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Central Mixed Crop Livelihood Zone Report

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Central Mixed Crop Livelihood Zone Report Livelihood Profile Tigray Region, Ethiopia Central Mixed Crop Livelihood Zone February 20071 Zone Description The central mixed crop zone extends across Ganta Afeshum, Ahferom, Adwa, Werei Leke, Laelay Maichew and Naeder Adet woredas. It is located in central Tigray, and includes part of Mereb leke and a very small part of Gulomekeda to the north, and shares a border with Kola Temben to the south, and Tahtay Machew to the west. It lies in the woina dega (midland) agro-ecology, with a scenic landscape of undulating mountains alternating with plains. The most prominent mountain is the Soloda mountain, which imposes its presence on Adwa town. Bush scrub and scattered trees are the main vegetation in an area. Marble and black stones are found in abundance just below the surface, and they are used for house construction. Population density is medium to high. Rainfall is approximately 350 to 700 mm per year, and temperatures are moderate because of the altitude. Water for human consumption is collected from developed springs, hand dug wells, and deep and shallow wells during both the wet and dry season.The production system is mixed farming, comprised of crop and livestock production. Crop production is dependant on the April to August long rains (Kiremt/kiremti). The main crops cultivated are sorghum, teff, hanfets (mixed barley and wheat), finger millet, and maize. Oxen are used to provide draught power for land preparation activities. Both men and women participate in weeding and harvesting. The zone is not well suited for crop production because cultivable land is limited by the terrain. The infertile sandy and clay soils reap modest crop yields. Erratic rainfall and land degradation present further obstacles to improved food security in the zone. Soil conservation, water harvesting and fertilizer are important to improve production. The zone faces a food deficit every year. The main crop hazards are shoot fly that mainly affects teff, rodents that attack barley and wheat, and rust which affect all crops. Treatment is available from the Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development (BoARD) for cash or credit payment. The main livestock are cattle and shoats (sheep and goats), fed mainly from communal pasture and crop residue. Livestock are important for providing draught power, and as a source of both food and income. Goats are the commonly consumed and sold livestock. Consumption and sale of goats is usually during the festival periods. Goats are typically sold at least 10 months after birth. Cattle are valuable assets that are rarely sold, and hardly ever consumed. Cattle are kept for productive agricultural activities, and also serve as an investment that can provide relatively significant income in bad years. When cattle are sold, it is at least three years after birth. Younger oxen are purchased from the market to replace ageing oxen. Mature females are scarcely available on the market, and are replenished from within the herd. Households receive nourishment and earn income from livestock products such as butter. The major hazards are pasteurellosis, external and internal parasites, coccidiosis. pasteurellosis affects shoats, external and internal parasites are infecting all livestock, and coccidiosis affects chicken. Treatment is available free of charge and for cash from the BoARD. Labor sales are a major source of income and food particularly for poorer households. Male household members migrate to the sesame producing areas of western Tigray for weeding and harvesting activities between August and October. The Productive Safety-Net Program (PSNP) was initiated in 1997 Ethiopian Calendar (E.C). It is designed to protect the assets of chronically food insecure households through the provision of food and cash entitlements. Household with 1Field work for the current profile was undertaken in February 2007. The information presented refers to September 2005-August 2006 (EC 1998) a good year by local standards. Provided there are no fundamental and rapid shifts in the economy, the information in this profile is expected to remain valid for approximately five years (i.e. until 2011). The exchange for the reference year was 1USD: 8.767 ETB and all the prices refer to the reference year. The Ethiopian calendar is approximately 7/8 behind the Gregorian calendar. Central Mixed Crop Livelihood Zone 2 able-bodied members get access to food or cash entitlements through public works activities. Households without labor receive direct support i.e. without participating in public works. In this zone, beneficiaries are receiving both food and cash distributions. The daily wage rate is 6Ethiopian Birr (ETB) for 5 working days a month, over a three-month period. 15kg of wheat per month is given as the equivalent food entitlement for the following three months. Access to credit was provided through the household credit package. The poor, middle and better-off households were provided loans that go up to 1500 ETB. These loans were used mainly to purchase cattle. Smaller loans of 800ETB were available to all wealth groups for shoat purchase. A third loan of 1200ETB was available to the middle and better- off households for beehive purchases. The repayment period for loans is 1-3 years depending on the value of the package. All loans have a 9% interest rate and repayment begins one year after loan disbursement. Repayment can be deferred in the event of a drought or epidemic. Markets The main cereal on the market during the post harvest season from December to March is teff. The teff that is available on the market comes from Nebelet and Edaga Arbi. It is destined for markets in Axum through intermediate markets in Endaselassie. Some of the teff is exported to Mekelle through Adwa, Enticho and Adigrat. During the hunger season from May to September, sorghum and maize are imported into the zone from Humera and Gojam respectively. Sorghum from Humera is imported into the local Edaga Arbi market through intermediate markets in Endaselassie, Adwa, and Enticho. Maize is imported from Gojam through Edaga Selus, Adwa, and Enticho, heading for the destination market in Edaga Arbi. The purchase price of sorghum is slightly lower than maize. Pulses are imported into the zone throughout the year. The livestock markets are dominated by goats, cattle, and chickens. Goats are exported from Adwa to Rama; and from Enticho to destination markets in Adigrat. An additional trade route supplies goats from Edaga Selus to Axum, for destination markets in Endaselassie.. Cattle are exported to Axum from markets in Rama, Adwa, and Enticho and Axum, coming from Edaga Arbi.. Chickens are sold to markets in Shire, Rama, and Adigrat, supplied from Axum, Adwa, and Nebelet. Butter is also sold on the market.. Markets are moderately accessible. The roads around the livelihood zone are in fair condition. Of those people migrating for casual labor: 50-60% migrate to western Tigray (Humera, Dansha, and Sheraro) for sesame weeding and harvesting between August and October; 30-40% seek work in local towns, and 10-15% seek work in the local rural areas. Seasonal Calendar There are three main seasons in the zone, namely the cultivation season which is made up of the short Asmera rains from April to May, and the main Kiremt/ Kiremti rains from mid June to September, Harvest season Meher/Kew’e from October to November , and cold dry season Belg/Hagai from December to March. Agriculture production is dependant on the April to August rainy season. The brief April rains are necessary for the planting of long cycle sorghum and finger millet in April and maize in May. The onset of the main rainy season allows the planting of short cycle teff and hanfets in June and July. Weeding by both men and women is done in July and August. The consumption year begins in October with the harvest of maize, and hanfets. Teff and finger millet are harvested in Central Mixed Crop Livelihood Zone 3 November. Local agricultural labor opportunities are available during the crop production season, mainly for weeding and harvesting activities. The onset of rain also marks the beginning of the livestock production season. Increased availability of pasture initiates the cattle heat and births period in May and June. The lactation period starts in June soon after the May births, and lasts until November. Livestock are sold throughout the year, however, there are seasonal peak trading periods: oxen sales increase during the land preparation period from April to June; goat sales increase during the festival periods, in April (Easter/Fasika), in September (New Year/ Meskerem), and in January during the (Epiphany/Timkat) celebrations. All households send somebody to western Tigray from August to October during the sesame weeding and harvesting season. Livestock migrate from Werei Leke to the lowlands in Werei catchment for pasture and water during the dry season. During bad years, livestock migrate in June to August, and December to January to the lowlands of Tsaedat in search of water and pasture. The hunger season peaks in July and August. During this period, the market is the main source of food for household consumption. As such, access to income is the primary livelihood strategy during this period. The main sources of income are labor migration, local labor, and milk production. The hunger season is broken by the October harvest. Malaria is associated with the onset and offset of rain. Infections begin in May and June, subside in July and August, and resume in September until November. Wealth Breakdown
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