THE COUNTIES OF NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE BRONZE - PARINE TH TEAG I1 by IAIN C. WALKER, F.S.A.SCOT.

INTRODUCTION THE basi thif so s study forme dM.An para f o t. Departmene thesith r sfo Archaef o t - ology, University of Edinburgh in ig6i2 and was expanded to take account of material published betwee s completionit d 1962e writer'nan Th . s departurr fo e Canada in that year has made further revision and proof correction difficult, but an attempt has been made to keep abreast of recent developments. Almost all the material in the corpus was studied at first hand during the latter half of 1960. thin I s articl geographicae th e l backgroun sketche s di secone th d dd an millen- nium bees B.Cha .n treated fro evidence mth ceramie th f eo c material, which forms the corpus appended, together with related cultural material.3 It is hoped to deal with the evidence of the metal-working industry, including a similar corpus, and to integrat geographicae th e l backgroun occupatioe th o dt subsequena n ni t article. THE AREA Geographically, the area covered by the modern counties of Nairnshire, Moray and Banffshire can be divided into several convenient regions. The coastal area can be divided into two approximately along the Moray-BanfF- shire border e westerth : n part, abou e widesmilex th si d runnin t t a san t a n i g narrowing bel Invernesso t t callee b extensioy y db ma , Laice nth f Morayho e th ; eastern part is lowland Banffshire with its rocky and often precipitous coastline.

1 Chalmers-Jervise Prize Essay 1965. 1 Univ. Editi. Dept. of Arch, islh Ann. Rep. (1960-1), 6-9. catalogue th n 3I headine eth g 'Find Spot' listplacee th s , paris countd han y below each othe than i r t order, when known. Place-names spele ar t followin latese gth t (7th series) i-inch O.S. maps. The following abbreviations, other than those in common use, have been adopted: A Abercromby N.S.A. New Statistical Account CM Crichton Mitchell O.M. Oudheidkundige Mededeelingen P.S.A.L. Proceedings Societythe of of „,,• T> •..• i T,r Antiquaries f Londono JVTATAC British Museum . LA Rel.d an Reliquary and'illustrated Archae- NMAS National Museum of Antiqui- It 'ties of Scotland S.G.M. Scotch Geographical Magazine T.B.F.C. Transactions of the Banff Field A.N.L. Archaeological News Letter Club Ant. Antiquity T.G.A.S. Transactions of the Glasgow Ant. and Surv. Antiquity and Surviva Archaeological Society Arch. Archaeologia T.I.S.S.F.C. Transactions of the Inverness Arch. Scot. Archaeologica Scotica Scientific Society Fieldand Club B.I.A. Bulletin of the Institute of T.P.B.S.E. Transactions and Proceedings of Archaeology, University of the Botanical Society of Edin- London burgh D. and E. Discovery and Excavation, Scotland U.J.A. Ulster Journal of Archaeology Geog. J. Geographical Journal U.L.I.A. Ann. Rep. University London,of Instituteof Invent. Arch. Inventaria Archaeologica Archaeology Annual Report

76 NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE 77 South of a line drawn roughly from Clava on the W. to Fochabers on the E. com hinterlandmoore e eth th f so eastere Th . n par desolates ti , hig h- severa l peaks top 2000 ft. - and even today difficult to cross: the Findhorn reaches the coastal plain throug hseriea gorgef so . O.Dl abovwestere ft sal 0 Th . e85 n part, knows na the Brae of Moray, descends on its farther side to the valley of the Spey. The only major route across this are s thaai te Forres-Grantow taketh y nb e nth road dan Edinburgh-Inverness railway, followin lowee gth r Findhorn Dore Divith e -d th , ean back fro coase mth t across Dava Moor minoA . Lossie rth routp eu fros ei e mth coast and over Dallas Moor to Knockando. The Glen of Rothes, an overflow channel of the Rothes Late Glacial Lake, is an important shortcut from the Spey pointing directl t Elginya , cuttinneede th continuo t t gou e dow Spee nth y untie th l coastal plai reaches ni d some three miles downstream. Strath Spey, as the middle section of the river valley is called, varies between one and four miles in breadth, and remains under 500 ft. O.D. as far as Advie, some 28 miles fro rivee mth r mouth coveres i t I . d with deep fluvio-glacial deposits forming marshe lochansand places scultivatein is upstreabut , far das Aviemoremas , about mile5 5 s fro seae t mformth I . onle th sy througd routan o hinterlande t hth r fo , e reacheb n ca Stratd y ovehTa r Drumochter summit, just under 150 . O.D.0ft , following the Inverness-Edinburgh road and railway south, and the southern end Greae oth f reachee t b Gle n nca d without ever goin higs g a Loc y s 100hb a . h0ft Laggan and the Spean valley. Geologically, Laice mucth f Moraf ho o y consist f Uppeso Lowed an rd Ol r Red Sandstone deposits while the hinterland largely comprises older schists and gneisses: the junction of the two is particularly visible at Sluie on the Findhorn, where the abrupt fault causes the Falls of Sluie which is the highest navigable point for small boats. Tha coastline th t Nairnshirf eo Morad ean y must have differed considerabln yi prehistoric times from its present form can hardly be doubted - the changes over pase th t thousand year considerable sar e enough chiee Th .f causcombinatioe th s ei n of rivers risin arean gi considerablf so e precipitation bringing down large amounts of materiadriftine th d thif go an l s westward strona y sb g current. Recorde th f so town of Nairn show that between 1720 and 1820 the river at various times and on several occasions flowed in courses to both the E. and W. of the town, as well as throug. hit In the area of Nairn the sea current is eroding the coastline but farther W. it is building up the land: last century the high-water mark at Whiteness Head on the Nairnshire-Inverness-shire border retreated 300 yds. in about 50 years and in 15 years there was a gain of over 100 acres along the shore. seventeente th f o d moute Findhore en hth Th e f centurho th t abouns a ywa t three miles to the W., the river taking a sharp turn when almost at the sea and flowing parallel to the coast, a bar being formed by river-borne material which was carried in suspension and then deposited when the river and sea currents neutralised eac presene h th other y spie b lanf tt o tTh Nairnshire-Mora .d cu y boundary known as The Bar (and earlier, significantly, 'Old Barr') is in all probability a remnant of 78 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1964-66 NAIRNSHIRE9 , 7 MORA BANFFSHIRD YAN E this. Its westward movement - it has recently split in two - can be traced in the various O.Smore th . map.e n i in idetaile r so d currenwore th Steersy kb d s ti an

continuing to turn the river westwards1 , despite the strong scouring tidal action due to the bottle-necked entrance to Findhorn Bay. When the harbour at Branderburgh, Lossiemouth, was excavated the material was coastadriftee th y db l current int oridga e 11o 0t 2 yds. ft . 6 basewids it o t t ea 5 , high and about half, a mile long. The Spey in late medieval times, like the Findhorn, turned westwards along the coas abour fo t t three miles, and, despite recut channels stils i , e l th driftin s a . gW houseo tw owner e s th undermine f so t Kingstoda n 196ni 0 becaus thif eo s erosion will testify Junen I . , JulAugusd yan t 1880 alon moute rivee eth th f r ho move d e grea20th yds.td parallean , l ridge f pebbleo s d latterlan s y shingl d sanan ed milestretchinx si r s fo nearl . gW Lossiemouto yt h continuoutestife th o yt s changing coastlinee th f o . materiaSome th f eo l come currena s se fro e mth t erodin cliffe gth s in the area of Portgordon near the Moray-Banffshire border where, as already remarked, the low, flat Laich of Moray ends. There is evidence in early medieval times of an arm of the sea at Lochloy and Maviston f Nairno completel. w E , no , t coastaofy b yfcu l depositio d almosnan t totally dry land. Loch Spynie at Elgin was open to the sea as late as the fifteenth century and it was not until 1812 that the loch was reduced by drainage from c. 2000 acre substantiallo st presens yit t form, thoug greae hth t floo 182f do 9 wrecked sluicee th madd locse an eth h tidal until 1860. Followin greae gth t sandstorms that overwhelme Culbie dth n estate 1694-n si 5 smale th l loch Roseislef so , Outle Keemd Burgheadf an to . S , , became chokedd an , by the early part of the eighteenth century part of the drainage of the area had been force . intdE o Loch Spynie. East of Loch Spynie, it was not until c. 1800 that the i5o-acre area of the Loch of Cotts was reduced to the insignificant size it is today. Evidence from brickworks cuttings suggests tha prehistorin ti c times Loch Spynie waconsiderabla f so Triaee deptth sd outcrohan fro. p runninW m d Burgheaan . gE d Coveseo t a lighthous smallee th d r ean Sandston d Tria Upped Re san d rOl e outcrop t Lossiemouta h must have been virtually islands interestins i t I . g that local legends that Loch Stotfielf Spyni Burgheaf o o . . W S e t Lossiemoutd a a d joine se dan e dth h still survive, though they have a medieval setting. Probably the best known and certainly the most spectacular feature of this coast is the Culbin Sands between Findhorn and Nairn. Of the medieval Manor and sixteen farms that forme 360e dth 0 e Baronacreth f so f Culbi yo n onlfarmso ytw , Earnhill and Binsness, survive. The history of this fascinating region is unfortunately not very coherent and cannot be covered here: local legend in the best tradition has the estate overwhelmed in a single night, the sand being graphically described as streaming across the landscape grasping field after field, house after house, while the manoe lorth f do r played cards wit devile h th fac n I . t between autumn 169d 4an

spring 169 estat5 e appears to have been devastated completely by drifting sand. e

tn Geog. J., xc (1937), 498-528. 1 0 8 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1964-66 Since then various estatee partth f so s have from tim timo et e been uncoverede th ; manor house appeared land ol . 1800d c , d surfacean , occasionalle sar y exposed with rig-and-furrow cultivation and even individual plough-marks still to be seen. There are earlier records of severe sandstorms - Boethius records one of 1097, and following on 166n ei Scottis e 3th h parliament forbad pulline eth late d benf go an r t- ones e :th Maviston Culbie dunewese th th f o to nst Sands moved nearl y mila generatio a n ei n last centur 188n i Burghea e d 2th yan d railwa blockes ywa sand y dunee db Th e . sar now largely planted with trees: the highest dune is 96 ft. O.D. and several are over . O.D.ft 0 5 , which gives som eamoune ideth f originaae o san f th to s da l land surface probably rarely rose abov. O.Dft 0 e2 . Pollen analysi t Kingstepsa s Quarry, west of Nairn,1 wher crudea e mesolithic industr foununcertain s a ywa n di n position, reveale dbeginnine thath t Boreal-Atlantie a t th f go c transitio 500. n(c 0 B.C.d an ) after, sandstorms were known in the area. The productiveness of the Laich of Moray has been proverbial for centuries, despit primitive eth e agricultural technique land san d wastage deplore mory db e than one writer in the Statistical Account: even during the last part of the sixteenth century, when famine was general throughout Scotland, the Laich was able to spare large quantitie corf sleso r nsfo fortunat crossen e areame Cairngorme d th san s from foodAnguy bu .o st As earl 164s ya 0 ther referencee ear genialite th climate o t sLaichth e f th y o f eo . The whole coastline boasts the most sunshine per year in Britain, Nairn claiming the mos rainfale allf to Th . l meaaveragee th yea a n d . averagran in s0 betwee3 d ean 5 n2 temperatur. F ° 50 betwees ei d an ° n45 Inland store th , vers yi y differente : eveth n t Grantowni na d an p u . , ft onl0 y75 Spee . sidth N yf shelte e o e valley th f ro , rarel yyeaa r passes withou temperature th t e falling below o° F. at least once, and between i5th December 1946 and gth April 1957 there were only three days whe temperature nth Stratn ei t falh no lSpe d ydi below freezing-point, the frost reaching a depth of 5 ft. in the Carrbridge area. In 185 Speye 4 th fastese th , t flowing rive Britainn ri , froze mouts oveit stagt d a r han e coaches were driven acros icee 189sn th ;i rive e 5th r froz enarroe oveth t ra w pasf so Craigellachi curlina d ean g matc helds hwa . Occasional freak temperature changes wreak havoc with the crops: on 8th-gth August 1945 the temperature fell from 80° to 16° and rose again to over 80° in twelve hours and on 23rd June 1952 there were ten degrees of frost. On the other hand, the summer following the great freeze of 1946-7 had brilliant sunshine from the middle of June to the third week of September and the summer of 1955 was even longer. Occasional flash floods devastate both the highland and lowland areas: the greatest know thas f 182nwa o t 9 graphically recorde Laudery d b Roce th f t ko a : Sourden wher Spee eth y reache coastae sth l plai rivee nth r. . ove1 0rosft in 0 a re2 . ft 7 widt23 f ho Occasional storm causn sca e havosande th o cyt coastline greae :th t stor 110mf o 0 which overwhelmed Earl Godwin's lands in Kent and traditionally formed the Goodwin Sands is mentioned as changing the Moray coastline; in 1266 a storm un-

T.P.B.S.E., xxxvi (1952-5), 226-9. 1 NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE 8l paralleled 'sinc daye eth f Noah o s ' left traces visibltime Johth f eo n ei n Fordun, approximatel ycentura ystore laterth 195f md o 2an ; which devastated East Anglia Netherlandthe and s resulte mostthe din spectacula r tide recenof s t yearthe on s Moray coast. The coastline of Banffshire, as already remarked, is rocky beginning at Port- gordon; E. of Portessie it becomes precipitous, and with the exceptions of Cullen Sandend an d Bay coastline sth always ei s rock ofted yan n precipitous until Boyndie Bay, immediatel mout e Deve.ron e Banfff th th o d f . ho yan reachedW ,e ar , . Easf to the Deveron the remaining ten miles or so of the coastline reach spectacular heights, somn i e places with sheer descentthin I sburn. w areft ovef fe 0 s o a sa 50 rhav t ecu narrow and precipitous gullies down to the sea but the only reasonably marked defile leading to the top of the cliffs is at Gardenstown. The hinterland is less easy to describe than that of Moray because there is neither a coastal plain nor a well-marked division into lowland and upland zones. Behind Buckie ther flaa s eti steep-sideextene th lanf y o b t . d E backe de ridgth o dt e cul- minating in the Bin of Cullen, 1050 ft. O.D., and to the W. by a less steep, but marked, rise to an undulating expanse of moor just under 1000 ft. O.D. The only natura througp ga l . followinhW thie Burth e s gth n Tynetaref o no s arouti e th , e e Buckie-Keittaketh y nb now-removee hth road an d d railway e nexTh t. route inland is at Cullen, some eight miles E. Here there is one of the few open beaches narroe th coase od fth wan t valleBure th Deskforf f no yo d form importann sa t route over the moors to Strath Isla and Keith. Beyond Portsoy the hinterland becomes easie Bure accessf ro th Boyn f nt o usefua bu , s ei l rout reachinr efo g Glen Barrd yan Strat railwae roadth e h th d Isla takinf d ysan o froan , e Banffshire mgon th e fishing villages to Huntly. geologe Th Banffshirf yo completn i s ei e contras thao t t tSpeye westh f o t: basic- all t yconsisti f numerouso s parallel bed differenf o s t rocks lying NNE d SSWan . . South of the Fiddich, a tributary of the Spey, what may be termed the mountainous region comprises mainly large area f graniteso s , quartzose schists, various mica schists, limestone and Old Red Sandstone. The lower ground to the north has as its chief rocks large areas of quartzose schists, various mica schists, clay slate, serpentine and other basic rocks. From Banff the Deveron takes a tortuous and steep-sided course for 11 miles S. Turriffano t d then turns sharpl r 17fo equall . yW y twisting miles unti confluencs lit e with the Isla is reached. This E.-W. route is continued by the Isla as far as Keith continued well-markee an Spee th th y yb o st d Mulben overflow channel froe mth Rothes Late Glacial lake, a route taken by the Elgin-Keith road and the inland railway from Elgin to Aberdeen. From Turriff thereasn a ys ei uppee routth o et r Ythan, fromn wherca e eon either go down to the coast at Newburgh, 12 miles N. of Aberdeen or follow the Banff-Aberdeen railway to the Urie and thence to the Don and Aberdeen. Four miles above the confluence of the Isla and Deveron is Huntly from where two routes Elgin-Aberdeee takee th on ,y nb n railway, fro Uriee mth tributara , f yo the Don, meet. Following the Deveron south 13 miles to Cabrach one can cross, 2 8 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1964-66 reaching a maximum height of 1370 ft., to the upper tributaries of the Water of Bogi thencd ean e dow Shevocke nth , GadieAberdeeno t n , Do Uri d ,ean Climatically perioe th , d under consideratio firse seconth e t n- halth f do f mil- lennium B.C - .woul d hav emiddl e Sub-Boreabeee th th n f i e o l period, zone Vllb. The Sub-Boreal has been considered as representing a drier and more continental climate followin e 'climatith g c optimum Atlantie th f o ' c period, zone Vilat bu , recent work particulan i , r tha Godwin,f o t suggestes ha d tha Englanr fo t t leasda t 1 the dryness and warmth have been overestimated. In Ireland, however, pollen analyses suggest that the island had its climatic optimum during this period. In the 2 Laich the climate would have been markedly drier and milder3 than at present. The soil is light-textured and in most areas well-drained. Deciduous woodland was prob- abl dominane yth t covering bees ha n t I held. 4 thaCulbie th t n area would have been habitable fro time m25-fooe th eth retreatea se t d followin Litorine gth a trans- gression Atlantin si c times, t recenbu t stud suggestes yha d tha tdatabl o thern e ear e 5 25-foot beaches in Scotland6 - indeed the apparent lack of pre-Early Bronze Age materia t habitabl becausno e t Culbi a lb s y wa et nema i earlier (se . 89)ep . Borean I l times loce , th t Kingstepzonh a , eVI s Quarr surroundes ywa piny db e earln foresi t y bu tAtlanti c times thialmosd sha t disappeare beed dan n replacey db birch-alder scrub with some oak. Later, immediately aftee sandth r y layer that represents a severe sandstorm, there is a marked increase in herbaceous pollen.7 Eraser's and Godwin's work at Strichen Moss, Aberdeenshire, just W. of the 8 Banffshire border is probably9 representative of coastal Banff. Durno,10 comparing four coasta foud an lr inlan dnorth-ease siteth n si t note sclimate thath s a t e amelio- rate extene sth woodlanf o t d increases ,mighe withon s ta , expect coastae th , l areas reflecting this before the inland areas, but by late Boreal times the forest has become as well or better established in the higher land, and this situation remains until the end of the Sub-Boreal. At Strichen Moss, the Sub-Boreal began with the disappear- ance of all the pine, already on the decline since the beginning of the Atlantic period (at Kingstepa s s Quarry) felm lel ;jus sharpls a t y while spectaculaa ther s ewa r increase in ling. Grasses declined sharply; sedges, already on the decline, continued , whilso e birch hel owns dit . Generally markea ther s ewa d declin overaln ei l tree- percentage early in the Sub-Boreal, which continued to the present time. Godwin believed that this implie t climatidno c change t possiblsbu progressive yth e leaching of fresh soils and the building up over the whole countryside of acid moor soils and subsequently of oligotropic bog in place of the neutral mull soils initially present. Grant also points out that E. of the Spey and S. of the coastal Fochabers-Cullen 11 road the natural soils would probably have been peaty podzols with iron pan and induration alse H o. note acie dth d Durnhill Durnhile soils t onlth no n ,y i l area itself, SSE largPortsoa f o . n i e t areybu a stretching westward Bure th Buckief no o s t ,

1 Godwin, H., The History of the British Flora (1956), 339. 2 P.R.I.A., ui (B) (1949), 85-290, . Grant3T , Soil Survey Department, Macaulay Institut Soif eo l Research, Aberdeen litt.n i ; 4 c (1937)Geog.x , J. , 498-9- 6 S.G.M., (1957)3 7 * 77- 6 Information from Mr I. Morrison, Depts. of Geography and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh. 7 T.P.B.S.E., xxxvi (1952-5), 224-9. 8 New Phytologist, (1955)4 5 , 216-21. 8 S. E. Durno, Macaulay Institute; in litt. I0 S.G.M., 73 (1957), 176-84. " T. Grant, in litt. NAIRNSHIRE3 , 8 MORA BANFFSHIRD YAN E whicf o . fertile hth W e Laich begins. Glentwort soilstude s westerf th hi s o f yn ho i n Banff shows wha larga t e are podzoliseds ai , chieflaree slatth f ao n yi e formation.1 The soils in the Boyndie area, however, would be relatively easily worked by comparison. Inland, conditions became dry enough in the Sub-Boreal over much of the north of Scotland for the pine forest to spread over the peat which had formed in the more humid climat precedine th f eo g Atlantic phase. Uppee Thith s si r Forestian level and it generally occurs at high levels: afforestation must have taken place to over 2000 ft. in the Central Highlands and reaches as high as 3000 ft. in a few sheltered areas. In the higher levels, such as Strath Spey, pine and birch were predominant; lower down, birch was markedly predominant. t ric e arenaturano n h i s Th ai l resources. Copper deposit knowe ar s n boto ht the W. and SE. of the area - at Bona on the W. shore of Loch Ness and Edzell in Angus respectively2 - but none exist in the three counties under study, and no tin deposits are known in Scotland. The only metalliferous deposit known in the area, as noted in another article, is alluvial gold which was discovered last century in the Daltuilich Burn near its junction with the Nairn.3 Flint is scarce in the area: the nearest, indeed the only major source in Scotland, is in Buchan in the North-east. There are deposits of flint nodules on the Culbin 4 Sands: how they reached there is uncertain, though the general geological explana- tion is that they were rafted by floating ice from a submerged Cretaceous outcrop Norte th n hi Sea, whicn 5i h case other coasta r formerlo l y coastal areahavy sma e had similar small deposits - beach pebbles of flint are known from Boyndie Bay, immediately W. of Banff. There is a small outcrop of flint near Delgaty Castle, 6 two miles E. of Turriff, Aberdeenshire, though according to Scott there is no evi- denc workes e thawa t prehistorii n tdi c times. Scott also records outcropn a f o 7 8 whitish chert in the New Red Sandstone at Lossiemouth which, he said, matched well with the fragments found 'in a mesolithic site at Nairn' — presumably he meant site t Kingstepeth a s Quarry, already noted. A study of the Buchan flint bed has still to be made: it runs inland from Buchan Ness, immediatel Peterheadf o . yS whild an , e noncharacteristis it f eo materiad cre l is known from S. of the Don, it has been recorded all along the S. coast of the Moray Firth, and at Dornoch, while an isolated core has been recorded as far N. as the Freswick Sands Wick.f o . N , 9 THE BEAKER SETTLEMENT A study of the Beaker material in the area under consideration, as indeed the study of any Bronze Age pottery on a regional basis, suffers from the fact that Abercromby's work half o centurfa stils onli e o lth yy ag publishe d corpus showing 10 1 Glentworth, R., Soils of the County round Banff, Huntly and Turriff (1955); cf. his figs. 8a, 8b, 8c and 5. P.P.S., xvi (M.S.) (1951), 69, Appendix IIA, 43 and 49.

P.S.A.S.,2 xcvi (1962-3), 101. 48 P.P.S., xvi (M.S.) (1951), 40-42, 70, fig. i; A.N.L., TV, No. 10, August/December 1952, 145-6. 6 (1937)c Geog.x , J. ,P.P.S., • 500, footnotxvi (M.S. . e2 ) t spel(1951)bu t, 'Boyndlie40 , ' 7 loc. cit. 8 op. cit., 41, footnote 2. 9 ibid., 40. 10 Abercromby, J., A Study of the Bronze Age Pottery of Great Britain and Ireland (1912), vol. i. 4 8 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1964-66 photograph Britisf so h Beakers onle Th y. corpu Scottisf so h materia publishes wa l d as IQ34sa lono gag whil e Childe adde a dnot-too-accurat r all-embracinno e g 1 2 catalogu yearn ete s later. As Piggot histore recentlys th t ha t archaeologica f yo ou t 3se l though Britisn o t h Beaker notee sb point w only dfe yherea ma s . Crichton Mitchel n 1934i l , writing agains n acceptea t d background tha (Short-neckedC t ) Beakers wer lata ed ean insular development of A (Long-necked) Beakers, said that 'Aberdeenshire has un- doubtedly been colonised from Holland and the Rhineland',4 a deduction slightly obscure r feelinhe y dgb that Short-necked Beakers (which occu densel. o s r NE n yi Scotland consideree b o )t stild ha ld derivative form curiousld an s y ignored untie th l yearslasw fe t . Piggott studyin e Britisgth h materia d Waal an d Glasbergenl an s e Dutcth h 5 6 e conclusioncamth o t e , implici n Crichtoi t n Mitchell's study, that Long-necked Beakers were in fact the insular development and therefore late. Determination of remanent magnetism in a cross-section of British Beaker types by Clarke and Connah7 suggest thae typologicath t l sequence shoul e Bellb d , Short-necked an d Long-necke vice-versr do Clarked aan matriy 8b x analysi shows sha n tha Longe th t - necked Beaker class appears onldevelopmena s ya f earlieo t r features. However, the population movements and settlement patterns implied by this development are still undetermined. An outline of Sangmeister's 'Riickstrom' or 'Reflux' theory on the Beaker spread Europn i gives Piggotewa y nC.B.Ae b th t a t . 'Problem Bronze th f so e Age' Con- ferenc n 1960i e d mor®an e recentl appeares yha print.n di 10 Followin initiae gth l rapid movements from Iberia to central Europe a widespread reflux occurred in which the major Beaker settlement of the Low Countries and the Rhineland occurre Beakerdw primare fe — th a f so y movemen knowe ar t n there. studiee Th Waalf so Glasberged san n have greatly facilitate understandinr dou g of the antecedents of the British Beaker settlement and enabled us to pinpoint this settlement with some accuracy. There is a dual ancestry to Dutch Beakers: the first, arriving c. 2400 B.C.11 is the standvoetbeker or Footed Beaker belonging to Sangmeister's Westdeutsche Bechergruppe12 and ultimately to the Saxo-Thuringian Schnurkeramik cul- ture, and the second is the klokbeker or Bell Beaker which arrives as part of the Reflux movement, before 2200 B.C. Intermingling inevitably took place and, by the tim settlemene eth Britaif o t n commenced, Footed Beaker feature s- herringbon e patterns and the foot itself, for example - are already found. From the close Dutch typology worked out the position of the Short-necked Beakers can be closely placed among Waals and Glasbergen's Type 2Ib/c; that is, after the true klokbekers but 1 P.S.A.S., Lxvm (1933-4), 132-89. 2 Childe . G.V , , Scotland before the Scots (1946), 101-3. Piggott , 'TraderS. , d Metal-workers'an s , Prehistoric73—10e Th f o 3 Peoples f Scotlando (1962) (ed. S .

Piggott)3 ; pp. 75-81. 4 P.S.A.S., LXVIII (1933-4), 161. 6 A.N.L., , i 6 (1955), 15-16. • Palaeohistoria, iv (1955), 3-27.

Ant., xxxvi (1962), 206-9. P.P.S., xxvni (N.S.) (1962), 371-82. 8

97 Piggott, S., 'Abercromby and After', C.B.A. 'Problems of the Bronze Age' Conference, London,

December 1960.

0

Piggott1 Prehistorice ,Th S.n i , Peoples of Scotland, . 77 " Ant., xxxiv (1960), 17. Sangmeister12 , E., Die Jungsteinzeit in nordmainischen Hessen: Die Glockenbecherkulturen und die Becherkulturen NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE 85 befor developee eth d Veluwe Beakers, whic htime weron e t esuggestea ancestors da s Long-necker ofou d Beaker seeparallee a b s musd na w san no t l development. From e Dutcth h C-I4 evidence this latte nineteente rth wouln i e db h century e B.CTh . settlemen . ScotlanNE f o t d must therefore have begun between 200 d 1900an 0 B.C. Nicolaisen has shown that traces of a non-Celtic Indo-European language to be found in Britain1 are comparable to traces in the Main basin2 and the most probable connection is the Beaker folk. The Single Grave - Battle Axe - Corded Beaker comple culturef xo s ove Norte rth h European Plain seem havo st e been partly Indo- European speaking t onlybu , , Sulimirski suggests,3 those groups affectee th y b d Single Grave element which came ultimately from barrow graves N. of the Black Sea and the Caucasus. C-i4 dating has shown that an increase in plantain pollen, presumably from Hunnebedden settlements datee . 240b c n o d0t ca ,B.C., time *th e e earliesth f o t Footed Beaker arrivals furrowd traced ar an ,f o s s have been found unde klokbekera r barrow thao s t primitive farmin knows time th gwa e y nBeakeb r folk arrive Britainn di longifronss . Bo Flaxhavy d 5ma ean 67 been introduce t thida s time though no evidence is known from Scotland, and barley appears to have been preferred to wheat.8 A solid single-piece oak wheel has been found in a context C-I4 dated to c. 2000 B.C.9 so that it is possible that the Beaker settlers of NE. Scotland wheelee kneth f wo d vehicle. Until full corpor botf ao Scottise hth Dutcd han h materia publishee ar l - de da tailed analysis of the relationships between the two and more particularly an attempt to divide the material in the area under review into direct settlement, that from neighbouring regions and self-evolved types, cannot be made. Nearly a quarter of the Scottish Beakers come from Aberdeenshire alone. There the main concentrations are in the coastal area of the Dee and Don, up the valley of the latter and its tributary the Ythan, and its tributary the Gadie. Crichton Mitchell noted 10 ho wBeakea r from Oostereng11 resemble dtypicaa l Morayshire example; Piggott12 has compared one from Ermlo with one from Edzell, Angus, and that contacts con- tinued well int Veluwe oth e period, endin 150. gc 0 B.C. strongls i , y suggesteo tw y db three ofth e Beaker scise fount Nethea ton n di r Criggie, Dunnottar, Kincardinn ei I954- n shapI e bot typicae har l developed Veluwe types wit bowl-shapee hth d body 1an3 d almost-cylindrical neck, and the grooved decoration giving an almost plastic-lik internally-bevellee e th effec entirele d ar an t e yon f typicalo m dri . There numeroue ar s Dutch parallels. plastic-like Th e undecorate e effecth f o t d stripn so 14

1 Scottish Studies, i (1957), 211-40. 2 Beitrage Namenforschung.r zu (1957)8 , 209-68. P.P.S.,3 Palaeohistoria,xx* i (M.S.) (1955)1955V I , ,122 117. ; ibid. (1956),v . ,49 Countriesw Laete Lo d e J.. S Th , , (1958). 98 ,

6 Jessen, K., and Helbaek, H., 'Cereals in Great Britain and Ireland in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times'8 , Kong. Danske Videns. Selskab (Biol. Skrift. Bin ) (1944)d2 in. nr , , 17-19. ' Piggott, S-, Neolithic Cultures of the British Isles (1954), 91; Childe, PrehistoricG. . V , Communities of the British Isles (1940), 98 (1956 reprint). Ant.,* xxxv (1961)8 Jessen, 45-52, HelbaekK..d an , . , H.. cit.. op ,65 , 10 P.S.A.S., LXVIII (1933-4), 159. " O.M., xrv (N.R.) (1933), Taf. ii, 8. 12 Piggott Prehistorice ,Th S. n i , Peoples of Scotland, PId . 6 .an 9 7

P.S.A.S., LXXXVIII (1954-6), 1-14. 3

1 O.M., xrv (N.R.), Taf. ii and iii passim; Palaeohistoria, iv (1955), PI. xiii, xv, xviii/>ar.rim; Ant. and Sun., n> 5-146 (1959), 100-24, %• 2I! Holwerdra, J. H., Nederland's Vroegste Beschaving (1907), PI. ipassim; del Castillo Yurritay , A.Culturaa L , Vasol de campaniforme (1928), lamina cxciv, passim. 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66 e Beaketh r from Clashfarquhar, Banchory, Aberdenshire y alsoma 1 reflect later contacts. However, Piggott suggestes ha d that contribution Beakee th o st r settlemenf o t 2 . ScotlanNE havy dma e come from areas periphera Netherlande th o t l noted san d that the parallels for our B i (Bell) Beakers are at least as close in the Rhineland as in the Netherlands and that the parallels for our 83 (Cord-zoned) Beakers are in the Rhineland and the North Sea coastlands - including the Netherlands - as far N. as the mouth of the Elbe. Waal Glasberged san n note dDutce th tha s a ht Beakers evolve their zonef o s decoration contract, giving a pattern which comprises several decorated bands to- gether, then a gap, then more decorated bands and so on. With the beginning of the Veluwe period the gaps are being filled with contrasting decoration, the two most common motifs being triangles and metopes. As might be expected with the initial settlemen North-ease th f to t taking place befor Veluwe eth e horizo filline nth g undecoratee ofth d zone thes y metope sb th ef mean o t commonn ee i no us s si e Th . particula rare s ri wherd an , t doeei sdecoratee appeapars th a f s to i t ri d zones them- selves rather than bridging the gap between them. The Dutch examples where the metope is not confined to bridging the gap seem to3 be late Veluwe types,4 but close e foune th b e metope parallel n o th i zonee t de Scottis f th e th o ar n so e i s t s hus Rhineland5 and for that matter in Bohemia6 where one assumes the Rhenish material originated e BeakeTh . r from Dairsie, Fife,excellenn a s i 7 t exampl centrae th f eo l European metopic decoratio Beakea n no typicaf o r l British profile thad an ,t from Lanark Moor, Lanarkshire has a more elaborate metope together with a band of 8 zigzag ornamentation three .th f eAgaino Beakere on , s fro mcisa t Belhelviea t , Aberdeenshire appears to have not only central European metopes but to be one

rare oth fe examples wit9 true hth e lozenge ide n t uncommoa , ano Bohemia,n ni 10

though it is known on a late Veluwe Beaker. Metopic decoration in the Dutch sense 1

is rare among the English Beakers feature1 d by Abercromby, and when it does occur 1t mus2i t reflect direct Veluwe influence.13 It appears, therefore, that there is corroborative evidence in the decorational motifs to add to Piggott's suggestion of a Rhineland element in the settlement of the north-east. Waal Glasberged an s n dat initiae eth l Beaker settlemen Britaif o t o nt their period 2 /2 , including their type 2 (our Cord-zoned) Beakers, but C-i4 Ib/c IIb IIb dating suggests that the arrival of the latter could be earlier than at least the main

stream of the (Short-necked2 ) Beakers, possibly as early as c. 22OO B.C. c

Waal Glasberged san Ib/ n not gape filline th thath s f n go causei t zony db e con- traction triangles and metopes are used equally early, but the Scottish evidence suggests that the triangle may have been slightly earlier, otherwise the metope 1 Abercromby cit.. xviii 245. L op P ,, No ,. ,J. a Piggott cit.. . op 80 , , S. , 3 e.g. Abercromby, J., op. cit., PI. xvi, 203, 209; xv, 192. * O.M., xiv (N.R.), Taf. iii, I, 3. 5 Sangmeister, E., op. cit., Taf. i, ii, iv and v, passim; del Gastillo, A., op. cit., laminas clxxxii-cxci,passim 6 ibid., laminas clxvi-cxc, passim. 7 Abercromby ,. cit. J.. 190,op , No .PI , v . 8 ibid., PI. xvi 209. ,No .

Unpublished Marischan i ; l Coll., Univ Aberdeenf o . P.S.A.S.,e se t bu , LXVIII (1933-4). ,56 165. No , 108 del Castillo, A., op. cit., lamina cxxiv, 3; cxxv, 2. u Palaeohistoria, iv (1955), PI. xv, 43.

Abercromby, J., op. cit., PI. v, Nos. 4 and 10. Palaeohistoria, iv (1955), PI. xv, 43.

2 1 3 1 NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE 87 might be expected to have been more common than it is. One fairly common motif, seee b nn afro sca cataloguee mth shalloa s i , w zigzag edging abov belod ean e wth zones, which coul regardee db trianglee origie th th r s nda fo s that subsequently fill the gaps in the Dutch series. geographicae Th l backgroun t abovou t ese strongls da y support contentioe sth n thaBeakee th t r settlemen Morae th n i ty Firth arepredominantls awa y coastal: this is particularly obvious along the Banffshire coast which, as already noted, has few easy landing-places and at that time had predominantly poor soils. Between the mouth of the Deveron and the Banffshire-Aberdeenshire border there is only one practical landing-place, at Gardenstown, and it is here that the only Beaker from ravin e founds heae th th f wa thi do t e, a ,sleadin 44 area . fro p No ,shoreg e u mth . Westwards, between the mouth of the Deveron and the Buckie area where the Laic f Morar himmediatelo o t a y e beginsar 7 3 yw ,o adjacenfe t Nos e 5 3 th . o t t feasible landing points on the coast, or in the case of No. 38 about three miles up the Burn of Deskford from Cullen Bay, the only route leading into the interior in this area. The dense cluster of Beakers from the Buckie area, Nos. 30-34, would be in keeping with its being the first major accessible area along the coast. The mouth of the Spey, for reasons noted above, may have been avoided, and any settlement ther muss ewa t have been long since washed awa r coveree yo b y sandn di ma t I . significant that the only Beaker from the lowest part of the Spey, No. 19, is from about nine miles upstream, well away from the uncertain last few miles of the river. Bear- minn i muce g dth in h changed Speye coastlinalmoss th i f t i ,o . t ecertaiW n that Beakers 15-18 represent settlement immediately adjacent to the then coast, and Beakers 13 and 14 are on the Trias Burghead-Covesea ridge, which as already noted must have bee islann na t thida s timeformee represeny Th . ma r landina t e th n go rocky coastlin t Hopemanea lattee th ; r probably represents f settlemeno y wa y b t the prehistoric Loch Spynie. Farther W.changee th , s that must have taken place ove lase th rt 4000 yearn si Culbie moute Nairth e th th t nf a nh o are probabld aan y accoun sparsenese th r tfo s of Beaker finds, for only two are known, those from Forres and Nairn (Nos. 12 and ii). Inland settlement by contrast is sparse. The settlement in the bend of the Devero e Turrifth n ni f area (Beakers 39-43) whico t , h shoul addee b d t leasda t three fro e Aberdeenshirmth valley,e th sid f eo could have come e eitheth p u r

Deveron from its mouth or 1 from the Aberdeenshire area of settlement via the Don river system or the Ythan, but the two isolated cemeteries in the Cabrach comprising Beakers 22-2 25-2d 4an 9 (the latter havin almosn ga t destroyed cis additionn i t ) represent outliers of the Don basin settlement. Crichton Mitchell noted2 that Beaker settlement shows a marked preference for valleys and rarely appears on the inter- vening ground over which it in fact must have passed. This is the case here as she shows,3 for. beyon e heavildth y settled area thaGadiee th t e s stretchea th , r fa s a s next valley - that of the Water of Bogie - is settled and the next again is that of the 1 P.S.A.S., LXVIH (1933-4), PI- ' (. ma62 p 2d ) loc ancairn builder uppee th n Strathe rsi th par f e valleo tth , y appears havo t e been virtually deserted throughout prehistoric times. The concentration of Beakers in the Cawdor area of the Nairn, even allowing for three in a cemetery (Nos. i to 3) and two cists each with two Beakers (Nos. 6-7 8-9)d an curiouss i , . There seem obviouo sn s reasolowee th thisr t nrfo bu reache, s of the Nairn, as remarked in the Introduction, may have been unsuitable for settle- ment because of flooding. The settlement seems to have taken place just where the Allt Dearn and its tributary the Riereach Burn leave the hinterland to join the Nairn on the coastal plain: in view of the uncertainty about the provenance of some Beakers one can hardly draw conclusions from the sites where they were said to have been found; nevertheless those whose exact provenanc s knowi e n appeae b o t r restricted to the higher ground. The mutual exclusiveness of the Beaker settlement vis-a-vis that of the Clava cairn builders, however, cannot be coincidental and as already stated t wouli d appear tha lattee th t r were substantially contemporaneous 1 with t subsequenbu , Beakearrivae n i t th , to rl folk. Of the decorative motifs of the Beakers in the area under discussion there are , thatwo44 t d hav, an Nos e7 3 tru. e bridgin gape th sf g o betwee bande nth lineaf so r decoration botIn . h cases triangular motif usether are sexampled and eare s where similar motifs lowese fil th l (Nosalreadp s a tga 38)d d . an an ,11y 5 2 note, dshalloa w zigzag, forming what might almost be called incipient triangles, also occurs (Nos. 11, 43)d an . 0 Metopi4 othee , th 33 n r, o han c26 p bridgin, unknowns ga di 25 e th f go , the examples where metopes are represented appearing to have Rhineland affinities : No. 13 is too fragmentary to have anything definite said about it but No. 25 clearly ha Rhinelansa d harkinspiration3 3 metop e o. e f sth sam e us bacNo th e n eei o k t Th . origin whild an , t mighei possible b t arguo et ebridg5 tha 3 metopee . th te No n so gaps between zones of straight lines, it seems more likely that the metopic bands constitute the real decorated zones and the straight lines the filling of the gaps. A good many Beakers exist whose decoration fail falo st l intvery oan y obvious zoning, and possibly these are late and locally evolved, for in some cases they have lost the more distinctive elements of their shape as well. othee th n r O hand ther plente ear examplef yo reinforco t s argumente th e r sfo Dutca h origin oveabovd an r e those mentioned above . 1vers 9i :No y similae th o rt two compare Piggotty db Nosd als2 an .4 o 10 d hav ,an sam e 212 eth 3 , e character- istic band decorationf so . e threTh e Beakers, Nos. 41-43, founa tumulu n i d t Forglea s n House near Turriff are particularly interesting: the unique ritual is concisely recounted by Callander three th ed Beakers3an , though quite differen fro e othere mon tth , givea 1 P.S.A.S., xcvi (1962-3), 105-6. 2 Piggott, S., op. cit., 79 and PI. 6. 3 P.S.A.S., XL (1905-6), 279-90. NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE 89 thumb-nail sketcvariee th f ho d ancestr Scottise th f yo h Beaker settlers primare Th . y burial was accompanied by a superb Cord-zoned Beaker of Waals and Glasbergen's type 2nb with a cordon below the rim, Beaker 41. Childe1 at one time thought that such cordons might be a prelude to the Cinerary Urn tradition but the idea in fact must be ultimately connected with the cordon which appears on Dutch Footed Beakers as early as Waals and Glasbergen's type ia and also on Glockenbecher in the Rhineland. e ForgleTh 2 n House examplhighese th f o ts e i craftmanship, with thin walls and beautifully fired. Beakee Th r wit secone hth alreads ha d , burialy42 . beeNo , n mentionen a s da example of the characteristic zones of linear decoration in the Dutch material. That with the third, No. 43, shows an interesting combination of diverse traits - it has the prominent foot and the herringbone decoration typical of the Footed Beakers, yet the pattern shows an advanced stage of zone-contraction with the bordering rows of zigzags hinting at the beginning of the bridging of the gap. The shape suggest Footesa d Beaker modifie mora o dt e angular outlin klokbekersy eb Waalf o s and Glasbergen's type 2Ic. e presencTh f thio e s Cord-zoned Beaker lends interes e presencth o o tw t t f o e Beakers, possibly related and possibly from the same area. Beaker B, which seems to have recently disappeared from Banff Museum, is a Cord-zoned Beaker, and Beake coul locarA a e db l imitation. Although both are unprovenanced practicallis ti y certain that they come fro. ScotlandmNE quitd an , e likely that they come froe mth Deveron valley. Corded-Beaker settlement frequentle sar y foun sandn do y sitetheid san r existence on other E. Coast sites such as Dunbar, North Berwick, Gullane, Tentsmuir and Freswick Sands makes their absence from the Culbin Sands the more curious — indeed except for the bracer noted below, there is no definite evidence of any Beaker occupatio areae th f .n o Slug knives t necklacje t a bead je , d esan end-plate suggest Food Vessel occupation in the area and Lacaille3 believes that the Culbin Sands flintwork is probably Early Bronze Age in date, but the only ceramic evidence is five Cinerary Urns. Abercromby neatly side-stepped being too specific about Beaker 18 by listing it under both Beakers and Food Vessels, but Simpson4 identifies it as an outlier of his Brackmont Mill group, a group of Beakers developing in the Firth of Forth area and as far N. as Angus under the influence of Yorkshire Food Vessel expansion up the E. coast - that such influence percolated through the dense Beaker settlement of e Morath o t . Scotlany p FirtNE u d alss hi d an o suggeste Fooy db d Vesseld 13an Cinerary Urn 32 (see pp. 92, 96 below). Two other Beakers may be noted - No. 2 from Achindown and No. 16 from Wallfield: on neither is the base preserved but the profiles of each bear resemblances thoso t classif eo c Bell thin-walles Beakers.i 2 . No weld dan l made with restrained decoration . 1mucs 6i No ; h thicker heava f o , y gritty brown-red ware wit hslip-lika e 1 Childe, V. G., op. cit., 102-3. 2 del Castillo, A., op. cit., Hmina clxxxii, 5; clxxxvi, 4; Sangmeister, E., op. cit., Taf. i, 13, 16; ii, 14; v, 13. 3 Lacaille, A. D., The Stone Age in Scotland (1954), 281-2. 4 Information from Mr D. Simpson, Dept. of History, University of Leicester. 0 9 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1964-66 oute unusuan a rs surfacha l d decorationan e , muc t groovedi f ho n a t alsI s . oha interna lrime beveth featura ,n o l e that migh consideree b t Fooe b o ddt Vessel influenced, and therefore late. Wit recorde4 h4 d Beaker e regionth e lacn i sf th definitiv ,k o e grave goods i s disappointing: indeed with nin thef eo m absolutely nothing about their discovers yi known. The two bone awls and the bone chisel found with Beaker 9, however, are in line with Piggott's remarks1 on the metal-less economy of the Beaker settlement of NE. Scotland, and so would be the unassociated flint knife from Forres, perhaps the 'flint spearhead' possibly at one time in Elgin Museum from the parish of Urquhart, Moray, though it was found in a massive cist,2 and the flint knife from Balveny Castle, Mortlach, Banffshire, whicf o belon y Beakee l th hal ma o gt r period bracere On . 3 4 is known fros i Culbie t m:i th unfinishen a Sandss i d an ,d exampl two-hole th f eo e type, less common in Scotland than the central European four-hole type and appear- ove ing widera rcontinent arethe aof , including Iberia,typthe e whicbut h almost 5 exclusively Netherlands.e existth n si V-boreA 6 t buttodje knows ni n from Carn Riv, Inverkeithny, Banffshire,7 immediately adjacent to the Aberdeenshire border same th en i genera d an l are Beakers a s foun s 39-43wa dt I wit. hsmala l 'axe- hammer', portions of three bronze armlets and some flint chips in or near a Recum- bent Stone Circle known as the Carlin Stone. As all the details of discovery are not armletknowne th d san , were lost associatione th , butto e anyf ,i th f ,o n wit arme hth - lets is unknown - the latter could have been of the Migdale types8 but they could also have been from the Late Bronze Age. 9 hopes i A t si deao dt l wit metal-workine hth g industr regioe th subsea f yn o ni - quent article it is not proposed to make any statements in this paper: however, it seems clear that thoug Beakee hth t introducrno fold kdi e metallurgy int areae oth , they subsequentl ented ylocae di th r l Early Bronz economye eAg indeed an , d out- activelw liveHo y. d it the y participate metallurgicae th n di l industr aree , th ais f yo however, a different matter. One bronze D-sectioned Migdale-type ring10 which Migdalthe on e hoard evidence must belon Beakethe gto r horizo knownis n from Netherglen, Glen Rothes, Rothes ,jus s Morayi t ti possibld ,an havey thaema beet ti n associated with a bronze flat axe - at least, one is known from the same farm and 11 was discovered the year after the ring. There is one isolated flat axe known from Howbog, the Cabrach12 in the same area as Beakers 22-29 and I think it highly probable that the axe belonged to these isolated Beaker settlements. Further, from the same are a- Bodibae Cabrace th , h- 'a bronze penannular ringfouns a t wa ' da spot where accumulatio n 'thera s ewa burnf no t ashes indicativ humaf eo n occupa-

wits tion'a : h that from Car mentionev nRi d hav abovy ema beet ei n Late Bronze 3

Age t witbu , 1 h only Beaker occupatio nwely know aree lma th havt ai n i e beee non of the Migdale types. 1 Piggott cit.. op ,, . 81S. , 89 , 2 P.S.A.S., ix (1870-3), 256; T.I.S.S.F.C., u (1880-3). 45 , 3 P.S.A.S., xxin (1888-9), 18. 4 Hitherto unpublished; N.M.A.S. AT 9.

Piggott, S., op. cit., 82. • Palaeohistoria, iv (1955), 33. 6 P.S.A.S., xxvn (1902-3), 122-4, 178. Invent. Arch. GB. 26 . 97 Proudfoot, V. B., 'The Downpatrick Gold Find (Arch. Research Pub. 3, N. Ireland)8 (1955), 15. 10 Hitherto unpublished; Elgin Museum 1953.23. u Hitherto unpublished; Elgin Museum 1953.22. 12 P.S.A.S., xvm (1883-4), 326- "loc - cit- NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE pi However, while the Beaker settlers from the Netherlands were Neolithic in their economy they cannot have been totally unawar f metal o ee Foote Th . d Beaker ancestry was certainly entirely Neolithic: they are never associated with any metal objects and such associations as they do have are flint and stone. The Odoorn burial, one of two klokbeker burials to have a copper dagger, also has a copper awl with diamond-shaped thickening spiraa , l copper bracelet tino ytw , strip sheef so t gold and two amber beads1: the dagger has been shown to be of Alpine ore, and the other copper objects suggest contac . Germat SW wit e hnth Early Bronze Aget ,bu the gold may reflect a Breton origin.2 The amber must come from the Baltic. Such accumulation a n must represen grave th t e goodextraordinariln a f o s y influential person, but it also suggests that directly or indirectly there existed widespread trading contacts: similarly four burials, all with klokbekers with Footed Beaker influence, have dagger Granf so d Pressigny flint which must reflect trade ultimately wite hth Seine-Oise-Marne people. t appearI s therefore tha Beakee tth Netherlande r folth n ki somd sha e knowledge of metal tools coppes a : r metallurg alreads yi y know timIberie n i th ey aBeakerb s appear wely there tha e earliese b lma th tt 3i t Beaker emigrants from there already had a metal-working technology but that in their widespread settlement lack of con- venient sources resulted in some at least returning to metal-less economy, as in the Netherlands and initially NE. Scotland. THE POST-BEAKER SETTLEMENT Post-Beaker pottery aree typerathee th aar n si r less rewardin studyf go , especi- ally Food Vessel whicr sfo h ther evidencs ei onlf eo yrelativela y minor occupation. These vessels have been subjecte mano dt y theories since 1871 whe redoubtable nth e Thurnam in the course of his monumental papers on Wessex barrows first studied them.4 Abercromby5 again published the only corpus of British Food Vessels to which Childe adde supplemenhis d Scottisthe on th material.6 Tha majothe t r formative influenc origie th thesn f eni o Neolithie eth vessel n i y csla tradition thif so s country and the impact on these of the Beaker settlers has never been seriously dis- puted, though various exotic influences froe Nortmth h European Plain,e th 7 Atlantic8 and Mediterranean9 areas have been suggested in the past as part origins. Childe in a typical paragraph10 summed up well the lack of any real study of these vessels. In 1959 ApSimon11 propounded the idea that Irish Bowl Food Vessels were derived from Long-necked Beakers and Irish Vase Food Vessels from Short-necked Beakers. He noted some very convincing parallels both in shape and ornament for lattethe r (cf. e.g. Beake fro9 r m Cawdor with ApSimon's figfro2 .m2, Ballinglen, Co. Wicklow, for shape and cf. also the vertically-hatched semi-lozenge motif on 1 Palaeohistoria, iv (1955), 36-37. 2 Ant., xxxv (1961), 45-52. 3 ibid., xxxm (1959) ibid.; 62 , , xxxv (1961), 192-203. 4 Arch., XLII(1871)n . pt , , 378-88. 5 Abercromby, J., op. cit. • Childe, V. G., op. cit., 105-18. 7 Arch. J., xciv (1937), 43-63. 8 Childe, V. G., Prehistory of Scotland (1935), 93-94. ' Childe, V. G., Prehistoric Communities of the British Isles (1940), 133 (1956 reprint). 10 Childe . cit.. G.,V op ,, 119-20 (1956 reprint). » B.I.A., i (1958), 24-36. 2 9 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1964-66 zone latteverticath e f eo th d ran l lines edged with small blank triangle ApSimon'f so s fig. 2, i from Topped Mountain Cairn, Co. Fermanagh, with the same pattern so common on Beakers in NE. Scotland shown by Crichton Mitchell.1 ApSimon's other suggestion is backed by some close parallels in ornamentation, difference th t bu shapn i e e between Long-necked Beaker Irisd san h Bowls presents difficultya Dutce Th . h Veluwe Beakers become bowl-like when they evolves a t bu , noted above British Beakers stres lengtnecsthe the kh of rathe r than overall breadth as they evolved (ApSimon rejected the idea that Long-necked Beakers could be derived from Short-necked Beakers t thibu ,s doe t invalidatsno thesis)s ehi . Megaw's remark thalace bronzef th tko Veluwn si e grave drawbaca s si k idee toth a that 2 these Beakers migh e connecteb t d with Irish Bowls presupposes that bronzd an e pottery types in the same grave is a common occurrence. There is good evidence that the Great Glen was used by settlers from Ireland Irise routa th hSe r o e makin . ScotlanNE go t theidy beforewa r , durin afted gan r this period: pottery in the Lyles Hill tradition and Tievebulliagh porcellanite stone axes show that the route was used in Neolithic times,3 and the Clava cairn builders came possiblthay wa t y contemporaneously wit arrivae Beakee hth th f o l r people.4 Irish Bowls are found in Aberdeenshire as well as at the S. end of the Great Glen 5 6 showin gperioe thath t ta d under discussio thio t s i perio route t usedi s n th d ewa d an , that the trade in bronzes, especially decorated flat axes, from Ireland to NE. Scotland metal-workind an g contacts with Scandinavi Norte th d h aEuropeaan n Plain belong. Again there is evidence, noted below, that Cordoned Cinerary Urn users came this way from Ireland. Later, ther renewee ear d trading contacts betwee Northe nth - easIreland Late an t th en di Bronz e Age.therefors i t I 7 e entirely within reason that reciprocal movements took place and that the Irish Vase is substantially derived from late Short-necked Beakers in the North-east - Beaker 9 from Cawdor already mentioned and Beaker 34 from near Buckie being examples in the area under discussion of the ancestral North-east form. The Food Vessel evidence from the three counties is unfortunately disappointing: there are few diagnostic features among the pots that survive. Food Vessel 11 may locaa e b l imitatio Irisn a f hno Bow lmos e whil th . 1s t3i eNo northerl y examplf eo smala l clas vessef o s l whic distributioa Lincolnshires a s . hS ha r fa seems d na an s to be centred in the Yorkshire-Lincolnshire area. This latter pot, like the Brack-

mont Mill Beaker from Sleepie's Hill noted Enlargeearliethe 89)(p. r8 and , d Food Vessel Cinerar witn yUr h skeuomorphic groove stops from Newto Mountblairf no y (p. 96 below), suggests settlement by newcomers moving up the east coast. That the Food Vessel element represents to some extent the 'acculturation' — for want of a better word - of the Beaker settlers with the native population is hinted at by the occurrence of white quartz pebbles, which as has been noted elsewhere9 had 1 P.S.A.S., LXVIII (1933-4), 163-70 passim. * Ant., xxxv (1961), 48-49. 3 Atkinson, 'FishermeC. . J . Farmers'R d , nan Prehistorice . 1-3Th pp , f 8o Peoples of Scotland (1962) (ed. . Piggott)S ; passim. 1 P.S.A.S., xcvi (1962-3), 105-6. 5 e.g. Childe, V. G., Scotland before the Scots (1946), 107. 6 e.g. Abercromby, J., op. cit., PI. xliii, No. 236; xliv, 237, 233. ' P.S.A.S., xcm (1959-60), 33. 8 Information fro . SimpsonmD , Dept Historyf o . , Universit Leicesterf yo . P.S.A.S.,• xcvr (1962-3). 94 , NAIRNSHIRE3 , 9 MORA BANFFSHIRD YAN E rituaa l purpose amon Clave gth a cairn builders, unde heae buriaa n th rf a do n i l urnles Fooe s th cis dn i t Vessel cemeter t Burgiya e Lodge (see under Food Vesse) l4 possibld an pebblee yth s 'partially covered wit whitha e limey deposit' with Food Vesse . Further3 l cise th ,t containin huga lattee gd th e ha rs cover-sla wa t i d ban topped with other heavy stones (as were two others at Burgie), which might suggest megalithia c tradition e cistTh s. containing Foodd Vessepossiblha d 5 an . 9 l yNo cup-marked slab n theii s r construction t seemi s a st probablbu , e thae Clavth t a cairn builders thes e themselveus et stone no ritua a d n si sdi l connected with burial, their use here is probably accidental. A white pebble appeared to have been de- liberately deposited with Beaker i, and some were found at Foulford (see Cinerary l savn 16. lase Al Ur )eth t occur reasonably nea periphere rth densese th f yo t Clava cairn concentration, and this is probably significant. That tradition from the Clava cairn builders may have continued a remarkably long time is suggested by the occurrence of white beach stones in a cist at Easterton of Roseisle, Moray,1 one side-stone of which was a Pictish symbol stone used at least twice previously. The one heavy concentration of Food Vessel occupation in the region is in the Burgie area of Moray: Nos. 4-8 were all found within a few hundred yards of each other, five other cists are noted together with a reference to a number of others. It should be noted that no Beakers are known from the immediate area. To within this general period should be dated the two gold basket earrings and lunule th a foun t Orblistoda n Junction (invariabl inaccuratelt ybu y labelled Orton, which lie S.)e miles3 th , Speymoutho st , Moray circumstancee Th . discovere th f so y are obscure and the assumption that the lunula, discovered in 1868, is from the same e earringth spo s a t s discovered five years previously depend e assertioth n o sy nb local authorities that the railway ballast in which it was found came from the same hilloc thas ka t containin cise gth t wit earringse hth . earringo tw e sTh (onl survivese yon ) wer e identicae e morb sai ar o t ded an l elaborate versions of a type apparently associated with Beakers - they occur with a Cord-zoned Beaker from Kirkhaugh, Northumberland2 and a Bl/J Bell Beaker from Radley, Berkshire, Migdale alsth d n o3an i e hoard4 which Beakee dateth o st r hori- zon. Butler s noteha d thae Bennekomth t , Gelderland e Netherlandsth , , gold 5 ornament combines the form of Scandinavian and Aunjetitz ornaments with the decorative style of western European gold earrings, mentioning the Orbliston exampl particulan ei datind an r g thi smid-sixteente stylth o et h century B.C. Whateve ultimate rth e origi lunulas,f no seemt 6i s clear tha Britise tth h examples must on distributional grounds be broadly contemporaneous with jet necklaces7 and that both lunulas and jet necklaces are later than, and therefore presumably de- rived from ambee th , r space-plate necklace secone th f so d Wessee parth f to x culture, 8 1 Rel. and I.A., i (M.S.) (1895), 147. 2 Childe . G.V , , Prehistoric Communities of the British Isles (1940) (1953 9 , 6 reprint). 3 Invent. Arch. GB.2 4 ibid., GB.a6. 5 Palaeohistoria, v (1956), 60—71. 6 Folklore, 72 (1961), 439-40 and refs. 7 P.S.A.S., LXHI (1928-9), 170, fig. 8, with additions P.P.S., xvn (N.S.) (1951), 77, 78-79, map at end. 8 Piggott, cit.. S.,op , 99-100. 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66 therd an soms ei e evidenc Scotlann ei d tha t necklacetje s existf o wel d l en afte e th r Wessee th x culture.1 However earringe th f lunuli ,d san t Orblistoaa n were indeed contemporaneous a sixteenth-century date for the latter would be possible, and, as for reasons briefly noted later (p. 98) the North-east becomes a backwater during the first half of the fifteenth century, neither the earrings nor the lunula should be later than 1525- 1475 B.C. in any case. However, as this lunula is the only one from the North-east, aren a a which, unti firse th lfifteente t halth f o f h century, enjoye closa d e trading relationship with Ireland, where lunula relativele sar y thae common,e b th ty ma t i bulk of these ornaments date to after the cessation of this trade, in other words to secone th dfifteente halth f o f h century tha d Orblistoe an ,th t n ornaments dato et firse th t half. Jet necklaces, by contrast, are known from several sites, all in Moray, and this may imply an earlier currency than the lunulas. When the association is known it is a Food Vessel context e collectio Th Nationae . th n ni l Museu f Antiquitiemo f o s Scotland fro Culbie mth n Sands (SectioFooe th dn i Vessenb l Appendix) contains the end-plate of such a necklace, a bevelled barrel-shaped bead, a flat elliptical bead and a flat oblong disc. In the Food Vessel cemetery in the Burgie area three burials with jet necklaces were found. That accompanying Food Vessel 4 was found across the breast and neck of the skeleton and comprised seven plates and 107 beads. This necklace is at present reconstructed in Elgin Museum with 109 beads and it appears that it has been mixe otheo d t necklacetw wit rje e hth s there, that with Fooe don Vessed an 8 l founurnlesn a n di s cist (SectioFooe th dn i Vessenc l Appendix)e e findth f Th .o s necklaces at Dam of Burgie (see under Food Vessels 6 and 7) are full of difficulties, whic discussee har Appendixe th n d i appeart i t ,bu s that there wer burialso etw , each with an urn and necklace. That found with Food Vessel 8 was, according to the Donation Book, found in the urn - it may never have been a complete example, as the earliest reference suggests four plates, eight beads, a pendant and a few frag- ments. At present the remains comprise two plates, part of a third, four beads and the pendant. At Hill of Roseisle (Section c in the Food Vessel Appendix) at least 64 plates and beads were discovered with a skeleton: these were never illustrated and are now lost but were said to be identical to the necklace from Assynt, Ross and Cromarty.2 At Greenhowe, Pluscarden (Section d in the Appendix) the two end-plates and 23 of the beads were found with a skeleton after a careful search, suggesting that the whole necklace may not have been deposited. At Branstone the jet necklace listed under Section e in the Food Vessel Appendix was discovered (accordin Donatioe th o gt n Bookcrouchea n o ) d skeleton. From the description it was apparently virtually entire when discovered, although pieces crumbled as soon as it was exposed to the air, and as already mentioned,' the remains

1 ibid., loo-i. 2 Arch. Scot., in (1831), 49; Wilson, D., Archaeology Prehistoricd an Annals of Scotland (1851), 293. NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE 95 in Elgin Museum appear to have become confused with two others there. At present only an end-plate and two beads are catalogued under this find. Slug knives, usually associated with Food Vessel occupation have been fount da Culbin (two), Thriepland (in a cist), near Gullen House, and in the parish of Forglen (see sections f-i in the Food Vessel Appendix). Cinerary aree Urnth a n si hav e been briefly discussed alreade writerth y yb and the history of archaeological thought on these vessel1 s need not be repeated here other tha streso acceptent w no s s thai traditiona e dt i tth tha l al t l types muse b t broadly contemporaneous, that the l derivyal e from Secondary Neolithic traditions and that they must be in existence well before 1500 B.C. certai5 3 e th n f exampleO s recorded fro three mth e counties, only 18 have sur- vive beer do n accurately enough describe mako dt e classification reasonably certain and only u surviv substantialla n ei y undamaged condition 18e th , eighf O e . ar t Cordoned urns - Nos. 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 27 and 33, six are enlarged Food Vessel urns - Collaree ar o tw d , therurnd 35 e an sd e- Nos, ar an 28 4 .d 3 1 , 6an 32 Nos , , 123 24 ., single example of Biconica Encrusted lan d urn srespectively- Nos 0 2 . d 17an . Such a division is of course subjective, but recent studies have shown that the importance of Cinerary Urn typology is no longer the sine qua non it once was. No. 16 has some affinities wit hav5 3 hCordone a t leas ed a Nosd an t an 4 typologica.n 3 dur l affinities with Collared urns possibilita , d Collinsan y y tha2 Ma thav e have already seen. Middle Th e Bronz datee Enlarger eAg fo d Food Vessel always sha s been assured bobvious yit s typologica3 l prototypes: Smith4 maintained that Encrustede urnth n si Highland Zone 'reflecte strone dth g surviva eved an ln expansio Lata f no e Neolithic culture', Rinyo-Clacton obviously being the influence implied, but Barber5 stressed for the first time the extremely close typological relationships between Enlarged Food Vessel d Encrustean s d urnd thian s appears quite probable e derivatioTh . f no Collared urns fro Mortlake/Earle mth y Fengate Secondare phasth f eo y Neolithic is now a well-published fact and the suggestion that Cordoned urns have a dis- 6 tinctly different stilt bu l, Neolithi earlyd can , origiLouge th Clasr n i hGu I war sI e of Ireland has also been published.7 writee alreadTh s rha y summarise evidence d last-mentioneth e th r efo d suggestion in as far as it applies to the three counties under review8 and little more need be added. A comparison between the Scottish and Irish Cordoned urns illustrated by Abercromby shoidenticaw who distributionae lth mand an thef yo e mar l pattern Scotlann i alreads da y note consistens di t wit hsettlemena t from Ireland.e th n I 9 eighe th f threto knowo e tw countie t n Cordonebu l sal d urn froe sar m within easy settling distanc Greae northere th th f o tf eo Gled nen n (Nos4-8)d an 2 .. O Riordain suggested over twenty years ago that the origin of Lough Gur Class 10 1 P.S.A.S., xcrv (1960-1), 318-20. 2 U.J.A., (3r2 2 d ser.) (1959), 33-41. 3 Usin tere conveniencgr th m fo traditionas it n ei post-Wessex-onls it l n sensei t no , y sense. * U.L.I.A., . I2thRep.Am (1956). 47 , 6 Barber, J., The Middle Bronze Age Cinerary Urns of Scotland (1958), unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Edinburgh; P.S.A.S., xciv (1960-1) (se0 32 ,e Univ. Edin. Dept. Arch. loth Ann. Rep. (1957-8), 3-4). 6 P.P.S., xxvii (N.S.) (1961), 263-306. 7 Piggott, . cit.S.. op , ,96 P.S.A.S., xcrv (1960-1), 319. Piggott, . cit.S., figop ,90 ,. 13.

P.R.I.A.,8 XLVII) (c I (1942-3), 271. 9

0 1 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66 II ware might lie, along with that of the wedge-shaped gallery graves of southern Ireland e Seine-Oise-Marnth n i , d Horgean e n culture f northero s n Franced an , recently Hawkes1 has taken up this view. This is a possibility, but the Paris cist with its portholed subdivisions that show a connection between the S.O.M. culture and Denmark and southern Sweden2 (possibly a more telling identification than the pottery parallels as the latter is in both cases such poor ware) is missing in Ireland. S.O.M.-Horgee th f I n distinctivy potteran s yha e splayes featurit s i t dei basd ean prominena t thino s si t trai Lougf o t r Clash Gu I ware. sI 3 groue w e sol f I pth e Encruste Enlargex si witn e dur h th d Food Vessels, this constitutes the other major group, and if we accept Barber's suggestion that both derive from Yorkshire Vase Food Vessels, we have to admit a migrating or expand- ing population. The presence of a Brackmont Mill Beaker from the Firth of Forth- Angus area and a Food Vessel from the Yorkshire-Lincolnshire area noted previously (pp. 89,92) show that such movement takd sdi e place Cinerard wit2 an 3 , hn yUr its skeuomorphic groove stops also shows Yorkshire influence coming as far N. as the Moray Firth. Chitty* showed that Yorkshire Vase Food Vessels with these groove distributioa stop d sha northern i n . coasEnglandE Scotlanf e o t th sub a p d u ,- dan sequent spreaclearle ar e Ulstero dt yw onld an ,y beginnin traco g t complicate e eth d patter expansiof no settlemend nan t that must have existed. e Mortlake/EarlTh y Fengate e origiCollareth f no raisen dur problee th s f mo the immediate origin of the Scottish Cinerary Urns, for evidence of Secondary Neo- lithic occupation in Scotland is thin. On the other hand, a comparison of the Beaker, Food Vessel and Cinerary Urn settlement in the North-east clearly suggests that the Food Vessel tradition intruded on a Beaker-Cinerary Urn sequence. This might suggest that Cinerary Urns evolved from the impact of Beaker settlers on the native Neolithic population. The Neolithic in the North-east is ill-represented by pottery, t aparbu t fro stile mth l obscure Recumbent Stone Circles recent wor Atkinsony kb 5 Henshalland suggest leassat t some populatio pre-Beakenin r times. 6 Cinerary Urns do reflect the improved potting techniques of the Beaker settlers, but it is scarcely credible that the results throughout Britain could be so similar if each represented local responses quite independen othere th f o . e Thion t s requires upostulato st e population movements. The suggestion that there may have been a settlement of the lower Deveron valle Cinerary yb usern alreads yUr sha y been made.1e 6th reasonablf O 7 y certain Cinerary Urns from here, only eight surviv sufficientle ar r eo y describe classie b o dt - thesf o fiedd e an fivEnlargee , ar e d Food Vessel/Encrusted urns Cordoneo tw , d dan one Collared. While this is too small a surviving number on which to make any definite statements, it may be suggested that there was a settlement of Enlarged

Hawkes, C. F. C., 'A scheme for the British Bronze Age', C.B.A. 'Problems of the Bronze Age' Con-

ference1 , London, December 1960. 2 Childe, V. G., The Dawn of European Civilization (6th ed. 1957), 190, 198, 312-15.

P.R.I.A., (o) LVI (1953-4), 297-452- 3 4 Chitty, L. F., meeting of the British Association at Blackpool, 1936. 6 Atkinson . . citC.J . .op , R , Henshall Chamberede . S.A Th ,, Tombs of Scotland Vol. i (1963), 40-44. 6 P.S.A.S., xciv (1960-1), 319-20. 7 NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE 97 Food Vessel/Encruste usersn d therur r onl ,fo othee o ear ytw r urn thif so s class (Nos3 . and 12) from the three counties. Further, the two Cordoned urns are the only ones outsid Culbie eth t nearba ne Sandon y d Altyrsan e4-8)d (Nosan .2 . There are relatively few features among the Cinerary Urns that call for further discussion e internall s extremelyi Th .5 . yNo f flange o unusual m ri s dbesi t i t: paralleled in a vessel in a long grave with no apparent remains at Lisnaget, Co. Antrim containinn r whicur 1fo Iron n date suggesteds ha a neAg y wa b ga d an , crematio somd nan e minute bronze fragments foun century-ola n di d excavatiot na Eddertoun, Ross and Cromarty2 apparently secondary to the quarry ditch of a barrow ove shorra t cist containin gcrematioa n with parbronza f o t Tena eL blada e d ean glass bead. The urn in question is known only from a sketch and has in addition a splayed base, so that it may not have been a Cinerary Urn; the bead may have reache primare dth y cist subsequen buriae th o t lt there whicn i , h cas t couli e d convincingly be classified as an urnless Cinerary Urn burial with a razor, which would remove any necessity for giving the secondary urn in question, which may also have had a razor in any case, an Iron Age or later date. In the case of Cinerary Urn 5 however, all its other features - cordons, texture, colour - suggest that it is a genuine Cordone occu7 . eithe n holeo ro No d tw n urn sri e sidcracka f Th .e o d an , must have taken the binding for the crack - an examination of Abercromby's illus- trations suggest norma e sucf th o s s e hthi us holeslswa . Whether this implie- sre peate r relativeldo y prolonget known no e strike-a-lighs i Th e . dus t founki t d with e 13th barbed-and-tange, 6 . No d arrowhead bond an s e needle foun0 d2 wit. hNo possible th d ean associatio similaf no r arrowheads wit . suggesl 16al h No t early dates floruite fo th rf Cinerar o y Urns. In view of the lack of other ceramic evidence from Culbin the occurrence of two stone maceheads, usually associated with Cinerar connecteye b Urns y ma , d wite hth Cordone knowds i urnse nOn . only fro mreferencea 'perforatea o 3t d hammerstone' in the collection of the Rev. John MacEwan of Dyke, presumably from Culbin, the other is in the Hunterian Museum, University of Glasgow.4 This reeded type has parallels with Irish types ,significane whicb y hma associatef i t d with Cordoned urns. In terms of absolute chronology, dating is still difficult. The Topped Mountain Food Vessel already mentioned as having parallels with late Short-necked Beakers was found5 wit hBusa h Barrow-derivative dagger, suggestin gdata e parallel with Wessex I, probably 1550-1500 B.C. Ballydufe Th f Irish Vas founs ewa d wit hcrematioa segmentea d nan d faience bead, suggesting a Wessex date. Further, at Collessie, Fife, an urnless cremation wit hdaggea 6 r wit hgola d mounting simila thao rt t from Topped Mountai mors n7wa e lesr o s contemporary witShort-neckeo htw d Beakers. Thi hane s suggeston de th n so tha movemene th t t fro North-ease mth t dow Greae nth t Gle Irelano nt d leadino gt Irise th h Vase Food Vessel becomin grecognisabla e entit occurred yha . 160c y 0db

U.J.A., 15 (3rd ser.) (1952), 66-69. P.S.A.S., v (1862-4) , 311-15 xxi. PI ;. , a 31 T.I.S.S.F.C., (1895-9)v , '22 2 Hitherto unpublished; Hunterian Mus., Univ. of Glasgow, 6.1951.2121 from the J. Henderson Bishop Collection4 , bearing legend 'Culbin J F. Clark, Col.' 6 P.R.I.A., iv (3rd ser.) (1896-8), 654, fig. 4. 6 J.R.S.A.I., LXXXIII (1953), 49-57. ' P.S.A.S., xii (1876-8), 439-61 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66 B.C. and on the other that Short-necked Beakers continued as a recognisable entity at sixteente th f leaso d th untien centur e th l y B.C., whic entirels hi y reasonable th r efo area of initial and very heavy settlement. Alas that the 'very fine ornamented urn or vase' found with what must have been faience beads in a cist at Kinsteary Park, Auldearn, Nairnshire,1 should have disappeared withou y moran t e informative description of it. While Beakers continue exiso dt t leasa t lats a thists nee o ea n o ,d t w ther no s ei suppose that Food Vessel Cinerard san y Urns must follo lineawn i r succession o n- evidence th e above, Food Vessels mus contemporare tb y with Beaker least sa t during the sixteenth century and possibly earlier, and Cinerary Urns must be of approxi- matel same yth e period, for wils ,showa e b lsubsequen a n ni t metale papeth n o r- work of the area, the area enters a backwater in the fifteenth century B.C., a bronzeless Middle Bronze Age in fact, from which it does not move until c. 700 B.C. During this period there appea traceo rn outsidf so e contac t alla t tha o settlement,e s th t y sb various tradition f Cineraro s n useryUr s must take place well before 1500 B.C. Further, regardin gCordonea settlemenn dur t from IrelanGreae th p tdu Gle t ni mus emphasisee b t d that this route make North-ease th s potentias a t aren a lf ao primary settlement from Ireland as Galloway and the Clyde estuary. May and Collins have rightly pointed out that, though the early date for Cin- 2 erary Urn types is proven, there is no terminal date for their use: a mould from Campbeltown, Argyll, wit hmatria Clasa Clas a r sidxd e fo V s I razosI ean on n ro spearhead on the other, implies that the former was current into the Late Bronze Age and the Class I example3 s at Traprain Law cannot be dated earlier than the seventh century B.C.* Class I/II razors e Tauntooccuth n i r n Workhoused an

Glentrool hoard Middle th f so e Bronz ornamene eAg t horizon . 1200-100c , 0 B.C., 5

versioa Clase d th an f sno I/II hybri6 Traprait da paralleles i w nLa frode onlmon y yb Cordonea cemetern dur t Carrowjamesya . Mayo,Co , 7 suggesting tha t leasa t t here Cinerare th tradition yUr n continued really late.

1 Bain , HistoryG. , of Nairnshire (is. 1893)ed t , 12; (an . 1928)ded , 9-10. 2 U.J.A., 22 (srd ser.) (1959), 38-39- 3 P.S.A.S., LXXXI (1946-7), 171-2. 4 ibid., LXXXIX (1955-6), 55-56 and xcin (1959-60), 48. 8 Invent. Arch. 06.43. 6 For latest study see P.S.A.S., xcni (1959-60), 114. 7 P.P.S., xn (N.S ) (1946), 136; fig. 5, No. 20 and refs. NAIRNSHIRE, MORA BANFFSHIRD YAN E 99

B

D

FIG . Beaker2 . s from Nairnshire, Mora Banffshird yan e (a) No. i, (b) No. 2, (c) No. 10, (d) No. 3, («) No. n. Scale ; 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66 CATALOGUE

Number Find Spot References Present Location

'-3 Achindown TISSFC, i (1875-80), 187-8 Inverness Museum Cawdor , PLXVSAS H (1932-3), 232-5 Nairn ibid., LXVIII (1933-4), '86 G. Bain, History of Mairnshire (isted. 1893), 13; (2nd ed. 1928), 11-12

5 d 4an 'Cawdor' Ant.J., (1925)v , 419 Univ. Mus. Arch Eth.d an , , Nairn PS AS, LXVIII (1933-4), l86 Cambridg e23.131- d 6an ibid., LXIX (1934-5). 397-8 23.1317

6 and 7 Cawdor ibid., xxii (1887-8), 352 Formerly Nairn Museum Cawdor . Bain G . cit.op , ,. 12-13ised t ; Nairn 2nd ed. 1 1

8 (a-c) Cawdor . Bain G . cit.op ,, . 13ised t; Cawdor Castle? Cawdor an . 1d 1ed Nairn PSAS, xcvn (1963-4)5 25 ,

9 Inchnacaorach PSAL, i (2nd ser.) (1859-61), BM - 1861, 6-27, 1-4 Cawdor 395-7 Nairn PSAS, xxvii (1892-3), 348-9 Arch. Camb., n (6th ser.) (1902), 200 . AbercrombyJ StudyA , of the Bronze PotteryAge Greatof Britain and Ireland, Vol. i, (1912)

10 Easter Delnies PSAS, (1961-2)v xc , 305-6 Nairn Museum Nairn Nairn

ii 'Nairn' ibid., LXVIII (1933-4), 186 Formerly British Museum - 1911 , anD d1962E 6 3 , 7-i9» 3 . AbercrombyJ cit. op .,

12 Forres unpublished Hunterian Mus., Univ. of Glasgow Forres - 8.1951.1002 Moray

!3 Possibly that fromr n unpublished Elgin Museum - x.6o Hopeman Duffus Moray NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE IOI OF BEAKERS

Particulars

cist4 s found shortly before 187 ploughy 8b fille3 , d with san graved dan containind an l g human bones, pieces of potter 'somd yan e black charred substance', fourth with crouche . sidL en facino r g 'quit n SW.ur n e,a entire' and a white pebble. Urn was 'tastefully ornamented' with sharp instrument. CM over 50 years later published remains of 3 beakers, i FV and I CU with label on largest frag, noting discovery at 'Auchindoune' in 1877. She identifies the 'quite entire' urn with No. I in this corpus. It is not 'tastefully ornamented' nor decorated by sharp instrumen - tdecoratio n haphazard, slovenly likd ean , othe , don2 r e with comb, dimensions different suggesting doubts in identifying these Beakers and especially the FV and GU. CM 240, 242, 241 respectively. (Illust thin i . s paper, fig. 20, d.), b

Foun samn di e cist, donate museuo dt m 1925. CM 243, 244 respectively.

Found in same cist, in museum by 1888, poss. still there 1928, now lost. From description not the same as Nos. above5 d an . 4

Parshort-neckea f o t d Beake otherssherdo d an rtw l withouf so al , t localities, long preserve t Cawdoda r Castle were give NMAo nt 99-101 196SG n i E 3 - t seemI . s unlikely tha fine eth t complete Beaker recorde Baiy db s na t Cawdoa thesef ro Castlt there bu , on otherwis s ei s e i recoro e n t nowi f do .

Found by plough before 1861 in cist orientated E.-W. with croucher and a bone awls and a bone chisel. Latter item t traceablsno e 1960. 271A 239M C ; . (Illust thin i . s paper) I. , , PIXV .

Prob. found in cist. (Illust. in this paper, fig. 2c.)

Acquired by museum 1911 from Wm. Taylor, Lhanbryd, from H. W. Young, Burghead Collection. A 266; CM 128, also 266. (Illust. in this paper, fig. 2«.)

Acquired from J. Henderson Bishop, 1951.

Prob. the frags, presented in 1866 found in a cist. 102 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1964-66

Number Find Spot References Present Location

'4 Gordonstoun PSAS, xxii ( 1887-5)3 34 , Elgin Museum - 1883.18 Drainie TISSFC, iv (1888-95), 216 Moray PSAS, LXVIII (1933-4), 186 . AbercrombyJ cit. op ,.

15 r Elgin'n ' PSAS, LXVIH (1933-4), 158 NMAS - EG 26 Parish uncertain J. Abercromby, op. cit. Moray

16 Law Farm, Wallfield PSAS, ii (1854-7), 530-3 Elgin Museum - 1 888.1 Urquhart ibid., xxii (1887-8), 342 Moray TISSFC, iv (1888-95), 215-16 PSAS, xxvi (1891-2), 67-68 ibid., XLV (1910-11), 12

17 Sleepie's Hill PSAS, xxii (1887-8), 343 Elgin Museum - 1888. 7+ Urquhart TISSFC, iv (1888-95), 216 Moray PSAS, LXVIII (1933-4), l86 J. Abercromby, op. cit.

18 Sleepie's Hill PSAS, xxii (1887-8), 343 Elgin Museum - 1853. 1 Urquhart ibid., LXVIII (1933-4), 186 Moray J. Abercromby, op. cit.; also vol. II

19 Boharrn PSAS, vin (1868-70), 341 NMA SE- G i Achroisk ibid., LXVIII (1933-4), '79 Banff . AbercrombyJ cit. op ,.

20 Lyne PSAS, LXXXVIII (1954-6), 232-3 NMA SE- G6 9 Knockando ANL, 5.6, Oct.,—Nov . 19549 9 , Moray

21 Acres PSAS, xxii (1887-5)2 34 , Elgin Museum - 1870. 1 Knockando ibid., LXVIII (1933-4), 186 Moray

22-24 Forteath ibid., v (1862-4), 362-4 Nos. 22 and 23 formerlay NMAS?; Cabrace Th h . cit.op , 415 No. 24 unknown Banff PSAS, xviii (1883-4), 3 7 6 in. OS Map (2nd ed. 2 1904) Banffshire xxxt S.E. NAIRNSHIRE3 , IO MORA BANFFSHIRD YAN E

Particulars

Foun 1850n di r 6os3o . 284 A 236M ;C . (Illust thin i . s paper, fig. 3^.)

Donated 1861. A 271; CM 234. (Illust. in this paper, PL XV, 2 and fig. 30.)

Slightly divergent reports. Foun centran di l cis cairn i t n know 'Ths na . diam.eft Law0 . . 6 1high c 2,ft . c ' , orientated E.-W., croucher with 5 'bone' ornaments pierced at the ends resembling incisors of large dog or wolf. Excav. 1885. Trace structurf so around an n ei d cairn. (Illust thin i . s paper, fig. y.)

None. A 275; CM 235. (Illust. in this paper, fig. 3

Donated 1853. A 285; CM 237 (also catalogued by A as FV 421). (Illust. in this paper, fig.

Foun cisn di t before 1870 orientated N.-S. with croucher. A 272; CM 144.

Found in small cist 1954 (NGR NJ 176448) poss. cenotaph as urn on side in centre. (Illust. in this paper, PI. XV, 3.)

Foun cistn di . Donate Museuo dt m 1870. 268 A 233M ;C . (Illust thin i . s paper, fig. 3/.) cise tOn found 1864 filled with sand t int diam. le , ft ocircula a 6 . .c t Approxrpi . orientated E.-W., skeleton no . sidL e with stone pillow, arms crossed broken Ur . baset na ; contents whitish-yello,a w powder stained ,ha d part of floor paving; also containe dbrokea n flint. Charcoa t fillingpi n li , above corner, near bod mucd yan h under floor together with a dark fibrous-looking substance. Some years previously and nearby to the SW. cist containing bones and urn found, the latter in possession of Mr Taylor, Boghead of Lesmurdie. 'Numerous other cists' previously found in area with bones and urns 'generally in a good state of preservation'. A third urn found in cist with skeleton and small piece of flint noted; urn and flint in possession of Rev. Alex. Gordon, M.A., LL.D., of London. First two allegedly donated to NMAS and apparently there 1884; not traced 1960, not mentioned 187 r 1896o 2 catalogues. 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66

I . I

FIG. 3. Beakers from Nairnshire, Moray and Banffshire (a) No. 15, (4) No. 14, (c) No. 16, (d) No. 17, (e) No. 18, (/) No. 21. Scale ; NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE I05

FIG. 4. Beakers from Nairnshire, Moray and Banffshire (a) No. 32, (b) No. 34, (c) No. 35, (d) No. 37, («) No. 38, (/) No. 40. Scale • io6 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1964-66

Number Find Spot References Present Location

25-29 Lesmurdie PSAS, I (1851-4) , 205-9 Nos. 25, 26 and 29 NMAS - The Cabrach ibid., LXVIII (1933-4) , 3d J18 an orespectively 0 3 , 32 G E ; Banff J. B. Davis and J. Thurnam, Nos. 27 and 29 unknown Crania Britannica, Vol. n, i, (1865) . 11p , 6 iv , J. Anderson, Scotland in Pagan Times : Bronze Stoneand Ages (1886), 73-74 J. Abercromby, op. cit.

30 Mild Gollachyf Ol o l , TISSFC, n (1880-3), 275-6 Unknown Auchintea Rathven Banff

3i Easter Gollachy, op. cit., 276 Unknown Buckie Rathven Banff

32 Easter Gollachy, PSAS, LXX (1935-6), 357-8 BM-igii, 7-19.5 Buckie Rathven Banff

33 St Peter's Church, ibid., xvi (1881-2), 414-15 NMA SE- G4 Buckie ibid., LXVIII (1933-4), 180 Rathven . AndersonJ cit.. op ,, 79-80 Banff . AbercrombyJ cit. op ,.

34 nr Buckie Rel. and I.A., i (N.S. 3rd) BM- 1911,7-19,2 Rathven (1895), 229-30 Banff Arch. Camb., n (6th ser.) (1902)0 20 , PSAS, LXVIII (1933-4), "79 . AbercrombyJ cit. op ,.

35 Home Farm, Cullen PSAS, xxii (1887-8)9 36 , Banff Museum Cullen ibid., LXVIII (1933-4), 179 Banff . AbercrombyJ cit. .op ,

36 nr Findlater Castle PSAS, LXVIII (1933-4), 1 80 Unknown Fordyce . CorinderC , Remarkable Ruins Banff and Romantic Prospects of North Britain with Ancient Monuments Singularand Sub- jects of Natural History, Vol. m (1795), no pagination NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE IOJ

Particulars

A cemetery of 5 cists found in 1849 and 1851 near where another cist with croucher and 'urn' had been found prob .cisn i earl ts orientatei8tn yi wa 5 h2 cent. dNo . NE.-SW.; very little skeletal evidenc t probebu . teett ha cisn i ts orientate. endwa 6 SW 2 . d NNE.-SSW. crouchee th , r . sidlyinL en gwito h hea t NNEda . end chip3 . s of flinminutd an t e fragment darf so k brown oxide found, poss. strike-a-light cisa n ti .orientate s 27wa d NE.-SW. skeletoe th n lyin . sidg L cis a eprob s n it twiti orientaten s o .h. end wa hea 8 NE .2 t da d NNE.-SSW., apparently a cenotaph. 29 was apparently the one in cist first discovered in 1849 noted above. In excavation report 25-28 wer respectively cistn D ei sA- . Another cist, ruined founs wa ,d beside other survivino n s- g remains. 25-2 281A e , 8respectively ar 2 280 t noted28 no 122, d M C an , d 121an , , 12d 1203an respectively. (Nos. 25-26 PI d illust.. an XVI 4 , , PI,thi n i iXV . s paper.)

In cist found 1881 orientated NE.-SW.

In cist found 1882 orientated SE.-NW. Contained white sand and 'a little mould'.

In cist found 1889 orientated SE.-NW. apparently otherwise empty. Purchased by museum 1911 from Wm. Taylor, Lhanbryd, from H. W. Young, Burghead collection. (Elgin Mus. cat. records 'urn and bones, grave, Easter Gollachy' presente Gordoy db Thomsod nan 1889n ni ; probabl same th t e Bker)yno . (Illust thin i . s paper, fig. 43.)

In cist found c. 1882 with skeleton. (Illust. in this paper, PL XVI, 4.)

cisn I t found 1895 with quantit charref yo burnd dan tcorner e boneon n si . (Report notes similar graved sha been discovered in same field, 2 or 3 containing flints and arrowheads as well.) CM notes whereabouts unknown; rediscovered 1960 having been purchase museuy db m 1911 . TaylorfromWm , Lhanbryd . Young, froW . mH , Burghead Collection. .4 267 1M 12.C ; (Illust thin i . s paper, fig. 4^.)

In museum by 1888. A 274 1M 15.;C (Illust thin i . s paper, fig.

cisn I t found shortly before 1795 under mound called both tumulu cairnd san fillen ur , d with ashe smald san l pieces of bone. Unidentifiable fragments of other urns in mound inspires author, a divine, to conclude 'they had experience thein di r subterraneous abode l thingal s a ,s must e fatad irresistiblth , an l e effect f time'o s . Rite suggests CU rather than Bker, as poss. does small base-wide mouth and upside-down depiction but decoration and general profile is Bker - no scale with drawing. 127M C . io8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66

Number Find Spot References Present Location

37 Auchmore r Portson , y PSAS, xxii (1887-8), 369 Banff Museum Fordyce ibid., LXVIII (1933-4), l&° Banff . AbercrombyJ cit. .op ,

38 Carestown PSAS, xxii (1887-8), 369 Banff Museum Deskford ibid., LXVIII ( 1 933-4) , 179 Banff . AbercrombyJ cit. .op ,

39 possibly that Unpublished Elgin Museum — x.6 1 from 'Inverkeithny' Banff 40 Burnsid Whitefieldf eo , PSAS, xi (1905-6), 306-10 NMAS - EG 102 Aberchirder ibid., LXVIII (1933-4); J79 Marnoch . AbercrombyJ . cit.op , Banff 4i-43 Forglen House NSA, xin, 87 of Banff section NMAS - EQ. 746, and 748-9 Forglen (written July 1 836, pub. Banff 1845) PSAS, XL (1905-6), 279-90 TBFC, 2 ist June 1906, 3-5 PSAS, LXVIII (i933-4)» '80 J. Abercromby, op. cit.

44 Afforsk r Gardenstown , n LA.,Rel.d an (N.S. 3rd) (1896), BM- 1911, 7-19,4 Gamrie 178-9 Banff TBFC, 3rd November 1898, 39 PSAS, LXVIII (1933-4), J8o K. Jessen and H. Helbaek 'Cereals in Great Britain Ireland an Prehistorin di c and Early Historic Times', Kong. Danske Videns. Selskab (Biol. Shrift. Bind HI, Nr. 2) J. Abercromby, op. cit. Beakero Tw Marischan si l College, Universit Aberdeenf yo , labelled 'Culbin Sands catalogued an ' d 240/7 240/d an 8 com facn ei t from Aberdeenshire. (See PSAS, v (1961-2)xc , 305-6.) e BeakeTh r liste Crichtoy db n Mitchell (PSAS, LXVIII (1933-4), r79 beins a ) g from Nether Buckie, Rathven, Banff, and then in the BM (1911, 7-19, 3) is the same one she also lists, along with Abercromby (op. cit.) as coming from thi. f I'Nairn'o I sNo catalogue . anSe . D . 1962d E d . ean 36 , n 188I 8 (PSAS, xxii (1887-8), 367 'Urn )a drinking-cuf no p type, ornamented heighn i . 4. y in }b tin 6 , across the mouth, the bottom imperfect - no locality given, but probably found in Banffshire' is noted as being in Banff Museum. It does not appear to be there now, nor does an unprovenanced and unpublished Cord-zoned NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE KK)

Particulars

In museum by 1888. At present contains 11 pieces bone and i charcoal. A 291; CM 126. (Illust. in this paper, fig. 4

Presented 1858. 270A 113M C ;. (Illust thin i . s paper, fig. 4«.)

Poss fragse th . , found with bones.

In cist found 1905 orientated approx. E.-W. under a mound with skeleton prob. of child. Reference to 'unburnt' portio skulf meay no ma ln entire skeleto r thao n ) unburnt parcremateds CM wa to (s t . (Illust thin i . s paper, fig- 4/0

3 urns in and under almost circular mound of sand and clay (64. by 68 ft.) 7 ft. high, NGR NJ 699509, excav. 1906. Primary burial (No. I in excav. report) had Beaker 41 in pieces but orig. upright in very thick deposit of black material mainly charred wood under which was rtmains of skeleton in I ft. deep 5 ft. diam. saucer-shaped grave in old land surface. Small jaw frag, with 2 molars all that was well-preserved (at present kept with urns). Small barbe stemmed dan d light yellow flint a'head also found (als present oa t kept with urns). Secondary burial had Beaker 42 (No. 2 in report) standing leaning slightly to one side in I ft. thick deposit of black; no remains observed. Fires had been lit on ground before building of mound; though no turf-lines are noted mound appar- ently increased in size after each burial as report specifically says 2nd and 3rd burials not dug into mound. Small thin bands of charcoal noted throughout mound. 2nd burial overlaid by 3 ft. sq. stone pavement with triangle of single sid single stoned eon an en s o line stonef so s running fro1. 1ft mburiald thi3r o st . 'False portal t intle ' o . sid mounf eo SW d covere lean di f mould. Lac remainf ko s wit buriald h3r poo d and san d an r stat e f iseo du t sando t y soils. respectively9 27 d an 2771178 A M ;27 C , , 11d 1189an —but note tha skeleta e BeaketB th 11 a d s 7i ran l remains were with 117, not 119. Finds presented to NMAS 1964. (Illust. in this paper, fig. 50, b, c.) cisn I t discovere wits 1870n di 8o h r 5skeletono possession i ; lairf no Troupf do , acquired shortly before 189y 6b H. W. Young, Burghead, acquired by museum 1911, prob. via Wm. Taylor, Lhanbryd; CM notes whereabouts unknown, discovered 1960. Imprin graif o t Nakef no d Barley. A 283; CM 124. (Illust. in this paper, fig. 5

Beake Museue th r whicn i s m hwa unti l very recentl thin i sB y( catalogue , drawing kindly supplie Misy d b . S s.A Henshall, F.S.A., NMAS). Ther howeves ei r another unprovenance unpublished dan d Beaker, with imitation cord-zone decoration (Beaker remaindee A) vesseth e shallo:x th d ther si f an ls o e wear p ha r to groove e th t sa lines of thin comb-decoration. (Most of the lower part had been skilfully restored at some time and here the decoration has been replaced by thin incised lines.) Beakers A and B illust. in this paper, fig. $e,f. Elgin I n Museum ther three ear e Beaker sherds (x.62, x.63 x.68d ,an ) from different vessels, unprovenanced. In Inverness Museum there is a solitary scrap of unprovenanced Beakerware at present (1960) unaesthetically midssherde 7 2 th f medievan f o ti s o t se l green-glaze ware. 110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66

FIG . Beaker5 . s from Nairnshire, Mora Banffshird yan e (a) No. 41, (A) No. 42, (c) No. 43, (rf) No. 44, (e) Beaker A, (/) Beaker B. Scale NAIRNSHIRE, MORA D BANFFSHIRYAN E III

B

FIG . Foo6 . d Vessels from Nairnshire, Mora BanfTshird yan e (a) No. i, (4) No. 2, (c) No. 3, (d) No. 9, («) No. u. Scale J 112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66 CATALOGUF EO

Number Find Spot References Present Location

Achindown See Beakers 1-3 Inverness Museum Cawdor Nairn

'Cawdor' J. Abercromby, op. cit., Vol. n NMAS - EE 9 Nairn V. G. Childe, Scotland before the Scots (1946), 107 (A) PpIV .

Loch of Blairs, Altyre PSAS, LXVI (1931-2), 137, NMAS - EE 123 Forres 404-5 Moray . ChildeG . V , loc. cit.

4-5 Burgie Lodge Farm Antiquary, XLIX (1913)5 32 , F Vlost4 ; Rafford PSAS, L (1915-16), 203-7 Jet Necklace Elgin Museum • Moray V. G. Childe, op. cit., 106; 1914.1 whole th t e bu entrs yi FV 5 lost inaccurate NAIRNSHIRE, MORA BANFFSHIRD YAN E 113 FOOD VESSELS

Particulars

See Beakers 1-3. (Illust. in this paper, fig. 6a.)

Orn whippen i . d cord. 408A ; Childe 31, typ . (IllusteB thin i . s paper, fig. 6b.}

Found in frag, condition in 1931 in short cist in gravel and sandpit with crem. Urn in N. corner, gravel to a depth of c. 10 in. with 'a number of pebbles up to i£ in. diam., partially covered in a white limey deposit' above gravel frag. endm S t Ri ,. a survives, orig. als owala l frag. Orn upwary b . d jabs with sharp point. Cist NE.-by-Sy b . SW.-by-N., short, with roof slab nrly double length (4 ft, 9 in.) and 12 to 18 in. thick; topped with a number of large water-worn stones. Childe 29, type Ci. (Illust. in this paper, fig. 6c.)

Excav. 1913. Childe list cistss4 18-21s ,hi wit, t ,necklaces20 h nonje d 1s 9t aan e hi , bu witarticl e V ;th h F o et whic refere hthesf h o se e list on als cistss6 d o an witwit 2 , V hhF necklace. Firs discovV F t . entir sidn t eo ebu broke during excav subseqd an . . app. lost. Orri chisel-endey b . d tool pressed cornerwise. Skel. almost comp. decayed except skull and teeth, 2 of which showed decay. Head at S. end of NNE.-SSW. orientated cist; urn behin . shoulderdR . Short cist, roofstones cemented with clay wit largh3 e stone topn so . Necklace disturbed by rodents as beads at top but remainder across breast, incl. 'two groups of four beads each forming a star'. 7 plates, 107 beads - present reconst. in museum uses 109 beads plus 5 more cat. X 1914.1 as coming from here triangulad an r fastener. App. this necklac thaAssocd d ean an t wit8 . MateriaV hF l Sectio havnc e become mixed. Cist with No. 4 apparently 5 ft. SE. of prob. remains of another, and 25 yds. NW. of former in same sandy ridge was cist with FV 5 (q.v.); 6 ft. SE. of this was another cist. . 15 C thif 0o syds. are.NE a cist discov sandpin i .wher o t . nr et local legend sai dnumbea cistd beed ol r sha n found many yrs. bef. Roof sla . thic . ft ib c k with ston topn eo , cist approx. E.-W. with well-preserv t subseqbu . . dest. skel. lying on R. side, prob. that of a brachy. man 5 ft. 4 in. tall with 'osseous formation (whichX suggested a prone position to have been used by the man in life and the feet to have been unaccustomed to any firm form of protection'. Cist floor studded with pebbles, esp. thick under head wher werl eal e quartz. Presum. Childe 18. C. 11 yds. NNE. ruined cist found with a small deposit of much-decayed bone. Presum. Childe 21. C. no yds. ESE. of last but one, cist discov. in gravelly hillock, pointed oval in shape with huge capstone 6 ft. by 4 ft. by 12 to 27 in. thick and est. weight of IJ tons. Headstone at E. end. Floor small pebbles with flat stone thin o centsn i d soman , e burnt bon ashed ean s incl. small piece charcoalf so . See FV 4 for details. Urn in frags, 'probably not over 6 in. in height'; upper pt. with 3 lines of ridge mouldings, thick everte witm dri h vertical marking bri n insidd so man elowee lipTh . r 'band' (moulding?) orn. with inter- crossed zigzags. Writer implie losn destr sur to . soon after discovNE.-by-Ef o d .en . SW.-by-WSkuly b .W t la . cist, skel. in much-decayed condit., urn nr. R. shoulder. S. side and W. end slabs of cist with cup (poss. nat.) othed an r marks like quern—and whetstone-produced. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66

O o -

0 0 ////////////

FIG . Cinerar7 . y Urns from Nairnshire, Mora Banffshird yan e . 10.No Scal ) (/ , e6 . , (e5 No ). , (

0o°°\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\o V 00 000000

D

FIG . Cinerar8 . y Urns from Nairnshire, Mora Banffshird yan e (a) No. 16, («) No. 17, (c) No. 24, (

Number Find Spot References Present Location

6-7 Burgif o m e Da PSAS, xn (1876-8), 298-9; Both Falconer Museum, Forres Rafford quoting Forres Gazette,h 7t Moray April 1841 ibid., xxii (1887-8), 353 ibid., L (1915-6), 204-5; 239 . O.S6in . . ed Map d 2n , (1906), Elginshire xi N.W. JV&4 Elgif , o xn 9 ni ; 24 sectio n written March 1842, pub. 1845 . WilsonD , Archaeologyd an Prehistoric Annals Scotlandof

8 Newmill PSAS, xn (1876-8), 299-300 FV lost; Alves ibid., xxii (1887-8)3 34 , Jet necklace Elgin Museum - Moray ibid. (1915-6)L , , 2050 24 , 1840-2 V. G. Childe, loc. cit.

9 Perhaps that from TISSFC, iv (1888-95), 214-15 Elgin Museum x.6- 4 Carsewell, 6 in. O.S. Map, 2nd ed. Croo Alvef ko s (1906), Elginshire vi S.E. Alves V. G. Childe, loc. cit. Moray

10 Kenny's Hillock PSAS, ix (1870-2), 260 BM - 79, 12-9, 1928 Urquhart ibid., xiv (1879-80), 109-10 Moray TISSFC, n (1880-3), 44 V. G. Childe, op. cit., 107; inaccurate it Kenny's Hillock PSAS, xiv (1879-80), 109-10 NMA SE- E6 Urquhart TISSFC, n (1880-3), 44 Moray . AndersonJ cit.. 6 op ,8 , J. Abercromby, op. cit. V. G. Childe, loc. cit.

12 'Fordyce' V. G. Childe, loc. cit. Formerly Banff Museum Banff

«3 Netherdale Arch. Scot., m (1831), App. n, NMAS - EE 36 Marnoch 126 Banff . ChildeG . V , loc. cit. NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE 117

Particulars

Two separate discoveries subseq. confused. At present 2 tiny scraps of pottery joined by piece of sticking plaster, one decor, with criss-cross lines, other with vertical maggots. Papers in nearby case show drawings of 2 jug-like pots with these decorations, one with maggots dated 1837, other undated. NSA written 5 yrs. later mentions other cists, this one with urn decor, 'with . . . spiral shells' (maggots), 10 by 7 in. and two rhomboid pieces of . 188in I 8 y recordb 2 t s je . befthayr I .t NSA inhum pard .necklacf an wito t t V platehF je beadd f eo s an s discov pard urnf an .skull o td , an t Forresa , . 1851 records cist with skel., poss. female 'sittingn i , ' position, head touching knees, with ring of polished shale or coal 2 J in. diam., 4 rhomboid pieces of same (largest pair 2 in. . 10c long 0d largan ) e beads wit decorn hur , with 'incised lines' . high1 0in t Forre A . phrenologicasa l chart dated April 1841 made for person bet. 30 and 50 yrs. old lies with a skull. At present jet ring, one undecor. sub-triang. end-plat beae on d d surviveean . Noted 1916 where O.S refp 'Tho .t ma e General's Grave' discov. 1848; 1877 ref. quotes Forres Gazette, 7th April 1841, not held in Nat. Lib.

Childt 'urnbu '3 eals2 o foun d- Donatio record. nBk s necklace foun appd dan .'in presenten ur ' d with necklace but now lost. Found in 1840 or earlier (from date of donation). Necklace at present comprises one triangular piece, 4 barrel-shaped beads, a square plate, a spacer-plate decor, with a diamond and a triangles and part of sim. plate. Earlier descrips. diffe - appr . this necklac thad ean t from Brandstone, Urquhart (Assoc. Material Section c) have been confused and poss. mixed - but app. never complete.

Donated 188 t applostw 7bu unident 4 .no . sherds poss. from this urn, decor comy b , b and/or cord impress. O.S. ref. perh. to this. Childe 24. (Illust. in this paper, fig. 6d.)

descrips hi , 28 Child .r suggesto 7 e2 . 11 sNo below . 11. No founThi d much-robbesn an di d app. kerbed cairn c. 8 yds. diam. 2 yds. inside E. circumf. pit 5 ft. deep with 'massy boulders' covering a flagstone over 2 deposit wit h . 10as h No beneath , filled with blackened sand sam e appth f e.o typ nats ea . subsoil. Very fain fragd an t - mentary comb or imp. string decor, zigzags on body and 2 rows sim. decor, on lip. Excav. by Rev. James Morrison, Urquhart, subseq Greenwelo t . . thencd lan BM o et

Found in same cairn as above, unspecified posit., oval cist orientated N.-S. approx. same depth, pit full of boulders, cist topped with flattish boulder restind san sandn go . amtcharred gt , woo f an o . h das oak traceo ,n s of bone, urn on side in SE. corner decor, with maggots and incised lines. Piece flint among ashes poss. fallen in during excav. A 415; Childe 28 or 27, type ?A. (Illust. in this paper, fig. 6e and PI. XVI, 2.)

Only known ref. to this urn, not at Banff now, no Donation Bk. Childe 34, type ?Cs.

Donated 1828, very lopsided, in lit. - 4 to 45^ in., mouth diam. c. 7 in. Incised herringbone decor, perforated lugs. A 363; Childe 33, type B.la. (Illust thin .i s paper XVIL P ,) 3. , n8 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1964-66 Associated •——————————————————— — Number Find Spot References Present Location

a Orbliston Junction PSAS, vm (1868-70), 28-32; Lunula: NMA2 E SF (gold lunula Station 33 Earrings : one lost, one NMAS and two Speymouth ibid., x (1872-4), 462 EQ_ 1 1 7 (replic Elgin ai n gold Moray Palaeohistoria, (1956)v , 53-72 Museumi888.i) i+ earrings) J. Anderson, op. cit., 66

b Culbin Sands PSAS, (1890-1)v xx , 510 (i) (i) end-plate NMAS Culbin Coll., (jet necklacy e DykMo d ean ibid.,Liv (1919-20), ) 15(2 BI 28,401-757 includes obj. frags.) Moray (2) bevelled barrel-shaped bead I 29,435(B NMA4 5 ) B flaSBI t elliptical bead NMA7 4 B SBI I 29,436(B )

c Hill of Roseisle, ibid., m (1857-60), 46-47 Unknown (para f o t Roseisle ibid., L (1915-16), 239 jet necklace) Duffus V. G. Childe, op. cit., 106 Moray

d Greenhowe, PSAS, LVIII (1923-4), 239-41 Pluscarden Priory (part of a Pluscarden . ChildeG . . cit.V op , , 107 necklacet je ) Elgin PSAS, XCVIH (1964-6), 318 Moray

« Branstone PSAS, it (1854-7), 531 Elgin Museum - 1851. 2 (at least Urquhart TISSFC, ii (1880-3)5 4 , part of a jet Moray PSAS, xxii (1887-8)3 34 , necklace) ibid., L (1915-16), 240 . ChildeG . . cit.V op , , 106

/ Culbin Sands Both unpublished One NMAS Culbin collection (no (two slug Dyke and Moy number) ; One Hunterian Mus., knives) Moray Univ. of Glasgow - 6.1951.171 0 g Thriepland Unpublished Elgin Museum — 1869.1 (slug knife) Urquhart Moray h nr Cullen House Unpublished Elgin Museum — 1853.2 (slug knife) Cullen Banff i 'Forglen' Unpublished NMA SA- A6 2 (slug knife) Banff NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE Material

Particulars

Earrings found 186. deeft graven 33 pi l moun whaf yds 0 thes o d. 20 wa .nt N called Fochabers Stationw no , Orbliston yds 0 Junctio4 . .c fro d m n'Ole an sidth df eo Road linn railwayf o 'e o cistn i , , perh. short, lyin J. gc distanc eithen o d re en sidridgfro a e f eblaco mf on eo k dust. Kep navviesy tb , then daughter sub-contractof so r for that par linef to , the jewelleo nt Aberdeenn ri , then bough Alexn a y .b t Walker 'Barel timn yi savo et e them from the melting pot', and one donated in 1869 (as late as prev. year the other was known to be in private hands). Lunula found August 1868 continuing trac railwaf ko y 'scarcel ymila e east loan i ballastf 'd) o (sic S. - . Local authorities said ballast from same hilloc thas ka t where earrincisd an t beed gha n found. Donated 1873. Surv. earring 5f in. long by i^ in. broad at top, weight 182 gr., decor, round edges with 2 engraved lines with row punched dots between and row of short vert, lines below. A replica of one - presum. this earring - in Elgin Mus. presum. copy mentioned as being made at time (donated bef. 1888). App. both earrings identical.

Circumstances of discov. unknown; end-plate mentioned and illus. 1891, remainder bevelled barrel-shaped bead, flat elliptical bea flad dtan oblong disc, respectiv., acquire t sald a collectiof eo Revf no . .M'KeweJ Dykf no e 1919. End-plate i-fg in. long, widths i-£$ in. and J in.

Discov. presum. 185 shorn 7i t cis r surfac n cairydstf 2 o 1 summin . . no .N e c hilf o t l know 'Tappock's na , with skel. and 64 beads and larger pieces of jet. Skull sent to Elgin Mus. but not there now nor entered in Donation Book. Finder James Dean retained jet objs. Lady Dunbar of DufFus made drawing of 2 triangular pieces (not reprod.) showing both decor, with double row of punctured lines, very sim. to one from Assynt, Ross and Gromarty (illus.). Childe22.

192y Discov shorMa n 3i h t7t . cist orientated E.-W fro. . ft sid .m 3 cairf W diam. e o ft 0 n2 . 1 o 8situatet d 14. 6ft E. and 165 ft. W. of the 2 roads leading to farm. Over 20 cart loads of stone removed from cairn. No roof slab on cist. poss. due to prev. disturbance. A few frag, bones and 2 unorn. triang. plates, and 23 beads of jet neck- lace in cist. App. never given to Museum. Childe 30.

Cis J. c tmilwit w ehLa froskele 'sittingmn Th i . ' posit aced Donatio o an t ,t necklac. je a n . skeli n . neo Bk fd . 185 earlierr necklac1f o o . skelPt d . ean . disintegrate exposuren do ; 1888 notes 'a portio necklaca f no beadf eo s and plates . . .' but app. confused and poss. mixed with No. 8 - at pres. 2 beads and one triangular plate cata- logued.

No info NMAn o , S specimen; Hunterian specimen acquired wit . hHendersoJ n Bishop Collection 1951.

Found in 1869 or earlier in a cist.

Found in 1853 or earlier and pres. by Mr Curtis of Grant Lodge.

Donated in 1878. 120 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1964-66 CATALOGUF EO

Number Find Spot References Present Location

i Achindown See under Beakers 1-3 Inverness Museum Cawdor Nairn

2 Kinsteary TGAS, xn (pub. 195 yearr 3fo s Hunterian Mus., Univ. of Glasgow Auldearn 1940-5), 37-38 -A. 1 939. i Nairn

3 'Auldearn' Unpublished Falconer Museum, Forres Nairn

4 Culbin Sands PSAS, xxv (1890-1), 485 NMA S- Culbi n Collectiono n , y Mo Dyk d ean number Moray

5 Culbin Sands Unpublished NMAS - Culbin Collection, no y Mo Dyk d ean number Moray

6 Culbin Sands ibid., xxv (1890-1), 490, 503 NMA 12A 2 E S- Dyke and Moy Moray

7 Culbin Sands ibid., xxiu (1888-9), 21-22 NMA SE- A 120 Dyke and Moy ibid. (1890-1)v xx , , 485, 490, Moray 5°3

8 Culbin Sands ibid., XLV (1910-11), 160-5 NMAS - BI 29,429-42 y Mo Dyk d ean Moray

9 Possibly that from Unpublished Elgin Museum - x.6 x.6d 56an 'Altyre' probably Rafford Moray

10 Lochside TISSFC, iv (1888-95), 216 Elgin Museum - 1852.1 Spynie Moray ii Longhill PSAS, rx (1870-2), 254-5 Unknown Urquhart Moray NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE 121 CINERARY URNS

Particulars

See Beakers 1-3.

Found in 1939 or earlier c. I ft. below ground inverted with a few crem. bones inside. Note odd ridge inside ij in. from top (cf. No. 7). (Illust. in this paper, fig. 70..)

Labelled found 'in Auldearn' and 'a Late Bronze Age burial urn for containing cremated bones' (implying that t recordeno s beinwa s d a thi n sgur found with such bones?). (Illust thin i . s paper, fig. "jc.}

6 very small rim pieces in box labelled 'Fragments of Urn and burnt bones from large hole on Culbin Sands whe otheo ntw r Urns wer refn ei foundp . (Illustrationma e ' se (poss - ) 7 .thi n Nosi ,d s an paper .6 , fig. 7^.)

Purchased 1895. (Illust. in this paper, fig. "jd.)

Purchase 188n di 9 contained burnt bonestrike-a-lighta refn i d p .san (Illusma e thin i tSe .s paper, fig. je.)

Purchase dan n i 1888 dp ref, ma - wit.foune se h d- burn t bones.

In box labelled 'From a wheat site on Culbin Sands, J. Graham Callender, F.S.A.Scot. 1911'. Catalogue lists 14 t presitema t .s bu onl fragsy6 , probpottery2 , t .leas a CU not f 2 , o t .

2 sherds of slightly expand, rim and collar, lightly incised decor of contin. chevron, each triangle filled with horiz. lines (x.6s). Wall sherd decor, with ban latticf do e patter impressef no d string (x.66). Neithe thesf o r e finds has any identif., poss. one or other or both from CU donated by Sir William Gordon Gumming, from Altyre, in 1915.

Rim and moulding frags, not mentioned in Donation Bks. but found 1852 or earlier from accession no. Prob. tha refn i t . (Illust thin i . s paper, fig. if.}

Cist discov. summer 1870 app. empty except for 'very rude' urn on side at S. end (cist therefore approx. orientated N.-S.) describen Ur .flower-po f o s da t shape . high . diam.in in 7 , 4 , , bas egooa d. thic in i k with round upper edge 3 rows indentations 'such as might have been made by the point of a small finger", below this a double line (incise belod an w) d? this anotheindentsf o w ro r . Below thi linsa belod ean w this standin anothen go r linea series of triang. figs, one inside the other. 122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-66

Number Find Spot References Present Location

12-15 nr Stroup Brae, TISSFC, ii (1880-3), 276-8, Unknown the Enzie quoting Elgin Courant, 23rd Rathven Dec. 1884 (sic) Banff

16-17 Foulfordr n , PSAS, xxxi (1896-7), 220-2 NMA S- EQ , 2424d 34an Cullen J. Abercromby, op. cit. Rathven 6 in. O.S. Map (and ed. Banff 1905), Banffshire n S.E.

18 Foulfordr n , PSAS, xxxi (1896-7), 219 Unknown Cullen Rathven Banff i9 Towie PSAS, xxii (1887-8)0 37 , Formerly Banff Museum Fordyce Banff

20-23 Hill of Doune . PennantT TourA , Scotlandn i Unknown Banff 1769 (4th ed. 1776), 154-5 Banff (9 marked), PI. xxi

24 Bridge of Banff PSAS,v (1862-4), 213 NMAS - EA 1 1 Almost certainly . AbercrombyJ cit. op ,. Gamrie, just possibly Banff Banff NAIRNSHIRE, MORAY AND BANFFSHIRE 123

Particulars

Found 15th December 1884 on new cutting of now-dismantled Keith-Buckie railway half-way bet. Stroup Brae and Burn of Buckie at a depth of 5 ft. (Orig. ref. Elgin Courant dated 23rd Dec. 1884, not held in Nat. Lib. but TISSFC ref. in vol. for 1880-3 poss. error in date somewhere.) 4 inverted cistless urns discov., 3 crumbling when exposed to air. 4th over a compact pile of calcined bones, bits of skull and thigh identif. Described as of common straw beehive shape, wit h'heava y flanges beloe on ' w deea othe d p ran groov e under each 'givin heava gt i y lip'. Otherwise unorn. , . circumf. high1in 2in 2 4 , t centra . uppef eo t baset lowea ra . flangen 1d . I 6in .in an r 7 3 , possessio locaa f no l gentlema charactef nt onlo no y also d sevoha wh r . antediluvian feathea objse t th bu f . o r cock that cre t Peterwa .

2 CU found in mound principally of stones, and earth, c. 200 yds. NW. of Foulford Bridge, 6 ft. high, 40 ft. diam. almost circula plann ri recordA . s onl . 16y No (his 189 t give bu )heighs sit . 17t tha.No f (Acto t .. heighNo f o t 16, n mout. | in.in 9 ,h diam.). C. 1864 2 poss. 3 cists found in same mound - one towards N. side with pottery frags., one towards S. with urn surr. by white pebbles and 3rd urn nr. centre; all about a£ ft. apart and all small. App. none preserved but ref 'Sompebbleo e t . th f eseno e sar treferre n fragmentherewithd ur an e o dt th f burialo sd ' appear2n e .b o st Not app. in NMAS now. gth March Culle189w linne n 7o f neo water system cist discov. 18 yds. fro . cismN t ref aboveo .t inverten Ur . d slan whico n bo h burnt bones rested (i.e. bones outside urn?). Mout appn ur f .h o seale stono dt clayy eb , bone in very good condit., teeth, skul thigd lan h frags, being identif. Piece charcoaf so l roun whicn dhardlur s hwa y 2ft. below surface. Cisa smal n i t l naturafinf o e extend n sani be . lsurrounded ft d an t w onlfe ya ydsy db f .o coarse gravel, indicatin intimatn ga e knowledg soilsf eo . farthe. founs ft . 172 wa . No dc r along trench fro abovee mth . . 1belo,c 2 in w surfac standind ean g mouth upwards with no protecting stone (poss. not in cist), containing a consid. amt. burnt bone. Author was not able to arrive in time to prevent mixing of remains, but a barbed-and-tanged a'head if in. long and a bone pin 3^ in. long with a chisel-shaped head were also found. O.S. ref. poss. to this find. (Illust. in this paper, fig. 80, b.)

'largA e urn' discov. while gravel diggin 'artifician a gn i l hillock upward yard0 3 f sso long 3depth. . ^c ft n t a ' Ur . covere stona appd y d . samb 'Ie e an n.20 th simila eU cairnC o rt ' wer smale2 l urns fe,a w. apartft least e A . ton CU indicated, poss. 3.

Frag, of'large Urn of cinerary form'in Mus 1888y .b . Loose label ther present ea t says'small urn, Towie, Banff': appidentif.s e b CU o .Incens e t l al on unidentif, p eCu .

Foun cisn di cairn i t n presum. bef. 1769illuse On . placed upside dow stona n no e otherssurr3 y b . , smaller and 'quite plain'. Each cont. ashes, burnt bones, flint arrowheads and 'a piece of flint of an oval shape flattened'; lon. alsin g smalleblunt of bon4 a a founwito anothe d d n e e e pi tlargen han ey n on dr - i altogethe n n rei ur r 13 a'heads. Large urn 13 in. high and made of dried, not fired clay ace. to author, who also says that it had been placed over bones when the whols a y l wer oi eful d f insideo an l 'blackenes stilt ewa ho l d wit steae hth d man where it may be supposed to have been in contact with them, the stain pervades the entire thickness'.

Found containing burnt bones betwee Bridge nrailwae th th Banff eo d yan f statio Turrife th f no f railway; pre- sented with other article Queen'a svi Lord san d Treasurer's Remembrancer beint i , g accounted Treasure Trove. Line bodf lowen o so . yr pt channelled rather than incised. (Illust thin i . s paper, fig. 8c.) 124 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1964-66

Number Find Spot References Present Location

25-26 Longman Hill TBFC, Novembed 3r r 1898, Destroyed Gamrie 38-39 Banff ibid., 2nd April 1909, 77 PS AS, LIX (1924-5), 24-26 A. S. Henshall, Prehistoric Chambered Tombs Scotland,in Vol. i (1963), 42, 44. 39«

27-31 Easter Gulbeuchly PSAS, xciv (1960-1), 317-20 Marischal Coll., Univ. of Aberdeen Banff 27-29; destroyed 30-31 ; Banff Pygm privatp yGu e possession

X Easter Gulbeuchly NSA, xiii, 3 1 of Banff section, Unknown (Several Banff written June 1836, published number Banff 1842 unknown)

32 Newton of Montblairy PSAS, n (1854-7), 346-7, 370-1 NMA SE- A 13 Alvah J. Anderson, op. cit., 115-16 Banff . AbercrombyJ cit. op ,.

33 nr Montblairy House PSAS, (1862-4)v , 213 NMA SE- A 14 Alvah Banff

34 Earlsloch, Hilf o l ibid., XLI (1906-7), 65 NMAS -EA 1 70 Montblairy Alvah Banff

35 Carnousie ibid., xvi (1881-2)7 23 , NMA SE- A 47 Forglen Banff NAIRNSHIRE, MORA BANFFSHIRD YAN E 125

Particulars

Secondary interments in long barrow (approx. 220 ft.). i8th September 1886 at W. (sic, presum. S.) end 'a very fine urn' . hig 1filled 2in han d with calcined bones found. After remova 'bs y wa som t li e mischance' broked nan only the 'merest fragments remain' which subseq. disappeared. Later rep. says urn was inverted on flat stone. Februarh 5t mounhig. f o in hyd 8 , filled188en c foun. n d8N ur witn di h 'black mould' mouts It . h rested 'ina decors saucer'(?wa t i , witd an )h 'zigzag markings 'surrounded an ' d wit hridga f bosseeo s ever inchew yfe s apart'. It was dest. by the farm servants who found it. (Both urns were found nr. surf., rains and frost having exposed them - autho r notes their secondary position.)

Incensn a found p an e graveCu n s di App sand CU lan d5 . mound being use graves da l quarry, know Gallows na s Hill, poss. c. 50 yds. long and c. 15 ft. high, a broken and taken away with gravel, 3(1 frag.) and Cup preserved. Series of small pits filled with black material noted, also a c. 5 ft. long grave with a stone floor on which, under layea stonesf o r cremy la , sidesr .stono o bonen p pitt .d eo to t Relatio bu se.o,an o d t an p . CUsf Cu n o d .an grave unknown; bones with two illus. urns identified as adult. Twin holes in Cup app. functional for draining. (Prior to 1836 another mound nearby was removed revealing sev. CUs - see below).

e cemeterTh same founs sevf th yo e prevn e CU . o dfarreferred th s an m. a aboveo dt . Moun founs dwa o dt contain 'several vase bakef so d earth, place sora stonef n o tdo bench supporte blocky db stonf so e- som f eo these invertewern a n ei d position, other flawhola e td th top e stonsd ha eth ,enclosean n eo tumulus'a n di .

Found Ston a bef . nr e . r 185Circlo n 7i e (app area)n i 2 . ; inverte contd dan . calcined bones roundeA . d mass of hard clay perforate shaped dan d lik hammer-heaea d perh. found - latewit n hrur mention hammerref2 o .t s found nr. various 'paved graves' cont. charred bones and earth. A$\\. (Illust in this paper, PL XVII, I.)

Cont. burnt bones. (Illust. in this paper, fig. 8e.)

Found June 1904, inverted with calcined bones outside (these incl. £ a bivalve shell kept by finder) in slightly rising knoll during turnip planting, almost on b'dary bet. Alvah and Forglen parishes. Pres. to Mus. by Aber- cromby omitteo ,wh t frodi magnus mhi m opus. (Illust thin i . s paper, fig. 8d.)

Found 'several years' bef. 1882. (Illust. in this paper, PI. XVII, 2.)