Colorado Field Ornithologists the Colorado Field Ornithologists' Quarterly
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Barn Swallows AKA: Mud Swallows
Barn Swallows AKA: Mud Swallows. Close relatives: Purple Martin, Cliff Swallow, Tree Swallow Scientific Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Aves, Passeriformes, Hirundinidae; Hirundo; H. rustica. Bird Size & Markings: Adult Barn Swallows are about 7” long, stand 4” high and have a 13” wingspan. They weigh less than 1 ounce. Males have metallic blue back, wings, and tail with rufous to tawny underside. The blue crown and face is contrasted with the cinnamon forehead and throat. Females are not as brightly colored. Habitat: You can find Barn Swallows feeding in open habitats such as fields, parks, marshes, meadows, ponds, and coastal waters. Their nests are often easy to spot under protected overhangs. Nesting/Dens: Barn Swallows lay 3 to 7 eggs in each brood and can hatch broods twice a year. Brood fledge in about 2 weeks. Both sexes construct the nest of mud pel- lets. If attached to a wall or beam, the nest is half-cup shaped. If on top of a surface, A mating pair of Barn Swallows. They prefer to the nest forms a perfect small cup about 3” wide. Nest sites are almost exclusively at- build their nests where there is overhead pro- tached to man made structures with overhead protection; roof eaves, the underside tection from the weather. of bridges, inside barns and stables, etc. Food: Barn Swallows eat insects - both flying and terrestrial. They usually take rela- tively large, single insects rather than feeding on swarms of smaller prey. They typi- cally feed just above shallow waters or turf. They have been known to follow tractors and livestock, eating the insects that are flushed out by their movement. -
Learning About Mammals
Learning About Mammals The mammals (Class Mammalia) includes everything from mice to elephants, bats to whales and, of course, man. The amazing diversity of mammals is what has allowed them to live in any habitat from desert to arctic to the deep ocean. They live in trees, they live on the ground, they live underground, and in caves. Some are active during the day (diurnal), while some are active at night (nocturnal) and some are just active at dawn and dusk (crepuscular). They live alone (solitary) or in great herds (gregarious). They mate for life (monogamous) or form harems (polygamous). They eat meat (carnivores), they eat plants (herbivores) and they eat both (omnivores). They fill every niche imaginable. Mammals come in all shapes and sizes from the tiny pygmy shrew, weighing 1/10 of an ounce (2.8 grams), to the blue whale, weighing more than 300,000 pounds! They have a huge variation in life span from a small rodent living one year to an elephant living 70 years. Generally, the bigger the mammal, the longer the life span, except for bats, which are as small as rodents, but can live for up to 20 years. Though huge variation exists in mammals, there are a few physical traits that unite them. 1) Mammals are covered with body hair (fur). Though marine mammals, like dolphins and whales, have traded the benefits of body hair for better aerodynamics for traveling in water, they do still have some bristly hair on their faces (and embryonically - before birth). Hair is important for keeping mammals warm in cold climates, protecting them from sunburn and scratches, and used to warn off others, like when a dog raises the hair on its neck. -
Tree Swallows (Tachycineta Bicolor) Nesting on Wetlands Impacted by Oil Sands Mining Are Highly Parasitized by the Bird Blow Fly Protocalliphora Spp
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 43(2), 2007, pp. 167–178 # Wildlife Disease Association 2007 TREE SWALLOWS (TACHYCINETA BICOLOR) NESTING ON WETLANDS IMPACTED BY OIL SANDS MINING ARE HIGHLY PARASITIZED BY THE BIRD BLOW FLY PROTOCALLIPHORA SPP. Marie-Line Gentes,1 Terry L. Whitworth,2 Cheryl Waldner,3 Heather Fenton,1 and Judit E. Smits1,4 1 Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada 2 Whitworth Pest Solutions, Inc., 2533 Inter Avenue, Puyallup, Washington, USA 3 Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada 4 Corresponding author (email: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: Oil sands mining is steadily expanding in Alberta, Canada. Major companies are planning reclamation strategies for mine tailings, in which wetlands will be used for the bioremediation of water and sediments contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and naphthenic acids during the extraction process. A series of experimental wetlands were built on companies’ leases to assess the feasibility of this approach, and tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) were designated as upper trophic biological sentinels. From May to July 2004, prevalence and intensity of infestation with bird blow flies Protocalliphora spp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) were measured in nests on oil sands reclaimed wetlands and compared with those on a reference site. Nestling growth and survival also were monitored. Prevalence of infestation was surprisingly high for a small cavity nester; 100% of the 38 nests examined were infested. Nests on wetlands containing oil sands waste materials harbored on average from 60% to 72% more blow fly larvae than those on the reference site. -
V Review of Bufflehead Sex and Age Criteria with Notes on Weights :HARLES J
V review of Bufflehead sex and age criteria with notes on weights :HARLES J. HENNY, JOHN L. CARTER, and BETTE J. CARTER The Bufflehead Bucephaia albeola is the stated that any duck, goose, or swan, re mallest diving duck in North America. A gardless of age or plumage, may be sexed ecent review by Palmer (1976) noted by the presence or absence of the penis. )otential problems regarding sex and age However, in the Bufflehead, we found that letermination which in turn leads to the penis of immatures (first-year males) loubts about the relative size among sex was very small and sometimes difficult to md age classes. The present study was ascertain; therefore, an internal check of lesigned to check the reliability of several the gonads was made for verification. In nethods used for sex and age determina- adults, the penis is larger and enclosed ion in this species. within a conspicuous sheath. We collected 87 birds during two duck In the female, the criterion of age is the lunting seasons (24 November 1978 to 14 left oviduct which empties into the cloacal anuary 1979 and 4 N ovember 1979 to 6 chamber through the left cloacal wall. In ianuary 1980) at the Salmon River estuary, immature females, the oviduct is closed by incoin County, Oregon. a membrane; the left cloacal wall is un broken. In adult females, the occluding membrane is absent; the oviduct may be »ex and age determination seen as a conspicuous slit on the left cloacal wall. >ex and/or age may be determined in In both sexes another criterion of age waterfowl in several ways: (1) general exists in the cloaca, the bursa of Fabricius. -
Introduction to Merlin Entertainments Plc November 2018
INTRODUCTION TO MERLIN ENTERTAINMENTS PLC NOVEMBER 2018 MERLIN ENTERTAINMENTS PLC CONTENTS 1. Summary Investment Highlights 2. Introduction to Merlin 3. Six Strategic Growth Drivers 4. Brands and Assets 5. Financial Dynamics and Performance 6. Board and Management MERLIN ENTERTAINMENTS PLC : Introduction to Merlin Entertainments 2 SUMMARY INVESTMENT HIGHLIGHTS Exclusive, global A global leader in Structurally license to own and location based attractive operate entertainment markets LEGOLAND parks 66 million visitors, with Growth in leisure spend, Opportunity for 20 over 120 attractions in international travel and parks longer term 25 countries1 short breaks, and high (eight currently) barriers to entry Capital discipline and strong cash Successful Midway Leader in themed flow and balance roll out model accommodation sheet Exclusivity to world- c.4,000 rooms, with Group ROCE of 9.1% class third party strong roll out pipeline £315 million operating 1 Intellectual property free cash flow 1 EBITDA less Existing Estate Capex MERLIN ENTERTAINMENTS PLC : Introduction to Merlin Entertainments 3 Summary Investment Highlights PROGRESS SINCE 2013 Visitors EBITDA EPS 66.0m £474m 20.5p (+6.2m) (+22%)1 (+21%)1 >1,200 24 Tw o New accommodation New Midway attractions New LEGOLAND rooms Parks As at 30 December 2017 1 Reported currency MERLIN ENTERTAINMENTS PLC : Introduction to Merlin Entertainments 4 Summary Investment Highlights 2. INTRODUCTION TO MERLIN 5 Introduction to Merlin WORLD OF ATTRACTIONS 29 SEALIFE THE DUNGEONS LEGOLAND GARDALAND WARWICK -
Tachycineta Bicolor) Nestling Resting Metabolic Rate
College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU All College Thesis Program, 2016-present Honors Program Spring 4-29-2016 Factors Affecting Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) Nestling Resting Metabolic Rate Brooke M. Piepenburg College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/honors_thesis Part of the Biology Commons, and the Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Piepenburg, Brooke M., "Factors Affecting Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) Nestling Resting Metabolic Rate" (2016). All College Thesis Program, 2016-present. 15. https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/honors_thesis/15 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All College Thesis Program, 2016-present by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FACTORS AFFECTING TREE SWALLOW (Tachycineta bicolor) NESTLING RESTING METABOLIC RATE AN ALL COLLEGE THESIS College of St. Benedict/St. John’s University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Distinction in the Department of Biology by Brooke Piepenburg 2015-2016 Factors Affecting Tree Swallow Nestling Resting Metabolic Rate by Brooke Piepenburg Approved by: ___________________________________ Dr. Clark Cotton Assistant Professor of Biology ___________________________________ Ms. Kristina Timmerman Professor of Biology ___________________________________ Ms. Carol Jansky Laboratory Coordinator and Summer Research Fellowship Mentor ___________________________________ Dr. William Lamberts Associate Professor of Biology and Chair, Department of Biology ___________________________________ Director, All College Thesis Program 2 Factors Affecting Tree Swallow Nestling Resting Metabolic Rate Brooke Piepenburg ABSTRACT Metabolism is the major force that maintains the most rudimentary of functions, and, therefore, maintains life in every organism. -
Aves: Hirundinidae)
1 2 Received Date : 19-Jun-2016 3 Revised Date : 14-Oct-2016 4 Accepted Date : 19-Oct-2016 5 Article type : Original Research 6 7 8 Convergent evolution in social swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae) 9 Running Title: Social swallows are morphologically convergent 10 Authors: Allison E. Johnson1*, Jonathan S. Mitchell2, Mary Bomberger Brown3 11 Affiliations: 12 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago 13 2Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan 14 3 School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska 15 Contact: 16 Allison E. Johnson*, Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 E 57th Street, 17 Chicago, IL 60637, phone: 773-702-3070, email: [email protected] 18 Jonathan S. Mitchell, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 19 Ruthven Museums Building, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, email: [email protected] 20 Mary Bomberger Brown, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Hardin Hall, 3310 21 Holdrege Street, Lincoln, NE 68583, phone: 402-472-8878, email: [email protected] 22 23 *Corresponding author. 24 Data archiving: Social and morphological data and R code utilized for data analysis have been 25 submitted as supplementary material associated with this manuscript. 26 27 Abstract: BehavioralAuthor Manuscript shifts can initiate morphological evolution by pushing lineages into new adaptive 28 zones. This has primarily been examined in ecological behaviors, such as foraging, but social behaviors 29 may also alter morphology. Swallows and martins (Hirundinidae) are aerial insectivores that exhibit a This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. -
Hummingbirds.Pdf
Life in the Fast Lane This is MY Space! • Size: Hummingbirds are the smallest birds in • Male hummingbirds defend territories that the world! They are found only in the are rich in food sources. Americas. • To defend territories, males use warning • Feet: Hummingbirds belong to bird order sounds, flash the iridescent feathers on Apodiformes which means “without feet”: their gorget and crown, and physically hummingbirds and swifts have small, weak attack the intruder. These are feisty birds! feet and legs. They can grip and perch but Foraging for Nectar • The male’s display involves a steep climb cannot walk or turn around. upward and then rapid dive down towards • Wings: Hummingbird wings beat in a side- • Hummingbirds are mostly nectivores (eat the ground. The shape of dive is species- ways “figure 8” which allows them to fly flower nectar) but also eat any insect or specific such as Anna’s “J- shape” and forward & backward, sideways, up & down, spider it can swallow. Black-chinned’s “U-shape”. hover in place, and even upside down! • High metabolism means they need to eat a • The “pop” sound at the bottom of display • Torpor: Hummingbirds lower their body lot; hummingbirds feed every 10-15 minutes. is created by special shape of tail feathers. temperature and heart rate to conserve • Hummingbirds lap up nectar instead of It is not a vocalization. energy when there is not enough food or sucking. Capillary action moves nectar up • Female hummingbirds select territories temperatures are too cold. They reawaken in the tongue’s grooves into its mouth. with good quality nesting sites. -
The Evolution of Nest Construction in Swallows (Hirundinidae) Is Associated with the Decrease of Clutch Size
© Biologiezentrum Linz/Austria; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Linzer biol. Beitr. 38/1 711-716 21.7.2006 The evolution of nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae) is associated with the decrease of clutch size P. HENEBERG A b s t r a c t : Variability of the nest construction in swallows (Hirundinidae) is more diverse than in other families of oscine birds. I compared the nest-building behaviour with pooled data of clutch size and overall hatching success for 20 species of swallows. The clutch size was significantly higher in temperate cavity-adopting swallow species than in species using other nesting modes including species breeding in evolutionarily advanced mud nests (P<0.05) except of the burrow-excavating Bank Swallow. Decrease of the clutch size during the evolution of nest construction is not compensated by the increase of the overall hatching success. K e y w o r d s : Hirundinidae, nest construction, clutch size, evolution Birds use distinct methods to avoid nest-predation: active nest defence, nest camouflage and concealment or sheltered nesting. While large and powerful species prefer active nest-defence, swallows and martins usually prefer construction of sheltered nests (LLOYD 2004). The nests of swallows vary from natural cavities in trees and rocks, to self-exca- vated burrows to mud retorts and cups attached to vertical faces. Much attention has been devoted to the importance of controlling for phylogeny in com- parative tests (HARVEY & PAGEL 1991), including molecular phylogenetic studies of swallows (WINKLER & SHELDON 1993). Interactions between the nest-construction va- riability and the clutch size, however, had been ignored. -
Nuttall's Cottontail (Sylvilagus Nuttallii) in British Columbia'', Prepared by the BC Nuttall's Cottontail Working Group
PROPOSED Species at Risk Act Management Plan Series Adopted under Section 69 of SARA Management Plan for the Nuttall’s Cottontail nuttallii subspecies (Sylvilagus nuttallii nuttallii) in Canada Nuttall’s Cottontail nuttallii subspecies 2014 Recommended citation: Environment Canada. 2014. Management Plan for the Nuttall’s Cottontail nuttallii subspecies (Sylvilagus nuttallii nuttallii) in Canada. Species at Risk Act Management Plan Series. Environment Canada, Ottawa. III p. + Annex. For copies of the management plan or for additional information on species at risk, including the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Status Reports, residence descriptions, action plans, and other related recovery documents, please visit the Species at Risk (SAR) Public Registry (www.sararegistry.gc.ca). Cover illustration: David Nagorsen Également disponible en français sous le titre « Plan de gestion du lapin de Nuttall de la sous-espèce nuttallii (Sylvilagus nuttallii nuttallii) au Canada [Proposition] » © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2014. All rights reserved. ISBN Catalogue no. Content (photos excluded) may be used without permission, with appropriate credit to the source. MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE NUTTALL’S COTTONTAIL NUTTALLII SUBSPECIES (Sylvilagus nuttallii nuttallii) IN CANADA 2014 Under the Accord for the Protection of Species at Risk (1996), the federal, provincial, and territorial governments agreed to work together on legislation, programs, and policies to protect wildlife species at risk throughout Canada. In the spirit of cooperation of the Accord, the Government of British Columbia has given permission to the Government of Canada to adopt the “Management Plan for the Nuttall’s Cottontail (Sylvilagus nuttallii) in British Columbia” (Part 2) under section 69 of the Species at Risk Act. -
Head-Scratching Method in Swallows Depends on Behavioral Context
SHORT COMMUNICATIONS 679 shoulder-spot display during their observations of behavior in partridges. In all cases that I observed, the shoulder spot appeared to be a fear or flight intention display as described by Lumsden (1970). However, the display seemed secondary in importance compared to vocalizations and “tail flicking” during periods of extreme alarm. Examination of the shoul- der spot of a partridge confirmed the realignment of white underwing coverts to the top of the wing in the patagial region. The manipulation by the bird of underwing feathers appeared to be identical to that of Ruffed Grouse (Bonusa umbellus)(Garbutt 198 1). Since “display” implies actual communication between individuals further investigation is needed to de- termine if, in fact, the shoulder spot actually is serving a communication function in Gray Partridge. The shoulder spot in Gray Partridges and the display seen in grouse are morphologically similar. Lumsden (1970) concluded that the widespread occurrence of this display among grouse indicated it appeared relatively early in evolution. The morphological and behavioral similarities between the display in grouse and partridges suggest that the shoulder spot may have evolved even earlier. Since this is an escape behavior, and since many species of partridges and pheasants are difficult to observe in the wild, it may have been overlooked. Acknowledgments.-Theseobservations were made while the author was supported by funds from the North Dakota Game and Fish Department through Pittman-Robertson Project W-67-R. Additional support was provided by the Biology Department and Institute for Ecological Studies at the University of North Dakota. Helpful editorial comments were provided by R. -
Not All Sweetness and Light
CHICAGO AUDUBON SOCIETY Periodicals 5801-C N. Pulaski Road Chicago, IL 60646-6057 Navigating the world of birds and nature VOLUME 26, ISSUE 6 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2012 very birder knows that hummingbirds involved just a single individual hummingbird, but tropical hummingbirds use to capture arthropods. Do have a symbiotic relationship with certain it is frequently cited. Robert D. Montgomerie and temperate-zone hummers use the same? wildflowers. Browse through any textbook Catherine A. Redsell tracked the foraging activities The first method, hover-gleaning, looks like nectar- about bird biology, and you will almost of a female Broad-tailed Hummingbird for two weeks E ing: the bird holds itself in the air a few inches from surely find a section detailing the connection—com- in May in and around her nest in Rose Canyon in a spider web or a leaf and reaches for the prey with plete with photographs of the birds nectaring and Arizona’s Santa Catalina Mountains. The research- bill and tongue. This may be the most easily observed diagrams of bills, tongues, stamens, pistils, and corol- ers surveyed for nectar plants in the nearby landscape of the four methods. If you witness this behavior, you las. Because they are tubular and showy, and often might try to determine the bird’s target—sometimes red, the plants gain pollinators with long memories, it’s the spider, but hummers also parasitize from the who return to the same flowers again and again. And webs, taking insects the spider has already captured. because their bills are long and their tongues flexible Not all Sweetness (And, of course, female hummers often steal the and grooved, the birds have access to energy sources threads from webs as adhesive building material for not readily available to other animals.