The Journal of Northern Studies is a peer-reviewed academic publication issued twice a year. The journal has a specific focus on human activities in northern spaces, and articles concentrate on people as cultural beings, people in society and the interaction between people and the northern environment. In many cases, the contributions represent exciting interdisciplinary and multidis- ciplinary approaches. Apart from scholarly artic- les, the journal contains a review section, and a section with reports and information on issues relevant for Northern Studies. The journal is published by Umeå University and Sweden’s northernmost Royal Academy, the Royal Skyttean Society. ISSN 1654–5915 Vol. 13 • No. 1 • 2019 Published by Umeå University & The Royal Skyttean Society Umeå 2019 The Journal of Northern Studies is published with support from The Royal Skyttean Society and Umeå University © The authors and Journal of Northern Studies ISSN 1654-5915 Cover picture Scandinavia Satellite and sensor: NOAA, AVHRR Level above earth: 840 km Image supplied by METRIA, a division of Lantmäteriet, Sweden. www.metria.se NOAAR. cESA/Eurimage 2001. cMetria Satellus 2001 Design and layout Lotta Hortéll and Leena Hortéll, Ord & Co i Umeå AB Fonts: Berling Nova and Futura Contents Editors & Editorial board ...............................................................................................................5 Articles Dean Carson, Linda Lundmark & Doris Carson, The Continuing Advance and Re- treat of Rural Settlement in the Northern Inland of Sweden .............................7 Peder Roberts, The Promise of Kiruna’s Iron Ore in the Swedish Imagination, c. 1901–1915 .............................................................................................................................35 Paul Warde & Magnus Lindmark, Heat in a Cold Climate. Household Energy Choic- es in the Scandinavian North, 1890–1970 .................................................................61 Reviews Frances Abele & Chris Southcott (eds.), Care, Cooperation and Activism in Canada’s Northern Social Economy, Edmonton: University of Alberta Press 2016 (Philip A. Loring) ............................................................................................................. 93 Ian Peter Grohse, Frontiers for Peace in the Medieval North. The Norwegian-Scottish Frontier c. 1260–1470, Leiden: Brill 2017 (Brian Smith) .......................................96 Daniel Lindmark & Olle Sundström (eds.) 2016, De historiska relationerna mellan Svenska kyrkan och samerna. En vetenskaplig antologi 1–2, Skellefteå: Artos & Norma bokförlag 2016; Daniel Lindmark & Olle Sundström (eds.), Samerna och Svenska kyrkan. Underlag för kyrkligt försoningsarbete, Möklinta: Gid- lunds förlag 2017; Daniel Lindmark & Olle Sundström (eds.), The Sami and the Church of Sweden. Results from a White Paper Project, Möklinta: Gidlunds förlag 2018 (Thomas A. DuBois) . 100 Heikki Pihlajamäki, Conquest and the Law in Swedish Livonia (ca. 1630-1710). A Case of Legal Pluralism in Early modern Europe, Leiden: Brill 2017 (Raisa Maria Toivo) .................................................................................................................................105 Instructions to Authors ................................................................................................110 3 4 EDITORS Editor-in-chief: Professor Lars-Erik Edlund, Dept. of Language Studies, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Tel. +46-(0)90-786 7887 E-mail: [email protected] Assistant editors: Professor emeritus Kjell Sjöberg, Dept. of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden E-mail: [email protected] Professor Peter Sköld, Arctic Research Centre at Umeå University (Arcum), SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden [email protected] Editorial secretary: Associate professor Olle Sundström, Dept. of Historical, Philosophical, and Religious Studies, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Tel. +46-(0)90-786 7627 E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD Professor Jóhann P. Árnason, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic Professor emerita Louise Bäckman, Stockholm, Sweden Associate professor Ingela Bergman, The Silver Museum, Arjeplog, Sweden Professor Susan Brantly, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Professor Tatiana D. Bulgakova, Herzen State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg, Russia Professor Ken Coates, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Professor emeritus Öje Danell, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Professor François-Xavier Dillmann, École pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, France Professor Thomas A. DuBois, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA Professor emeritus Aant Elzinga, University of Gothenburg, Sweden Professor Elena M. Glavatskaya, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia Professor Sherrill E. Grace, University of British Columbia,Vancouver, Canada 5 Professor Kristin Kuutma, University of Tartu, Estonia Professor Cornelia Lüdecke, University of Hamburg, Germany Professor Else Mundal, University of Bergen, Norway Professor emeritus Einar Niemi, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway Professor Jill Oakes, University of Manitoba, Canada Professor Lars Östlund, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden Professor Anssi Paasi, University of Oulu, Finland Professor emeritus Andrejs Plakans, Iowa State University, Ames, USA Professor Neil Price, Uppsala University, Sweden Professor Håkan Rydving, University of Bergen, Norway Assistant professor Ebbe Volquardsen, Ilisimatusarfik/University of Greenland Professor Björn Wittrock, Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study (SCAS), Uppsala, Sweden Professor emerita Takako Yamada, Kyoto University, Japan 6 JOURNAL OF NORTHERN STUDIES Vol. 13 • No. 1 • 2019, pp. 7–33 DEAN CARSON, LINDA LUNDMARK & DORIS CARSON The Continuing Advance and Retreat of Rural Settlement in the Northern Inland of Sweden ABSTRACT In 1960, a range of leading rural geographers started a de- bate about population development and the “advance and retreat” of human settlement in sparsely populated rural areas, including in the inland north of Sweden. In what came to be known as the “Siljan Sym- posium,” they identified a number of key themes in relation to migra- tion and human mobility that were thought to determine settlement patterns in the inland north, including: internal migration and urban- isation of populations; the role of simultaneous in- and out-migration in re-shaping settlement patterns; redistribution of rural populations through return migration and international migration; and chang- ing preferences for settlement in different northern “zones” based on the methods for exploiting natural resources for agriculture, forestry, mining and energy production. This paper re-visits the main themes from the 1960 Siljan Symposium and examines Swedish register data 7 DEAN CARSON, LINDA LUNDMARK & DORIS CARSON, THE CONTINUING ADVANCE AND RETREAT to identify how migration patterns and the resulting “advance and retreat” of human settlement have changed across the inland of Västerbotten and Norrbotten. The results suggest that, while general urban-rural and region- al-local settlement patterns appear to have been relatively consistent, new forms of migration (including internal, return and international) with dif- ferent preferences for rural settlement emerging in different localities as a result of both persistent (mining, forestry, energy) and changing (tourism, lifestyle) values of natural resources. We also observe substantial differences in migration and urbanisation rates between Norrbotten and Västerbotten. The paper then discusses how the persistence and discontinuity of experi- ences over the past decades may provide insights into the potential future patterns of northern settlement. KEYWORDS migration, urbanisation, rural settlement, sparsely populated areas, northern Sweden Introduction In 1960, about twenty rural geographers who had attended the 19th Interna- tional Geographical Conference in the Nordic countries, travelled to Lake Siljan in Dalarna County in Sweden to discuss advance and retreat of rural settlement. The Siljan Symposium resulted in a 1960 special issue of Geograf- iska Annaler containing 17 papers (Enequist 1960a), along with a paper by Kirk Stone (1962) published two years later in the Annals of the Association of American Geographers. While the Symposium featured presentations from Scotland, the United States, Canada and Germany, eleven of the papers were specific to “northern Sweden,” considered as everything north of Stockholm and away from the Bothnian coast. The southern parts of this region had begun to experience general population loss, and the Symposium explained this essentially as a “retreat” of population from smaller rural settlements and isolated homesteads and an “advance” of urban settlement. At the same time, the far north (the counties of Västerbotten and Norrbotten) was still expe- riencing general population growth, but also a “retreat” of population from some rural areas. The argument was made at the Symposium that the northern inland areas would, in short order, follow the experience of the southern areas with more general population loss (Norling 1960). At a broad level, this was a prescient assumption, given that the inland north began to lose population early in the 1960s, and has continued to lose population since. The purpose of this paper is to re-visit the Siljan Symposium and the explanations given