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Faunal Remains CHAPTER 13 FAUNAL REMAINS Judi L. Cameron, Consultant, Jennifer A. Waters, Desert Archaeology, Inc., Barnet Pavao-Zuckerman and Vince M. LaMotta, Arizona State Museum, and Peter D. Schulz, University of California at Davis Large numbers of animal bones were found dur- environmental modification (such as caliche-coating ing the Rio Nuevo Archaeology project. Analysts and root-etching) on each bone also was noted. examined a sample of the bones to determine how Taxonomic identifications were based on com- humans utilized animals over the course of the last parisons with a comparative collection, as well as 4,000 years. Cameron studied animal bone from Early with the aid of published keys (for mammal bones, Agricultural, Early Ceramic, and Hohokam contexts, Gilbert 1980; Olsen 1964; for bird bones, Cohen and while Waters identified bone recovered from the Serjeantson 1996; Gilbert et al. 1981; Olsen 1979). Tucson Presidio, AZ BB:13:13 (ASM), and from a Taxonomic information on fragments that could not Chinese gardeners’ well at the San Agustín Mission be identified to order or below consisted primarily locus of the Clearwater site, AZ BB:13:6 (ASM). of the definition of size categories within classes. The Pavao-Zuckerman and LaMotta analyzed bone from size categories for mammals were defined as follows: Pima features at the San Agustín Mission locus, Clear- small mammal fragments were woodrat- to rabbit- water site, and Schulz identified the fish bone recov- sized, medium mammal fragments were bobcat-/ ered from the Chinese gardener’s well. canid-sized, and large mammal fragments were deer-sized. Elements that fell in size between canid and jackrabbit were placed in a medium-small mam- FAUNAL REMAINS FROM PREHISTORIC mal category. A large-medium mammal category CONTEXTS contained elements that were definitely larger than jackrabbit, but that were clearly not medium mam- Approximately 4,000 bones recovered during in- mal or deer-sized. Many of the mammal bones were vestigations of prehistoric contexts at the Clearwater too fragmented to be placed in any of the size catego- site and the Tucson Presidio of the Rio Nuevo project ries and were simply coded as mammal. A single bird in downtown Tucson were analyzed. The contexts bone could also not be identified below class, and it covered a wide temporal range, from the unnamed was placed in a medium-small bird category (it was phase of the Early Agricultural period to the Hohokam larger than quail but smaller than hawk in size). One Classic period, a range from about 2100 B.C. to A.D. bone could not be identified to class and was catego- 1450. Mammal remains dominated the assemblages, rized as unknown animal (indeterminate vertebrate). with a few bird, amphibian, and reptile remains also Degree and origin of fragmentation was used to present. This section provides a general description assess completeness of a bone, and, for incomplete of the faunal remains collected from prehistoric con- elements, when the breakage occurred (did the bone texts at the sites and assesses patterns of faunal ex- exhibit a fresh break, or was it broken at some time ploitation when adequate sample sizes allow. prior to excavation, or both). Bones can be fractured for a number of reasons, including marrow extrac- tion (Enloe 1993; Kent 1993; O’Connell et al. 1992), Methodology cooking (e.g., breaking of bones so that they fit into a pot for boiling) (Gifford-Gonzalez 1993; Kent 1993; Laboratory Procedures Oliver 1993; Yellen 1977), and postdepositional pro- cesses (e.g., trampling, excavation procedures) (An- All of the analyses presented here were conducted drews 1990; Gifford-Gonzalez et al. 1985; Haynes following the standard faunal coding procedures 1991; Olsen and Shipman 1988). All of these pro- used by Desert Archaeology, Inc. Several types of cesses can result in faunal elements being found data were recorded for each bone, including: species anywhere from whole to highly fragmented. The and element type, side, degree and origin of frag- faunal elements were coded as complete, more than mentation, degree of epiphyseal fusion, and the pres- three-quarters complete, between three-quarters and ence or absence of butchering marks, burning, and half complete, between half and one-quarter com- gnawmarks. The presence or absence of natural plete, or less than one-quarter complete. The portion 13.2 Chapter 13 (e.g., proximal end, distal end, and so forth) of the due to postdepositional bone damage, all bones with element that was recovered was also coded. fresh breaks that could be refit were counted as one Degree of epiphyseal fusion was coded as fused, element. The refitting occurred only within specimen unfused, or partially fused (i.e., the epiphyseal lines bags; no attempts were made to match or refit bones were still visible). Degree of epiphyseal fusion was between different specimen bags. recorded for both the proximal and distal (or dorsal and ventral) portions of an element, when both ends were present. This information was used to deter- ASSEMBLAGE COMPOSITION mine the approximate age of the animals recovered from the site (fetal, juvenile, adult). The Clearwater Site, AZ BB:13:6 (ASM) Burned bones were coded as calcined (white ap- pearance), charred (blackened appearance), partially A total of 3,932 faunal remains collected from charred, blue/gray, and light brown. A few bones three loci at the Clearwater site were analyzed. The had a combination of burning patterns and were contexts ranged in date from circa 2100 B.C. to A.D. coded as brown/calcined or charred/calcined. 1700, with most of the remains from Cienega phase Burned bones have frequently been interpreted as features. The loci are located within a few hundred evidence for roasting, but bones can become burned meters of each other, and the site itself is located on through disposal in a fire, use as fuel, or by natural the Holocene floodplain of the western bank of the processes, such as brush fires (Lyman 1994b). These Santa Cruz River. Portions of a late eighteenth cen- issues are addressed more fully below. tury mission overlay some of the loci from which Gnawed bone was coded as rodent gnawed, car- prehistoric fauna were recovered, while other areas nivore gnawed, and indeterminate gnawing. Several lay below an undeveloped former agricultural field studies have shown that carnivores can transport and a historic-era brickyard. Because one of the goals bones out of a site area, as well as consume all or of the project was to examine temporal trends, the parts of bones (Binford and Bertram 1977; Hudson following description of the faunal assemblage from 1993; Kent 1981, 1993; Lyon 1970; Marean and Spen- this site is organized around the various temporal cer 1991). Studies of the impact of carnivores on fau- periods rather than the different loci. However, any nal assemblages have revealed that the presence of major spatial differences or trends within temporal gnawmarks varied with the frequency that dogs re- phases are noted as necessary. One bone, an un- ceived bones, as well as with bone size and density burned, unsized mammal indeterminate element (see Kent 1981). Other studies have also noted that fragment, was recovered from a nonfeature context rodents may play a role in the deposition of bones in that was not assigned to any temporal period. a site (Cameron 1994). Each bone was also examined for natural envi- Unnamed Phase of the Early Agricultural Period ronmental modification. Environmentally modified (2100-1200 B.C.) categories included root-etched, eroded, sun- bleached, and caliche-coated. Degrees of natural Twenty-seven faunal remains recovered from modification were recorded only for Caliche-coating. strata 503 and 504 contexts dating to the unnamed The data on environmental modification were used phase of the Early Agricultural period were analyzed, to assess preservation. Bone preservation is affected including 24 unworked remains (Table 13.1) and by soil conditions and by the length of time bones are exposed to the natural elements (Andrews 1990; Behrensmeyer 1978; Lyman 1984, 1985, 1994b; Ly- Table 13.1. Unworked taxa recovered from Stratum 504 man and Fox 1989). contexts at the Clearwater site, AZ BB:13:6 (ASM). Quantification Taxa n (%) Identifiable mammal (Mammalia) Many different techniques have been developed Black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) 5 (20.8) to quantify faunal remains (see Lyman 1994a). The most common quantification method has been the Cottontail (Sylvilagus sp.) 1 (4.2) number of identifiable specimens (NISP); that is, the Medium rodent 2 (8.3) number of bones and fragments of bones recovered Unidentifiable mammal from a site. The NISP is the primary quantification Unsized mammal 8 (33.3) procedure used in this report. Because NISP can be Small mammal 7 (29.2) greatly influenced by preservation, bone breakage, and recovery procedures, these issues are also ad- Large-medium mammal 1 (4.2) dressed. Further, to minimize the inflation of NISP Total 24 (100.0) Faunal Remains 13.3 Table 13.2. Worked bone artifacts recovered from the Clearwater site, AZ BB:13:6 (ASM) (all time periods). Bag No. Taxa Element Artifact Feature Commentsa Stratum 503 (circa 1500 B.C.) 9271 Large-medium Indeterminate Awl shaft (?) 3368 Calcined (L = 1.3) mammal Stratum 504 (circa 2100 B.C.) 9267 Large mammal Indeterminate Awl shaft 3364 Charred/Calcined (L = 1.4) 9278 Large-medium Shaft fragment Awl shaft 3368 Partially charred (L = 6.5) mammal Cienega phase 5853 Large mammal Indeterminate Awl shaft 15 Unburned
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