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The Economical Geography of Swedish Norrland Author(S): Hans W:Son Ahlmann Source: Geografiska Annaler, Vol

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The Economical Geography of Swedish Norrland Author(S): Hans W:Son Ahlmann Source: Geografiska Annaler, Vol The Economical Geography of Swedish Norrland Author(s): Hans W:son Ahlmann Source: Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 3 (1921), pp. 97-164 Published by: Wiley on behalf of Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/519426 Accessed: 27-06-2016 10:05 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography, Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Geografiska Annaler This content downloaded from 137.99.31.134 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:05:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE ECONOMICAL GEOGRAPHY OF SWEDISH NORRLAND. BY HANS W:SON AHLMrANN. INTRODUCTION. T he position of Sweden can scarcely be called advantageous from the point of view of commercial geography. On its peninsula in the north-west cor- ner of Europe, and with its northern boundary abutting on the Polar world, it forms a backwater to the main stream of Continental communications. The southern boundary of Sweden lies in the same latitude as the boundary between Scotland and England, and as Labrador and British Columbia in America; while its northern boundary lies in the same latitude as the northern half of Greenland and the Arctic archipelago of America. The neighbourhood of the Atlantic alone has enabled this northerly country to be a highly civilized land, and gives the West- coast of South Sweden the open water that provides it with communication with the rest of the world all the year round. The extremely advantageous influence exercised by the Atlantic has not, however, counterbalanced the disadvantageous climatological conditions caused by the northerly position of North Sweden, to such an extent as to prevent these conditions from leaving their definitive mark on the scenery and human life of the whole country. There is still truth in the saying that the lower part of the river Dalilven forms the boundary line between the two great and most distinct divisions of Sweden, namely South Sweden and Norrland. The latter is shut off from the great com- municational area, the Atlantic, to the west by a mountain range and by the Nordland of Norway; thus it turns its face to the east where only the thinly populated expanses of Finland and North Russia extend, and from which the Gulf of Bothnia, being covered with ice throughout the winter, cannot be said to separate it entirely and to which it does not join it. During the last few decades Norrland has been regarded as the land of dreams and the land of the future. The dream has now been succeeded by reality, the future has become the present. At this very moment we stand in the midst of the development of Norrland. The time of enormous over-appreciation and under- appreciation has been succeeded by a conception of the value of Norrland which is based on more exact knowledge and experience. We need no longer appre- 7. Geografiska Annaler 192a. This content downloaded from 137.99.31.134 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:05:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 98 H. W:SON AHLMANN hend such information from the governors of the counties in Norrland as in 1636, when a message arrived in Stockholm about the finding of >)mountains with Swedish diamonds, some as big as a man's head, and some thrice as large,; nor shall we see any more pronouncements as to the small value of the Norr. land woodlands. There may therefore be reason for giving a comprehensive survey of the industries of Norrland and their importance to the towns, which stand out as the most significant results of material and mental civilization. The natural conditions as qualifications for the industries. Neither from a physical-geographical nor from an anthropo-geographical point of view is Norrland a natural, sharply defined territory. In the following account of the main features of its economic geography it seems most suitable to make Norrland com- i j !' I prise the whole of Northern Sweden as far south as Dalarna and Uppland. Of those latter /-Y in provinces Dalarna belongs to "Bergslagen" and Uppland to the "Millar-district" (according to S. De Geer's (io) proposed division). Norrland i i ....r will thus comprise the following counties: Gavleborgs lan, Vasternorrlands lin, Jamt- lands lan, Vasterbottens lin and' Norrbot- ??an tens lin, (fig. i).1 The area of Norrland is 261,271I square kilometres, forming about 6o0 of the whole of Sweden; its population was ,o019,673 on the ist of Jan. 1920, form- ing about i8 f of that of Sweden. The natural conditions of the industry of Norrland are the geographical situation of the country, the nature of the rock and the soil, the topography, the climate, the vegetation, and the people. In the introduction the dis- Fig. i. The counties of Norrland. advanageous geographical position has already been briefly mentioned. From the point of view of commercial geography the rock ground is of in- terest I) through its ores, 2) as material for a morphology, fit or unfit for colo- These counties are divided between the following provinces: Lappland, Norrbotten, Vaisterbotten, Angermanland, Jiimrntland, Hiirjedalen, Medelpad, Hilsingland and Gistrikland. This content downloaded from 137.99.31.134 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:05:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms ECONOMICAL GEOGRAPHY OF NORRLAND 99 nization, 3) as primary material for the creation of soil through weathering and 4) as ground of the quartery sediments. From these points of view the rock of Norrland is sterile, but at the same time it is very rich in iron-ore within its northernmost section. The composition of the rock of Norrland is monotonous as compared with that of other countries, in so far as it may be said on the whole to be composed of three great groups only, viz. archaean rock, cambrio-silurian sediments and the rocks of the "Seve"-group. The archaean rock with a number of subdivisions of various ages and characters forms the whole of Eastern Norrland as far as a line stretching from the easternmost end of Storsj6n to the middle section of Tornetrask. It consists of granites, gneisses, porphyries, porphyric schists, mica- and clayschists, syenites and greenstones. Within a younger series of the ar- chaean formation are situated on both sides of the Lulea-Riksgrainsen (-Narvik) railway line large quantities of iron-ore, Gellivare in a district composed of fine- grained gneisses and mica-schists, Kirunavaare in igneous rocks, syenites and por- phyries, bounded on both sides by sedimentary rocks. From the point of view of morphology the most important characteristic of the rock is its homogeneous and resistant composition. Even if its granites, diorites and other igneous massives may put their special stamp on the topography, yet the action of the morphological forces has resulted in a monotonous topography, which for miles has the same chief character of long, undulating forms, broken in detail. Consequently, within the extensive eastern archaean region the rock can scarcely be said to offer any essentially different topographical qualifications for colonization or economic-geographical conditions. - Regarding the archaean rock as ground for the soil, it is wholly determined by the fact that during the ice age the inland ice swept the rock quite clean from loose sediments, so that everywhere firm rock was laid bare. This complete sweeping and the short time that has elapsed since then have had the result that the composition of the rock has on the whole very little importance for the weathering production of fertile soil. True, certain rocks, such as coarse-grained granites, (for instance the Refsund granite), get weathered much more easily and quickly than other kinds of rock, and on a small scale they offer better possibilities for cultivation. Yet not even in this respect would the archaean rock seem to be of any great practical im- portance to Norrland. The archaean rock forms only the hard ground of the quartery sediments. Nearest to the west of the archaean region there follows a zone of cambrio-silurian rocks. This zone has its incomparably widest extension round Storsj6n, to the north of which it narrows down to a thin line at the foot of the mountains. By being composed of clay-schists, alum-schists, limestones, sandstones, and quartz- This content downloaded from 137.99.31.134 on Mon, 27 Jun 2016 10:05:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 100 H. W:SON AHL MANN ites this series of rock is rather different from the archaean rock with regard to the conditions spoken of above. Its limestones are valuable as building material and for the production of lime which will be of great importance to the agriculture in Norrland (which has, however, hitherto taken its lime exclusively from Southern Sweden by rail or by sea). The series also contains iron pyrites, though no quantity is large and rich enough to have been utilized as yet. Because their stratigraphy is quite different from that of the archaean rock and because of their more easily weathered character the silurian rocks offer a topography differing from that of the barren archaean district and are more suited than the latter for cul- tivation and colonization with their open, flat "smiling" scenery and their com- paratively level areas.
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