sign in sign up
<<
Home , Abyssinian hare, African savanna hare, Alaskan hare, Amami rabbit, American pika, Antelope jackrabbit

Appendix Lagomorph : Geographical Distribution and

PAULO C. ALVES1* AND KLAUS HACKLÄNDER2

Lagomorph is traditionally controversy, and as a consequence the number of species varies according to different publications. Although this can be due to the conservative characteristic of some morphological and genetic traits, like general shape and number of chromosomes, the scarce knowledge on several species is probably the main reason for this controversy. Also, some species have been discovered only recently, and from others we miss any information since they have been first described (mainly in ). We struggled with this difficulty during the work on this book, and decide to include a list of lagomorph species (Table 1). As a reference, we used the recent list published by Hoffmann and Smith (2005) in the “ of the world” (Wilson and Reeder, 2005). However, to make an updated list, we include some significant published data (Friedmann and Daly 2004) and the contribu- tions and comments of some lagomorph specialist, namely Andrew Smith, John Litvaitis, Terrence Robinson, Andrew Smith, Franz Suchentrunk, and from the Mexican lagomorph association, AMCELA. We also include sum- mary information about the geographical range of all species and the current IUCN conservation status. Inevitably, this list still contains some incorrect information. However, a permanently updated lagomorph list will be pro- vided via the World Lagomorph Society (www.worldlagomorphsociety.org).

1 CIBIO, Centro de Investigaça˜o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos and Faculdade de Ciˆencias, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vaira˜o 4485-661 – Vaira˜o, Portugal 2 Institute of Wildlife Biology and Management, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 331180 Vienna, Austria *E-mail: [email protected]

P.C. Alves, N. Ferrand, and K. Hackländer (Eds.) Lagomorph Biology: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation: 395–405 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2008 396 P.C. Alves and K. Hackländer

Table 1 List of Lagomorph species with the scientific and common name as well as geographical range and IUCN conservation status. The information was based on Hoffmann and Smith (2005), Friedmann and Daly (2004), and unpublished data. Conservation status is based on the infor- mation available in the “2004 IUCN red list of ” (IUCN 2004).

Species Common name Local IUCN status

Ochotona alpina Alpine : Sayan and Altai Mountains; LC Khangai, Kentei; upper Amur drainage (NW , S , NW ); N (). Ochotona Silver pika Asia: Restricted the Helan Shan range, CR argentata Ningxia (China). Ochotona cansus pika Asia: C China (Gansu, Qinghai, ); LC isolated populations in Shaanxi and Shanxi. Ochotona : WC Mackenzie, S , LC collaris NW (); SE (USA). Ochotona Plateau pika Asia: Tibetan plateau; adjacent Gansu, curzoniae Qinghai, Sichuan (China), () and E . LC Ochotona Asia: from Altai, Tuva and LC daurica Transbaikalia (Russia) through N China and Mongolia, south to Qinghai province (China). Ochotona Chinese red Asia: E Qinghai, W Gansu, S Xinjiang, LC erythrotis pika , and possibly N Sichuan (China). Ochotona Forrest’s pika Asia: NW , SE Tibet (China); NT forresti N Burma, , Sikkim (India); . Ochotona Gaoligong pika Asia: only known from locality – DD gaoligongensis Dongsao-fang, Yunnan (China). Ochotona Glover’s pika Asia: W Sichuan, NW Yunnan, NE Tibet, LC gloveri SW Qinghai (China). Ochotona Himalayan pika Asia: Mountain Jolmolungma (Everest), LC himalayana S Xizang (China); probably adjacent to Nepal. Ochotona Hoffmann’s pika Asia: Restricted to the subalpine zone of VU hoffmanni Hentiyn Nuruu ridge, Bayan-Ulan Mountains (Mongolia); Erman range (Russia). Ochotona Tsing-Ling pika Asia: Mountains of C China, including EN huangensis1 Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan provinces. Ochotona Asia: Ural, Putorana, Sayan Mountains, E LC hyperborea of Lena river to Chukotka, Koryatsk and Kamchatka, upper Yenesei, Transbaikalia and Amur regions, Island (Russia); NC Mongolia; NE China; N ; Hokkaido (). Lagomorph Species: Geographical Distribution and Conservation Status 397

Table 1—Continued

Species Common name Local IUCN status

Ochotona iliensis Asia: only known in type locality – VU Tien Shan Mountain, Xinjiang (China). Ochotona Kozlov’s pika Asia: Arkatag range, Kunlun Mountains, EN koslowi S shore of Aru-Tso lake, E of Lungdo, Ngari, Xizang (China). Ochotona Ladak pika Asia: SW Xinjiang, Qinghai, E Tibet LC ladacensis (China); Kashmir (India); Pakistan. Ochotona Large-eared pika Asia: Mountain regions including the LC macrotis (Nepal, India) from Bhutan through Tibet, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Sichuan and Yunnan (China), Karakorum (Pakistan), Hindu Kush (Afghanistan), Pamir, and W Tien Shan Mountains (, Tajikistan, SE Kazakhstan). Ochotona Muli pika Asia: only known from type locality Ting- DD muliensis Tung-Niu-Chang, Sichuan (China). Ochotona Black pika Asia: only known from type locality NE nigritia Piyanma, Yunnan (China). Ochotona Nubra pika Asia: Southern edge of Tibetan plateau LC nubrica from Ladak (India, China) through Nepal to E Tibet (China). Ochotona pallasi Pallas’s pika Asia: Discontinuous in arid areas LC (mountains and high steppes) in Kazakhstan; Altai mountains, Tuva (Russia); Mongolia to Xinjiang, and Ningxia (China). With some isolated that are endangered: O. p. hamica and O. p. sunidica. Ochotona North America: Mountains of W North LC princeps America from British Columbia (Canada) to N New , , C and EC (USA). Ochotona pusilla pika Asia: Steppes from middle Volga (Russia), VU through N Kazakhstan to upper Irtysh River and Chinese border. Not yet recorded in China. Ochotona roylei Royle’s pika Asia: Himalayan mountains in NW LC Pakistan and India to Nepal; adjacent Tibet (China). Ochotona Afghan pika Asia: Afghanistan, Baluchistan LC rufescens (Pakistan), Iran, and SW Turkmenistan. (Continued) 398 P.C. Alves and K. Hackländer

Table 1—Continued

Species Common name Local IUCN status

Ochotona rutila Turkestan red Asia: Isolated ranges from the LC pika Parmis (Tajikistan) to Tien Shan (SE Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, SE Kazakhstan); perhaps N Afghanistan and E Xinjiang (China). Ochotona Moupin pika Asia: Shanxi, Shaanxi, W Hubei, LC thibetana Yunnan, Sichuan, S Tibet (China); N Burma; Sikkim (India); perhaps adjacent Bhutan. Ochotona Thomas’s pika Asia: NE Qinghai, Gansu, and Sichuan NT thomasi (China). Ochotona Turuchan pika Asia: From middle to lower Yenesei river NE turuchanensis eastward to middle Lena river and ; the middle Siberian plateau and adjacent Lena river basin (Russia). Prolagidae Prolagus sardus Europe: Mediterranean isles of Corsica EX () and (). Brachylagus Brachylagus Pygmy North America: SW to EC NT idahoensis California, SW Utah, N to SW (USA). Isolated population in WC (USA). Bunolagus Bunolagus Africa: C Karoo, Cape colony CR monticularis (). Caprolagus Caprolagus Hispid Asia: S Himalaya foothills from Uttar EN; hispidus Pradesh (India) through Nepal and CITES (I) to Assam (India), and south through NW . Lepus Lepus alleni Antelope North and Central America: SC Arizona LC jackrabbit (USA) to and Tiburon Island (Mexico). Lagomorph Species: Geographical Distribution and Conservation Status 399

Table 1—Continued

Species Common name Local IUCN status

Lepus North America: S and C Alaska (USA), LC americanus from Hudson Bay to (Canada); Appalachians, S Michigan, North Dakota, MC , SC Utah and EC California (USA); introduced in some islands, e.g. Anacosti (Canada). Lepus arcticus2 hare North America: and LC Canadian artic islands southward in open to shore of Hudson Bay, thence northwest of Fort Anderson on coast of Arctic Ocean. Isolated populations in tundra of North Quebec and , and on Newfoundland (Canada). Lepus Japanese hare Asia: Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Oki and LC brachyurus Sado Islands (Japan). Lepus Black-tailed North and Central America: Hidalgo LC californicus jackrabbit and S Queretaro to N and Baja California (Mexico); north to SW Oregon and C Washington, S , E , S South Dakota, W Missouri, and NW Arkansas (USA). Apparently isolated population in SW Montana (USA). Lepus callotis White-sided North and Central America: C Oaxaca NT jackrabbit (Mexico), north discontinuously to SW New Mexico (USA). Range allopatric with L. alleni, to which it is probably related. Lepus capensis3 Africa and Asia: South Africa, , LC , Zimbabwe, S , S , ; , , , , countries of the and Sahara and N Africa; thence eastward through the Sinai to the Arabian Peninsula, Jordan, S Syria, S Israel and W and S Iraq, W of the Euphrates River. Lepus SW Europe - Iberian Peninsula: VU castroviejoi Restricted to the Cantabrian Mountains in N Spain. Lepus comus Yunnan hare Asia: Yunnan, W (China). LC Lepus coreanus Korean hare Asia: Korea; K Kirin, S Liaoning, LC E Heilungjiang (China). (Continued) 400 P.C. Alves and K. Hackländer

Table 1—Continued

Species Common name Local IUCN status

Lepus corsicanus Europe: S Italy, from the Abruzzo NE mountains southwards; Sicily (Italy); introduced in Corsica. (Formerly included in L. capensis and L. europaeus) Lepus europaeus Europe and Asia: throughout Europe, LC from Sweden and Finland to Britain, and from N Iberian Peninsula to W Siberian lowlands (Russia); South to N Israel, N Syria, the Tigris-Euphrates valley and W Iran. SE border of range (Iran) from S Caspian Sea south to Persian Gulf. Introduced in several regions, like South America, Australia, New Zealand and several islands including Barbados, Reunion and Falklands. Lepus fagani Ethiopian hare Africa: N and W Ethiopia, and DD adjacent SE , south to extreme NW Kenya. Lepus flavigularis Tehuantepec North America: Coastal plains and EN jackrabbit bordering foothills on south end of Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca (Mexico), along Pacific coast to (Mexico). (Now restricted to small area between Salina Cruz, Oaxaca and extreme W Chiapas). Lepus granatensis SW Europe: Iberian Peninsula, except NE NE Spain; Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). Lepus Africa: Djibouti, E Ethiopia, Somalia, LC habessinicus perhaps NE Kenya. Lepus hainanus Hainan hare Asia: lowlands of Hainan Island VU (China). Lepus insularis Black jackrabbit North America: Restricted to type NT locality – Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California - Mexico. Lepus Manchurian hare Asia: Ussuri region (Russia); NE China; LC mandshuricus extreme NE Korea. Lepus microtis4 African Savanna Africa: from Atlantic coast of NW Africa LC hare (, south to and ) eastwards across Sahel to Sudan and extreme W Ethiopia; southward through E Africa (E Republic of Congo, W Kenya) to NE Namibia, Botswana and KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). Lagomorph Species: Geographical Distribution and Conservation Status 401

Table 1—Continued

Species Common name Local IUCN status

Lepus nigricollis Asia: Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, except LC Sunderbands; Sri Lanka; introduced into Java and Mauritius, Gunnera Quoin, Anskya, Reunion and Coisin Islands in the Indian Ocean. (Considered native to Java by some authors). Lepus oiostolus Asia: Tibetan plateau, from Ladak to LC Sikkim (India), Nepal, and eastwards through Xizang (Tibet) and Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan (China). Lepus othus2 North America and Asia: W and SW LC Alaska (USA); E Chukotsk – Russia. Lepus peguensis Asia: C, S Burma from Chindwin River LC valley east to through Thailand; Cambodia; S Laos; S ; south in upper Malay Peninsula (Burma, Thailand). Lepus saxatilis Scrub hare South Africa: South Africa and LC S Namibia. Lepus sinensis Asia: SE China from Yangtze LC river southward; ; disjunct in NE Vietnam. Lepus starcki Ethiopian Africa: central highlands of Ethiopia. LC Highland hare Lepus tibetanus Asia: Afghanistan and Baluchistan NE eastwards through N Pakistan and Kashmir to the E Pamir, NW Xinjiang and Altai Mountains, then eastward across S Mongolia to Gansu and Ningxia (China). Some populations are sympatric to L. tolai. Lepus timidus Europe and Asia: Palaearctic from LC Scandinavia to E , except E Chukotsk (Russia), south to Sakhalin and Sikhote-Alin Mountains (Russia); Hokkaido (Japan); Heilungjiang, N Xinjiang (China); N Mongolia, Altai, N Tien Shan mountains; N ; E and Baltics; isolated populations in the Alps, , Wales and . Lepus tolai Asia: Steppes north of Caspian Sea NE southwards along eastern shore of Caspian to E Iran: eastwards through Afghanistan; Kazakhstan and S Siberia, middle Asian republics to Mongolia; W, C and NE China. (Continued) 402 P.C. Alves and K. Hackländer

Table 1—Continued

Species Common name Local IUCN status

Lepus White-tailed North America: C and LC townsendii jackrabbit Saskatchewan east to extreme SW Ontario (Canada), S to SW Wisconsin, Iowa, NW Missouri, west through C Kansas to NC New Mexico, west to C Nevada, EC California (USA) and north to SC British Columbia (Canada). Lepus Yarkand hare Asia: Steppes of Tarim basin, S Xinjiang NT yarkandensis (China), around edge of Takla Makan Desert. Nesolagus Nesolagus Sumatran Asia: Sumatra (Indonesia). CR netscheri rabbit Nesolagus Annamite Asia: Know only in the type locality – DD timminsi striped Vietnam, Ha Tinh province, Huong Son rabbit District. Oryctolagus Oryctolagus Europe: Originally from the Iberian LC cuniculus peninsula, but introduced in all continents and in more than 800 islands, from desert (North Africa) to cold and arctic areas (like Macquarie Islands in the Artic Ocean). Considered a pest in several regions where it has been introduced (e.g., Australia and New Zealand). Pentalagus Pentalagus Asia: Amami Island (Amami-Oshima, EN furnessi Ryukyu Island) - S Japan. Poelagus Poelagus Africa: S Sudan, , , LC marjorita NE Dem. Rep. Congo, Central African Republic, S , disjunct population in Angola. Pronolagus Pronolagus Natal red Africa: SE South Africa; extreme LC crassicaudatus rockhare S Mozambique. Pronolagus Jameson’s red Africa: two disjunct areas: NE South randensis rockhare Africa; E Botswana to extreme W Mozambique; Zimbabwe; and W Namibia, perhaps SW Angola. Pronolagus Smith’s red Africa: two disjunct areas: S and LC rupestris rockhare C South Africa, S Namibia; and Africa, from N Malawi and E Zambia north C Tanzania to SW Kenya. Lagomorph Species: Geographical Distribution and Conservation Status 403

Table 1—Continued

Species Common name Local IUCN status

Pronolagus Hewitt’s red Africa: South Africa, Lesotho and LC saundersiae5 rock rabbit Swaziland. Romerolagus Romerolagus North America: S Distrito Federal, EN; diazi E Estado de Mexico, W Puebla, and CITES (I) NE Morelos (Mexico). Sylvilagus Sylvilagus North America: S Illinois and LC aquaticus SW Indiana, SW Missouri to SE Kansas southward through extreme W Kentucky and W Tennessee to E Oklahoma, E Texas, , , and NW South Carolina (USA). Sylvilagus Desert North and Central America: NE Puebla LC audubonii cottontail and W Veracruz (Mexico) to NC Montana and SW North Dakota, NC Utah, C Nevada, and NC California (USA), south to Baja California and C Sinaloa (Mexico). Sylvilagus North and Central America: W Oregon LC bachmani (USA) S of Columbia River to Baja California (Mexico), E to Cascade- range (USA). Sylvilagus North to South America: S Tamaulipas LC brasiliensis (Mexico) southward as far as , , N and S . Sylvilagus Manzano North America: restricted to the NE cognatus Mountain Manzano Mountains, New Mexico cottontail (USA). Sylvilagus Mexican North America: S Sinaloa to E Oaxaca NT cunicularius cottontail and Veracruz (Mexico). Sylvilagus dicei Dice’s cottontail Central America: SE , EN NW . Sylvilagus Eastern Central and North America: N, C and LC floridanus cottontail W Venezuela and adjacent to Columbia through USA; to NE Mexico, Arizona, north and east to North Dakota, Minnesota, N Michigan, New York and Massachusetts, Atlantic Coast south and Gulf Coast (USA) west to Mexico, also S Saskatchewan, S Ontario and SC Quebec (C Canada). Sylvilagus Tres Marias North America: Tres Marias Islands, EN graysoni cottontail Nayarit (Mexico). (Continued) 404 P.C. Alves and K. Hackländer

Table 1—Continued

Species Common name Local IUCN status

Sylvilagus Omilteme North America: Appears restricted to CR insonus cottontail Sierra Madre del Sur, C Guerrero (Mexico). Sylvilagus San Jose Brush North America: Know only from the NT mansuetus rabbit type locality – San Jose Island, Gulf of California (Mexico). (An insular allospecies closely related to S. bachmani). Sylvilagus Mountain North America: Intermountain area in LC nuttallii cottontail North America from S British Columbia to S Saskatchewan (Canada), south to E California, Nevada, C Arizona, and NW New Mexico (USA). Sylvilagus Appalachian North America: N Pennsylvania south LC obscurus cottontail and west the to N Alabama (USA). Sylvilagus Northern America: Florida to SE LC palustris Virginia (USA). Sylvilagus Robust North America: Chisos, Davis and NE robustus cottontail Guadalupe Mountains of Texas and New Mexico (USA), and C Sierra de la Madera and Sierra del Carmen of adjacent Coahuila (Mexico). Sylvilagus New England North America: regenerating VU transitionalis cottontail and native scrublands from southwestern Maine to southeastern New York, east of Hudson River (USA). Sylvilagus Venezuelan Central America: Presently known only NE varynaensis Lowland rabbit from the states of Barinas, Guarico and Portuguesa (Venezuela).

EX – Extinct; CR – ; EN – Endangered; VU- Vulnerable; NT – Near threatened; LC – Least concern; DD – Data deficient; NE – Not evaluated. CITES I - in the appendix I of CITES 1Recent molecular data clearly indicate independent species from O. thibetana 2Accordingly to some authors L. arcticus and L. othus are might be L. timidus subspecies. 3Polytypic species with a great controversy in its taxonomy and geographical distribution. Might include L. europaeus 4Some authors consider as L. victoriae 5Recently distinguished from Pronolagus rupestris based on morphological and genetic differences Lagomorph Species: Geographical Distribution and Conservation Status 405

References

Friedmann Y, Daly B (2004) Red data book of the mammals of South Africa: a conservation assessment CBSG southern Africa, Conservation breeding specialist group (SSV/IUCN). Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa Hoffmann RR, Smith AT (2005) . In: Wilson D, Reeder DA (eds) Mammals of the world, 3rd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 185–211 ICUN (2004) 2004 ICUN red list of threatened species. www.redlist.org Wilson D, Reader DA (2005) Mammals of the world, 3rd edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore Subject Index

A Behaviour, 4, 5, 7, 384, 385 Abundance, 142–149 excavatory, 125 Abyssinian hare, 77, 398 Biodiversity, 125, 137 , 3 Black jackrabbit, 303, 398 Adaptive radiation, 65 Black pika, 308, 395 Admixture, 51, 55, 60 Black-tailed jackrabbit, 242, 263 Afghan pika, 91, 98, 395 Body mass, 115, 119–122 , 66, 67 Bonferroni confidence interval Age estimation, 352, 358, 359 analyses, 157 Age, 328, 330, 339 Bonferroni simultaneous confidence Agriculture interval analyses (is), 157, 158 livestock, 279, 285, 286 Bootstrap method, 155 Alaskan hare, 303, 399 Boreal , 141, 144–149 Allopatric differentiation, 50 Bottleneck, 57–59 Allopatry, 243, 247 Brachylagus idahoensis, 1, 242, 298, Allozyme, 49, 52, 54, 57, 59, 67–70, 72, 301, 373 73, 76, 78–80 Breeding season, 116–119 Alpine pika, 91, 309, 394 Bronze age, 15, 17, 18 Amami rabbit, 2, 38, 304, 369, 371–376 Broom hare, 14–16, 18, 247, 302, 397 America, 381, 383 Brush rabbit, 5, 247, 305, 306, 349–352, American pika, 90–96, 99, 309, 395 354–360, 401 Ancestral area, 29, 41, 43, 44 Bunolagus monticularis, 1, 298, 300 Ancient-DNA, 56 Bunolagus, 386 Annamite striped rabbit (Nesolagus Bunyoro rabbit, 2, 242, 400 timminsi), 304, 383 Burmese hare, 399 Antagonism, 242, 244 , 396 C Apennine hare, 14, 15 Caecotrophy, 384 Apocoric, 27 Caliciviridae , 253, 269 , 168, 177, 178, 306 Calicivirus, 254, 257, 263, 265, 271–274 Archaeolaginae, 37, 38 Cape hare, 66–69, 73, 74, 76–81, , 242, 397 242, 397 Asia, 381 Caprolagus hispidus, 242, 297, 298 Caprolagus, 386 B Captive breeding, 350, 352 Balancing selection, 51 Capture, 328–330, 332–335, 337, Behaviour of young, 213–220 340–342, 344 birth, 213 Chinese hare, 399 suckling, 214–217 Chinese red pika, 91 408 Subject Index

Chronobiogram, 32, 34, 36 E Circadian system, 213–214 Early bronze age, 15 CITES (Convention on international trade Early middle ages, 18 in ), 297, 300 Early , 13 Cladistic, 41 , 5, 14, 15, 19, 118, 153, Classical period, 18 154, 159–161 , 383 Ecological relationship Coccidiosis, 120 pikas, 91, 92 Collaboration, 317, 321, 323 Ecosystem engineer, 125, 126 Collared pika, 91, 97, 104, 105, 110, 394 pikas, 97–98 Competition, 168, 169, 175, 241–247, Ecosystems, 3 383, 384 Endangered species, 349, 375 Conservation, 4, 5, 7, 360, 369, 373, 375, Endemic, 29 376, 382, 386, 387 , 28–31, 33, 38 leporids, 90, 300, 301 Ethiopian hare, 303, 398 pikas, 89, 97, 98, 300, 308, 309 , 77 Contact zone, 53 European hare (Lepus Europeaus), Control, 4–7 253–256, 263 Coorong, 279–281, 283–286 European hare syndrome (EBHS), Coprophagy, 384 253–255, 263 Core area, 157 European hare, 4, 118, 153, 161, 225, Corsican hare, 302, 303, 398 234, 236, 241, 255, 263, 303, 337, Cottontail, 382 338, 382, 383, 385, 386, 398 Cycle, 141–144, 148–149 European rabbit, 14, 15, 17, 18, 27, 28, 40–42, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 125, D 211–218, 263, 273, 382, 385, 386 Damp subtropical forest, 372, 376 , 126 Daurian pika, 91, 98, 394 fecal pellets,136 Declining groups, 27 latrines, 126, 128–132, 134, 136 Dehesa ecosystem, 126, 135 Oryctolagus cuniculus, 211 Demographic status, 328 warrens,125–132, 135, 136 , 401 European rabbit, 2–4, 6, 7, 14, 15, 17, 18, Desert hare, 79, 399 27, 28 Dice’s cottontail, 305, 401 Evolution, 30, 39, 381–383, 386 Discriminant function analyses Expanded, 153 (DFA), 155–159 Expansion, 154, 159 Disease transmission, 162 Experiment, 328, 330, 331, 336, Diseases, 245, 385, 386 339, 343 baylisascaris sp., 357 Exploitation competition, 161 lymphoma, 357 typhlitis, 357 F Dispersal after release. See Movement Factors affecting, 161 Distribution, 3 Faeces, 384, 386 Dispersal, 27, 28 Familiarity, 330, 341, 342 pikas, 94, 95, 97 Fauna Divergence, 27, 28, 42, 43 , 284 Diversity, 27–29, 33, 36, 38 , 284 Domestication, 47, 50, 56–58, 60 Fighting, 244 Dynamics, 382–384, 386, 387 Flinders ranges, 279, 286, 288 Subject Index 409

Floristic composition, 129, 130, 132–136 I Forest fire regime, 141, 144–149 Iberian hare, 14, 16, 17 Forest fires, 383 Iberian Peninsula, 47, 49, 50, 52–55, 57, Forrest’s pika, 308, 394 126, 135 record, 27–29, 31, 32, 34–41 Ili pika, 91, 99, 308, 395 Fossil, 27–31, 33, 39–41, 381 Immigrant, 33, 41 Fragmentation, 168, 169, 171, 174, 176 Indian hare, 399 Interference competition,161 G Interspecific interactions, 246, 247 Gansu pika, 99, 307, 394 Introduced, 153, 159 Gaoligong pika, 308, 394 Introductions, 244–246 Gene-pool, 67–69, 73, 74, 76–78, 80, 81 Introgression, 54, 60, 76, 77 Genetic diversity, 50–54, 57–59 Introgressive hybridization, 382 Genetic introgression, 383 IRISH hare Lepus timidus hibernicus, Genetic resistance, 59, 60 383 Genetic structure, 50, 57–59 Iron Age, 14 Genetically modified organisms, 322, 324 Islands, 47, 55–57, 246, 247 Genomic compartments, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 57 J Geographic expansion, 50 JACOBS index of preference, 155, 156 Geographic, 141, 143–144 Jameson’s red rockhare, 400 Geomorphology, 125–127 Japanese hare, 76, 397 Ghost lineage, 30, 32, 43 Giant, 38 K Glacial refugia, 53, 54 Kernel analysis, 155–157 , 381 Keystone species, 126, 137 Glover’s pika, 91, 394 pikas, 97–98 Granada hare, 66, 242, 398 Korean hare, 397 Growth, 349, 351, 358 Kozlov’s pika, 91, 308, 395 Kynegetisation, 19 H loss, 168, 171 L Habitat selection, 160 Ladak pika, 395 Habitat, 1, 3–6, 141–143, 147–149, 328, Lagomorph, 27–38 336–340, 343 Large-eared pika, 91, 395 heterogeneity, 126, 127, 131, 135 Late middle , 17 pikas, 90, 91, 95–99, 302, 311 Late Pleistocene, 13, 17 Habitat-use patterns, 160 Late quaternary, 13 Hainan hare, 303, 398 Leporidae, 1, 2, 89, 298, 301–307 Harvest, 5, 6 Leporids, 381, 382 Hewitt’s red rock rabbit, 401 Leporinae, 37–41 Himalayan pika, 91, 394 Lepus, 65–67, 71, 76–80, 381, 383, , 2, 302, 372, 396 384, 386 Hoffmann’s pika, 91, 394 Lepus alleni, 396, 397 , 13, 14, 38, 42 Lepus americanus, 6, 141, 242, 335, , 327, 344, 387 383, 397 zone, 60 Lepus arcticus, 242, 397 Hybrid, 67, 69, 76, 77, 80 Lepus brachyurus, 76, 397 Hybridization, 168, 170, 171, 177, 178, 382 Lepus californicus, 6, 242, 263, 397 410 Subject Index

Lepus callotis, 242, 298, 302, 397 Marsh rabbit, 306, 402 Lepus capensis, 4, 14, 15, 17, 66, 67, Maternal behaviour, 211–220 69–81, 233, 242, 398 nursery , 211–213 Lepus castroviejoi, 247, 298, 302, 397 nursing, 211, 212, 214–218 Lepus comus, 397 parturition, 213 Lepus coreanus, 397 weaning, 215–218, 220 Lepus corsicanus, 6, 14, 15, 65, 76, Mating system 302, 398 pikas, 95 Lepus europaeus, 4, 6, 14, 15, 17, 40, Mediterranean, 126, 136, 137 66, 67, 69–75, 241, 242, 303 Metapopulation Lepus europaeus carpathous, 16 pikas, 96–98 Lepus europaeus creticus, 16 , 305 Lepus europaeus cyprius, 16 México, 363, 364 Lepus europaeus ghigii, 16 Middle ages, 16, 18 Lepus europaeus rhodius, 16 Mimotonid, 30 Lepus fagani, 298, 303, 398 , 28, 33, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 43 Lepus flavigularis, 298, 300, 303, 363, Mixodont, 28–32 364, 398 Mortality, 4, 331, 337, 339, 342, 343, 351, Lepus granatensis, 14–16, 40, 66, 76, 77, 353, 357 242, 398 , 242 Lepus habessinicus, 77, 398 Mountain hare, 14, 17, 67–69, 71–73, Lepus hainanus, 298, 303, 398 76–78, 80, 81, 170, 171, 241, 242, Lepus insularis, 298, 303, 398 246, 253, 254, 303, 338, 382, 383, Lepus mandshuricus, 398 386, 399 Lepus (“capensis”) mediterraneus, 14 Moupin pika, 91, 99, 309, 396 Lepus nigricollis, 399 Movement, 331–334, 336, 338–340 Lepus oiostolus, 399 mtDNA, 48–58, 67, 68, 73, 76, 80, 382 Lepus othus, 298, 303 Muli pika, 91, 308, 395 Lepus peguensis, 399 , 4, 6, 50, 58, 59, 279, 281, Lepus saxatilis, 76, 399 289, 290, 318–320, 322, 324 Lepus sinensis, 399 Lepus starcki, 77, 399 N Lepus tibetanus, 399 N. timminsi, 386 Lepus timidus, 4, 14, 17, 40, 42, 67, Natal red rockhare, 400 70–72, 74–78, 170, 212, 241, 253, Native lagomorphs, 153, 161, 162 303, 338, 383, 399 Neolithic, 13, 19 Lepus tolai, 79, 399 Neolithisation, 13, 19 Lepus townsendii, 118, 242, 400 Nesolagus netscheri, 3, 297, 298, 300, Lepus victoriae, 66, 67, 79 304, 400 Lepus yarkandensis, 298, 304, 400 Nesolagus timminsi, 2, 3, 298, 304, 383, Life history 386, 400 pikas, 90–91 Nesolagus, 383, 386 Lineage sorting, 66 , 167, 169–172, Line-transect censuses, 154 177, 178, 180, 307 Litter size, 118 Niche shifts, 162 Nipple-search pheromone, 214–215 M Northern pika, 91, 99, 308, Management, 5–7, 382, 386, 387 311, 394 Manchurian hare, 398 Novelty of environment, 328, 333, 336 Manzano mountain cottontail, 401 Nubra pika, 91, 395 Subject Index 411

O 225, 233, 242, 263, 279, 304, 317, Ochotona alpina, 91, 298, 299, 394 327, 385 Ochotona argentata, 99, 298, 307, 394 Ochotona cansus, 91, 299, 307, 394 P Ochotona collaris, 91, 97, 104, 394 Palaeolaginae, 37, 38 Ochotona curzoniae, 91, 394 Palaeontology, 381, 382 Ochotona dauurica, 91, 98 , 28–30 Ochotona erythrotis, 36, 91, 394 Pallas’s pika, 91, 309, 395 Ochotona forresti, 299, 308, 394 Paraphyly, 66 Ochotona gaoligongensis, 299, 308, 394 Pentalagus furnessi, 297, 298, 300, 304, Ochotona gloveri, 91, 394 369–375 Ochotona himalayana, 91, 394 Pest control, 385, 387 Ochotona hoffmanni, 99, 299, 308, 394 Pheromone Ochotona huangensis, 299, 308 2-methylbut-2-enal, 199–202 Ochotona hyperborea, 91, 99, 308, 394 definition, 190, 199–200 Ochotona iliensis, 91, 99, 110, 299, mammary pheromone, 200, 202–205 308, 395 Phylogenies, 381, 382 Ochotona koslowi, 91, 99, 299, Phylogeny, 41, 43, 77, 382 300, 395 Physiology, 383, 384 Ochotona ladacensis, 91, 395 Pikas, 89–99, 300, 308, 309, 311, Ochotona macrotis, 91, 395 382, 383 Ochotona muliensis, 91, 299, 300, American, 90–96, 99, 309 308, 395 plateau, 91–95, 97, 98 Ochotona nigritia, 308, 395 Plateau pika, 91–95, 97, 98, 394 Ochotona nubrica, 91, 299, 395 Pleistocene, 13, 17, 27, 36–42 Ochotona pallasi, 91, 98, 299, 309, 395 Poelagus marjorita, 242, 400 Ochotona princeps, 36, 91, 110, 299, Polymorphism, 66, 69, 78 309, 395 Population cycle, 383 Ochotona pusilla, 36, 99, 299, 309, 395 Population decline, 159 Ochotona roylei, 91, 395 Population density, 245 Ochotona rufescens, 91, 98, 395 Population ecology, 382 Ochotona rutila, 91, 396 Population regulation, 247 Ochotona thibetana, 36, 91, 99, 299, 308, Population structure 309, 396 pikas, 94, 300, 307–309 Ochotona thomasi, 91, 299, 308, 396 Potential competition, 153 Ochotona turuchanensis, 396 , 173, 176, 331, 333, 334, Ochotona, 89, 91, 95, 98, 99, 298–300, 336–340, 357, 358, 360 307–309, 382, 386 Pre-Pottery neolithic, 13 Ochotonid, 28, 31–33, 35–37, 39, 381 Prolagidae, 36 Ochotonidae, 1, 2, 89, 298, 307 Prolagus sardus, 13, 36, 299, 309, 396 Olfactory communication Prolagus, 89, 299, 309 female-young relations, 196–205 Pronolagus crassicaudatus, 400 , 28, 30, 31, 33, 35, 38 Pronolagus randensis, 400 Omilteme cottontail, 383, 402 Pronolagus rupestris, 242, 400 Omilteme rabbit (Sylvilagus insonus), Protocol, 328, 330, 331, 339 383 , 1, 2, 5, 301, 302, 373, 396 One-way ANOVA, 156, 158 Origin, 28, 29, 31, 35, 38, 41, 43 Q Oryctolagus cuniculus, 14, 15, 17, 27, 47, Quarantine, 335–337 52, 55, 59, 65, 115, 125, 153, 211, Quaternary, 13, 29, 36, 44, 50 412 Subject Index

R RHD Rabbit , 319, 320 impact, 280, 282 Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), 50, introduction, 279 58, 253, 263, 320 rainfall, 279–281, 283, 285–291 Rabbit, 317, 324 seasonality, 288, 291 abundance, 279–282 RHDV Australia, 317, 318 non-pathogenic, 288, 289 biology, 318, 319 persistence, 290, 291 control, 317, 319, 321–323 transmission, 290, 291 grazing impact, 280, 283–286 Riverine rabbit, 1, 2, 302, 310, 372, 396 productivity, 280 Robust cottontail, 307 Rabbit-breeding, 335 Rodents, 381 Rabbit-Oryctolagus cuniculus Roman period, 16 early odour learning, 193, 195 Roman times, 14 faecal odour, 190, 192, 193, 196, 205 Romerolagus diazi, 1, 263, 297, 298, 300, foetal olfaction, 191 305, 373, 401 odour, 196–201 Royle’s pika, 91, 395 nest odour, 193 newborn olfaction, 191 S pheromonal learning, 203, 204 San Jose Brush rabbit, 306 suckling, 194, 195, 203 Sardinian hare, 14, 17 weaning and olfaction, 192, 201, 205 Sardinian pika, 13, 14, 309, 310, 396 Radiation, 29, 35, 39, 43 Scrub hare, 76, 399 Radio-collar injury, 359 Season, 330, 338–339 Radio-tracking, 329, 332–334, 337, 341, Settlement, 44 342 Siblings, 216–219 Rain, 119–122 competition, 216–218 Recovery, 350 sensorymotor development, 216 Recruitment thermoregulation, 217 Red List (threatened species), 99, 297, Silver pika, 99, 307, 394 298, 300–306, 308, 309 Smith’s red rockhare, 242, 400 Reintroduction, 350, 360 Snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus), 6, 7, Release warren, 329, 331–334, 336–338, 141–144, 147–149, 242, 335, 336, 341, 342 338–340, 383, 385, 397 Release, 328–343. See also Social behaviour, 340, 341 Translocation Social dynamics Repatriation, 359 pikas, 93, 94 Replacement, 242 Soft-release (acclimatisation), 329–331, Reproduction, 115, 117, 118, 351, 355, 336, 353, 360 358 Spatial autocorrelation, 130, 131 mating system, 359 SRY, 51 parentage, 353, 355, 356 Stem lagomorph, 28, 29, 31–33, 35, 37, pikas, 91, 92 38, 43 productivity, 358 , 99, 309, 395 sex ratio, 354 Stocking, 5, 6 Research trends, 7 Storage, 330, 331, 334, 335 Restocking, 327–333, 336–341. See also Stress, 328, 331, 333–336 Translocation Subspecies, 383, 385, 387 Reticulate evolution, 77 Sumatran rabbit, 304 Subject Index 413

Sunspots, 143–148 Translocation, 328, 330, 331, 333–336, Superfetation, 384 338–342, 356–358, 385 Survival, 115, 117, 119–122, 328, 329, Transportation, 328, 331, 333–335 331, 332, 334–341 Trap injury, 359 Survivorship, 351, 353 Tres Marias cottontail, 305 Swamp rabbit, 3, 5, 305, 385, 401 Tsing-Ling pika, 308, 394 Sylvilagus aquaticus, 3, 5, 212, 305, 401 Turkestan red pika, 91 Sylvilagus audubonii, 40, 401 Turnover, 36 Sylvilagus bachmani, 305, 349, 350, Turuchan pika, 396 401, 402 Sylvilagus brasiliensis, 1, 243, 401 U Sylvilagus cognatus, 401 Upper Pleistocene, 13 Sylvilagus cunicularius, 298, 305, 401 Sylvilagus dicei, 298, 305, 401 V Sylvilagus floridanus, 5, 14, 15, 19, 118, Vegetation 167, 177, 242, 254, 263, 307, 351, 365 cover, 127, 129, 130, 132–136 Sylvilagus graysoni, 298, 300, 305, 401 damage, 284–286 Sylvilagus insonus, 298, 300, 306, herbaceous, 127, 132 383, 402 orchids, 284, 285 Sylvilagus mansuetus, 298, 306, 402 regeneration, 286 Sylvilagus nuttallii, 242, 402 woody,127, 135 Sylvilagus obscurus, 168, 306, 402 Venezuelan Lowland rabbit, 307 Sylvilagus palustris, 298, 300, 306, 402 Vocalizations, 5 Sylvilagus robustus, 307, 402 pikas, 94 Sylvilagus transitionalis, 6, 167, 170, 177, Volcano rabbit, 1, 2, 5, 263, 305, 373, 401 298, 300, 307, 402 Sylvilagus varynaensis, 307, 402 W Sylvilagus, 382, 383, 386 Warrens. See Release warren Sympatric, 27, 43 location, 126, 127, 130, 135 Sympatry, 241 White-sided jackrabbit, 242, 302 White-tailed jackrabbit, 118 T Wildlife conservation, 327 Talayot culture, 16 Winter, 115–118, 120–122 Tapeti 1, 243, 401 Woolly hare, 399 Taxonomy, 1, 7, 168 Teeth, 1 X , 303, 363–367 X-chromosome, 48, 49, 51–54 conservation, 366, 367 distribution, 364 Y ecology, 365, 366 Yarkand hare, 304, 400 survival, 363, 366, 367 Y-chromosome, 48, 49, 52–54, 57 Thomas’s pika, 308, 396 Yunnan hare, 397 Time lag, 44 Tolai hare, 399 Z Traditional management, 135 Zoonoses, 385, 386