthos Metrics 1

Parameter Unit SM Fish Migratory fish species 1 Hydromorphological Quality Elements River morphological conditions HM protocol 1 Daily Mean Flow River flow (m3/s) 1 * Macrophytes will be monitored only in the lowland parts of the pilot river basin (small rivers)

For more details see also the Appendix 1 to the ‘Surface Waters Monitoring Programme in the Prut (UA) River basin’

4.1.2. Operational Monitoring of Surface Waters The Operational Monitoring (OM) Programme focuses on monitoring the effect of supporting measures aimed at achieving the objectives of the WFD in the water bodies (possibly) at risk. It is designed to provide targeted information on the effectiveness of specific measures taken within the PRB. The objectives of OM programme are defined as follows: • to establish the status of those bodies identified as being at risk of failing to meet their environmental objectives; • to assess any changes in the status of such bodies resulting from the programmes of measures. Because the protection of high and good status from deterioration is required by the WFD, OM programme must also provide information on whether the POMs, aimed at maintaining such status, are effective. Therefore, even water bodies that are not estmated to be at risk in the Risk Assessment Report prepared are included in the OM programme because measures are required to maintain them at their current high or good status regardless of existing risk category. Risk Assessment Analysis has identified 29 water bodies “at risk” and 52 ones “possible at risk” in the PRB and 6 as HMWBs. These results were transferred into the OM programme. Sampling locations Sampling locations for OM programme are assigned to one or more sub-networks each related to fulfil one or more of the main objectives of the OM programme. The sub-networks of the OM programme for rivers include the following ones: • OM1: to assess the effect of measures that have been aimed at improving the impact of individual and combined point sources (organic pollution, eutrophication impacts and priority substances); • OM2: to assess effectiveness of the measures related to diffuse pollution sources; • OM3: To assess effectiveness of measures to reduce hydromorphological alterations; • OM4: To monitor high and good status sites currently not categorized to be at risk in order to assess the effectiveness of POMs aimed at maintaining high and good status water bodies; • OM5: to monitor protected areas which are at risk. • Several water bodies with the same type were identified to be “at risk” due to the same pressure type (hydromorphological alterations, point sources of pollution). Therefore, some of sampling locations for the OM programme were selected to be representative for the group of water bodies.

All together 8 sampling locations for rivers were identified to be monitored under the OM for the PRB and results are summarized in the Table 4.3.

Table 4.3.Operational Monitoring sampling locations in the Prut River basin (rivers) Character of Expected Risk OM sub- N River name WB status/potential Location name category network 50

Character of Expected Risk OM sub- N River name WB status/potential Location name category network Prutets OM1 1 Chemigivskiy WB Poor Mykulychyn R 2 Lopatynka WB Poor Shishkovtsy R OM2 3 Prut WB Moderate Below Kolomia R OM1 4 Prut WB Moderate Below Sniatyn R OM1 5 Prut WB Moderate Belo Zabalotyv R OM1 6 Rakytna WB Moderate Chernovtsy-Hotyn R OM1 7 Beleluya WB Moderate Toropivtsy R OM2 8 Prut WB Moderate UA0201/16 R OM3

Due to the same character of the pressures and the same type of the water bodies those water bodies were grouped and sampling locations were selected to represent such groups. In the pilot river basin only one reservoir was identified to be monitored under the OM Programme (see Table 4.4).

Table 4.4.Operational Monitoring sampling locations in the Prut River basin (lakes) Character of Expected Risk OM sub- N Lake name WB status/potential Location name category network Cherlena 1 Reservoir HMWB Moderate EP Cherlena PR OM2

Quality Elements In order to assess the magnitude of the pressure to which the surface water bodies are exposed in the PRB those quality elements are monitored that are indicative of the identified pressures. The following quality elements will be monitored as relevant (see Table 4.5 and 4.6): • parameters indicative of the biological quality elements, most sensitive to the pressures to which the water bodies are subject; • all priority substances discharged, and other pollutants discharged in significant quantities into the river basin or sub-basin; • parameters indicative of the hydromorphological quality elements most sensitive to the pressure identified.

Table 4.5. List of the quality elements monitored for the Operational Monitoring Programme in the Prut) River basin (rivers) Parameter Unit OM Physico-chemical Quality Elements General conditions Temperature oC 1 Dissolved Oxygen mgO2/l 1 pH pH units 1 Conductivity µS/cm 1 Hardness mg/l CaCO3 1 Colour visual 1 o-Phosphate mg P/l 1 Nitrate mg N/l 1 Ammonium mg N/l 1 Chloride mg/l 1

Parameter Unit OM Sulphate mg/l 1 Total suspended solids mg/l 1 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) mgO2/l 1 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mgO2/l 1 Oil substances visual 1 Other specific pollutants Arsenic µg/l 1 Copper µg/l 1 Zinc µg/l 1 Biological Quality Elements Macroinvertebrates Metrics 1 Macrophytes Metrics 1 Hydromorphological Quality Elements Daily Mean Flow River flow (m3/s) 1

For more details see also the Appendix 1 to the ‘Surface Waters Monitoring Programme in the PRB.

Table 4.6. List of the quality elements monitored for the Operational Monitoring Programme in the Prut River basin (lakes) Parameter Unit OM Physico-chemical Quality Elements General conditions Temperature oC 1 Dissolved Oxygen mgO2/l 1 pH pH units 1 Conductivity µS/cm 1 Colour visual 1 Total Phosphorus mg P/l 1 Total Nitrogen mg N/l 1 Alkalinity mg N/l 1 Ammonium mg N/l 1 Chloride mg/l 1 Sulphate mg/l 1 Calcium mg/l 1 Sodium mg/l 1 Magnesium mg/l 1 Silica mg/l 1 Sechi disc m 1 Dissolved Organic Carbon or TOC mgO2/l 1 Depth at site m 1 Other specific pollutants There are not identified any pollutants discharged in significant amounts into the reservoir Biological Quality Elements

Parameter Unit OM Phytoplankton Metrics 1 Chlorophyll a mg/m3 1 Macroinvertebrates Metrics 1 Macrophytes Metrics 1 Hydromorphological Quality Elements Daily Mean Flow River flow (inflow and outflow) (m3/s) 1

For more details see also the Appendix 1 to the ‘Surface Waters Monitoring Programme in the Prut (UA) River basin.

4.1.3. Investigative monitoring The EU WFD includes a third type of monitoring called Investigative Monitoring (IM). The EU WFD states that this type of monitoring is required for situations when the surface water body is at risk with a very specific manner that causes of water bodies failing to achieve the required environmental objectives under the EU WFD. The list of parameters in this case will be dynamic and its validity in time should be limited, in order to respond to new information on the potential risks posed by emerging pollutants and any others alterations. However, it is not expected to conduct the IM in the PRB in this stage of the monitoring programme.

4.1.4. Frequency of monitoring Sample frequency will vary depending on the monitoring programme and the individual sub-networks and the quality element. The EU WFD outlines the minimum requirements for frequency of monitoring, as it is presented in Table 4.7.

Table 4.7. Monitoring frequencies according to WFD Annex V.1.3.4 Rivers Lakes Biological quality elements Phytoplankton 6 months 6 months Other aquatic flora 3 years 3 years Benthic invertebrate fauna 3 years 3 years Fish 3 years 3 years Hydromorphological quality elements Continuity 6 years Hydrology continuous 1 month Morphology 6 years 6 years Physico-chemical quality elements Thermal conditions 3 months 3 months Oxygenation 3 months 3 months Salinity 3 months 3 months Nutrient status 3 months 3 months Acidification status 3 months 3 months Other pollutants 3 months 3 months Priority substances 1 month 1 month

Generally, long-term trend monitoring locations will require higher frequency sampling than for example, than those required for supplementing and validating the risk assessment. Details of the frequency of monitoring required for each of the individual river sub-networks are given in Appendix 4.1 and 4.2.

4.1.5. Quality Control and Quality Assurance It is important for the surface water monitoring programme to ensure that data generated by WFD physico-chemical and biological monitoring parts are reliable and representative. Furthermore, as it is known a data should allow the assessment of the impacts of Programs of Measures on the water body status. Therefore, Quality Management Programme should be prepared for all steps of the monitoring programme from sampling via analysis to the data management and interpretation. It is expected that sampling and analysis (physico-chemical and biological quality elements) will be conducted in accordance with EN Standards (other International Standards) and laboratories will meet the requirements of the EN ISO 17025 Standard.

4.1.6. Ecological Status Assessment The WFD defines ecological status in the high, good and moderate classes for each of the ecological quality element for each of the surface water categories. It describes the biological and hydromorphological parameters and the physico-chemical and relevant pollutants required in the overall ecological assessment. The overall ecological status assessment is shown on the scheme below.

All biological quality elements must be taken into account when assigning water bodies to any of the ecological status or ecological potential classes. For each biological element the set of the metrics (or indices) will be selected to be indicative for the given pressures. The status of each of the biological elements for natural water bodies is determined by measuring the extent of the deviation, if any, of the observed condition from the reference condition established for that type of water body. Reference conditions are the conditions established for the biological elements in the absence of pollution or disturbance (or at least minimum disturbance). Ecological status assessment system will be expressed numerically as ecological quality ratios (EQR) in the range between 1 (high status) and 0 (bad status). The EQR scale for the assessment system for each surface water category is divided into the five classes by assigning a numerical value to each of the boundaries between the classes. The physico-chemical and hydromorphological quality elements are supporting elements of the biological assessment for the purpose of the overall ecological status assessment. Therefore, based on

Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project This project is funded by Contract No 2011/279-666. A project implemented by a Consortium the European Union led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG the existing data from the JFS and national monitoring programmes statistical analysis will be conducted to express numerically boundary for the classes.

4.1.7. Chemical Status Assessment The chemical status of surface water bodies are linked with the WFD Annex X pollutants. The latest EU directive specifying both the pollutants (‘ Priority substances and certain other pollutants’ ) and their environmental quality standards (EQS), is the Directive 2013/39/EU “ amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards Priority substances in the field of water policy ”. The Directive 2013/39/EU has defined EQSs for in total 45 (groups of) substances, comprising four metals (cadmium, lead, mercury and nickel) and a wide array of organic micropollutants. In principle, two (complementary) environmental quality standards are defined; both EQSs are to be met in order to qualify as ‘good chemical status’: • annual average – environmental quality standard (AA-EQS), applying to the arithmetic mean of one year of data, with monthly sampling presumed; • maximum concentration – environmental quality standard (MAC-EQS), applying to the maximum concentration in the annual set of data.

4.2. Monitoring Programme of groundwater

Quantitative Status Good quantitative status implies that the level of groundwater in the groundwater body is such that the available groundwater resource is not exceeded by the long-term annual average rate of abstraction. Essential requirements for assessing the quantitative status include: • modern equipment for recording groundwater levels, • sound understanding about the recharge-discharge conditions of aquifers, abstractions, etc., • sufficient and experienced staff, budgets for operation and maintenance. Chemical Status Good groundwater chemical status is the chemical status of a body of groundwater, which meets all the conditions set out in table 2.3.2 of WFD Annex V and the groundwater quality standards of the Directive 2006/118/EC. 1

Essential requirements for assessing the groundwater chemical status include: • modern analytical equipment, including field equipment, • certified reference material plus other reagents and consumables, • EN/ISO standards for analysis methods,

1 Directive 2006/118/EC on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration . 55

• an operation in accordance with EN ISO/IEC-17025, • establishment of environmental quality standards, • sufficient and experienced staff, budgets for operation and maintenance.

Existing groundwater monitoring network There is no single groundwater monitoring station in the Ukrainian part of the PRB. Until new monitoring network is developed it is advised to sample natural springs and analyse groundwater quality there. This is particularly relevant for the upstream of Prut basin in the Carpathian mountains. Also small streams in the lowland areas can be sampled during the low-flow periods when these streams are mainly fed by groundwaters. This data will give an overall idea on the quality of groundwater bodies. Four groundwater bodies have been identified and delineated in the PRB. All delineated groundwater bodies in Prut pilot basin are of good quantitative and chemical status, although Quaternary aquifers in the Prut valley are heavily impacted by unofficial and chaotic gravel extraction. (table 4.8):

Table 4.8. Identified and delineated groundwater bodies in the Prut river basin, Ukraine Name of the aquifer Water-bearing sediments Number of GWB Quaternary alluvial aquifers in Boulders, pebbles, gravel, sand with interlayers and lenses of clay and 1 Prut River valley and all of its sandy loams terraces Neogene Sand and sandstone interlayers and lenses sometimes aleurolites and 1 marls Paleogene Intercalation of aleurites, aleurolites, argillites and sandstones 1 Upper–Middle Cretaceous Intercalation of argillites and marls with thin interlayers of sandstones 1 and aleurolites and lenses of fractured conglomerates and gravelites Total 4

Surveillance monitoring programme shall be developed for the groundwater bodies of good chemical status. Operational monitoring programme shall be organised in and around the groundwater abstraction sites which pump >100m 3/day for human consumption. Significant and sustained upward trends in the concentration of pollutants will be monitored and if such trends are identified - the starting points for trend reversal shall be defined. It would be advisable to oblige water supply companies to perform drinking water protected areas monitorin g and entities – potential groundwater polluters - to carry out prevent and limit monitoring . For observations of surface water- groundwater interaction it is suggested to observe flow regime of surface streams, bogs and peat lands in the low-flow periods when rivers and bogs are mainly fed by the groundwater discharge. Proposed groundwater monitoring programme is based on the present conceptual understanding of the hydrogeology and anthropogenic pressures within each delineated groundwater body and will be reviewed as this understanding improves or at least once in each monitoring planning cycle (every 6 years). Surveillance monitoring programme. In all homogenous groundwater bodies with good quantitative and chemical status surveillance monitoring network shall consist of a minimum three monitoring stations, covering groundwater recharge, transit and discharge areas ( source: "The EU Water Framework Directive: Statistical aspects of the identification of groundwater pollution trends, and aggregation of monitoring results "). Holms et. al proposes to install five monitoring wells in each groundwater body with the homogenous hydrochemical and hydrodynamic features. Five monitoring points will guarantee confident characterisation of the body of groundwater ( source: Irrigation Sector

Reform Activity (ISRA) River Basin Management Sub-activity Identification, Delineation, and Classification of Water Bodies ).

Table 4.9. Recommended surveillance groundwater monitoring network for Prut river basin No Name and code of Number of monitoring What is Purpose of monitoring GWB wells monitored 1 Quaternary alluvial 5 new wells Level and quality GWB recharge – discharge aquifers in Prut River zones; valley and all of its terraces 2 Neogene 5 new wells and/or springs Level and quality GWB recharge – discharge zones; Transboundary with Moldova 3 Palaeogene 3 new wells and/or springs Level and quality GWB recharge – discharge zones; 4 Upper–Middle 3 new wells and/or springs Level and quality GWB recharge – discharge Cretaceous zones; Total: 16 monitoring wells/springs

Figure 4.2. Proposed groundwater monitoring network in Prut basin, Ukraine Note: only idea for location of monitoring wells is presented in this picture. Exact location shall consider realistic recharge-discharge zones of groundwater bodies and human pressures (land-use)

During the surveillance monitoring programme, some parameters have to be measured in the field at the well/river before collection of samples: pH, temperature, DO, conductivity, TDS, etc. Monitoring wells must be properly purged before collecting groundwater samples. EPIRB project has rented field- monitoring equipment (pH, temperature, conductivity, TDS-meters and purge pump) which was used for measurement groundwater parameters during the field surveys. Chemical analysis of collected samples for general indicators (main cations and anions, nutrients, permanganate index, etc.) characterizes the chemical status and quality of groundwater formed under 57

Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project This project is funded by Contract No 2011/279-666. A project implemented by a Consortium the European Union led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG natural conditions and anthropogenic loads. These components have to be analysed in groundwater samples at least twice a year. Such specific chemical components as organic compounds and pesticides, with usually very low concentrations shall be monitored once in six years, and trace elements shall be monitored once in a two-year period in wells where these components are likely to be detected. The following groundwater monitoring frequency for the surveillance monitoring is proposed for the PRB (table 4.10).

Table 4.10. Groundwater parameters and sampling frequency for the surveillance monitoring programme Parameters and indices Frequency, at least

tot Main anions and cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe , NH 4, HCO 3, 2-4 times a year Cl, SO 4, NO 3, NO2) and physical properties (pH, specific conductivity, permanganate index, or TOC) Trace elements (Fe, As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, etc.) Once per 2 years Pesticides* Once per 6 years Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Phenols, Once per 2 years Trichloroethylene, Tetrachlorethylene** Groundwater levels in monitoring wells, boreholes and flow Electronic data loggers – every 6-12 hrs. Other of natural springs monitoring wells 3 times/month. Rivers- during the low flow periods (2-4 times/year) Notes: * pesticides have to be analysed only at monitoring stations located in the agricultural areas; their choice depends on local usage, land-use framework and observed occurrences in groundwater; ** PAH, phenols, TCE&PCE have to be analysed in the wells located in urban territories and near the industrial sites. Precise choice depends on the local pollution sources.

Operational monitoring . Operational monitoring programme shall focus on observation „at risk“ groundwater bodies, establishing the presence of any long-term anthropogenically induced upward trend in the concentration of pollutants, supporting the design of PoMs and assessing the effectiveness of such measures within groundwater bodies. There is no sufficient monitoring information to prove that groundwater bodies in Prut basin are at risk of not achieving good status. Where there is lack of data to prove “at risk” status, groundwater body should be assigned good status, but with low confidence of information. Additional monitoring and/or investigation should be put in place so that the classification of groundwater body can be properly conducted during the next planning round. and surface environments. All larger well fields e.g. Chernivcy, Kicman, Noveselicia, etc. shall monitor impact of groundwater abstraction. Operational monitoring frequency shall generally be based on the characteristics of the aquifer and human impact. The following groundwater monitoring frequency for the operational monitoring is proposed for PRB (table 4.11). Operational monitoring shall be carried out not only in GWB at risk but also around the major well fields which abstract >100 m 3/day of groundwater for human consumption in order to observe their impact on subsurface

Table 4.11. Operational groundwater monitoring parameters and sampling frequency Parameters and indices Frequency, at least tot Main anions and cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe , NH 4, HCO 3, 4 times a year for assessment of seasonal Cl, SO 4, NO 3, NO 2) and physical properties (pH, specific changes, later – once a year conductivity, permanganate index, or TOC)

Parameters and indices Frequency, at least Trace elements (Fe, As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, etc.) Once a year Pesticides* Once per 6 years Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Phenols, Once a year Trichloroethylene, Tetrachlorethylene** Groundwater levels in monitoring boreholes, production wells Electronic data loggers – every 6-12 hrs. Other and flow of impaired rivers monitoring wells 3 times/month. Rivers- in low- flow season (2-4 times/year)

Water supply companies and other economic entities which abstract >100 m 3/d of groundwater for human consumption shall be obliged to carry out groundwater monitoring. Water companies may use abandoned exploitation wells for impacted groundwater monitoring. Prevent and limit monitoring Preventive monitoring (chemical operational monitoring) of groundwater shall be performed by the entities and enterprises engaged in potentially polluting economic activities. Monitoring shall be conducted in order to establish development of groundwater drawdown, the amount of pollutants discharged, assess the impacts of the economic activity on the natural environment, and ensure preventing and limiting of such pollution. Potential groundwater polluters shall be obliged by legislation to perform groundwater monitoring at their abstraction points. Changes in legislation (procedure for issuing permits for water use) shall be foreseen in order to oblige water users that abstract >100 m 3/day and potential polluters to monitor impact of abstraction and pollution on groundwater bodies. Monitoring drinking water protected areas WFD requires monitoring drinking water protected areas (DWPA) for assessment the achievement of environmental objectives for groundwater bodies, which provide more than 100 m 3/d for the human consumption as an average. Chemical composition of groundwater will have to be analysed for all DWPA that are categorized as being significant drinking groundwater abstractions. Major water supply companies in Ukraine shall monitor their drinking water protection areas. Observation of surface water-groundwater interaction Monitoring of surface water – groundwater interaction is an important WFD requirement. It is well known that increasing abstraction and as a consequence, development of depression cones negatively influences surface waters - bogs, peat lands and small streams. Surface water-groundwater interaction is not a separate branch of monitoring but it should be considered in both surveillance and operational monitoring programmes. It is suggested to observe flow regime of surface streams in the low-flow periods when rivers are mainly fed by the groundwater discharge and compare river flow with the data on groundwater abstraction. National groundwater monitoring network in PRB is completely missing. It is recommended to install (rehabilitate) at least 5 monitoring stations in each delineated groundwater body. Total number of surveillance monitoring wells for the WFD compliant programme will then be 16 in PRB. Operational monitoring and drinking water protection areas monitoring shall be performed by the water supply companies, which provide > 100 m 3/d for human consumption as an average. Preventive monitoring of potentially polluting sites (prevent&limit monitoring) shall be organised obliging potential polluters to carry out groundwater monitoring. Changes in water legislation shall be made for obliging water uses and polluters to monitor impact of their economic activities to the environment. It is suggested to include surface water courses into monitoring network and observe surface water – groundwater interaction, measuring surface water flow regime during the low-flow periods when rivers are mainly fed by the groundwater discharge.

5. Environmental Objectives and Exemptions

5.1. Environmental objectives

Determination of the environmental objectives based on the article 4 (paragraphs 4.3-4.7) of the Guidance document #1“Economics and the environment. The implementation challenge of the Water Framework Directive”. The main methodological ideas for the environmental objectives are the following: - for surface water, the highest ecological and chemical status possible is achieved, given impacts that could not reasonably have been avoided due to the nature of the human activity or pollution; - for groundwater, the least possible changes to good groundwater status, given impacts that could not reasonably have been avoided due to the nature of the human activity or pollution. The WFD requires achievement of the following environmental objectives: a. good ecological/chemical status of surface water bodies; b. good ecological potential and chemical status of HMWBs and AWBs; c. good chemical/quantitative status of groundwater bodies.

Environmental objectives have been established taking into account the preliminary assessment of the ecological status of water bodies, based on risks assessment where it was possible and the result of hydromorphological and hydrochemical risks assessment. Scheme for the determination of the ecological status of WBs is presented in the Annex 5.1. In the Prut pilot river basin, Ukraine part there were identified 123 Surface WDs, including 1–artificial WB, 8 – heavily modified WBs, 13 WBs were assessed as WBs at risk of failing good ecological status, 52 WBs were not assessed and there is no available information related to them, due to this lack of information these WBs were assessed as WBs possibly at risk. Moreover, 45 WBs were a subject of the JFS on assessment of their hydrobiological, hydrochemical and hydromorphological characteristics and the further analysis. The Figure 5.1 shows the results of the preliminary classification for 45 SWBs researched during EPIRB project JFSs in 2013 and 2014.

Figure 5.1. Preliminary classification for researched surface water bodies in the PRB

According to paragraph (26) of the Water Framework Directive states “... should aim to achieve at least good water quality by identifying and implementing the necessary measures ...”. Consequently, the targets for the Prut basin water bodies are defined by upper limit of the range of surface water quality, respective good chemical (hydrochemical) status.

For the chemical (hydrochemical) status under the WFD targets to achieve the required hydrobiological status of water bodies of the Prut basin are determined by upper limit of range of indicators of surface water quality, relevant good status and taking into account the reference conditions dedicated for SWBs in the Prut basin during the JFS 2013 and JFS 2014.

List of the key Environmental Objectives for delineated surface bodies in the PRB expected to be ‘at risk’ in 2015 : – due to contamination NH 4, COD, BOD, phenol - reducing the amount of these pollutants in water to the environmental standards; – due to the HM alteration: impoundment / reservoir effect – restoration of the natural the hydrological regime for regulated water bodies, – due to the river morphology alteration / interruption (gateways), river-channel straightening - restoration of the continuity of the water flow, interruption of river and habitat continuity (mini-HPP) – creation favourable conditions for fish breeding; – due to modification of river morphology - prevention of illegal taking of gravel-sand mixture from river beds .

5.2. Application of Exemptions According to EU WFD Article 4

An integral part of the environmental objectives set out in Article 4 of WFD are the so-called exemptions. Article 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7 describe the conditions and the process in which they can be applied. These exemptions range from small-scale temporary exemptions to midland long term deviations from the rule "good status by 2015", and include the following aspects: − the extension of the deadline , in other words, good status must be achieved by 2021 or 2027 at the latest (Article 4.4) or as soon as natural conditions permit after 2027; − the achievement of less stringent objectives under certain conditions (Article 4.5); − the temporary deterioration of the status in case of natural causes or "force majeure" (Article 4.6); − new modifications to the physical characteristics of a surface water body or alterations to the level of bodies of groundwater, or failure to prevent status deterioration of a body of surface water (including from high status to good status) as a result of new sustainable human development activities (Article 4.7). The exemption described in Article 4.6 not taken to account due to our water objects at risk cannot be affected by natural factors more than anthropogenic pressures in the future. Future Infrastructure Projects (FIP) may need an exemption according to WFD Article 4.7 in the case that they would provoke deterioration in water status – the application of these exceptions is also summarized.

We do not have the final ecological classification of all water bodies for the PRB. But we can assume that for some bodies at risk due to the hydromorphological alterations as straightening channels, impoundments, as well as under the influence of diffuse sources of pollution, it will be very difficult to establish achievable environmental goals. Possible, for such water bodies will set exemption (Table 5.1).

Table 5.1. Summary table of Exemption according to WFD - water bodies which probably will not reached environmental objectives to 2021 after implementation of the Program of measures (Surface water bodies) Code Name Reasons UA0201120204/02 Probiyna Mini hydropower station

Code Name Reasons UA02011202/03 Beliy Cheremosh Mini hydropower station UA0201/15 Prut Mini hydropower station UA020115/01 Sovitsa HMWB UA020115/02 Sovitsa HMWB UA020116/01 Sovitsa Kitsmanska HMWB UA020116/02 Sovitsa Kitsmanska HMWB UA020117/01 Shubranets HMWB UA02011702/01 Moshkov HMWB UA020132 Rakovec HMWB UA020123/01 Ryngach SW 16 Pounds UAL020101 Cherlena Rezervoir HMWB

5.3. Cross-cutting issues that will apply to future infrastructure projects

Flood risk. Flood protection measures relating to future infrastructure projects. They include strengthening banks and straightening of rivers. In the mountainous parts of the basin, one of the most popular measures to strengthen the coast is a building of gabion walls. Such measures will contribute violation hydromorphological conditions of rivers and therefore create risks to reduce the ecological status of BT and failure of good ecological status.

The development of mini hydropower stations (HPS).The development of small hydropower is not regulated in the basin of the Prut River. Currently, the building of mini HPS is stopped due to the resistance of the public. However, it is the necessary to make a decisions at the level of regional administrations, because of the negative impact of mini HPSs on the aquatic ecosystem and recreational potential of the Prut river.

6. Economic analysis of water use in the Prut River Basin

6.1. Relevant water uses and economic meaning

According to Article 41 of the Law of Ukraine "On Environment Protection", economic mechanisms to ensure proper protection of water resources and ecosystems envisage: • Ensuring mutual linkage between all managerial, research, technical and activities and commercial operations of enterprises, institutions, on the one side, and rational use of natural resources and efficient actions to protect the natural environment, on the other side, based on economic levers; • Identifying sources of funding measures to protection the natural environment; • Setting caps on use of natural resources, discharges of pollutants in the natural environment, generation and placement of wastes; • Setting rates and amounts of fees for use of natural resources, discharges and dumping of pollutants in the natural environment, generation and placement of wastes and other types of harmful impact; • Granting tax, credit and other concessions to enterprises, institutions and organizations as well as individuals when they implement low-waste, energy- and resource saving technologies and alternatives types of energy or take other efficient measures to protect the natural environment; • Covering losses inflicted by violation of the legislation on environment protection according to a statutory procedure.

In its Article 30, Fees for Special Water Use, the Water Code of Ukraine says: The fee for special water use will be collected for the purpose of stimulating the rational water use and protection of water and reproduction of water resources. It includes the fess of using water and bodies of water and the fee for discharging pollutants. The amount of the fee for using water will be set based on the fee rates, actual volume of water used and existing limits on water use. The amount of the fee for using water in bodies of water for purposes other than intake of water from bodies of water will be set: • For hydropower engineering needs: based on the fee rates, actual volume of water gone through turbines and limits on water use (except for pump storage plants which are operated together with hydroelectric plants as a complex); • For water transport needs: based on the fee rates and duration of time of using surface water in a reporting period; • For fishery needs: based on the fee rates and actual volume of water needed to replenish ponds in the process of fish farming and other aquaculture production on fish farms. The fee for water lost in the process of its transportation will be payable by owners of water distribution networks.

Payers of the fee for special use of water resource will be enterprises, institutions and organization irrespective of their institutional form, their branches, offices, other separated structural units as well as self-employed individuals who use water received by intake of water (primary water users) and/or from water intake facilities of primary water users (secondary water users) and use water for needs of hydropower engineering, water transport and fish farming.

6.2. Economic analysis of water use

The structure of water use by different sectors in the Prut basin is summarized in Figure 6.1. The biggest share of water use is pond-fish industry - 40%, what is specific only for Chernivtsi Region, in Ivano- 63

Frankivsk region there is no such type of water uses.

Figure 6.1. Structure of water use by different sectors in the Prut basin in 2013

In 2013 the total volume of water extraction in Ukrainian part of PRB for various purposes amounted 44.9 mln.m 3, of which 36,1 mln.m 3 for Chernivtsi region, and 8.8 mln.m 3 for Ivano-Frankivsk region (Figure 6.2).

Figure 6.2. Summary data of water use structure in PRB in 2013 (mln.m 3)

The main source of water supply is surface water in the PRB and groundwater of hydrogeological provinces of Carpathian orogeny zone. Water is used for housing, communal needs and agriculture. The diversion of water for industry is small. Taking into account that environmentally sound use of resources does not exceed 10% of the total number, water intake in PRB assessed as environmentally friendly.

6.3. Economic control tools

The procedure for paying the fee for special use of water resources and the fee for using water for needs of hydropower engineering and water transport is approved by decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. The fee for special use of water resources is charged for using water from bodies of water which is taken by using facilities and technical devices intended to discharge wastewater in such bodies of water. The fee for using water for hydropower engineering needs is charged for using water which is passed through power plant turbines for the electricity generation purposes; and for water transport companies –

Environmental Protection of International River Basins Project This project is funded by Contract No 2011/279-666. A project implemented by a Consortium the European Union led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamics KG for using water in the process of operating waterways by cargo self-propelled and dumb barges and passenger vessels. Payers of the fee for special use of water resources and the fee for using water for needs of hydropower engineering and water transport are enterprises, institutions and organizations irrespective of their institutional form and self-employed individuals who use water resources and use water for needs of hydropower engineering and water transport. The system for funding water protection measure in Ukraine is based on the following major sources: • State budget of Ukraine and local budgets; • Budget of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea; • Environment protection funds of all levels; • Companies' own funds; • Foreign funds and investments; • Other categorical funds.

Funds from the state budget are allocated for priority programmes and projects of national importance.

According to Article 16 of the Constitution of Ukraine, it is the government responsibility to ensure environmental safety and maintain environmental balance on the territory of Ukraine, overcome consequences of the Chornobyl accident and preserve the genetic pool of the Ukrainian people. That being said, the state budget of Ukraine is the main source of funding the environmental policy. The rules of procedure for collecting revenues and distributing allocations from the state budget are set by relevant laws for each year. Under current conditions of country's economic development, there is an objective need to transfer to a higher level of economic relationships in the water sector. A number of issues need to be addressed, such as valuation of water resources as a component of the national wealth, identification of their taxation potential, ways to channel to the budget an excessive rental income which is conditioned by both natural and economic factors in the process of commercial use of water resources. Pursuant to current law, Ukrainian local governments should set so-called economically justified rates for water and wastewater services. However, the very definition of "economic justification" fails to reflect the necessity to operate, modernize and develop distribution networks. On the other hand, local governments fail in practice to approve rates which would be oriented towards systems development. This leads to insufficiency of investments in water distribution and wastewater systems. The amount of required investments and magnitude of problems keep growing. The EU Water Framework Directive highlights that in order to attain its ultimate objective – ensuring "good quality" of water, the principal of the water service costs recovery must be accounted for. This includes environmental and resource costs associated with the damage or negative impact on the water environments. More specifically, the principle "polluter pays" must be followed. To this end, an economic analysis of water services must be made which would be based on long-term projections of water supply and demand in a river basin. Specific water consumption norms in Ukraine are 1.5 - 3.0 times higher than in European countries and reaches 300 litres per capita per day. Losses in the water supply network in the Prut basin is 7.4% in Ivano-Frankivsk region and 7.3% in Chernivtsi region. The structure of the average tariff for centralized water supply (WS) and wastewater (WW) Prut Basin is presented in Figure 6.3. .

Figure 6.3. Structure of the average tariff for centralized water supply (WS) and wastewater (WW) in PRB, UAH / M3 (without VAT)

The Figure 6.5 shows data on the cost of water and wastewater services for public sector. The highest tariff for water supply is in Zastavna (10 UAH per 1 m 3 of water), but the subsidy from the city budget is 8 UAH. The lowest tariff is in town Verkhovina – 5,35 UAH. Sewerage service is the most expensive in the city Vyzhnytsya.

Figure 6.4. Rates for Centralized Water Supply and Wastewater Service (UAH/m 3)

For Prut basin rate fee for special use of surface water is 16.05 UAH/ 100 cubic meters. The rate of the fee for special use of groundwater is different: in mountainous areas tariff is higher (Figure 6.6). In Ivano-Frankivsk region, it ranges from 49.90 UAH/ 100 cubic meters to 89.10 UAH/ 100 cubic meters, while in the Chernivtsi region is 62.41 UAH/ 100 cubic meters.

Figure 6.5. Rate fee for special water use, UAH/cubic meter (art.325, Tax Code of Ukraine), 2013

The rates of the fee for special use of water for fish farming are 36.39 UAH/10.000 cubic meters of surface water. The rate of the fee for special use of water for hydropower is 6.93 UAH/10.000 cubic meters of water passed through the turbines of hydro power plants.

6.4. Cost-effectiveness as a criterion for selecting measures to achieve reduction targets

A Table 6.1 below summarizes the costs of the proposed measures. As seen from the table, the total cost of the measures proposed for implementation in the first planning cycle is almost EUR 46 million. This, taking account the total number of population of the Upper Prut BMA, composes about EUR 52 per person.

Table 6.1. Cost estimates of the proposed measures for PRB Measures Estimated Budget, EUR Basic measures of the Programme of measures to the Upper Prut RBMP (EU Directives 2 500 000 implementation), Ukraine Reduction and elimination of water bodies pollution from point sources (Prut, UA) 37 252 000

Reduction and elimination of water bodies pollution from diffuse sources (Prut, UA) 5 485 000 Development of WFD compliant monitoring program for surface water of Prut UA (surveillance 619 460 and operational in first 6 years cycle) Prut UA Total (including investment project "Reconstruction and Development of Communal 45 856 460 Water Management in Chernivtsi city" EUR 30 million )

Cost of Basic measures of the PRB Programme of measures (EU Directives implementation) in Ukraine are shown in Table 7.1. There are broad ranges of water protection basic and supplementary measures, which supported by the on-going State National, Regional and Local Programs of action and can be implemented until the end of 1-st Planning cycle in Ukraine. Supplementary measures are presented in the Table 7.2.

7. Programme of Measures

7.1. Basic and Supplementary Measures on Maintenance and Restoration of Water Bodies

Legislation and Methodological Support . The main basic measures to maintain the status of water bodies with high (excellent) or good status and to restore status for the poor status water bodies are determined by legal framework existed in Ukraine, which include the Ukrainian laws, state and regional programs/plans of measures, bylaws and broad spectrum of regulatory and technical norms, which regulating the activities in the field of water protection and usage. The broad legal framework on water issues includes numerous special water and water-related legislation, among them are the following laws and state programs: - Law of Ukraine " On Environmental Protection of Ukraine " (Vedomosti Verkhovna Rada Ukrainy (VVRU), 1991, № 41, pag.546 (As amended in accordance with the laws); - Law of Ukraine " On ensuring sanitary and epidemiological public welfare " (VVRU, 1994, № 27, pag.218) with amendments; - Code of Ukraine "On Subsoil" (VVRU, 1994, № 36, page 340 ) with amendments; - Water Code of Ukraine , from 6.06. 1995 № 214/95-ВР and Law of Ukraine "On amendments to the Water Code of Ukraine on 5.10.2000 p. № 2026-III; - Law of Ukraine "On Waste" (VVRU, 1998, № 36-37, pag.242); - The Land Code of Ukraine (VVRU, 2002, № 3-4, pag.27) with amendments; - Law of Ukraine " On Drinking Water and Water Supply " (VVRU, 2002, №16, pag.112) with amendments; - Tax Code of Ukraine (VVRU, 2011, № 13-14, №15-16, № 17, st.112) with amendments; - Law of Ukraine "On Approval of the National Target Program on Water Resources Management and Environmental Rehabilitation of the Dnipro River for the period by 2021 " "(VVRU, 2013, № 17, page 146); - National Action Plan of on environment protection for 2011-2015, adopted by Order of CMU from 25.05.2011 №577-р, with amendments according to orders №189-р from 01.04.2013 аnd № 870-р from 02.10.2013; - Complex Programme of protection of rural settlements and lands against harmful effects of waters till 2010 and prognosis till 2020» adopted by Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine (CMU) Order from 03.07.2006 № 901; - The State Programme of flood protection in the basins of rivers: Dniester, Prut and Siret for 2008- 2025, adopted by Order of CMU from 27.12.2008 № 1151;

as well as bylaws, including the followings:

- Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (CMU) 25.05.2011 №577-r "On approval of the National Action Plan on Environmental Protection for 2011-2015" (with amendments); - Joint Order of the State Committee for Water and Environment Ministry 09.10.2007 №199 / 517 "on the approved permit for work (excluding construction) in the lands of the water fund and sample applications to receive it" (registered with the Ministry of Justice on December 4, 2007 at №1342 / 14609 ) - CMU Resolution 12.07.2005 № 557 "On approval of the order permitting the works on the lands of water fund" (as amended under the provisions CMU); - CMU Resolution from 13.03.2002 № 321 “On Approval of Procedure of approval and giving the permits on special water usage and amendments to the CMU of 10 August 1992 р. №459 (as amended under the provisions CMU)

- CMU Resolution from 25.03.1999 № 465 «On approval of rules of surface water protection against pollution by reverse waters"(As amended in accordance with the regulations of CMU); - CMU Resolution from 11.09.1996 №1100 «On the procedure of development and approval the standards of maximum allowable discharge of pollutants and the list of pollutants, discharge of which is normed"(as amended under the provisions CMU); - State sanitary rules and regulations "Hygenic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption" (SanPiN 2.2.4-171-10); - Order of the Ministry of Environment of Ukraine "On Approval of the Instruction on the procedure of development and adoption of maximum permissible discharges (MPD) of substances into the water with reverse waters» №116 from 15.12.94 (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine December 22, 1994 №313 /523 - CMU Resolution from 17 September 1996 р. N 1147 «On approving the list of environmental protection measures" (As amended according to CMU); - the Ministry of Health protection Order № 400 from 12.05.2010. «on Ratification of the State Sanitary Rules and Regulations "Hygienic requirements for drinking water intended for human consumption" (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine July 1, 2010 №452/17747); - Order of the Ministry of Environment of Ukraine №38 from 18.05.95 «On approval of "the method of calculating reimbursement of damages caused by violation of legislation on protection and rational use of water resources" (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine May 29, 1995, №157/693); - State Committee of Housing and Communal Services №30 from 05.07.95. "On Approving the Rules of technical operation of water supply and sewerage of the settlements in Ukraine" (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine July 21, 1995 by №231/767). - The legislation related to Hydrosphere control includes the following regulations: - GOST 3041-95. The system of standards of environmental protection and rational use of resources: Hydrosphere. Use and protection of water. Terms and definitions; - Guiding regulations. Quality measurements composition and characteristics objects and sources of environment pollution (collector). Kyiv, 1997 .; - List of temporarily permitted to use and certified methods for detection of the composition and characteristics of samples of environmental components (objects), emissions and discharges of pollutants into them. Order of the Ministry of Environmental 30.03.97r. № 97. Agreed letter from the State Standard 12.05.97r. Number 1864 / 5-3; - A generalized list of maximum permissible concentration (MPC) and approximately safe levels of exposure (ASLE) of hazardous substances for water using for fish farming №12-04-11.

In 2012 Ministry of Environmental Protection (MofE) of Ukraine approved the order on the Basic Plan on adaptation of environmental legislation of Ukraine to the European Union legal framework (Basic Plan approximation). In the Plan there is a list of respect EU legislations which are in accordance with the list of EU Directives of Annex XXIX Chapter 6 of Part V to the Association Agreement between Ukraine and EU, which was signed in July 2014 and ratifies by Ukraine in October 2014

For approximation of each EU Directive into the Ukrainian legislation the recommended actions, needed to implement in the legal framework of Ukraine, responsible authorities and deadlines are dedicated already. Part of the legislation changes, proposed by the Basic Plan, is directly related to the measures that should be considered as a basic for the Programme of measures to the Prut River Basin Management Plan for all water bodies in the pilot basin. These measures (Table 7.1) are obligatory for implementation by the central executive authorities till December 2017, what fits to the RBMP planning cycle for PRB.

Table 7.1. Basic measures of the Programme of Measures to the Prut RBMP for the first planning cycle until xxxx , Ukraine EU legal act Basic Measures Responsible Deadlines Estimated authorities Budget, EUR

Directive To amend the Water Code of Ukraine MENR, December 2017 1500 000 2000/60/ ЄС – (aligning terminology, appointment of State Agency WFD, the relevant competent authority/autrities of Water according to (ies) on river basin management). Resources, decision № • To amend the Land Code and Water Мinistry of 2455/2001/EU Code of Ukraine (on upgrading of the health mechanism for dedication and putting Protection, in place the coastal and water State protection zones). Services of • Put the sections «Surface water» and emergency «Groundwater» of the State Water situations, Cadaster in compliance to the Ministry of requirements of the relevant sections Justice, of the Directive State Agency • Approve the mandate of the Basin of land departments of water management resources with responsibilities defined by the Directive. • To ensure proper implementation of river basin management principle: • by recognition in law the zoning of the territory of Ukraine based on basin principle; • by identifying the units of hydrographic regionalization of the territory of the country; • Ensure the development of the working structure of water resources management according to basin approach; • Develop and legalize the criteria for the river basin status assessment; • Develop and approve the provision on River Basin Management Plan and methodology of its development; • To develop River Basin Management Plans (in compliance with requirements of Article 14 of WFD on public participation and information, consultations); • Develop the methodology of the Programme of measures development according to Article 11 of the Directive; • Deep special analysis of the possibilities for usage existed water classifications according to the categories for the purposes of WFD is needed. 70

EU legal act Basic Measures Responsible Deadlines Estimated authorities Budget, EUR

• Provisions of WFD Annexes ІІ -V, VIII аnd X are needed the additional research by Ukrainian water experts. • Additional experts research/analysis of the requirements of other EU Directives, mentioned in Art. 10.2 and Annexes VI and IX of WFD is needed. • The amendments to the existed regulations for the transposition provisions of WFD and in relation with new approved law have to be done. Directive To revise current legislation and approve Minregion December 2017 550 000 91/271/E ЕС new regulation on responsibilities of MENR concerning authorities to ensure access to sewer in State Agency urban cities and townships, development list of of water wastewater vulnerable zones according to the criteria resources treatment lay down in Annex II of WFD (possible Мinistry of with additional categorization), introduction justice amendments of the principle of obvious wastewater provided by treatment before discharging into Directive vulnerable zones; approval prohibition of 98/15/ ЄС and sediment discharges into surface water Regulation from ships, pipelines or in any other (EU) ways. 1882/2003 Develop draft regulation on specifics of (UWWT Directive 91/271/E ЕС requirements Directive) application for the mountain settlements. Approve the Technical and Investments Programmes for implementation of the Directive provisions and approval the responsibility of water utilities to report regularly and publish the reports about wastewater discharging and sediments displacement in the areas which are under their responsibilities. Unify methodology for determining the load on wastewater treatment facilities and their technical characteristics used in Ukraine and EU; Bring the relevant provisions of the State water monitoring System and related components of the State Environmental Monitoring system with the requirements of Part D of Annex I. The provisions of Annex I (Tables 1 and 2) require further investigation by specialists. Directive Clarify provisions of the Order of the МoH December 2017 150 000 98/83/EU on Ministry of Health (MoH) of Ukraine МENR the quality of "On approval of the State sanitary rules Ministry of water and regulations" Hygienic requirements regional 71

EU legal act Basic Measures Responsible Deadlines Estimated authorities Budget, EUR intended for for drinking water intended for human development, human consumption" (DSanPiN 2.2.4-171-10) building and consumption from 12 May2010 № 400 related to communal with “points of accordance” (Art. 6 Directive). services amendments Develop methods of drinking water and additions quality monitoring in residential areas. approved by Check the compliance of procedures and Regulations standards for determination of the safety EU 1882/2003 and quality of drinking water, provided (Drinking in a tentative list of Annex 5 to State Water Standards 2.2.4-171-10, with Directive) requirements of Annex III and other relevant provisions of Directive Council Align with the terminology and legalize December 2017. 100 000 Directive it in Ukrainian legislation: 91/676/EEC Adopt a regulatory act to determine of 12 zones vulnerable to (accumulation) December nitrates (including the mechanisms of 1991 cooperation in transboundary context). concerning To adopt action plans for zones the protection vulnerable to (accumulation) nitrate of waters Adopt codes of best agricultural practices against and programs to facilitate the pollution implementation of these codes. caused by Take into account the requirements of nitrates from Annex III to the Directive during agricultural theProgramme of Measures drafting and sources, with adoption according to paragraph. 4. 5 of amendments the Directive. and additions To amend the related regulations taking by Regulation into account the aim of EU 1882/2003 Directivetransposition and the adoption (Nitrate to the new legislation. Directive) Council To amend the Law of Ukraine «on МENR, December 2017 100 000 Directive environmental network of Ukraine» of 24 Мі nistry of 92/43/EEC of June 2004 № 1864-IV; the Law of agricultural 21 May 1992 Ukraine «on Nature Reserve Fund of politics, on the Ukraine» from 16 June 1992 № 2456-XII State Agency conservation in relation with networking establishment of forest of natural according to Directive requirements, resources, habitats and of especially in terms of the criteria of State Agency wild fauna establishment of ecological networks of fish and flora,with based on habitat selection as the basis of resources, amendments selection of the constituent elements of National and additions the ecological network and / or adopt Academia of made by new legislation to protect habitats. Sciences of Directives To detail and agree with the provisions of Ukraine, 97/62/EU, the Directive and its Annexes the Ukrainian 2006/105/EU provisions for the protection of natural Academia of and habitats, mentioned in the Laws of Agrarian Regulation Ukraine "On Wildlife" December 13, Sciences 72

EU legal act Basic Measures Responsible Deadlines Estimated authorities Budget, EUR

(EC) No 2001 № 2894-14; “On Flora" of 9 April 1882/2003 of 1999 № 591-XIV; “On fisheries, the European commercial fisheries and conservation of Parliament aquatic biological resources" of 08 July and of the 2011 № 3677-VI; "On the Red Book of Council of 29 Ukraine" of 07 February 2002 № 3055- September 14 and "On Hunting Economy and 2003 Hunting" of 02 February 2000 № 1478- 14-III . Directive Align with the terminology and legalize MENR, State December 2017 100 000 2007/60/EC it. Agency of on the Update and amend the current legislation Water assessment to ensure effective flood forecasting and Resources, and flood and emergency response State Service management of of flood risks emergency situation TOTAL 2 500 000

A wide range of basic and additional water conservation measures supported by state target level, regional and local action programs may be implemented by the end of the 1st planning cycle in Ukraine. Supplementary measures are presented in Table 7.2. .

Table 7.2. Supplementary measures for the Prut River Basin Management Plan (Ukraine) Measure Environmental Which current Programme Provisions of Implementat Estimated budget objective of Ukraine correspond which EU ion cycle to/other funding source Directive correspond to REDUCTION AND ELIMINATION OF WATER BODIES POLUTION FROM POINT SOURCES Reconstruction of wastewater Reducing the The regional target Water 2021 treatment plant (WWTP) in amount such program "Reforming and Framework Kolomyya pollutants as Development Housing and Directive, Budget - 440 000,00 EUR NH 4, COD, Utilities 2011-2014»; UWWT BOD, PO 4, Program for Directive (Water body Prut - Phenol in water Environmental Protection UA0201/07, UA0201/08) to the in Ivano-Frankivsk region environmental 2011- 2015 standards State, regional and local funds of environmental protection Construction of the first stage Reducing the The program of Water 2021 of WWTP for the city amount such environmental protection, Framework Yaremche pollutants as natural resource Directive, NH 4, COD, management and UWWT Budget – 1 940 000,00 EUR BOD, PO 4, environmental safety in the Directive (Water body Prut - Phenol in water territory of Yaremche City UA0201/04) to the Council for the period environmental 2012-2015, Foreign standards investment

Measure Environmental Which current Programme Provisions of Implementat Estimated budget objective of Ukraine correspond which EU ion cycle to/other funding source Directive correspond to

Development of the Reducing the The program of Water 2021 sewer/drainage system for amount such environmental protection, Framework village Vorohta pollutants as natural resource Directive, Budget – 910 000,00 EUR NH 4, COD, management and UWWT (Water body Prut - BOD, PO 4, environmental safety in the Directive UA0201/02) Phenol in water territory of Yaremche City to the Council for the period environmental 2012-2015; standards State, regional and local funds of environmental protection Construction of WWTP for Reducing the Program of Environmental Water 2021 settlement Verhovyna. amount such Protection in Ivano- Framework pollutants as Frankivsk region 2011- Directive, Budget – 970 000,00 EUR NH 4, COD, 2015 UWWT (Water body Chornyi BOD, PO 4, State, regional and local Directive Ceremosh - UA02011201/06 Phenol in water funds of environmental to the protection environmental standards

Construction of WWTP and Reducing the Program of Environmental Water 2021 sewer collector in the village amount such Protection in Ivano- Framework P'yadyky, Kolomyya district pollutants as Frankivsk region 2011- Directive, Budget –31 000,00 EUR NH 4, COD, 2015 UWWT (Water body Dobrovidka - BOD, PO 4, Directive UA020107) Phenol in water to the environmental standards Completion of reconstruction Reducing the The program of socio- Water 2021 of WWTP in the city Kosiv amount such economic and cultural Framework Budget – 91 000,00 EUR pollutants as development of Kosiv Directive, (Water body Rybnytsya - NH4, COD, district in 2014 and the UWWT UA020109/03) BOD, PO4, main directions of Directive Phenol in water development for 2015 and to the 2016 environmental standards Replacement of 6 km and Reducing the The program of socio- Water 2021 extension of sewer networks on amount such economic and cultural Framework 2.5 - 3.0 km. In Kosiv pollutants as development of Kosiv Directive, NH 4, COD, district in 2014 and the UWWT Budget – 30 000,00 EUR BOD, PO 4, main directions of Directive (Water body Rybnytsya - Phenol in water development for 2015 and UA020109/03) to the 2016 environmental standards

Measure Environmental Which current Programme Provisions of Implementat Estimated budget objective of Ukraine correspond which EU ion cycle to/other funding source Directive correspond to Construction of sewerage and Reducing the The program of socio- Water 2021 in Kuty (Kosiv district) amount such economic and cultural Framework pollutants as development of Kosiv Directive, Budget – 600 000,00 EUR NH 4, COD, district in 2014 and the UWWT (Water body Cheremosh - BOD, PO 4, main directions of Directive UA020112/04) Phenol in water development for 2015 and to the 2016 environmental standards

Rehabilitation WWTP and Reducing the Program for Environmental Water 2021 sewage networks in. Snyatyn amount such Protection in Sniatyn Framework pollutants as region by 2015 Directive, Budget – 236 000,00 EUR NH 4, COD, State, regional and local UWWT (Water body Prut - BOD, PO 4, funds of environmental Directive UA0201/15) Phenol in water protection, local budget to the environmental standards

Reconstruction of WWTP in Reducing the State, regional and local Water 2021 the village Zabolotiv amount such funds of environmental Framework Budget – 45 000,00 EUR pollutants as protection, local budget Directive, (Water body Turka - NH 4, COD, UWWT UA020108) BOD, PO 4, Directive Phenol in water to the environmental standards Completion of reconstruction Reducing the State, regional and local Water 2021 startup facilities and WWTPs amount such funds of environmental Framework for: pollutants as protection, local budget Directive, v. Novoselytsya - budget – NH 4, COD, UWWT 307 000,00 EUR, BOD, PO 4, Directive Phenol in water to the environmental standards

Completion of reconstruction Reducing the State, regional and local Water 2021 startup facilities and WWTPs amount such funds of environmental Framework for: pollutants as protection, local budget Directive, v.Glyboka – budget – NH 4, COD, UWWT 196 000,00 EUR BOD, PO 4, Directive Phenol in water to the environmental standards

Reconstruction and Reducing the The investment project Water 2021

Measure Environmental Which current Programme Provisions of Implementat Estimated budget objective of Ukraine correspond which EU ion cycle to/other funding source Directive correspond to Development of Municipal amount such (International agreement Framework Water Management in pollutants as about bringing Ukraine Directive, Chernivtsi. NH 4, COD, Cabinet of Ministers of UWWT Budget – 30 000 000,00 EUR BOD, PO 4, Ukraine borrowings of the Directive (Water body Rybnytsya- Phenol in water Government of the Federal UA020109/03; Derelui - to the Republic of Germany UA020118/01) environmental through the German Credit standards Institution for Reconstruction (KfW), together with the relevant loan agreement between KfW and the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine) Repair of sewerage system in Reducing the Integrated program of Water 2021 the village Beregomet amount such environmental and natural Framework (Vyzhnytya district) pollutants as resource management Directive, Budget – 5 000,00 EUR NH 4, COD, "Ecology" in Chernivtsi UWWT (Water body Prut - BOD, PO 4, region in 2011-2015 Directive UA0201/17) Phenol in water to the environmental standards Rehabilitation of WWTP in Reducing the Integrated program of Water 2021 town Putyla. amount such environmental protection Framework Budget – 29 000,00 EUR pollutants as and natural resource Directive, (Water body Putyla - NH 4, COD, management "Ecology" in UWWT UA02011203/01) BOD, PO 4, Chernivtsi region in 2011- Directive Phenol in water 2015 to the environmental standards

Reconstruction of Vyzhnitsa Reducing the Integrated program of Water 2021 village WWTP. amount such environmental protection Framework Budget – 622 000,00 EUR pollutants as and natural resource Directive, NH 4, COD, management "Ecology" in UWWT BOD, PO 4, Chernivtsi region in 2011- Directive Phenol in water 2015 to the environmental standards

Construction of the second line Reducing the The program on drainage Water 2021 of the main sewer collector in amount such of Chernivtsi 2006-2015 Framework "Mahala" WWTP pollutants as Directive, Budget – 800 000,00 EUR NH 4, COD, UWWT (Water body Prut - BOD, PO 4, Directive UA0201/21) Phenol in water to the environmental

REDUCTION AND ELIMINATION OF WATER BODIES POLUTION FROM DIFFUSE SOURCES Reconstruction of Verkhovynsky Reducing of State, regional and local Nitrate 2021 district landfill in the village pollution of funds of environmental Directive, Berezhnytsya surface and protection UWWT Budget – 137 000,00 EUR groundwater Directive (Water body Cheremosh - from diffuse UA020112/02) sources Construction of landfill with solid Reducing of The investment project Nitrate 2021 wastes separation in Kosiv pollution of Directive, District (area - 5 hectares) surface and UWWT Budget – 50 000,00 EUR groundwater Directive (Water body Rybnytsya - from diffuse UA020109/03) sources Construction of Waste processing Reducing of The regional target program Nitrate 2021 complex (with waste separation) pollution of of solid waste management Directive, in Kolomyya and Ivano- surface and by 2016 UWWT Frankivsk groundwater Directive Budget – 4 545 000,00 EUR from diffuse (Water body Dobrovidka - sources UA020107) Expansion and renovation of Sustainable The regional target program Nitrate 2021 constructions for disposal and waste of solid waste management Directive, storage of domestic, agricultural management by 2016 UWWT and industrial waste to landfill in State, regional and local Directive the city Snyatyn (land area of 7.0 funds of environmental hectares). protection Budget – 735 000,00 EUR (Water body Prut -UA0201/15) Local government project Sustainable Integrated program of Nitrate 2021 implementation - innovative waste environmental protection and Directive, approach to solid waste management natural resource management UWWT management in rural communities "Ecology" in Chernivtsi Directive of Novoselytsia district. region in 2011-2015 Budget – 9 000,00 EUR (Water body Rokytna - UA020121) Improving soil fertility and Controle of Integrated program of Nitrate 2021 reduce soil contamination in diffuse environmental protection and Directive, Kitsmanskyi district pollution natural resource management UWWT Budget –9 000,00 EUR "Ecology" in Chernivtsi Directive (Water body Sovytsya region in 2011-2015 Kitsmanska - UA020116/02) Total (diffuse sources of pollution) 5 485 000

Total (including investment project "Reconstruction and Development of Communal Water 42 737 000 Management in Chernivtsi city" EUR 30 million )

7.2. Cross-cutting issues to be considered in the PoM

Flood risk reduction. Flood protection measures belong to future infrastructure projects. They include improvements in monitoring practice, damming, straightening of river courses, and strengthening of river banks. In the mountain parts of the basin, one of the popular bank strengthening measures is building of gabion walls. For the flood protection the accumulative - flood storage constructions in the mountains and on the plains, as well as polders and flood reservoir and landslide and mud protection constructions are built in the basin. As of 01.01.2012 202,3 km of sections have been regulated in Ivano-Frankovsk Region and 123,4 km in Chernovtsy Region (source: Dniester-Prut BUVR). Flood protection measures for 2015-2021 are presented in the Table 7.3. They aimed to reduce the deterioration of hydromorphological and hydrochemical status of water bodies.

Table 7.3. Flood risk protection measures (sources: BUVR and Program of Environmental Protection in Ivano-Frankivsk region) Flood protection measures Ivano-Frankivsk Region River banks fortification in the Preventing Program of Environmental Floods 2021 village Kosmach the Protection in Ivano-Frankivsk Directive Budget – 656 000,00 EUR development region 2011- 2015 of dangerous geological processes Lyuchka River banks Preventing Program of Environmental Floods 2021 fortification in v. Verbizh the Protection in Ivano-Frankivsk Directive Budget – 22 000,00 EUR development region 2011- 2015 of dangerous geological processes Vorona River banks Preventing Program of Environmental Floods 2021 fortification in v. Vynograd the Protection in Ivano-Frankivsk Directive Budget – 26 000,00 EUR development region 2011- 2015 of dangerous geological processes Rudka River banks Preventing Program of Environmental Floods 2021 fortification in v. Semakivtsi the Protection in Ivano-Frankivsk Directive Budget – 5 000,00 EUR development region 2011- 2015 of dangerous geological processes Lyuchka River banks Preventing Program of Environmental Floods 2021 fortification in v. Kovalivka the Protection in Ivano-Frankivsk Directive Budget – 34 000,00 EUR development region 2011- 2015 of dangerous geological processes Pecheninga River banks Preventing Program of Environmental Floods 2021 fortification in v. the Protection in Ivano-Frankivsk Directive Pechenizhyn. development region 2011- 2015 Budget – 27 000,00 EUR of dangerous

Flood protection measures Ivano-Frankivsk Region geological processes Sopivka River banks Preventing Program of Environmental Floods 2021 fortification in v. Rungury. the Protection in Ivano-Frankivsk Directive Budget – 26 000,00 EUR development region 2011- 2015 of dangerous geological processes Koshylivka River banks Preventing Program of Environmental Floods 2021 fortification in v. Goloskiv the Protection in Ivano-Frankivsk Directive Budget – 19 000,00 EUR development region 2011- 2015 of dangerous geological processes Chernivtsi Region Flood protection measures in Preventing Integrated program of water Floods 2015-2021 Chernivtsi region the management and flood Directive Budget – 30 255 000,00 EUR development protection in the Chernivtsi of dangerous region until 2021 geological processes Total (flood protection measures, including anti-flood measures in the Chernivtsi region. 31 070 000 EUR 30,255,000 )

8. A summary of the public information and consultation measures taken, their results and the changes to the plan made as a consequence

9. List of competent authorities

The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (CMU) is the supreme authority in the system of state executive bodies (Article 113). Among other things the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine ensures the implementation of policy on environmental protection, ecological safety and nature management (Article 116). Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine (MENR) is the main authority in the system of central executive bodies in the formation and realization of state policy in the field of environmental protection, ecological and (within its competence) biological, genetic and radiation safety including the development of water management and land reclamation The State Agency of Water Resources of Ukraine (SAWR) holds the foremost place among national institutions involved in the management of the PRB. SAWR is a central body of executive power. Its activities are directed and coordinated by the CMU through the MENR. Main tasks of SAWR are to: - submit motions to shape government policies regarding the development of water economy, land reclamation, and the management, use and remediation of surface water resources; - implement government policies regarding the management, use and regeneration of surface water resources, the development of water economy, land reclamation, and the operation of multi-purpose state-owned water facilities and central farm irrigation and drainage systems. In the PRB, within its powers and in accordance with legislation, Dniester-Prut Basin Management Administration (Dniester and Prut BUWR) ensures the implementation of State policy related to the management, use, protection, regeneration, and development of water resources, and to the management of water facilities and waterworks. Dniester-Prut BUWR addresses the issue of providing water resources to population and industries in the basin together with executive authorities and other organizations, institutions, and businesses. Finally, it coordinates the activities of institutions under the SAWR within the basin on these issues. The main objectives of the Dniester and Prut BUWR: - ensuring water governance, implementation of the state policy in the sphere of use, protection and reproduction of the surface waters of the basin, meet the needs of the population and industries of water resources; - implementation of long-term comprehensive programs to ensure the safe operation of water systems, hydraulic structures and individual objects of engineering infrastructure owned by the state and on the balance of water management organizations subordinate BUWR; - implementation of activities related to the prevention of harmful effects of water within rural areas and agricultural lands, as well as the elimination of its consequences, including flood protection of these areas; - direction and coordination of the institutions of SAWR governance located in the basin, on the management of water resources use, protection and reproduction of the surface waters of the basin, providing the population and industries of water resources, as well as the functioning of the state environmental monitoring. Function of the Dniester and Prut BUWR: - submit proposals of SAWR, executive authorities and local self-government for the development of targeted and regional programs, including water management, management, use and reproduction of the surface water resources of the basin and is involved in their implementation; - international cooperation on the management, use, protection and reproduction of water resources in transboundary water bodies basin, prepares proposals for SAWR, participates in International Commission meetings, participation in the working groups of the bilateral agreements framework; - approve the application of water users substantiating the need for water in the case of surface water and water regulations; 81

- state control of water use; - summarizes the regional management of water resources located in the basin, on the use of water resources in the basin and provides the results to SAWR; - prepares materials for the State Water Cadastre under the heading "Water use"; - monitors the quality of surface waters in the control points in the areas of the main multi-purpose water intake, water management systems and cross-sectoral agricultural water supply; - compile and analyze data for monitoring surface water quality in the basin, taking part in the development of operational and long-term forecasts of changes in the ecological status of water bodies, reports on their findings to the SAWR, executive authorities, local authorities and the population; - examines the documents for construction (reconstruction) of water facilities on the rivers; - issues permits for dredging, laying of cables, pipes and other communications to the water fund lands on the rivers; - approve the issuance of permits for water resources on the lands of the construction of hydraulic, hydrometric and linear applications; - monitors the status of the reorganization of the river banks and submit proposals to the SAWR about their consolidation; - carries out hydrogeological monitoring on protected land tracts in the zone of influence of reservoirs and irrigated lands; - carries out within the authority, together with other executive authorities measures to prevent emergencies, decrease the devastating effects of floods, ensuring trouble-free passage of floods, floods and ice flows in rivers.

International cooperation and coordination in the basin. Given numerous cross-border impacts on the formation of runoff and water quality, in the evaluation of hydrological and environmental risks of river basins, as a whole, a special role in the protection and rational use of water resources is played by international cooperation and implementation of international and regional projects. Among them, the most significant for the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine are: • The Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Helsinki, 1992); • The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar, 1971); • The Convention on Co-operation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the River Danube (Sofia,1994); • Agreement between the Government of Romania and the Republic of Moldova on cooperation in the field of fisheries resources and fisheries management of the Prut River and Lake Stanca Costesti (Stanca – Costesti, 1 August, 2003); • Agreement between the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning of the Republic of Moldova, Ministry of Water Resources, Forests and Environmental Protection of Romania and the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine on co-operation in the area of protected natural areas in the Danube Delta and the Lower Prut (Bucharest, 5 June, 2000); • Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Moldova and the Government of Ukraine on Joint Use and Protection of Transboundary Waters (Chisinau, 1994); • Agreement between the Government of Romania and the Government of the Republic of Moldova on co-operation in the field of conservation and sustainable use of the Danube River and the Prut River (Chisinau, 2010); • Regulation of water quality monitoring of the Prut River within the framework of bilateral cooperation between Romania and the Republic of Moldova, (1992); • Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Moldova and the Government of Ukraine “On Joint Use and Protection of Transboundary Waters,” of 23 October 1994;

• Regulation of the Ukrainian-Moldovan cooperation in the monitoring of the quality of border waters signed at the 14th meeting of the Commissioners on the implementation of the Agreement between the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Government of the Republic of Moldova, of 15th June 2012, city of Costesti in Riscani District of the Republic of Moldova.

10. The contact points and procedures for obtaining the background documentation and information

Ukraine special representative bodies are performing public administration in the use and protection of water resources under the current legislation are the central government for environmental protection and water management issues. In fact, today water management of Prut basin directly or indirectly implemented by the following competent authorities:

Ministry of environment and nature resources of Ukraine UA-03035 Кiev, Uritcskogo Str., 35 Web-site: www.menr.gov.ua

State Agency for Water Management of Ukraine UA-01601 Кiev, Velyka Vasylkivcka Str., 8, Web-site: www.scwm.gov.ua

Dniester-Prut river basin authority UA-58029 Chernovtsy, Chervonoarmyiska Str. 194-B