Hesseling, Dirk Christiaan 649 one of the first methods for teaching Spanish to cuestión en los estudios sobre L. H. P.”, in: SEHL deaf-mutes together with sketches of Portu- Actas III, 513–23. Ead. (2006): Las ideas lingüísticas Hassler guese and Italian phonetics and grammar, H. de L. H. P., Ph. d. diss., Univ. of Valladolid. , set out some theses for a general theory of G. (2001): “Teoría lingüística y antropología en las obras de L. H. P.”, in: Tietz, M. & Briesemeister, D., grammar based on his experience with deaf- eds., Los jesuitas espaÇoles expulsos: Su imagen y su mutes. Moreover, H. edited other linguistic contribución al saber sobre el mundo hispµnico en la works that remain unpublished and are pre- Europa del siglo XVIII, Madrid & Frankfurt am served in different libraries, such as an Italian Main, 379–99. Tovar, A. (1987): El lingüista espaÇol grammar for Spanish speakers, some texts L. H., Madrid. Mara Fuertes GutiØrrez about writing kept in the Spanish National Li- brary, and the drafts of a collection of micro- grammars in multiple languages kept together with his working papers in the Archivum Ro- Hesseling, Dirk Christiaan, b. July 15, 1859, manum Societatis Iesu (Ms. Opp. Nn. 342) and Amsterdam, the Netherlands, d. Apr. 6, 1941, in the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana (Codex Wassenaar, the Netherlands; highly original Vaticani Latini 9801–3). classicist, sociolinguist and creolist. H.s works provide one of the first attempts Born into a well-to-do bourgeois family, H. to classify the worlds languages using a unique studied classical languages, in particular ancient method based exclusively on linguistic mecha- Greek, at Leiden University, where he discov- nisms. He obtained very notable results in his ered that his real interests lay with language as taxonomies of South American languages and spoken by living beings. To develop that inter- in his identification of other groups like Ma- est, he went to Paris after finishing his studies at layo-Polynesian. His intuitions about concepts Leiden, to study modern Greek with Legrand such as the substratum or the relationship be- and Psichari. There he became friends with tween linguistics and history and his connec- Hubert Pernot, with whom he collaborated for tions with W. von fi Humboldt must also be many years on the development of Greek. In highlighted, although H.s linguistic ideas have 1893 he was appointed privaatdocent (unsa- to be assessed in the context of the Enlighten- laried lecturer) in Byzantine and modern Greek ment and his own Jesuit affiliation, which at Leiden University, which appointed him to a means that his theories are determined by his chair in that subject in 1907, after which he was religious beliefs. elected into the Royal Dutch Academy of Sci- ences. He retired in 1929. (1784): Catalogo delle Lingue, Cesena (facs. ed. by A. H. was widely known for his linguistic prow- Tovar & J. Bustamente, Madrid, 1987). (1785): Origine ess, which included a command of English, formazione, meccanismo, ed armonia deglidiomi, Cese- French, Latin, ancient and modern Greek, He- na. (1786): Aritmetica delle nazioni e divisione del tem- brew, Russian, German, Spanish, Portuguese po fra lorientali, Cesena. (1787a): Vocabolario Poliglo- and a number of Creole languages. His doctoral to [sic], Cesena. (1787b): Saggio Pratico delle Lingue, thesis, De Usu Coronarum Apud Graecos Capita Cesena (facs. ed., together with Vocabolario Poligloto, Selecta (Selected Chapters on the Use of by M. Breva-Claramonte & R. Sarmiento, Madrid, 1990). (1795): Escuela espaÇola de sordomudos,2 Wreaths among the Greeks), of 1886, was still vols., Madrid. (1800–05): Catµlogo de las lenguas de of the conventional kind in classical studies of las naciones conocidas, 6 vols., Madrid (facs. ed., ib., the period. Soon, however, he turned to the 1979). (1805?a): Gramµtica de la lengua italiana, Bib- question of how modern Greek grew out of lioteca Nacional EspaÇola [BNE], Ms. 7831. (1805?b): classical Greek, which forced him to consider Historia del arte de escribir, BNE, Mss. 7807–8. the Greek koine that developed in the eastern (1805?c): Paleografía Universal, BNE, Mss. 8496–8. Auroux, S. & Lazcano Mediterranean and the Middle East during the , E. (2000): “H. y P., L.”, Hellenistic period. This again sparked his inter- in: CRGTL, no. 5105. Batllori, M. (1951): “El ar- chivo lingüístico de H. en Roma y su reflejo en Wil- est in sociolinguistic phenomena, in particular helm von Humboldt”, Archivum Romanum Societatis phenomena of language contact and language Iesu 20, 59–116 (repr. in: id., La cultura hispano-ital- transplant. Wishing to consider the develop- iana de los jesuitas expulsos, Madrid, 1966, 201–74). ment of the Greek koine in the context of a Breva, M. (2004): “Contexto epistemológico y mo- general theory of linguistic change as a result delo doctrinal de las ideas lingüísticas de L. H. of language contact and transplant, he turned Calvo (1735–1809)”, RSEL 34, 39–68. , J. (1991): to the study of Afrikaans, the language of the Tres biografías lingüísticas en torno a Cuenca. III: Dutch settlers in South Africa, about which he L. H. P.: un científico a caballo entre dos mundos, Cuenca. Coseriu, E. (1978): “Lo que se dice de H.”, published a major work in 1899. From there he Estudios ofrecidos a Emilio Alarcos Llorach, Oviedo, proceeded to a study of the Negerhollands of III, 35–58. Delgado, F. (2003): L. H. Sus ideas lin- the Virgin Islands (1905), to Papiamentu, the güísticas, Córdoba. Fuertes, M. (2002): “Estado de la creole language of CuraÅao, to Canadian

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French, to Ceylon-Dutch, and finally to creoli- and transl. by T. L. Markey & P. T. Roberge, introd. zation processes in general. by P. Muysken & G. Meijer, Ann Arbor, MI (Linguis- tica Extranea 4). H. held that languages generally tend to de- Gilbert velop under the influence of social factors and , G. G. (1994). “H., D. C. (1859–1941)”, in: Asher, R. E. & Simpson, J. M. Y., eds., The EncLL, corresponding functional demands, more than 1545–46. Schuchardt, H. (1914). Die Sprache der because of language-internal or language-uni- Saramakkaneger in Surinam, Amsterdam (Verhande- versal forces. He thus opposed the trends appa- lingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te rent in the thinking of the Neogrammarians of Amsterdam, Afd. Letterkunde, n. s., pt. XIV, no. 6). the period and felt more at home with their Pieter A. M. Seuren critics, such as H. fi Schuchardt, Francisco Adolpho Coelho or Lucien Adam, who stressed the role of substrate languages, even though he Hesselman, Bengt Ivar, b. Dec. 21, 1875, Stock- did not always support their views either. He holm, d. Apr. 6, 1952, Uppsala, Sweden; Scan- disagreed with Schuchardt in that he placed dinavist, language historian and dialectologist, greater emphasis on the baby-talk factor in especially of Swedish. the genesis of creoles, while Schuchardt empha- H. received his doctorate and became a do- sized the foreigner-talk factor. Yet H. was pre- cent of Nordic languages in Uppsala in 1902 pared to accept that both factors may have and became professor of the same subject in contributed jointly (1979: 64–68). He disagreed Gothenburg in 1914 and in Uppsala in 1919 more strongly with Adam, who held that creole (after A. fi Noreen). languages are fundamentally just the original H.s greatest scholarly achievement is his uti- Asian or African languages of the (slave or lization of the popular dialects and the place laborer) creole speakers, but with the lexical names in all the Nordic countries in discussing items taken from the European languages of the history of Swedish and the common Nordic the masters. On the other hand, he did not language. In this respect he is deeply original. reject relexification phenomena entirely. It was His results silenced talk of a Swedish standard with Coelho that he found himself most in language with sound laws of its own. His doc- agreement. As is apparent from the correspond- toral thesis (1902) clarified a central point in the ence between H. and Schuchardt (Gilbert phonetic history of Swedish and enhanced the 1994), H. was instrumental in getting Schu- results of his first printed publication (1901). chardt, then over 70, to publish the latters H.s opinion on the division of the Swedish now famous Die Sprache der Saramakkaneger dialects (1905) is also generally accepted today. in Surinam with the Royal Dutch Academy in H. focused on dialects in other publications Amsterdam in 1914 (the book contains, besides as well, e. g. on Swedish short i and y (1909), a an introduction full of information, a uniquely frequently quoted book and the first work valuable collection of 18th and 19th century where he applied a dialect-geographical method texts, including an 18th century dictionary of when trying to solve a diachronic problem. Saramaccan by the Moravian missionary Schu- After dealing with a special problem with the mann). book on umlaut and stress in the Nordic lan- Together with Schuchardt, Coelho and guages (1945), he published his magnum opus, Adam, Hesseling counts as one of the fathers an outline of the history of Swedish. (1948/52). of creolistics, now a flourishing and important Here he draws on his incomparably extensive branch of linguistic studies, but which was knowledge of dialects, place names, and sound looked down upon in his day as a slightly vul- changes in all of the Nordic languages. Espe- gar pursuit of linguistic curiosa, unworthy of cially notable is his utilization of place names. real academics. His views are still relevant to- The book remained a torso; only the chapters day, as many of the questions he broached have Ljudfçrsvagning (sound weakening) and Ljud- not yet found their definitive answer. fçrändring (sound change) were completed be- fore his death. H. was a prominent place name (1897): Charos, ein Beitragzur Kenntnis des neugrie- scholar in a series of papers (e. g. 1930). chischen Volksglaubens, Leiden & Leipzig. (1899): Het Together with Olof Östergren and Ruben G. Afrikaansch: Bijdrage tot de Geschiedenis der Neder- Berg H. founded (1900) the journal Språk och landsche Taal in Zuid-Afrika. Uitgegeven vanwege de Stil, which was followed by Nysvenska Studier Maatschappij der Nederlandsche Letterkunde te Lei- (1921), ed. by H. and Östergren. These two den, Leiden (2nd revd. ed., 1923). (1905): Het Neger- journals have been of great importance in the hollands der Deense Antillen: Bijdrage tot de Geschie- denis der Nederlandse Taal in Amerika, Leiden. (1934): study of language and style in Sweden. “Gemengde taal, mengeltaal, kreools en kreolisering”, H. was an inspiring teacher, continuously De Nieuwe Taalgids 28, 310–22. (1979): On the Origin spreading new thoughts and ideas. His meth- and Formation of Creoles: A Miscellany of Articles, ed. odologically instructive seminars in the 1930s

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