Vasyl BOTUSHANSKYY(Chernivtsi) the SOURCES of STATE
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Vasyl BOTUSHANSKYY(Chernivtsi) THE SOURCES OF STATE ARCHIVES OF CHERNIVTSI REGION AS COMPONENT OF STUDIING THE EVENTS OF THE WORLD WAR I AT BUKOVYNA This article gives an overview of the sources of the State Archives of Chernivtsi region, including funds of the Austrian and Russian occupation administrations acting in Bukovina in 1914 - 1918, which recorded information about the events of World War I in the region and that can serve as sources for research of the history of these events. Keywords: Bucovina, archive, fund, information, military, troops, war, occupation, empire, requisition, refugees, internment, deportation. 1914 year - the year of the First World War, but not last, and a hundred years it was the most ambitious and bloody war, which is known to humanity, killed 10 million. People., Injuring about 20 million. The war engulfed vast areas of the world, first of all the leading countries of military-political blocs: the Triple (Germany and Austria-Hungary) and the Entente (Russia, Great Britain and France). Have covered the war and area of residence of the Ukrainian people - eastern Ukraine, which was part of the Russian Empire and the West in the empire of Austria-Hungary, including Galicia and Bukovina. Ukrainian tragedy of this war was that mobilized in the opposite army, they were forced to kill each other. Coverage of the history of World War II Ukrainian lands, including and Bukovina, has dedicated many works, and this research continues. Of course, they would have been impossible without the historical sources. For the sake of objectivity it should be recognized that archaeography Bukovina already has on this issue considerable achievements, but many more sources should be identified and investigated. Archival sources for the study of the events of World War II in Bukovina, where three years and 9 months of martial law lasted stored both in Ukraine and abroad, including archival institutions Chernivtsi, Lviv, Kyiv, Moscow, Vienna and others. For example, in the State Archive of Chernivtsi region (DACHO) information about this event was deposited not less than 70 funds, primarily in the funds of the state structures, which are operated in the war. These agencies were: Austrian marginal management (administration), which documents deposited in the fund №3, county administration Chernivtsi (p. 4), Zastavna (p. 7), Kitsmansky (p. 8), Storozhynets (p. 1029), and numerous Russian institutions occupying the newly created province of Chernivtsi, which documents deposited in the fund "Chernivtsi governor Office" (p. 283). In short publication is impossible to review all cases referred to (and even more not mentioned) funds, which reflected the events of World War II in Bukovina. Therefore confine a brief overview of just some of them: the Provincial Management (p. 3), Zastavnivsky (p. 7) and Kitsmansky (p. 8) county offices, that the Austrian authorities 1914 - 1918, and the Office of Chernivtsi Governor (f. 283). The vast majority of these sources - it orders, (not just terrible specifying penalties), informing higher authorities and downstream, respectively - studies, reports, related notes, reports, requests, suggestions of local government boundary authorities. At the same time these same funds saved copies of documents filed with the Provincial Administration in Vienna from Chernivtsi, or of those cities where it was evacuated in connection with a Russian occupation troops Bukovina, from Dorn-Vatry and Gurahumora (South. Bukovina) Koloshvara (Hungary), Prague (Czech Republic), Vienna (Austria Dolishnya), Stanislaus (Galicia). These were reports, information, answers to a list of such profiles, and others. Since the beginning of the war in the coming months when the province functioned authorities Austrian authorities, the ministries of Interior, boundary defense ministries of the war, the Supreme Command and other authorities in the regional administration there were demands for the implementation of mobilization measures cancellation delays, conducting medical examinations viyskovozobov related (eg from Chernivtsi was mobilized 8800 people.), the abolition of weekends and holidays, to strengthen the protection of various strategic assets, preventing theft, damage public and private property with threats of punishment inhabitants of the land unto death, termination of Chernivtsi Russian consulate and others. It was a violation of the traditional local, particularly rural self-government, the composition of rural public councils often renewed without elections, as directed by the authorities. Sad page in the history of the region were hostages of war, which managed military command of the Austro-Hungarian army in order to prevent the alleged espionage and sabotage by the local population. In order to punish those who showed defiance, or even suspected of disloyalty to the Austrian authorities in Bukovina was established courts-martial, which condemned locals to imprisonment in concentration camps or even death. For example, Ivan Kozlovsky out with. Luzhany for "collusion with the enemy" (in contact with Russian soldiers) were sentenced to 15 years in prison. Widely used so-called internment unreliable, "traitors", Russian Old Believers of White Wells, Old Vovchyntsya and others, including the concentration Talerhof. As of March 29, 1917 there were 75 tinternovanyh Bukovina. Therefore, the Provincial Management of Bukovina, other authorities received many requests from relatives, some deputies of the release of prisoners. However, most of them out at will only after the collapse of the Habsburg Empire. Some documents certifying the facts evacuation of Bukovina in connection with the attack of the Russian army property, money from banks, cattle and others. Yes, Vashkovetskoho County West was driven off almost 80% of cattle that could go their way. However, not everyone can evacuate some considerable value, many residents rescued in the first place, as they say, their souls before the onset of the Russian army. As a result of Bukovina were three waves of Refugee, especially Jews, who knew about pohromnytsku anti-Semitic policies of Germans, nationally conscious Ukrainian intelligentsia, which in the case of the seizure of Russian occupation authorities deported inland empire and Ukrainian cultural centers (reading, people's homes) plundered. Only Chernivtsi has flowed more than 20 thousand. People. Some sources in 1918 is about the mass return of refugees. But those who did not flee to the West, are not always able to stay in their homes as through their destruction, burning during military operations, and as a result of violent evictions from the zone of hostilities and settling in villages near thousands of people. Heavy burden on the population went to the Austrian authorities to requisition grain, cattle, horses, road transport for the army. Subordinate to the army and rail and road transport land, nonferrous metals, wool and others. As of December 23, 1915 for the army was withdrawn from the bell Bukovina and military department transferred 17.1 tons church bells and almost 3 tons of other non-ferrous metals. Population suffered from numerous Bukovina and (8 during the war) military loans, formally voluntary, in fact voluntary-compulsory, the volume of which increased year: Loan III (1915) - 41.1 million. Crowns, IV (first half 1916) - 123 400 000. k. In some villages, according to sources, the population refused to subscribe to war loans. Especially numerous are the Austrian source of predatory, pohromnytsku behavior of Russian occupation troops in times of seizure of the territory of Bukovina, indemnity endangered artillery settlement, requisition and robbing food, feed, livestock, pogroms and arson estates Jews landlords massive dismantling of equipment, machinery enterprises and export it to Russia for forced population trench and road works, including of drawing force, forcible deportation of people in Russia, shooting suspicious, across-the rape of women and girls, and others. Although there are some documents about the loyalty of Russian troops on Ukrainian and Romanian peasants. More rarely happen documents of regional and district authorities to abuse the population of Hungarian troops (Honvéd): looting, beatings, use of weapons, the excesses of the Austrian military. With the implementation in war requisitions, and even straight people robbery in grain, livestock and other food supplies then one, then two of the warring armies in the province each year exacerbated the food problem. For example, in August and December 1917 the Austro-Hungarian military authorities in Zastavna county was requisitioned 2.5 thousand. Tonnes and 5.4 thousand. Tons of forage. According to documents, the food lacked the population, especially urban, starving. Austrian authorities have introduced a monopoly on the sale of grain, flour, meat, eggs by the mandatory sale of grain grown producers, through a specially created public service procurement, standards setting daily consumption per person, which decreased from year to year, the ban unauthorized sale livestock, compiling lists of residents who need food aid. For example, in April 1918 in the county Zastavna such families was 1152 (3483 persons). Since the occupation in February 1918 the Austro-Hungarian army Hotin County population of Bukovina, especially Chernovtsy, went to mass Novoselytsia to buy flour. To provide the army with bread, provincial authorities at the urging of Vienna organized local farmers to harvest in estates runaway landlords and tenants (Jews),