Genomic Analysis Reveals Hidden Biodiversity Within Colugos, the Sister Group to Primates Victor C
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Learning About Mammals
Learning About Mammals The mammals (Class Mammalia) includes everything from mice to elephants, bats to whales and, of course, man. The amazing diversity of mammals is what has allowed them to live in any habitat from desert to arctic to the deep ocean. They live in trees, they live on the ground, they live underground, and in caves. Some are active during the day (diurnal), while some are active at night (nocturnal) and some are just active at dawn and dusk (crepuscular). They live alone (solitary) or in great herds (gregarious). They mate for life (monogamous) or form harems (polygamous). They eat meat (carnivores), they eat plants (herbivores) and they eat both (omnivores). They fill every niche imaginable. Mammals come in all shapes and sizes from the tiny pygmy shrew, weighing 1/10 of an ounce (2.8 grams), to the blue whale, weighing more than 300,000 pounds! They have a huge variation in life span from a small rodent living one year to an elephant living 70 years. Generally, the bigger the mammal, the longer the life span, except for bats, which are as small as rodents, but can live for up to 20 years. Though huge variation exists in mammals, there are a few physical traits that unite them. 1) Mammals are covered with body hair (fur). Though marine mammals, like dolphins and whales, have traded the benefits of body hair for better aerodynamics for traveling in water, they do still have some bristly hair on their faces (and embryonically - before birth). Hair is important for keeping mammals warm in cold climates, protecting them from sunburn and scratches, and used to warn off others, like when a dog raises the hair on its neck. -
Colorado Field Ornithologists the Colorado Field Ornithologists' Quarterly
Journal of the Colorado Field Ornithologists The Colorado Field Ornithologists' Quarterly VOL. 36, NO. 1 Journal of the Colorado Field Ornithologists January 2002 Vol. 36, No. 1 Journal of the Colorado Field Ornithologists January 2002 TABLE OF C ONTENTS A LETTER FROM THE E DITOR..............................................................................................2 2002 CONVENTION IN DURANGO WITH KENN KAUFMANN...................................................3 CFO BOARD MEETING MINUTES: 1 DECEMBER 2001........................................................4 TREE-NESTING HABITAT OF PURPLE MARTINS IN COLORADO.................................................6 Richard T. Reynolds, David P. Kane, and Deborah M. Finch OLIN SEWALL PETTINGILL, JR.: AN APPRECIATION...........................................................14 Paul Baicich MAMMALS IN GREAT HORNED OWL PELLETS FROM BOULDER COUNTY, COLORADO............16 Rebecca E. Marvil and Alexander Cruz UPCOMING CFO FIELD TRIPS.........................................................................................23 THE SHRIKES OF DEARING ROAD, EL PASO COUNTY, COLORADO 1993-2001....................24 Susan H. Craig RING-BILLED GULLS FEEDING ON RUSSIAN-OLIVE FRUIT...................................................32 Nicholas Komar NEWS FROM THE C OLORADO BIRD R ECORDS COMMITTEE (JANUARY 2002).........................35 Tony Leukering NEWS FROM THE FIELD: THE SUMMER 2001 REPORT (JUNE - JULY)...................................36 Christopher L. Wood and Lawrence S. Semo COLORADO F IELD O -
The Phylogenetic Roots of Human Lethal Violence José María Gómez1,2, Miguel Verdú3, Adela González-Megías4 & Marcos Méndez5
LETTER doi:10.1038/nature19758 The phylogenetic roots of human lethal violence José María Gómez1,2, Miguel Verdú3, Adela González-Megías4 & Marcos Méndez5 The psychological, sociological and evolutionary roots of 600 human populations, ranging from the Palaeolithic era to the present conspecific violence in humans are still debated, despite attracting (Supplementary Information section 9c). The level of lethal violence the attention of intellectuals for over two millennia1–11. Here we was defined as the probability of dying from intraspecific violence propose a conceptual approach towards understanding these roots compared to all other causes. More specifically, we calculated the level based on the assumption that aggression in mammals, including of lethal violence as the percentage, with respect to all documented humans, has a significant phylogenetic component. By compiling sources of mortality, of total deaths due to conspecifics (these sources of mortality from a comprehensive sample of mammals, were infanticide, cannibalism, inter-group aggression and any other we assessed the percentage of deaths due to conspecifics and, type of intraspecific killings in non-human mammals; war, homicide, using phylogenetic comparative tools, predicted this value for infanticide, execution, and any other kind of intentional conspecific humans. The proportion of human deaths phylogenetically killing in humans). predicted to be caused by interpersonal violence stood at 2%. Lethal violence is reported for almost 40% of the studied mammal This value was similar to the one phylogenetically inferred for species (Supplementary Information section 9a). This is probably the evolutionary ancestor of primates and apes, indicating that a an underestimation, because information is not available for many certain level of lethal violence arises owing to our position within species. -
Appendix Lagomorph Species: Geographical Distribution and Conservation Status
Appendix Lagomorph Species: Geographical Distribution and Conservation Status PAULO C. ALVES1* AND KLAUS HACKLÄNDER2 Lagomorph taxonomy is traditionally controversy, and as a consequence the number of species varies according to different publications. Although this can be due to the conservative characteristic of some morphological and genetic traits, like general shape and number of chromosomes, the scarce knowledge on several species is probably the main reason for this controversy. Also, some species have been discovered only recently, and from others we miss any information since they have been first described (mainly in pikas). We struggled with this difficulty during the work on this book, and decide to include a list of lagomorph species (Table 1). As a reference, we used the recent list published by Hoffmann and Smith (2005) in the “Mammals of the world” (Wilson and Reeder, 2005). However, to make an updated list, we include some significant published data (Friedmann and Daly 2004) and the contribu- tions and comments of some lagomorph specialist, namely Andrew Smith, John Litvaitis, Terrence Robinson, Andrew Smith, Franz Suchentrunk, and from the Mexican lagomorph association, AMCELA. We also include sum- mary information about the geographical range of all species and the current IUCN conservation status. Inevitably, this list still contains some incorrect information. However, a permanently updated lagomorph list will be pro- vided via the World Lagomorph Society (www.worldlagomorphsociety.org). 1 CIBIO, Centro de Investigaça˜o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos and Faculdade de Ciˆencias, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vaira˜o 4485-661 – Vaira˜o, Portugal 2 Institute of Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Str. -
(Trematoda; Cestoda; Nematoda) Geographic Records from Three Species of Owls (Strigiformes) in Southeastern Oklahoma Chris T
92 New Ectoparasite (Diptera; Phthiraptera) and Helminth (Trematoda; Cestoda; Nematoda) Geographic Records from Three Species of Owls (Strigiformes) in Southeastern Oklahoma Chris T. McAllister Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK 74745 John M. Kinsella HelmWest Laboratory, 2108 Hilda Avenue, Missoula, MT 59801 Lance A. Durden Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458 Will K. Reeves Colorado State University, C. P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Fort Collins, CO 80521 Abstract: We are just now beginning to learn about the ectoparasites and helminth parasites of some owls of Oklahoma. Some recent contributions from our lab have attempted to help fill a previous void in that information. Here, we report, four taxa of ectoparasites and five helminth parasites from three species of owls in Oklahoma. They include two species of chewing lice (Strigiphilus syrnii and Kurodeia magna), two species of hippoboscid flies (Icosta americana and Ornithoica vicina), a trematode (Strigea elegans) and a cestode (Paruterina candelabraria) from barred owls (Strix varia), and three nematodes, Porrocaecum depressum from an eastern screech owl (Megascops asio), Capillaria sp. eggs from S. varia, and Capillaria tenuissima from a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). With the exception of Capillaria sp. eggs and I. americana, all represent new state records for Oklahoma and extend our knowledge of the parasitic biota of owls of the state. to opportunistically examine raptors from the Introduction state and document new geographic records for their parasites in Oklahoma. Over 455 species of birds have been reported Methods from Oklahoma and several are species of raptors or birds of prey that make up an important Between January 2018 and September 2019, portion of the avian fauna of the state (Sutton three owls were found dead on the road in 1967; Baumgartner and Baumgartner 1992). -
Melo-Ferreira J, Lemos De Matos A, Areal H, Lissovski A, Carneiro M, Esteves PJ (2015) The
1 This is the Accepted version of the following article: 2 Melo-Ferreira J, Lemos de Matos A, Areal H, Lissovski A, Carneiro M, Esteves PJ (2015) The 3 phylogeny of pikas (Ochotona) inferred from a multilocus coalescent approach. Molecular 4 Phylogenetics and Evolution 84, 240-244. 5 The original publication can be found here: 6 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790315000081 7 8 The phylogeny of pikas (Ochotona) inferred from a multilocus coalescent approach 9 10 José Melo-Ferreiraa,*, Ana Lemos de Matosa,b, Helena Areala,b, Andrey A. Lissovskyc, Miguel 11 Carneiroa, Pedro J. Estevesa,d 12 13 aCIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, 14 InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal 15 bDepartamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, 16 Portugal 17 cZoological Museum of Moscow State University, B. Nikitskaya, 6, Moscow 125009, Russia 18 dCITS, Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias da Saúde, IPSN, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal 19 20 *Corresponding author: José Melo-Ferreira. CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e provided by Repositório Aberto da Universidade do Porto View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE brought to you by 21 Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus Agrário de 22 Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão. Phone: +351 252660411. E-mail: [email protected]. 23 1 1 Abstract 2 3 The clarification of the systematics of pikas (genus Ochotona) has been hindered by largely 4 overlapping morphological characters among species and the lack of a comprehensive molecular 5 phylogeny. -
Host and Viral Traits Predict Zoonotic Spillover from Mammals Kevin J
LETTER doi:10.1038/nature22975 Host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals Kevin J. Olival1, Parviez R. Hosseini1, Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio1, Noam Ross1, Tiffany L. Bogich1 & Peter Daszak1 The majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, highest for Bunya-, Flavi- and Arenaviruses in rodents; Flavi-, Bunya- with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern and Rhabdoviruses in bats; and Herpesviruses in non-human primates (for example, HIV, Ebola and SARS)1–3. Understanding patterns (Extended Data Fig. 2). Of 586 mammalian viruses in our dataset, of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross- 263 (44.9%) have been detected in humans, 75 of which are exclu- species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for sively human and 188 (71.5% of human viruses) zoonotic—defined pandemic surveillance programs4. However, few analytical tools operationally here as viruses detected at least once in humans and at exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next least once in another mammal species (Methods). The proportion human virus, or which viruses can cross species boundaries5–7. Here of zoonotic viruses is higher for RNA (159 of 382, 41.6%) than DNA we conduct a comprehensive analysis of mammalian host–virus (29 of 205, 14.1%) viruses. The observed number of viruses per wild relationships and show that both the total number of viruses that host species was comparable when averaged across orders, but bats, infect a given species and the proportion likely to be zoonotic are primates, and rodents had a higher proportion of observed zoonotic predictable. -
Parasites Acquired Beta Satellite Dnas from Hominid Hosts Via
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/589531; this version posted March 28, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Parasites Acquired Beta Satellite DNAs from Hominid Hosts via Horizontal Gene Transfer Jiawen Yang1, Yiting Zhou, Guangwei Ma, Xueyan Zhang and Yabin Guo1* Affiliation: 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China. *Correspondence: [email protected] Keywords: Beta satellite DNA, Sau3A sequences, Primate, Parasite, horizontal gene transfer bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/589531; this version posted March 28, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Highlights 1. The ever largest scale analysis on beta satDNAs. 2. The origin of beta satDNAs was traced back to ~80 MYA. 3. Mass existence of beta satDNAs in non-primate species was contributed by multiple HGT events. bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/589531; this version posted March 28, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. -
Mammal Fauna of Ihlara Valley (Aksaray, Turkey)
BITLIS EREN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 7(2) (2017) 108–114 Available online at www.dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/beuscitech/ Journal of Science and Technology E-ISSN 2146-7706 Mammal fauna of Ihlara Valley (Aksaray, Turkey) Kubilay Toyran a,* , Tarkan Yorulmaz b , Serdar Gözütok c a Bitlis Eren University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, Bitlis, Turkey b Çankırı Karatekin University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Çankırı, Turkey c Abant İzzet Baysal Universty, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Bolu, Turkey A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article history: This study was conducted between 2010 and 2011. The goal of study is to identify mammal species in Received 16 November 2017 the area and determine factors threatening these species. As a result of field studies, totally 20 species Received in revised form 28 November were identified from the orders Eulipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Carnivora, and 2017 Artiodactyla of Mammal class. Factors that threaten mammal species and protective measures were Accepted 29 November 2017 given. Keywords: Mammal species Distribution Ihlara Valley Turkey © 2017. Turkish Journal Park Academic. All rights reserved. being about 14 km long also has a microclimate property due 1. Introduction to its position. When considering these characteristics, it is important to identify mammal species in the valley and to Turkey is considerably rich in elements of fauna and flora due determine the activities threatening these species. to its geographical location. Ecological, geological, and climatic differences of the country play an important role in 2. -
By DANIEL L. GEBO and K. CHRISTOPHER BEARD
Forelimb Anatomy of the Microsyopidae (Mammalia: Primatomorpha): implications for primate origins By DANIEL L. GEBO1 and K. CHRISTOPHER BEARD2 1Department of Anthropology, Northern Illinois University, 2Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas Introduction Although historical attempts to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the extinct family Microsyopidae have yielded variable and often conflicting results, all recent analyses have interpreted these animals as stem Primates or members of the crown clade Primatomorpha. Here we describe the forelimb anatomy of Microsyops and Niptomomys, two microsyopids from the Eocene of North America. In Figure 1. USGS 16647, both cases the distal humeral anatomy of these maxilla of Microsyops microsyopids mirrors that of crown clade primates latidens from the early Eocene in having a spherical capitulum associated with a wide and distinct spatial gutter separating the capitulum from the trochlea. This primate-like distal humeral anatomy contrasts with that of other known plesiadapiforms, which have a subspherical capitulum and lack the distinct separation between the capitulum and trochlea found in microsyopids. Microsyopid elbow morphology allows for an extensive range of forearm pronation and supination, movements that are often utilized Figure 4. Distal humeral comparisons. A through d are early Eocene fossil primates: a) Cantius, USGS 6759; b) during locomotion on small diameter arboreal asiadapine, GU 713, reversed; c) Teilhardina, IRSNB M2160; d) Archicebus, IVPP V18618. e) Plesiadapis, supports or during single-handed manual MNH BR 3L and B4L, redrawn from Szalay et al., 1975) and f ) Niptomomys, USNM 639759) are manipulation of food items. In this poster, we consider plesiadapiforms. Note the less rounded capitulum and the capitulaum-trochlear connection (shaded joints) in the best phyletic position for the Microsyopidae the elbow joint of Plesiadapis (e) relative to early Eocene fossil primates (a-d). -
Conserved Sequences Identify the Closest Living Relatives of Primates
ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH between primates and tree shrews (Kay et al., 1992; Novacek, Gorilla gorilla, Macaca mulatta, Microcebus murinus, 1992; Wible & Covert, 1987). In addition, several other studies Galeopterus variegatus, and Mus musculus vs. Homo sapiens have regarded both tree shrews and flying lemurs (colugos) were downloaded from the University of California Santa Cruz together as a sister group of primates (Bloch et al., 2007; Liu (UCSC) pairwise alignments. We also downloaded repeat- et al., 2001; Murphy et al., 2001; Nie et al., 2008; Sargis, masked whole genome sequences (17 species) from the Conserved sequences identify the closest living 2002; Springer et al., 2003, 2004). Further phylogenetic NCBI assembly database, with the repeat-masked Homo analysis incorporating paleontological evidence also suggests sapiens genome obtained from the UCSC Genome Browser that primates and colugos are sister taxa (Beard, 1993). (http://genome.ucsc.edu/). Pairwise whole genome alignments relatives of primates Previous molecular studies also support colugos as the for 17 species (Table 1) vs. Homo sapiens were obtained closest living relatives of primates (Bininda-Emonds et al., using LASTZ (Schwartz et al., 2003) with the following 2007; Hudelot et al., 2003; Waddell et al., 2001). Genomic parameters: E=30, O=400, K=3 000, L=2 200, and M=50. A Mei-Ling Zhang1,#, Ming-Li Li2,4,#, Adeola Oluwakemi Ayoola2,4, Robert W. Murphy2,3, Dong-Dong Wu2,*, Yong Shao2,* analyses further postulated a third potential topology: 24-way whole genome multiple -
Biology of Rodents and Lagomorphs
Taxonomy of rodents Biology of rodents and lagomorphs Class : Mammalia (mammals) Order: Rodentia (rodents) Family : Muride (rats and mice) Joanna Godawa Stormark Sub-family: Murinae Genus: Mus Species: Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 Genus: Rattus Species: Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769) Rodent features Rodent origin and distribution 2 pairs of incisors in the upper and lower jaw Rodent are monophyletics Behind the incisors is a large gap in the tooth rows The sub-family Murinae emerged in Southeastern called diastema Asia at the end of the oligocene and the start of the miocene periodes (25-20 mill. years ago) Most species are nocturnal Occurs throughout the world, excluding Most species are continuously polyoestrous Antartica The mouse Rodent diet Most species are herbivores, some are omnivores and insectivores Herbivore rodents are coprophagous Mouse breeding Mouse breeding The modern laboratory mouse is a hybrid of three sub-species: Mus musculus musculus , M. m. domesticus and M. m. castaneus The gestation period is 20 days Lifespan is 1-2 years The average litter size is 10-12 Mouse as all rodents is polyoestrouse Sexual cycle lasts 5 (4-7) days The pups weigh 0.5 to 1.5 grams at birth The Whitten effect occurs – the synchronization of the estrous cycles of female exposed to the pheromones of a male Pups are weaned at 3 weeks of age The Bruce effect occurs - the exposure of a recently bred mouse to the pheromones of a strange male mouse prevent implantation or produce pseudopregnancy Lee Boot effect occurs Mouse behaviour Mouse