MOSS FLORA of TAIWAN ( Exclusive of Pleurocarpi )
( Exclusive of Pleurocarpi )
by
CHING CHANG CHUANG
B. Sc., Taiwan Normal University, 1958 M. Sc., National Taiwan University, 1963
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in the department
of
Botany
We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard
THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
September, 1971 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study.
I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.
Department of /ffivt Jc?***}
The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada
Date ytZpxy i
ABSTRACT
A floristic study is presented of the moss flora of Taiwan; such taxonomic research is the foundation for botanical science.
The knowledge of the bryophytes of Taiwan has represented a serious gap in the knowledge of eastern Asia. In the present treatment are included 276 species including varieties and subspecies belonging to eighty-nine genera and twenty-three families. The included mosses belong to the subclasses Sphagnidae, Andreaeidae, Tetraphidae,
Polytrichidae, Buxbaumiidae and the majority of the acrocarpous
Bryidae. The pleurocarpous Bryidae have been excluded.
Extensive field work throughout the island of Formosa was made during the two summers of 19&7 an^ 1968. Approximately 5»000 specimens were collected and studied. All species considered in this flora that were derived from records from the literature have been checked and reviewed. Type specimens and voucher specimens from the various herbaria plus my own extensive collections have been carefully examined microscopically both morphologically and anatomically.
During the course of this study, one new species: Andreaea hohuanensis has been discovered and described. Two new combinations:
Oligotrichum suzukii and Mastopoma undulata have been made. Four genera: Wilsoniella, Epipterygium, Leptobryum and Mielichhoferia and twenty-eight species are noted as taxa new to the moss flora of Taiwan. Twenty species and four varieties plus two forms are reduced to synonymy, based on superfluous names or misidentificat• ions. Keys are presented essentially for determination of mosses and are provided for all families in each subclass, and to the genera under each family. Keys are also given to the species and varieties in each genus. Thirty-three species and varieties have been excluded from the moss flora of Taiwan, because they represent nomina nuda, lack precise citation, or are doubtful.
Detailed discussion has been made concerning each taxon where particular taxonomic problems arose.
Ecological and distributional data are given "for each taxon.
The vegetation as well as composition of the flora have been discussed and it is concluded that the bulk of the moss flora of Taiwan considered here is derived from that of the Asian mainland. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
ABSTRACT . i
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF MAPS iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
INTRODUCTION 1
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING 5
TOPOGRAPHY 8
GEOLOGY 11
SOIL 14
CLIMATE 19
VEGETATION 20
HISTORY OF BRYOLOGICAL COLLECTION AND STUDY 29
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY 35
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE PRESENT STUDY TO THE BRYOLOGY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 42
Outline of the classification 42
Taxa new to the country 43
Revision of nomenclature 46
Keys to taxa 47
Excluded species 48
TAXONOMIC TREATMENT 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY 235 iv
LIST OF MAPS
Map Page
I. Regional location of Taiwan 4
II. Administrative districts of Taiwan 6
III. Physiographic regions of Taiwan 7
IV. Geology of Taiwan 10
V. Soils of Taiwan 13
VI. Average annual rainfall and temperature 18
VII. Map showing distribution of tropical species 38
VIII. Map showing distribution of Asian endemic species. 38
IX. Map showing distribution of temperate Eurasian
species 39
X. Map showing distribution of pan boreal species ... 39
XI. Map showing disjunctive distribution 40
XII. Map showing distribution of Himalayan species .... 40
XIII. Map showing localities where the author made collections 41 v
LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATE
Figure Page
1. Subtropical rain forest 23
2. Subtropical rain forest 23
3. Evergreen broad leafed forest 24
4. Evergreen broad leafed forest 24
5. Mixed forest of broad leafed trees and conifers ... 25
6. Forest of predominant species: Chamaecyparis
obtusa var. formosana 25
7. Tsuga forest at Mt. Ta-wu-shan 26
8. Central range of Taiwan high mountains 26
9. Abies kawakamii forest and alpine grassland 27
10. Mt. Sylvia range 27
11. A slope of Mt. Morrison range 28
12. Pure stand of Juniperus squamata var. morrisonicola 28
Plate
1. Andreaea hohuanensis sp. nov 64 vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am deeply indebted to Dr. W. B. Schofield under whose supervision this study was conducted, his guidance, financial aid, encouragement, and reading of the manuscript throughout the course of this study.
I express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Sinske Hattori of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory, Nichinan, Japan, who offered me space to study the herbarium specimens and literature, and to Dr. and Mrs. Zennoske Iwatsuki who gave me considerable assistance during my visit to the Hattori Laboratory in April
1968 and from May to June 1969.
I wish to express my grateful thanks to the curators of herbaria for sending me specimens to study, and also to Drs. A.
J. Sharp, A. Noguchi, N. Takaki, H. Ando, H. Suzuki, H. Ochi,
S. Nakanishi, U. Mizushima, T. Shin, H. Inoue, N. Kitagawa, C.
K. Wang, B. Y. Yang, C. G. G. J. van Steenis all of whom kindly send me literatures and specimens.
Great thanks to Dr. T. Koponen who send me his recent unpublished paper concerning the Mniaceae of Taiwan.
Acknowledgement is made of the financial support from the
University of British Columbia in the form of Graduate Fellow• ships during 1967-70 and summer grant for 1971. Support was also given through grants to Dr. W. B. Schofield from the National
Research Council, Canada. -1-
INTRODUCTION
For many years, during my studies of vascular plants in
Taiwan, I have noted the astonishing diversity and mysterious beauty of the mosses of the island. The knowledge of the bryophytes remains in a chaotic state in this part of the world.
Although some modern branches of botany have been growing rapidly, it is very clear that the study of these modern fields is fundamen• tally based on precise identity of the plant involved. The name of the plant is of basic import to botanical science. Thus, taxonomic research of this flora is essential.
The present study makes an effort to solve the difficult critical problems of the moss flora of Taiwan. It is based on my extensive collections as well as the material deposited in various herbaria. In this treatment are included 276 species including varieties and subspecies belonging to eighty-nine genera and twenty-three families. This constitutes all of the known mosses belonging to the subclasses Sphagnidae, Andreaeidae,
Tetraphidae, Polytrichidae, Buxbaumiidae and the majority of the acrocarpous Bryidae. The pleurocarpous Bryidae are excluded, although the author has studied these in a preliminary way.
Extensive field work throughout the island was made during the summer of 1967 and 1968 (Map XIII. P. 41). Dr. W. B.
Schofield also visited Taiwan to assist my field work in May 7 to May 29, 1968. Approximately 5,000 specimens, with complete ecological data, have been collected for this study and are -2- deposited in the herbarium of the University of British
Columbia.
All species based on records from the literature have been checked and reviewed. Each species has been carefully examined microscopically both morphologically and anatomically verified, evaluated and cited. When this was impossible, this has been indicated.
Of special importance was the study and comparison of many type specimens as well as voucher specimens, which are preserved in the following herbaria:
H Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki, Finland.
HIRO Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
JE Herbarium Haussknecht, Friedrich-Schiller Universitat, Germany.
KU Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
KYO Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
MAK Makino Herbarium, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
NICH Hattori Botanical Laboratory, Nichinan, Japan.
NOG Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
NY New York Botanical Garden, New York, USA.
TAI National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
TI Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
THU Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
TNS The National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan.
UBC University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Abbreviations for herbaria are essentially those used by
Lanjouw & Stafleu (1964); herbaria not treated by these authors are given the following abbreviations: KU, MAX, NOG, THU and UBC.
Keys are provided for all families in each subclass, and to the genera under each family; keys are also given to the species and varieties under each genus to assist in identification of mosses of Taiwan.
Critical discussion is given when the material has permitted careful study. The families are arranged according to Brotherus* system in the second edition of Engler and Prantl's Die Naturlichen
Pflanzenfamilien (1924) with some modifications based on more recent treatments. The genera and species are dealt with in alphabetical order.
Ecological data and distribution are given and phytogeographic notes are included with each taxon. For each taxon the basis for its inclusion is indicated under the designation "Cited specimen".
This notes an actual specimen examined, the literature record of those not examined and when possible, the location of the specimen. _4-
Map, I. Regional location of Taiwan -5-
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING
Taiwan is composed of the main island of Formosa plus several small satellite islands or island groups: Pescadores
Island, involving over 60 small islands with a total area of only 79 sq. km. situated in the Taiwan Strait, and in the
Pacific Ocean off the east coast of Taiwan are located the small islands--Kuei-shan Island to the north and Botel Tobago and Green Island to the southeast (Map II p. .6).
Taiwan is located between 21°53' and 25°18' north latitude,
120°3' and 121°58' east longitude. Positioned on west margin of
Pacific Ocean, it is bounded by the East China Sea to the south• west. Northward some 900 km, it reaches to southern Japan and southward about 160 km to Luzon of the Philippines separated by the Bashi Channel. It is separated from Fukien, on mainland
China by the Strait of Taiwan, 130 km wide at its narrowest part (Map I, p. 4).
With the length about 448 km from north to south and the maximum width 144 km from east to west at the widest part, the total area is about 36,000 sq. km. -6-
Map, II. Administrative districts of Taiwan -7-
Map III. Physiographic regions of Taiwan -8-
TOPOGRAPHY
Topographically, Taiwan can be divided into mountains and plains (Map III. P. 7). The mountain system forms the main body of the island with many high peaks ranging for nearly the entire length from north to south. The highest summits of the central range rise to 3300-3800 m above sea level; 48 of the mountains are higher than 3000 m (Fig. 8, P. 26). The following peaks are some of the higher representatives:
Nan-hu-ta-shan 3789 m
Ho-huan-shan 3393 m
Chung-yang-chien-shan 3715 m
Chi-lai-shan 3605 m
Neng-kao-shan 3255 m
Kuan-shan 3715 m
Shiu-ku-luan-shan 3365 m
Ta-wu-shan 3642 m
Sylvia (Hsueh-shan) range is parallel to the central range and contains the second highest peaks of the island (Fig.10, P.27)
--Mt. Sylvia 3931 m and Ta-hsueh-shan 3600 m. The Morrison range contains Mt. Morrison (3997 m), the highest peak in all eastern
Asia (Fig. 11, P. 28). The A-li-shan range is considerably lower at the western side of Morrison range. The East Coast range is much lower fault block and is separated from the central range by the notable east coast valley. The Ta-tun range is a prominent group of volcanic peaks at the northern part of the island. -9-
Rivers in Taiwan are short with steep gradients and small drainage basins therefore they are unruly and unstable. Nineteen rivers are regarded as major streams; about 30 secondary streams and 100 minor streams have been enumerated.
The discharge of the streams is very low during the dry winter and spring, it "withholds" water supply from much of the southwestern plain. The highly restricted drainage areas of rivers, combined with tropical rainstorms in summer, cause sudden stream flows within short periods.
The low, well-watered alluvial plains west of the mountain ranges form the largest level area of land in Taiwan. These are the sites of highest crop production and human activity.
Four inland plains are of special importance.
1. The Taipei basin, largely of urban population, is
industrially developed and yields rice and vegetables
throughout the year.
•2. The Taichung basin is a fertile valley in west central
Taiwan.
3. The Puli basin, southeast of Taichung is a very rich
alluvial plain.
4. The East coast valley is suitable for rice cultivation
and forms a long narrow rift between the central range
and the east coast range. -10-
Map IV. Geology of Taiwan -11-
GEOLOGY
Taiwan consists predominantly of sedimentary rocks rather than complex igneous or metamorphic rocks (Map IV. P. 10). The rocks which make up much of Taiwan range in age from pre-Tertiary to recent. The geologic units form parallel bands aligned with the longitudinal axis of the island. The rocks decrease in age from east to west across the island.
The central range includes the oldest rocks of Taiwan.
A belt of mesozoic and paleozoic metamorphic rocks, predominantly scist, with belts of crystalline limestone. The zone is about
30 km wide at the north near Su-ao and narrows toward the south.
The metamorphic rocks make up the east front of the central range through their length. West of the crystalline belt the remainder of the central range is made up of partly metamorphosed Eocene and Oligocene slates and quartzites. Phyllitic slate of Eocene age composes the highest parts of the central range.
Hsueh-shan range, which lies parallel to and west of the central range, is composed of Eocene and Oligocene slates and quartzites and farther west, lower ridges of Miocene sandstone and shale.
The Ali-shan range is oriented similarly to Hsueh-shan range. It is younger, formed mostly of Pliocene sandstone and shales, although part of the west flank of the range includes part of the Miocene series. -12-
Taitun mountains are a prominent group of volcanic peaks
composed largely of late Pliocene or Pleistocene andesite and
andesitic rocks probably formed concurrently with the igneous
intrusion of the east coast range.
The east coast range consist of chiefly of Miocene and
Pliocene sandstones and shales, rather widely intruded by
Pliocene or younger igneous masses, chiefly andesites.
The western foothills consist of discontinuous ridges and low hills of Pliocene sandstone, shale and conglomerate. The northern foothills consist of older rocks, chiefly poorly metamorphosed Oligocene slate to Miocene shales and sandstones.
This area included most of the coal deposits of Taiwan.
The southwestern plain is made up of a diversity of
Quaternary sands, gravels and clay deposited as river and delta alluvium and marine sediments.
-14-
SOIL
A close relationship exists between soils and natural vegetation, since each element affects the development and characteristics of the other and both strongly reflect the influence of climate. The distribution of soils in Taiwan can be divided into five groups (Map V. P. 13):
Alluvial soils cover about 8600 sq. km. or almost one-fourth of the whole island. The broad flood plain is in the southwest, and small alluvial fans are widely scattered throughout the low part of the island in coastal and river plains along major stream valleys. The major categories of alluvial soils are as follows:
1. Paddy soils constitute the principal groups of alluvial soils and are regularly planted to two rice crops each year. They occupy lowland in many parts of the island, except Chia-nan plain which is limited by winter water deficiency to a single rice crop each year. They are submerged for nine to ten months of the year surface soils are structureless by long-continued cultivation.
2. Slate alluvial soils are bluish-gray to dark gray, fine sandy or clay loams, low in organic content and moderately acid to weakly alkaline in reaction. The alluvial plain of Cho-suei and Ilan Cho-suei rivers, the Pingtung plain and parts of the east coast valley belong to this type.
3. Schist alluvial soils developed on the stony alluvial fans and east coast valley. They consist of dry gritty or gravelly surface soils moderately acid in reaction. -15-
4. Sandstone-shale alluvial soils are yellowish-brownish gray in color with a sandy loam texture and are weakly acid to neutral, whereas the rivers deliver mountain slate sediments to the plain, their deposits form the parent material of sandstone- shale alluvium.
5. Along the coasts, there are areas of saline soils, making high cultivation difficult or impossible.
Yellow foothill soils are recognized with two significant ranges of great soil groups.
1. Red-yellow podzolic soils are the forest soils and occupy the lower slopes of the mountains. They have developed under broadleaf or mixed forest sites on steep slopes. They are strongly acid in reaction and with low organic fertility, therefore they are quite unpromising as agricultual soils.
2. Yellowish-brown lateritic soils are the characteristic foothill soils of Taiwan. The soils are reddish or yellowish brown loams and clay loams derived mainly from sandstone and shale. They cover an area of about 3500 sq. km. and are uniformly acid in reaction. They are widely cultivated for non-irrigated crops, chiefly sweet potatos, tea and citrus fruits. These soils also support extensive stands of bamboo or various broad leafed shrub and woodland.
Reddish brown lateritic soils--The bright red soils of the Pleistocene tablelands show the most striking appearence of any of the soils of Taiwan. These, the most mature soils of the island, cover 2400 sq. km. The process of this soil formation, -16- carried on a long period of time has produced deeply weathered parent material or a matrix for soils which are predominantly lay in texture, strongly leached and consequently highly acid, and low in organic content, such areas are the lower gravel fans of Tao-yuan and Hsin-chu county. The small areas of red earths formed on bed rock parent material occur in three widely separated localities: Tai-tum mountains, north of Taipei, with fairly deep, leached, strongly acid red soils derived from andesites;
Pescardores Islands, which under the influence of drying winds the basalt has weathered into a thin, reddish, slightly alkaline sandy loam; and in southern Taiwan, the calcareous material of elevated coral reefs which have formed light yellowish red neutral soils.
Mountain forest soils--Gray brown podzolic soils occupy lower sites than lithosols. The mountain forest soils are products of the broadleafed and mixed broadleaf-coniferous forest area between about 1000 and 3000 m above sea level. These soils are deeper, more mature, better texture and are less acid in reaction than those of mountain stony soils. Covering an area of about
8500 sq. km., they are distributed at the northern end of the central range, Hsueh-shan range; A-li shan and Mt. Morrison range and high elevations along the southern part of the central range.
They are of great importance and are best studied for growth of native conifers.
Lithosols cover the largest part of the high mountain district. They consist entirely of masses of rock fragments with very slight evidence of soil formation. Including podzolic soils and mountain grassland soils, lithosols cover more than 20,000 sq. km. or almost two-thirds of the total island and occupy sites from about 1,200-1,500 m upward to the mountain crest 3,500 m and higher on the Hsueh-shan range and central range. Under the influence of high precipitation the finer products of rock weathering are quickly washed away down the slope leaving thin, stony, acid, podzoilized soils or merely an accumulation of rock fragments.
These soils may be developed under various types of natural vegetation, from forest and shrub to alpine grassland. Despite their unpromising nature, the lithosols are significant not only because of their wide occurrence, but also because of the timber land values with which they are associated. Map VI. Average annual rainfall and temperature -19-
CLIMATE
During the summer the lowlands of Taiwan have a very hot mesothermal climate (Caf of Trewartha), approaching a tropical climate. The proximity of the vast landmass of Asia is the main reason that the winter temperature does not exceed 15.3 C. Thus, in Taiwan south of the Tropic of Cancer the climate is subtropical rather than tropical. In the mountains the climate is cooler and includes mesothermal and microthermal climates (Cbf, Cbs, Das and
Dbs of Trewartha). Only the highest elevations where the mountains exceed 3500 m does the climate approach ET of Trewartha where there are frequent frosts and snowfall in winter.
In most of Taiwan temperature and humidity are very high throughout the year (Map VI, P. 18). Summer is long; temperature averages above 22° C during 6-7 months of the year in the northern part and. temperature averages above 22° C in 9-10 months of the year in the southern part.
Taiwan is located just within the monsoon region of eastern
Asia, thus rainfall is abundant. Average annual rainfall ranges from 1000 to 6000 mm, depending on the different localities. The highest record in eastern Asia is found at Ho-sao-liao, 16 km south of Keelung, a locality on the mountain slope facing the southeastern sea with an annual average 1,095 cm. In the northern part there is considerable rain in winter and the whole island is affected in summer. Typhoons occur irregularly and infrequently from June to November, these bring considerable rain and wind causing serious damage. -20-
VEGETATION
The favorable climate and plentiful moisture have led to
the exceedingly luxuriant and complex vegetation of Taiwan. The
vertical profile of the vegetation of this island be given briefly:
Subtropical rain forest is confined to elevations below
500 m above sea level (Fig. 1-2, p. 23). This region is character•
ized by woody representatives of the families Lauraceae, Moraceae,
Euphorbiaceae and tree ferns. Up to the lower parts of the warm
temperate zone,, bamboo forests form a prominant feature. Mosses
in the lower land of Taiwan are sparsely distributed and only very
few species are found. They are: Fissidens incrassatus, Hyophila
involuta, Hyophila propagulifera, Semibarbula orientalis,
Physcomitrium eurystomum, Physcomitrium japonicum • ; some species
like Fissidens mittenii, Funaria hygrometrica, Trematodon longicollis
and Bryum argenteum are very common species, and have a rather
wide distribution and are found from low to higher elevations.
Most of these species are associated with agriculture or habitation,
and grow in the hard packed soils near dwellings or arable land.
Evergreen broad-leafed forest composed mostly of broad-leafed
evergreen families, are located between 500 and 1800 m above sea
level (Fig. 3-4, p. 24). Predominant are the families Fagaceae and
Lauraceae. A number of mosses are found in open areas and mostly on
soils, such as Pogonatum .junghuhnianum, Ceratodon purpureus,
Campylopodium euphorocladum, Campylopus japonicus, Campylopus
richardii, Dicranella coarctata and Leucobryum bowringii, Leucobryum
neilgherrense; these often form beautiful carpets in the forest. -21-
Some species like Leucoloma molle, Syrrhopodon japonicus,
Syrrhopodon tosaensis, Syrrhopodon gardneri. , are species on tree trunks. Bryum truncorum and Rhodobryum giganteum are found on humus in the forest and Philonotis revoluta, Philonotis socia and Fleischerobryum longicolle are found on moist or wet soil and rocks.
The cool temperate zone occurs from 1800 to 3000 m above sea level. This region can be divided into two distinct belts.
The lower belt includes the zone from 1800 to 2400 m above sea level, and is mainly of mixed forest of broad-leafed trees and conifers ( Fig. 5, p. 25 ), including Cyclobalanopsis, Ulmus,
Illicium, Schefflera mixed with the predominant coniferous species
Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana ( Fig. 6, p. 25),Chamaecyparis formosensis, Cunninghamia konishii '. The mosses occur abundantly in this area in open places, edges of the forest and in the forest, and most' epiphytic mosses are pleurocarpous. The following is a list of common species which characterized this area: Pogonatum cirratum, Pogonatum spurio-cirratum, Polytrichum formosum var. densifolium, Fissidens areolatus, Ditrichum difficile, Ditrichum pallidum, Scopelophila cataractae, Plagiomnium integrum, Plagiomnium maximoviczii, Plagiomnium rhyncophorum, Bartramia halleriana and
Rhizogonium spiniforme.
Up to 2400 m above sea level, the mixed forest gradually disappears and is replaced by pure stands of the conifers, which are represented mainly by Tsuga chinensis var. formosana ( Fig. 7, p. 26 ), Picea morrisonicola and Juniperus formosana. The floor of -22- this forest is suitable for growth and development of mosses.
Much as in the vascular flora, most species of mosses are replaced by boreal and temperate species and tropical species have completely disappeared. Tetraphis pellucida, Brothera leana and Dicranodontium denudatum are frequent on decayed wood;
Pogonatum urnigerum, Pogonatum alpinum, Rhacomitrium anomodontoides,
Anacolia laevisphera and Bartramidula grow on open places and
Dicranum japonicum, Dicranum majus and Oncophorus wahlenbergii form local thick dense turfs on the forest floor.
The subalpine and alpine zones, between 3,000 to 3,700 m above sea level is covered by pure stands of Abies kawakamii
(Fig. 9, P. 27 ) instead of Tsuga chinensis, dwarf shrubs and alpine herbaceous plants, including Juniperus (Fig. 12, P. 28),
Rhododendron and Berberis cover large areas on the tops of the highest mountains. In this region, on open rocks and soils, are the following species of mossesi Andreaea rupestris var. fauriei,
Andreaea morrisonensis, Grimmia elongata, Grimmia ovalis,
Rhacomitrium canescens, Rhacomitrium lanuginosum, Bryum caespiticium,
Pohlia crudoides var. revolvens, Pohlia elongata, Pohlia longicolla and Pohlia nutans. Fig. 1. Subtropical rain forest at Yang-raing-shan near Taipei. Forest dominated by Mallotus spp., Glochidion spp., iviacaranga spp., Machilus spp., Ficus spp., Broussonetia spp., Liquidambar formosana.
Fig. 2. Subtropical rain forest: Alsophila pustulosa is a common tree fern in the lowland of Taiwan. -24-
Fig. 3' Evergreen broad-leafed forest at Chi-tou, Nantou County. The predominant species are Castarfpsis, Cyclo- balanopsis, Cinnamomum, Actinodaphne, Machilus.
Fig. 4. Evergreen broad-leafed forest at 500-1800 m above sea level. -25-
Fig. 5 Mixed forest of broad- leafed trees and conifers at Chi-tou, Nantou County Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana is an important softwood species in this area (left).
Fig. 6 Pure forest of Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana at an altitude of 2000 m. (right). Fig. 8 Central range of Taiwan high mountains, altitude about 3000 m. Fig. 9 Abies kawakaraii forest and alpine grassland, alt. 3000 m, near Mt. Nan-hu-ta-shan.
Fig. 10 Mt. Sylvia range. Mt. Ta-pa-chien-shan, alt. 3600 ra is in the background. -28-
i -29-
HISTORY OF BRYOLOGICAL COLLECTION AND STUDY
Bryological exploration in Taiwan can be divided conveniently into three periods.
(1) Period I (1900-1932)
The first record concerning a moss collection from Taiwan was made by E. S. Salmon and V. F. Brotherus in 1900. Salmon listed five species of mosses from the island in his paper "On some mosses from China and Japan", based on the following specimens which are deposited in Kew: Macromitrium .japonicum and
Philonotis palustris collected by Richard Oldham from Tamsui and
Keelung in 1864, Trichostomum orientale collected by George
Playfair from Kaohsiung and Tainan in 1888-1889» and Homalia glossophylla and Porotrichum makinoi collected by Augustin Henry from Ape's Hill (Pingtung) in 1893-1894.
Brotherus reported three species of mosses: Meteorium reclinatum, Thuidium cymbifolium and Thuidium capillatum from
Kuanania ( Present local name unknown), based on I. 0. Warburg's collection of 1899.
Five years later, there appeared the first extensive and important study of mosses, that of J. Cardot (1905). He reported
125 species, twelve varieties and one form of which thirty-nine species, eight varieties, and the form were new to science. All specimens included in his study were collected by Faurie in 1903 from May to June around Keelung, Tamsui, Peitou, Mt. Tatun, Yuan- shan and Chiu-chi, all areas: in the northern part of Taiwan.
P. U. Faurie, a French missionary, an energic collector of
Japanese plants in the 19th century, twice resided in Taiwan, -30-
first from 1901 to 1903. and again from 1913 until his death at
Taipei in 1915* He collected numerous specimens, not only of vascular plants, but also a large number of bryophytes and lichens.
Most bryophytes were sent to Cardot and Stephani for study and became the basis of the moss flora of Taiwan. All of Faurie's
collections are deposited in the herbarium of the Museum in Paris? duplicate sets are deposited at KYO, Kyoto University, Japan.
K. Sawada (1914) wrote a brief introduction to mosses of
Taiwan in Japanese and with Latin names. He included all species reported by Cardot without any change. After his death, his collections from Taiwan were sent to TNS and NICH, Japan.
S. Okamura (1916) in his study of Japanese mosses, reported forty-nine species of mosses from Taiwan; ten were described as new. His study was based mainly on collections of H. Sasaoka, Y.
Shimada,' B. Hayata and J. Shiraga made during 1911-1914, mostly from Taipei and vicinity and some from Chu-nan and a few other places. ' All collections of Okamura were deposited in TI, but are now mainly in NICH, Japan.
From 1919 to 1929, Brotherus described from Taiwan thirty- six species and three varieties as new to science. Most material was sent to him by H. Sasaoka, including his own collections and those of his colleagues Y. Shimada, S. Suzuki, J. Matsumura, E.
Matsuda, A. Yasuda and K. Kumato. The materials came from various mountains of Taiwan. All specimens, including holotypes, are de• posited in the Botanical Herbarium, University of Helsinki, Finland. -31-
From 1918 to 1928, H. Sasaoka reported a number of species as additions to the moss flora of Taiwan. Most species were determined by Brotherus and Okamura. In 1928, he published a list of Taiwan mosses and included 277 species and varieties.
Some of his duplicate specimens were deposited in TNS, but most of them can not be located.
1929 and 1931, E. Ihsiba, a school teacher, published two papers concerning Japanese mosses. Many species were indicated by him as occurring also in Taiwan, based mainly on Sasaoka's list. Unfortunately, most of Ihsiba*s collections were destroyed by the great fire at Sendai City, northern Japan in 1918. Only a few duplicates remain in TNS, Japan.
(2) Period II (1932-1960)
In 1932 Sakurai initiated his "Beobachtungen Uber Japanische
Mossflora". His publications extended continuously to 194-1. He reported about sixty-two species including some varieties of
Taiwan mosses. During his earlier studies, Taiwan reports are based mainly on collections of H. Sasaoka, S. Suzuki and Y. Shimada while later based mostly, on collections of A. Noguchi, M. Sato,
T. Nakamura and others.
A. Noguchi twice visited Taiwan. The first time, in 1928 he collected at Taipei, Wu-lai and Mt. Ali. The second time, in
1932, he collected extensively at Hsin-tien to V^u-lai and Rahau,
Suei-she to Sun moon lake, Mt. Ali to Mt. Morrison and Mt. Tai-
ping-shan. From 1934 to i960, he has published his studies. -32-
He not only discovered several new species and significant range extensions, but also made numerous valuable critical studies of earlier reports. His work is an extremely important contribution to the moss flora of Taiwan.
About the same time, Y. Horikawa visited the island three times:, Mt. Ali to Mt. Morrison, Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Mt. Chi-pen- shan in 1932, Ghing-suei-ying in 1933 and Mt. Ta-shu-ling-shan to Mt. Toranzan in 1935» He collected a large number of mosses and liverworts from Taiwan. He reported thirty-four species of mosses, of which eight species are described as new species in his papers " Symbolae Florae Bryophytae Orietali-Asiae " and
"Contribution to the bryological Flora of Eastern Asia". All of his collections were deposited in HIRO, Hiroshima University, but unfortunately, most of these were destroyed by the atomic bomb at the end of World War II.
In 1935 Ihsiba published his Index Muscorum Formosarum.
This check list included 2?5 species, seventeen varieties and three forms, but nothing was additional to Sasaoka's list (1928).
In 1955 Noguchi cooperated with V. T. Herzog in the study the collections of G. H. Schwabe who had been collecting from
Taiwan, Botel Tobago and Green Island during the years 1946 to
194?. They reported 119 species, eight varieties and one form of mosses, of which nine species and three varieties were new to science.
During this second period, Sakurai, Noguchi and Horikawa made their great contributions to the moss flora of Taiwan and -33- the number of known species increased greatly. Meanwhile, other
Bryologists, including Toyama (1935-38), Kabiersch (1936-37),
Chen (1941) and Dixon (1942-43) published their studies including, incidentally, some species of Taiwan mosses.
(3) Period III (1960-the present)
In 1945 Taiwan was restored to the Republic of China. Until i960 C. K. Wang was the first Chinese to work actively in bryology in Taiwan after World War II. He enumerated all species of acrocarpous mosses and added Isobryales and Hypnobryales to his check list in 1961 and 1963. He compiled all his knowledge on the study of phytogeographic distribution of mosses of Taiwan and published this in 1970. He has collected around at Mt. Ta- hsueh-shan, Mt. Hsiao-hsueh-shan, Mt. An-ma-shan, Mt. Lu-chan-ta
-shan and Mt. Nan-feng-shan during 1958-60. Although 43 species were reported by him as species new to the locality in 1967, many species were misidentified and revised by Iwatsuki (1969).
B. Y. Yang, professor of National Taiwan University, Taipei, reported some mosses of Taiwan in 1962 and 1964, because of a lack of literature in Taiwan as well as authentic specimens for study, her recent work has been limited to the study of culture and spore germination of bryophytes.
S. Nakanishi visited Taiwan on March 1963, he collected in
Mt. Morrison, Ho-she, Tung-pu and Pa-tung-kuan. Most of the species were identified by some specialists in Japan, such as:
Dicranaceae by Takaki, Bryaceae and Bartramiaceae by Ochi, Hypnaceae -34-
and Sematophyllaceae by Ando. He reported Bryoxiphium norvegicum
var. japonicum from Taiwan.
Z. Iwatsuki and A. J. Sharp made a bryological excursion
to Taiwan in March I965. They collected bryphytes in Yang-ming
-shan, Bamboo lake, Mt. An-ma-shan, Mt. Ta-hsueh-shan, Mt. A-li,
Tung-pu and Tai-lu-ko gorge and Tien-hsian, Taiwan.
H. Inoue, Hepaticologist of National Science Museum, Tokyo,
Japan, came to Taiwan on April I966, October I966 and March I96?.
He collected at Wu-lai, Pei.-tou, Yang-ming-shan, Ghi-tou, Mt. A-li,
Mt. Tai-ping-shan and Mt. Ta-yuan-shan. Most his collection
consists of liverworts, but includes a number of mosses.
H. Ando made a scientific expedition to Taiwan on July 14th
to August 10th, I968. He collected at Mt. A-li-shan and Chi-tou and
concentrated his attention on Hypnaceae and Sematophyllaceae.
U. Mizushima, who has been working on the Entodontaceae of
Japan, collected numerous specimens of bryophytes from various
parts of Taiwan during the time while her husband was teaching
at Forest department, National Taiwan University, Taipei, during
the spring of 19&9•
In 1970 T. Koponen collected a considerable number of
specimens from Chi-tou, M"t. A-li-shan, Mt. Ho-huan-shan. All
species of the Mniaceae of Taiwan have been discussed in his
unpublished paper.
During this period some Japanese bryologists such as Takaki,
Shin and Ochi published their monographic works concerning
Japanese mosses; some species of mosses from Taiwan have been
included in their papers.-. -35-
PHYTOGEOGRAPHY
At the species level, the moss flora of Taiwan, excluding pleurocarpous mosses, can be classified into seven categories, according to their geographical affinities.
1. Endemic species: 9.8 %
No endemic genus, except Pseudopleuropus a pleurocarpous moss, is found in Taiwan. Twenty-two species and five endemic varieties of acrocarpous mosses are present in Taiwan and most taxa are distributed in the terrain about 2000-3000 m above sea level. The number of endemic taxa has been somewhat reduced by synonymy during my study.
2. Cosmopolitan species: 11.9 %
This element is widely distributed in both hemispheres. .
The distribution of this element presents few geographical problems.
3. Tropical species: 21.6 %
Tropical species are restricted to tropical and sub• tropical eastern Asia and Africa including Madagascar, India, Burma,
Thainland, Indonesia, Malaya, Java, Sumatra to Borneo, and also extending to Taiwan. Most species are dominant in the broad-leafed forest and probably their distributionis at its northern limit.
Examples are: Pogonatum cirratum, Pogonatum microstomum, Pogonatum spurio-cirratum, Fissidens areolatus ( Map VII P. 38), Fissidens mittenii, Fissidens nobilis, Campylopus aureus, Dicranella coarctata,
Leucoloma molle, Rhodobryum giganteum, Breutelia arundifolia,
Spiridens reinwardtii. -36-
4. Asian endemic: 30.3 %
Asian endemics are restricted to East Asia, including East
Siberia, Sakhalin, Japan, Korea, Manchuria, Ryukyu, Bonin Island,
Taiwan, mainland China, the Philippines and the Himalayas (Map VIII,
P. 38). The percentage of species belonging to this category in this flora is exceedingly high. They can be divided into Sino-
Japanese, Philippines-Taiwan, Japan-Taiwan, Ryukyu-Taiwan and
Himalayan elements, Himalayan species in the moss flora of Taiwan are numerous (Map XI. P. 40). Many species that are generally distributed and otherwise restricted in the Himalayas occur also in the alpine area of Taiwan.
5. Temperate Eurasian species: 1.9 %
This element is distributed in Europe and Asia, but not in
North America. They include Tortula muralis var. obcordata,
Grimmia elongata, Physcomitrium eurystomum (Map IX. P. 39),
Physcomitrium sphaericum, Bryum atrovirens. This element in Taiwan is rather small and Taiwan may be the southern limit of their distribution. Most of these species are restricted to high alpine areas.
6. Pan boreal species: 11.6 %
These species are widely distributed in boreal regions of
Asia, Europe and North America. It is assumed that during the glacial age they migrated southwards and persist in Taiwan. Most species are distributed only in the very high alpine areas. They are represented by the'following species: Sphagnum girgensohnii,
Tetraphis pellucida, Pogonatum urnigerum (Map X. P. 39). Fissidens bryoides, Fissidens cristatus, Ditrichum heteromallum, Dicranodon- tium denudatum, Dicranum ma,jus, Encalypta ciliata, Barbula fallax, -37-
Barbula unguiculata, Pohlia elongata, Rhodobryum roseum and
Philonotis fontana
7. Disjunctions: 12.9 %
a. Asian-North America
These species are distributed in East Asia and East
North America and are completely missing from western North
America and Europe. They are: Aongstroemia orientalis, Brothera leana, Campylopus richardii, Symblepharis vaginata, Fissidens hyalinus, Fissidens garberi, Buxbaumia minakatae (Map XI. P. 40).
Garckea comosa, Octoblepharum albidum, Scopelophila cataractae and Pohlia flexuosa.
:b. "Taiwan-Java
The Javanese species are distributed through Borneo, the Philippines, Taiwan and also to Ryukyu and Japan. This group includes: Fissidens geminiflorus var. nagasakinus, Fissidens geppii, Fissidens hollianus, Fissidens wichurae, Exodictyon blumii, Hymenostomum malayense, Gymnostomiella longinervis,
Bryum salakense and Rhizogonium badakense.
c. South Pacific Oceanic
The distribution of this element extends from south
Pacific islands, New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea and Polynesia to Taiwan. In Taiwan most of these species are discovered only at Botel Tobago. They are: Leucophanes octoblepharum, Calymperes longifolium, Calymperes tahitense and Calymperes tenerum. -38-
Map VII. Map showing distribution of tropical species
Map VIII. Map showing distribution of Asian endemic species
-42-
CONTRIBUTION OF THE PRESENT STUDY TO THE BRYOLOGY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
1. Outline of the classification
Subclass Family Genus Species Subspecies Variety
Sphagnidae Sphagnaceae 1 4 1
Andreaeidae Andreaeaceae 1 2(2)* 1
Tetraphidae Tetraphidaeeae 1 1
Polytrichidae Polytrichaceae 5 19(7) 2
Buxbaumiidae Buxbaumiaceae 1 1
Diphysciaceae 1 2
Bryidae Fissidentaceae l 31(2) 2
Ditrichaceae 6 10(1) KD
Bryoxiphiaceae 1 1
Dicranaceae 14 36(3) 3(3)
Leucobryaceae 4 9
Encalyptaceae 1 1
Calymperaceae 2 10 1
Pottiaceae 19 34(5) 5(D
Grimmiaceae 3 11 3
Funariaceae 3 7
Splachnaceae 2 3(1)
Bryaceae 9 31 1 5
Mniaceae 5 15
Rhizogoniaceae 1 3
Hypnodendraceae 1 1
Bartramiaceae 6 17(1) 1
Spiridentaceae 1 1 89 249(22) 3 24(5)
* The number in the brackets indicates the number of endemic species. -43-
2, Taxa new to the country
During the course of this study, one new species has been
found and described, two new combinations have been made, four
genera and twenty-eight species including some varieties are
reported as new to the moss flora of Taiwan, of which four species
belong to the pleurocarpous mosses. The names are as followst
Species Page
Andreaea hohuanensis sp. nov. 62
Oligotrichum suzukii ( Broth.) comb. nov. ?0
Buxbaumia minakatae 82
Fissidens hetero-limbatus 95
Fissidens plagiochiloides 100
Wilsoniella decipiens (Genus new to Taiwan I) 112
Campylopus caudatus 119
Campylopus gracilis 121
Campylopus laxitextus 122
Dicranodontium asperulum 126
Dicranum hamulosum 131
Calymperes dozyanum 148
Calymperes johannis-winkleri var. hasegawae 148
Syrrhopodon larminatii 152
Anoectangium thompsonii 155
Anoectangium stracheyanura var. gymnostomoides 156
Barbula convoluta 156
Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum 157
Pseudosymblepharis papillosula 168 -44-
Grimmia apocarpa var. gracilis 176
Grimmia decalvata 176
Grimmia ovalis 177
Epipterygium tozeri (Genus new to Taiwan l) 203
Leptobryum pyriforme (Genus new to Taiwan I) 204
Mielichhoferia mielichhoferi var. japonica (Genus new to Taiwan I) 204
Philonotis mollis 230
Pleurocarpous mosses:
Forrstroemia trichomitria ( Hedw.) Lindb., Oefv. K. Vet. Ak.
Foerh. 19* 605, I863.
Cited specimen: Hwalien Co. Tien-hsiang, Tai-lu-ko Gorge,
trail across bridge over Tai-lu-ko river, Z. Iwatsuki, A. J.
& E. Sharp 1624 (NICH).
Habitat: On tree trunk in limestone area.
Distribution: Eastern North America, Japan and Taiwan.
Hondaella brachytheciella ( Broth. & Par.) Ando, Hikobia 2(1)
53, I960.
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou, Chuang 6166 (UBC).
Habitat: On trunk of Lithocarpus kawakamii.
Distribution: Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
Glossadelphus glossoides ( Besch. & Lac.) Fl., Fl. Buitenaorg.. 4: 1358, 1923.
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-Tou to Chi-ti, Chuang &
Schofield 270 (UBC).
Habitat: On tree trunk.
Distribution: Java. New to Taiwan 1 -45-
Mastopoma undulata ( Borth. & Yas.) comb. nov.
Mastopoma perundulata ( Dix.) Horikawa & Ando, Nature &
Life in Southeast Asia 3s 34, f. 7, 1964; Wang (I967, 1970).
Trismegitia perundulata Dix., Ann. Bryol. 9: 69, 1936.
Trismegitia undulata Broth. & Yas., Rev. Bryol. 53: 4, 1926;
Cited specimen: Mt. Dai-bu, E. Matsuda ( H )—Holotype of
T. undulata; Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku, a way to Mt. Ta-wu-shan
Chuang 1480 (UBC).
Habitat: On tree trunk.
Distribution: Laos, Thailand and Taiwan.
This species has been reported by Horikawa and Ando from
Thailand. I studied the type of T. undulata and my collection from type locality and found that they are the same species, thus the above combination is necessary.
Leucodon esquirolii Ther., Monde Pl. ser. 2, 9 (45): 22, I907.
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Lu-shan, Chuang & Schofield
751 (UBC).
Habitat: On open dry boulders.
Distribution: China ( Kwei-chow, Yunnan). New to Taiwan I -46-
3. Revision of nomenclature
About twenty species and four varieties and two forms are reduced to synonymy during this study. These superfluous names and misidentifications are rejected based on the rules of the
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. The details are discussed under each species in the text. These species are listed below;
Synonyms Correct name Page
Pogonatum submacrophyllum Pogonatum cirratum 73
Pogonatum arisanensis Pogonatum cirratum 73
Diphyscium formosicum Diphyscium involutum 83
Fissidens japonicus Fissidens nobilis 98
Ditrichum flexifolium Ditrichum difficile 107
Ditrichum formosicum Ditrichum difficile 108
Trematodon paucifolius Trematodon longicollis 111
Microcampylopus longifolius Campylopodium euphorocladum 116
Microcampylopus longifolius Campylopodium euphorocladum 116 forma densifolius
Campylopus gracilentus Campylopus gracilentus 120 var. brevifolius
Campylopus nakamurae Campylopus japonicus 121
Dicranella flexifolium non Hamp. Dicranella heteromalla 126 sensu Herz. Sc Noguchi
Dicranum hamulosum non Mitt, Dicranum mayrii 133 sensu Wang
Leucobryum bowringii Leucobryum bowringii 141 forma brevifolium
Leucobryum neilgherrense Leucobryum neilgherrense 142 var. minus -47-
Leucobryum confine Leucobryum neilgherrense 143
Leucobryum neilgherrense Leucobryum neilgherrense 143 var. galeatum
Anoectangium fauriei Anoectangium thompsonii 155
Amphidium mougeotii Hymenostylium recurvirostre 162 var. formosicum
Hymenostylium pellucidum Hymenostylium recurvirostre 162
Rhacomitrium formosicum Rhacomitrium anomodontoides 180
Breutelia chrysocoma Fleischerobryum longicolle 226 sensu Yang & Lee
Philonotis mollis Philonotis turneriana 232 sensu Herzog & Noguchi
Bartramia pomiformis Bartramia halleriana 223 sensu Wang
Mnium marginatum Mnium lycopodioides 212
4. Keys to taxa
Keys are essentially outlines adopted for use in determining
the identity of plants.
All keys consist of a series of pairs of contrasting
statements which employ easily-seen, strictly dichotomous and
reliable characters of gametophytes as well as those of sporophytes.
A range of measurements instead of use of comparative terms is more definite and meaningful and is applied in these keys. -48-
5. Excluded species
Thirty-three names of species and varieties are present in the lists of Sasaoka, Ihsiba, Wang and others, but are without citation or valid publication. These species and varieties should excluded from moss flora of Taiwan, because they are doubtful, or misdetermined, and should be rejected.
(li) Sphagnum junghuhnianum Doz. & Molk. forma compacta Warnst.
This name listed in Ihsiba (1935) without citation.
(2. ) Sphagnum septatum Warnst. var. macrophyllum Paul.
This name was used by Sasaoka (1928) without citation.
(3 '•) Pogonatum aloides ( Hedw.) P. Beauv.
In his study of Japanese Polytrichaceae, Osada (I966) excluded this species from the moss flora of Japan. The Taiwan species was listed by Sasaoka (1928) from Yang-ming-shan, based on his collection no. 2696. I have not examined Sasaoka*s specimen, but I made many collections from the same area and found no specimens that could be referred to this species.
(4.) Pogonatum wallisii ( C. Muell.) Jaeg., Yang & Lee (1964);
Wang (1967, 1970).
Bartram (1939) suggested that P. wallisii might be a well-marked form of P. urnigerum. He pointed out that the only character that could separate the two taxa is the more inclined capsules of P. wallisii. The species was reported from Taiwan by
Yang & Lee from Chi-tou, Nantou County. The lamellae, which consist only 2-3 cells high, have been noted by them and are entirely different features thanjl.. wallisii possesses. I have not examined the cited specimens, but I would suggest that P. wallisii probably _49- does not occur in Taiwan.
(5.) Pogonatum contortum ( Schwaegr.) Sull.
Wang (1968) reported this species from Kuei-shan, Hsinchu county. If the identification is correct, this species would be a species new to Taiwan. I have not examined this specimen.
(6*) Fissidens minutulus Sull.
Wang (1970) gave this name in his provisional list of
Formosan mosses. No citation was given.
(?,) Ditrichum flexicaule ( Schwaegr.) Hamp.
This species was reported by Noguchi (1964) and Wang
(I968, 1970), but no citation was given.
(8.) Campylopus leptoneuron Broth., ex Ihsiba J. Soc. Trop.
Agr. 7: 198, 1935.
Ihsiba (1935) gave this nomen nudum in his check list and cited no specimen.
(9.) Dicranella laciretis Broth., ex Ihsiba J. Soc. Trop.
Agr. 7s 198, 1935.
Ihsiba (1935) gave this nomen nudum in his list without citation.
(10.) Dicranolbma braunii ( C. Muell.) Par. forma mindanense Fl.
This name of an invalid form was listed by Sasaoka (1920,
1928) based on a specimen collected by E. Matsuda from Aliko (no specimen in TNS), since then followed by Ihsiba (1929, 1935) and
Wang (i960). Although Wang (1970) synonymized this form with the species, he gave no citation or discussion. The species' occurrence in Taiwan is doubtful. -50-
(11.) Dicranum caesium Mitt.
Ihsiba (1935) and Wang (1970) listed this species from
Taiwan, they gave no citation. No specimen in TNS.
(12.) Dicranum lorifolium Mitt.
Ihsiba (1935) also listed this species from Taiwan.
No citation has been given. No specimen in TNS. Its presence in
Taiwan would be doubtful.
(13.) Dicranum shimadae Broth., ex Sasaoka Trans. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Formos. 17: 241, 1927; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1935);
Wang (1970).
This name is an illegitimate nomen nudum.
(14.) Dicranum flagellare Hedw.
Wang (1970) listed this species from Taiwan without any citation.
(15.) Oncophorus crispifolius ( Mitt.) Lindb.
Wang (1970) listed this species from Taiwan without any citation.
(16.) Holomitrium griffithianum and its variety pseudautoicum.
This species was listed by Brotherus (1924), Ihsiba (1935) and Wang (1970) from Taiwan without any citation. The name may have been borrowed from Cardot (I905). Cardot reported the variety pseuautoicum from Taiwan based on Faurie*s collection, but the cited specimen showed no locality. I am not sure that the present species or its variety occur in Taiwan.
(17.) Dichodontium asperrimum Broth., ex Sasaoka Trans. Nat.
Hist. Formos. 18: 183, 1928.
This name is an illegitimate nomen nudum. -51-
(18.) Leucobryum galeatum forma longifolium Broth., ex Sasaoka
Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formos. 18: 132, 186, 1928.
Sasaoka gave this name which was not validly published.
(19.) leucobryum japonic urn ( Besch.) Card.
Ihsiba (1935) listed this species without citation.
(20.) Leucobryum nakaii Horikawa
Wang (1970) gave this name in his list from Taiwan without citation.
(21„) Anoectangium suzukii Broth., ex Sasaoka Trans. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Formos. 18: 131, 1928; Ihsiba (1935).
This name is a nomen nudum.
(22.) Barbula subinflexa Broth., ex Sasaoka Trans. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Formos. 18: 188, 1928; Ihsiba (1935).
This name is a nomen nudum.
(23.) Didymodon formosicus Broth., ex Sasaoka Trans. Nat. Hist.
Formos. 18: 188, 1928.
This name is a nomen nudum.
(24.) Hyophila suzukii Dix. & Sasaoka, Ihsiba J. Soc. Trop. Agr.
7: 201, 1935.
This name is a nomen nudum.
(25.) Trichostomum cylindricum ( Brid.) C. Muell.
This name is in the list of Sasaoka (1928) and Ihsiba
(1935), without any citation. No specimen in TNS.
(26.) Trichostomum cylindricum var. brotheri Ihsiba J. Soc. Trop.
Agr. 7: 204, 1935.
This name is a nomen nudum. No specimen in TNS.
(27.) Trichostomum tenuirostre ( Hook. & Tayl. ) Lindb.
Wang (1970) listed this species without citation. -52-
(28.) Pottia truncata ( Hedw.) Fuern.
Wang (1970) listed this species without citation.
(29.) Mnium orthorrhynchum Brid.
Ihsiba (1929) listed this species from Taiwan without any citation.
The following two species have not been confirmed by Koponen
(in press). The species' occurrence in Taiwan would be doubtful and the voucher specimens need reexamination.
(30.) Plagiomnium rostratum ( Schrad.) Kop.
Mnium rostratum Schrad., Bot. Zeit. Regensburg. 1: 79.
1802; Noguchi (1952).
Mnium longirostre Brid., Mus. Rec. 2(3): 106, 1803;
Wang (1968, 1970).
(31.) Plagiomnium vesicatum ( Besch.) Kop.
Mnium vesicatum Besch., Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. ser. 7. 17:
345, 1893; Horikawa (193*0; Ihsiba (1935); Wang (1970).
Mnium vesicatum var. euvesicatum Kab., Hedwigia 76: 48, 1936.
(32.) Hypnodendron reinwardtii ( Hornsch.) Lindb.
This species was mentioned by Chen (I963) from Taiwan without citation.
(33.) Pseudoleskea lutescens Card.
Wang (1963) listed species as occurring Kao-hsiung, Taiwan.
This seems to be based on a misinterpretation of the name of locality, Takeo, Hizen, Japan from Sakurai's Muscologia Japonica
(1954) and Hattori and Noguchi's Index Speciminum Typicorum (i960), instead of Takao (Japanese name of Kao-hsiung, Taiwan). Therefore this species should be excluded from the moss flora of Taiwan. -53-
Taxonomic Treatment
Key to subclasses and families of moss flora of Taiwan
1. Plants with fascicles of divergent and pendent branches;
leaves unistratose, ecostate, made up of large hyaline cells
with spiral thickenings and pores, and surrounded by a network
of elongate chlorophyllose cells Sphagnidae—Sphagnaceae
1. Plants without fasciculate branches; leaf cells never forming
a network of chlorophyllose and hyaline cells 2
2. Capsules'on pseudopodium, dehiscence by four longitudinal
lines, operculum none, peristome teeth none
Andreaeidae--Andreaeaceae
2. Capsules sessile or on seta, transversely dehiscent by
operculum; peristome teeth usually present. 3
3. Gametophytes rudimentary; protonema permanent 4
4. Perichaetial leaves costate; calyptra densely hairy,
capsules symmetrical, epiphragm present
Polytrichidae—Polytrichaceae
4. Perichaetial leaves not costate; calyptra smooth;
capsules oblique, epiphragm absent
Buxbaumiidae--Buxbaumiaceae
3. Gametophytes well developed; protonema ephemeral 5
5. Leaves lamellate; calyptra densely hairy; peristome
teeth 32-64, epiphragm present
Polytrichidae--Polytrichaceae
5. Leaves not lamellate; calyptra smooth or scarcely
hairy; peristome teeth 4 or 16, sometimes none,
epiphragm absent 6 -54-
Inner peristome hyaline and pleated; capsules oblique, sessile
Buxbaumiidae--Diphysciaceae
Inner peristome not hyaline and not pleated; capsules symmetrical, mostly long exserted 7
7. Peristome teeth 4, solid, not transversely barred
. . ; Tetraphidae—Tetraphidaceae
7. Peristome teeth absent or 16, thin, transversely barred
and articulate Bryidae--8
8, Leaves distinctly distichous 9
9. Leaves with vaginant lamina, not keeled; costa not
long excurrent Fissidentaceae
9. Leaves without vaginant lamina, strongly keeled;
costa long excurrent Bryoxiphiaceae
8. Leaves three ranked or more...... 10
10. Leaves with cancellinae, basal cells large and
hyaline, and sharply differentiated from the small
chlorophyllose cells. Calymperaceae
10. Leaves lacking cancellinae, basal cells and
chlorophyllose cells not forming a distinct border .11
11. Lamina consisting of chlorocysts in the middle
and leucocysts in the outer layer...Leucobryaceae
11. Lamina consisting only of chlorophyllose cells,
leucocysts never present 12
12. Leaves with hyaline hair points, or with
excurrent costa 13 -55-
13. Calyptra campanulate, longer than the capsule and
completely covering capsule; peristome occasionally
double Encalyptaceae
13. Calyptra cucullate or mitrate, but not longer than the
capsule; peristome single or absent 14
14. Leaves usually with hyaline hair points, leaf cells
strongly sinuous or at least slightly sinuous;
peristome dicranoid Grimmiaceae
14. Leaves without hyaline hair points; leaf cells not
sinuous; peristome not dicranoid Pottiaceae
12. Leaves without hyaline points or excurrent costa 15
15. Peristome present 16
16. Peristome single 1?
l?. Leaf cells hexagonal; peristome teeth united
in pairs Splachnaceae
17. Leaf cells not hexagonal; peristome teeth not
united 13
18. Peristome dicranoid, teeth broad at base,
entire or cleft above, with longitudinal
sculpturing or papillose; alar cells often
differentiated Dicranaceae
18. Peristome not dicranoid, teeth deeply divided
nearly to base; alar cells never strongly
differentiated from other leaf cells 19
19.. Upper leaf cells smooth, elongate or
quadrate Ditrichaceae 56
19. Upper leaf cells papillose, rounded Pottiaceae
Peristome double 20
20. Leaf margins thickened 21
21. Plants up to 10 cm tall, growing on soil, humus or
at base of decayed logs; capsules on elongate seta,
usually nodding 22
22. Leaves oblong, leaf cells hexagonal or iso-
diametric, thin-walled; sporophytes terminal
Mniaceae
22. Leaves linear-lanceolate, leaf cells rounded,
incrassate; sporophytes arising from near base
of gametophyte .Rhizogoniaceae
21. Plants up to 40-50 cm tall, pendent on tree trunk;
capsules on short seta, always erect..Spiridentaceae
20. Leaf margins never thickened 23
23. Plants dendroid or branched at the upper stems....24
24. Leaf cells smooth, hexagonal or round
Mnium immarginatum
24. Leaf cells papillose by projecting end at the
apical angles, rectangular Hypnodendraceae
23. Plants not dendroid 25
25. Leaf cells papillose, papillae at the upper
angles; capsules subglobose Bartramiaceae
25. Leaf cells smooth; capsules pyriform, elongate
or oblong-ovoid 26 -57-
26. Capsules generally symmetrical and nodding or
horizontal 27
27. Leaves often broadly ovate to obovate; leaf margins
bordered with hyaline or colored, elongate cells;
leaf cell hexagonal and isodiametric Mniaceae
27. Leaves usually narrowly ovate or lanceolate; leaf
margins usually not bordered, but leaf cells elongate
to narrowly hexagonal, rarely isodiametric..Bryaceae
26. Capsules erect, inclined, asymmetric Funariaceae
Peristome absent 28
28. Leaf cells smooth Funariaceae (Entosthodon,
Physcomitrium)
28. Leaf cells papillose or varrucose 29
29. Leaves generally ovate; leaf cells distinctly lax...
Splachnaceae (Gymnostomiella )
29. Leaves lanceolate to subulate; leaf cells not lax... -58-
Subclass: Sphagnidae
One family in this subclass in Taiwan.
Family: Sphagnaceae
One genus in this family in Taiwan.
Sphagnum Linn., Sp. Pl. 1106, 1753.
Four species and one subspecies in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Sphagnum
1. Cortical stem cells fibrillose, branch leaves obtuse to almost
rounded at the apex S. palustre
1. Cortical stem cells never fibrillose, branch leaves acuminate
at the apex 2
2. Hyaline leaf cells never fibrillose S. sericeum
2. Hyaline leaf cells fibrillose 3
3. Stem leaf apex round-truncate, fimbriate.S. girgensohnii
3. Stem leaf apex acute, never fimbriate 4
4. Stem leaf cells not partitioned, fibrils well-
developed S. junghuhnianum
4. Stem leaf cells partitioned, fibrils undeveloped
S. junghuhnianum var. pseudomolle
1. Sphagnum girgensohnii Russ., Arch. Naturk. Livl. Ehstl. ser. 2,
7; 124, 1865; Suzuki (1966); Noguchi (1966); Gangulee (1969).
Cited specimen: Suzuki (1966) mentioned that this species was collected by Nakanishi (I963) from Taiwan, but he gave no citation.
Habitat: On soil of mountain slope. -59-
Distribution: Europe, Siberia, Kamchatka, Saghaline, North America,
Greenland, China, Korea, Japan, Himalaya, Caucasus, Java and Taiwan.
The species can be recognized readily by the fimbriate, rounded truncate apex of the stem leaf.
2. Sphagnum junghuhnianum Doz. & Molk., Nat. Verh. K. Ak. Wet.
Amsterdam 2: 8, 1. f. 3, 1854; Cardot (1905); Warnstorf (1911);
Paul (1924); Ihsiba (1935); Bartram (1939); Chen & Lee (1956);
Gangulee (1969).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Taitum Faurie 216, 217 (KYO).
Habitat: On soil of shady slope.
Distribution: China, Taiwan, Philippines, North Borneo, Malaya,
Indonesia, Canada (Queen Charlotte Islands).
3. Sphagnum .junghuhnianum Doz. & Molk. subsp. pseudomolle (Warnst.)
Suzuki Jap. J. Bot. 15: 194, 1956, Suzuki (1966)
Sphagnum junghuhnianum Doz. & Molk. var. pseudomolle
(Warnst.) Arnst. Pflanzenreich 511 117, 1911; Ihsiba (1935);
Chen & Lee (1956).
Sphagnum pseudomolle Warnst1 Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 16: 247,
1904; Cardot (1905).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Taitum, Faurie 48 (Isotype of S. pseudo• molle), 40, 215, 218, 219, 221 (KYO); Mt. Chi-hsian-shan, Chuang
& Schofield 208, 223, 228 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil of shady slope.
Based on the characters of perforation in both surfaces of the stem leaves, Suzuki (1956) created two subspecies: S. junghuhnianum subsp. junghuhnianum in the south and subsp. pseudomolle of more northern distribution. -60-
In the same year, Chen & Lee divided these two forms into two varieties, based on the shape, partition and fibers of the stem leaves.
I have studied the Faurie specimen in KYO and have found that the characters used by Chen & Lee (1956) are more distinctive than those of perforation that are used by Suzuki. I consider
Faurie's no. 2l6, 217 to be S. junghuhnianum. Suzuki's figures and table 3 (1956) indicate that these two specimens are different from the others and the characters also closely match the illustration and description of Dozy & Molkenborer in Bryologia
J avanica.
4. Sphagnum palustre Linn., Sp. Pl. 1106, 1753? Sasaoka (1928);
Noguchi (1966)5 Gangulee (1969).
Sphagnum cymbilifolium ( Ehrh.) Hedw., Fund. Muse. 2: 86
1782; Cardot (1905); Warnstorf (1911); Ihsiba (1935); Chen
& Lee (1956.)
Sphagnum pseudocymbifolium C. Muell., Linnaea 38s 5^7, 1874;
Cardot (1905); Warnstorf (1911); Paul (1924); Sasaoka (1928);
Chen & Lee (1956); Gangulee (1969).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Taitum, Faurie 213 (KYO); Peitou,
Faurie 209 (KYO); Mt. Chi-hsin-shan, Chuang & Schofield 217, 221,
227 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil along shady slope.
Distribution: Widespread throughout the world.
Chen & Lee (1956) and Gangulee (1969), used the character of the broad, triangular cross-section of the chlorophyllose cells of the branch leaf to separate S. pseudocymbifolium from S. palustre. -6l-
Andrews (195D and Suzuki (1956) recognized this character as unstable and insufficient for a distinct species. This is supported by observations made in the present study.
5. Sphagnum sericeum C. Muell., Bot. Zeit. 5« 481, 484, 1847;
Chen & Lee (1956).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Mt. La-La-shan, alt. 2000 m, S. Suzuki
666 (TAI).--not seen.
Habitat: On moist ground in forest.
Distribution: Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, New Guinea, Philippines and Taiwan.
This species is easily identified by its hyaline leaf cells that lack fibrills on both stem and branch leaves.
Subclass: Andreaeidae
One family in Taiwan.
Family: Andreaeaceae
One genus in this family.
Andreaea Hedw., Sp. Mus. 47, 1801.
Two species and one varieties in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Andreaea
1. Leaves ovate-oblong, apex obtuse or blunt.
A. rupestris var. fauriei
1. Leaves subulate-lanceolate, apex narrowly acuminate 2
2. Capsules 0.43-0.65 mm long, longitudinally split from the
top to the base; seta 1 mm long A. hohuanensis
2. Capsules 0.95 mm long, longitudinal split confined to the
upper half of the capsule; seta 2.3 mm long...A. morrisonensis -62-
1. Andreaea hohuanensis sp. nov. (Pl. 1, p. 64)
Planta gracilis, atro-rufescens, dense caespitosa. Caulis erectus vel adscendens, ramosus vel simplex, 1-1.5 cm longus.
Folia caulina sicca valde adpressa et imbricata, madida erecto- patentia, 0.5-0.72 mm longa et 0.1-0.16 mm lata, lanceolata, sensim longe acuminata, marginibus integerrimis, praecipae parte centrali incurvis instructa, ecostata. Cellulae foliorum superiores
(N) quadratae vel rotundatae, mediae (0) 4.5-10yU longae, centrales
(Q) sinuatae, inferiores (P) rectangulares vel paulatim sinuatae, omnes parietibus crassis et multae papilla una grossa instructae.
Bracteae perichaetii oblongo-lingulatae, acuminatae, ad 1 mm longae.
Pseudopodia erecta, teretia, ca. 1 mm longa. Theca oblongo-ovata, rufescens, ca. 0.43-0.65 mm longa, valvis 4 basin versus dehiscentibus.
Holotypus: Regio Nantou, summo apice montis Ho-huan-shan rupibus post pluvias cito siccantibus, altitudine 3200 m, legit Chuang
5914 (UBC).
Habitat: On open dry rocks.
This species distinctly belongs to the rupestris group of
Andreaea by the leaves without costa, but the shape of the narrowly acuminate leaves with long pointed apex, small size of leaves and capsules, reddish in colors, are different from
A. rupestris var. fauriei. From A. morrisonensis it differs in its capsules where the longitudinal splits extend to the base while in A. morrisonensis the capsules split only in the upper half of the capsules and also the shape and size of leaves are quite different. -63-
PLATE 1
Andreaea hohuanensis sp. nov.
A. Habit X 4
B. -G. Leaves from upper part of stem X 63
H.-I. Leaves from lower part of stem X 63
J. A cross section of leaf (from upper part of a leaf) X 343
K. A cross section of leaf (from near base of leaf) X 34-3
L.-M. Perichaetial leaves X 63
N. Leaf apex X 3^3
0. Marginal to median leaf cells X 343
P. Basal leaf cells X 343
Q. Leaf cells from middle of leaf X 343
R. Capsules X 16
-65-
2. Andreaea morrisonensis Nog., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formos.
26: 139, 1936; Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, Chuang, Aug. 15, 1966
(UBC).
Habitat: On exposed rocks on summit of mountain.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
This species was reported by Noguchi (1936) from the lower parts of Mt. Morrison. My material represents the second collection
from Taiwan and the first collection from the top of Mt. Morrison
(3970 m). This species can be recognized readily by its blackish brown patches, acuminate, pointed leaves and the dehiscence of
the capsules.
3. Andreaea rupestris Hedw. var. fauriei ( Besch.) Takaki, J.
Hattori Bot Lab. 11: 90, 1954; Wang (1970).
Andreaea fauriei Besch., Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 7, Bot. 17s
392, 1893; Horikawa (1934); Ihsiba (1935); Chen & Wang (1958).
Andreaea petrophila Ehrh. var. fauriei Takaki, J. Hattori
Bot. Lab. 10: 32, 1953; Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku to Mt. Pei-ta-wu-shan,
Chuang 1523a (UBC).
Habitat: On open rocks of mountain.
Distribution: Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, Korea, Japan, China and
Taiwan. -66-
This genus was first recorded by Horikawa (1934) with
A* fauriei Besch. Takaki (1953. 1954) after a study of the type specimen in Japan, created the namet A. petrophila var. fauriei, and later transferred this to A. rupestris var. fauriei. He based this opinion on the leaf shape and sexuality, which are different from the species.
Chen & Wang (1958) compared the Asian materials with
European specimens, found the shape of the leaves and leaf cells to be different from the species; thus they suggested that they were different taxa.
Subclass: Tetraphidae
One family in this subclass in Taiwan.
Family: Tetraphidaceae
One genus in Taiwan.
Tetraphis Hedw., Sp. Mus. 43, 1801.
Only one species known in Taiwan.
Tetraphis pellucida Hedw., Fund. Muse. 2: 88, t. 7, f. 32, 1782;
Wang (1970).
Georgia pellucida (Hedw.) Rabenh., Deutschl. Krypt. Fl. 2:
231, pl. 3, 1848; Noguchi (1934); Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: Hwalien Co. Ta-yu-ling, Chuang 5784a (UBC),
Habitat: On decayed logs in coniferous forest.
Distribution: Europe, eastward to the Jenesei and Ob Rivers basins,
Lake Baikal, in the Sikhote-Alin Mountain chain, Sakhalin,
Kamchatka, North America, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. -67-
This species can be recognized by its capsules with four peristome teeth, erect smooth seta and stalked gemmae. Since
T. geniculata Girg. is also present in the same east Asian areas as T. pellucida, it is possible that this species is also present in Taiwan; the two species are indistinguishable in the vegetative condition.
Subclass: Polytrichidae
One family present in Taiwan.
Family: Polytrichaceae
Five genera and nineteen species plus two varieties from Taiwan.
Key to the genera of Polytrichaceae
1. Leaves without lamellae; seta papillose Racelopodopsis
1. Leaves with lamellae; seta smooth .2
2. Leaf margins bordered by narrow thick-walled cells? teeth
of margin-paired; lamina distinctly undulate and with spine•
like teeth on the back.... Atrichum
2. Leaf margins not bordered; teeth of margin single or
nearly entire; lamina not undulate, without teeth on the
back 3
3. Lamellae on both surfaces of lamina; calyptra nearly
smooth Oligotrichum
3. Lamellae only on ventral surface of lamina; calyptra
covered by dense, long, thick hairs 4
4. Capsules angled with 4-6 distinct ridges; apophysis
and stomata present at the base of capsules; peristome
teeth 64 Polytrichum 4. Capsules not angled; apophysis and stomata absent;
peristome teeth 32, rarely 64..... Pogonatum
Atrichum P. Beauv., Mag. Encycl. 5: 329, 1804.
Three species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Atrichum
1. Lamellae lacking A. speciosum
1. Lamellae present... 2
2. Plants large (about 6-8 cm high), dioicous; lamellae 2-3
cells high A. spinulosum
2. Plants medium size (about 3-5 cm high), autoicous or
paroicous; lamellae 4-6(8) cells high A. undulatum
1. Atrichum speciosum (Horik.) Wijk. & Margd., Taxon 8: 106, 1959.
Catharinaea speciosa Horik., J. Jap. Bot. 12: 6?0., f. 22, 1936.
Cited specimen: Taitung Co. Mt. Chipon, Horikawa, Dec. 31» 1932--
Holotype (HIRO)--specimen possibly destroyed; not seen.
Habitat: On humus in the forest.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
This species can be readily separated from other Atrichum species by its non-lamellate leaves. The illustration and des• cription of Horikawa (1936) show a close resemblance to Mnium in the cross-section of costa, lack of lamellae and absence of undulations of the lamina. This opinion is supported by recent verbal communication from Koponen. He suggested this species may be Mnium lycopodioides. The name, Atrichum speciosum (Horik.)
Nog. in Noguchi (1959) is illegitimate, because of the name is not validly published. -69-
2. Atrichum spinulosum ( Card.) Miz., J. Jap. Bot. 31t 119, 1956.
Noguchi (i960); Wang (1970).
Catharinaea spinulosa Card., Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve ser. 2, 1(3): 130, 1909.
Catharinaea gigantea Horik., Bot. Mag. Tokyo 50: 559, 37, I936.
Cited specimen: Hwalien Co. Mt. Li-shan, Wang I869 (NICH);
Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 204-3 (UBC).
Habitat: On sandy soil.
Distribution: Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
This species is distinguished from A. undulatum by its large, lanceolate-lingulate leaves (about 10 X 1.6 mm in size), and lamellae 2-3 cells high.
3. Atrichum undulatum ( Hedw.) P. Beauv., Prodr. 421, 1805;
Wang (1970).
Catharinaea undulata ( Hedw.) Web. & Mohr., Ind. Pl. 2, 1803;
Horikawa (1936); Wang (I968).
Cited specimen: Taoyuan Co. Wu-lai, Wang 855 (NICH); Hsinchu Co.
Mt. Kuei-shan, Wang 1645 (NICH); Taichung Co. Mt. Chung-hsueh,
Wang 1222, 1221 (NICH); Mt. Hou-shih, Wang 1339 (NICH); Hwalien
Co. Mt. Li-shan, Wang 1908 (NICH); Chiayi Co. Mt. Ali, Wang 1479
(NICH).
Habitat: On moist soil in the forest.
Distribution: Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa.
This species is widespread in the alpine areas of Taiwan.
The lamellae are distinctive by being 4-6(8) cells high. -70-
Oligotrichum Lam. & Card., Fl. Franc, ed. 3, 2: 491, 1805. This genus has one species in Taiwan. Oligotrichum suzukii ( Broth.) comb. nov. Pogonatum suzukii Broth., Ann. Bryol. 1: 26, 1928; Sasaoka (1928, 1928a); Ihsiba (1935). Oligotrichum formosanum Nog., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formos. 24: 294, 1934; Wang (i960). Oligotrichum aligerum non Mitt., sensu Horikawa (1950); Osada (1966); Wang (1967, 1970). Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Mt. Higashinoko, S. Suzuki, Aug. 6, 1926 (H 2660)—Holotype of P. suzukii; Chiayi Co. Mt. Ali, Noguchi 5944 (NOG)—Holotype of 0. formosanum; Nantou Co. Chi-tou to waterfall, Chuang & Schofield 595 (UBC); Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping- shan, Chuang I966, 2025 (UBC). Habitat: On soil in alpine area.
Distribution: Taiwan, Japan (?) and Philippines (?). Horikawa (1950) combined Pogonatum suzukii and Oligotrichum formosanum under the name of Oligotrichum aligerum, a species widespread in western North America. After studying the type specimens of Pogonatum suzukii and Oligotrichum formosanum and my own collections, I made a comparison with Oligotrichum aligerum of western North America in UBC, and discovered that they are completely different taxa, and I made the above combination. The following key separates 0. suzukii and 0. aligerum. -71-
1. Leaf apex acuminate or cuspidate; margins nearly entire; lamellae
on dorsal leaf surface absent or 1-2 cells high; capsules short
cylindric (3 mm long) 0. suzukii
1. Leaf apex acute; margins distinctly serrulate toward the apex;
capsules subcylindric, slightly narrowed below the mouth,
ventricose at the base, 4-5 mm long 0. aligerum
I have not examined 0. aligerum from Japan and the Philippines.
Pogonatum P. Beauv., Mag. Enc. 5t 329, 1804.
Fourteen species occur in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Pogonatum
1. Terminal cells of lamellae distinctly papillose 2
2. Terminal cells of lamellae triangular in cross section,
covered by elliptical papillae in the surface view..P. alpinum
2. Terminal cells of lamellae rounded, ovate to elliptical,
covered by rounded papillae in the surface view..P. urnigerum
1. Terminal cells of lamellae smooth , 3
3. Lamellae restricted to costa, never covering the lamina..4
4. Lamina with distinct spines at the upper part of leaves;
plants 12 mm high, leaves Ungulate, 4 ram long
P. oligotrichoides
4. Lamina without spines; plants larger than 2 cm high...5
5. Plants 2-3 cm high, lamellae 3-6 cells high, terminal
cells thick-walled P. nudiusculum
5. Plants 5-10 cm high, lamellae 1-2 cells high or
absent, terminal cells thin-walled 6 -72-
6. Lamellae 1-2 cells high 7 7. Plants about 8 cm high, leaves 6 mm long, broadly lanceolate P. takao-montana 7. Plants robust, generally taller than 10 cm,
leaves linear-lanceolate to lanceolate 8 8,' Stems simple, terminal cells of lamellae rounded in cross section....P. gymnophyllum 8. Stems branched, fastigiate; terminal cells of lamellae elongated in cross section.... P. fastigiatum 6. Lamellae 3 cells high P. hetero-proliferum Lamellae well-developed and almost covering the lamina...9 9. Terminal cells of lamellae flat, notched or divided; leaf margins unistratose 10 10. Terminal part of lamellae distinctly forked ....P. microstomum 10. Terminal part of lamellae not forked, but flat or notched 11 11. Lamellae 2-3 cells high, terminal cells rounded P. formosanum 11. Lamellae 4-6 cells high, terminal cells notched or flat 12 12. Terminal cells of lamellae rounded in surface view P. j unghuhnianum 12. Terminal cells of lamellae elliptical in surface view P. inflexum -73-
9. Terminal cells of lamellae rounded, leaf margins
bistratose 13
13. Margins of leaf-sheath entire, leaves 5-10 mm long
P. spurio-cirratum
13. Margins of leaf-sheath serrate, leaves 14-17 mm
long P. cirratum
1. Pogonatum alpinum (Hedw.) Roehl. , Ann. Wetterau Ges. 3(2):
226, 1914; Osada (1965); Wang (1970).
Polytrichum alpinum Hedw., Spec. Mus. 92, 19 f. 2, b. 1801.
Cited specimen: Hwalien Co. Ta-yu-ling to Mt. Ho-huan-shan, Chuang
5895 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil or humus of alpine area.
Distribution: Antarctica, Oceania, Europe, North America, northern to central Asia, Sakhalin, Japan and Taiwan.
This species can be distinguished from P. urnigerum by its
cylindrical smooth capsules, 44-55 peristome teeth and with stomata
on apophysis; these characters partly belong to Pogonatum, partly
to Polytrichum; I prefer to place this species in Pogonatum because of its smooth rounded capsules.
2. Pogonatum cirratum ( Sw.) Brid., Bryol. Univ. 2: 110, 1827;
Iwatsuki (1969); Wang (1970).
Pogonatum .japonicum Sull. Lesq. sensu Wang (1967, 1970).
Pogonatum submacrophyllum Broth., Ann. Bryol. L:27, 1928;
Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1935); Wang (1970).
Pogonatum arisanensis Okam., J. Coll. Sc. Imp. Univ. Tokyo
38(4): 21, 9, 1916; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935);
Sakurai (1935); Wang (i960, 1970). _74-
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Mt. Noko, S. Suzuki, Aug. 6, 1926
--Holotype of P. submacrophyllum ( H ); Mt. An-ma-shan, C. K.
Wang 688 (NICH); Chiayi Co. Mt. Ali-shan, B. Hayata, Apr. 6,
1914 (NICH)--Holotype of P. arisanensis, Mt. A-li-shan, Chuang
6399 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil in forest.
Distribution: Himalaya, Thailand, mainland China, Loas, Malaya,
Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Celebes, New Guinea, South Africa.
This is a very robust Pogonatum and is very closely related to P. spurio-cirratum, but it is different from the latter by its serrate leaf-sheath, the lamellae 1-2 cells high and the bistratose margins. I have examined the type specimens of P. submacrophyllum and P. arisanensis and found both to be identical to P. cirratum.
I have not examined the specimen reported by Sakurai (1935) based on Noguchi's collection from Mt. Ali-shan, Taiwan.
3. Pogonatum fastigiatum Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl. 1: 154,
1859; Sasaoka (192?, 1928); Ihsiba (1935); Wang (i960, 1970);
Noguchi (I966); Gangulee (I969).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Mt. Sylvia, Y. Shimada 283 (TNS)-- not seen.
Habitat: On soil in forest.
Distribution: Himalaya, northern Burma and Taiwan.
This species was first reported by Sasaoka (1927, 1928) based on Brotherus' identification of Y. Shimada's collection no. 283 from Mt. Sylvia, Taichung County. The name was followed by Ihsiba, Wang, Noguchi and Gangulee who have indicated its occurrence in Taiwan; no other collection has been made from Taiwan. -75-
This species is recognized by its robust size (up to 10.5
cm high), fastigiately branched stem and lamellae 1-2 cells
high and restricted to the costa.
4. Pogoantum formosanum Horikawa Bot. Mag. Tokyo 49: 59, 6, 1935;
Wang (1968, 1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Ali. Horikawa Aug. 17, 1932—Holo-
type of P. formosanum (HIRO)--not seen.
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
This endemic species was described by Horikawa (1935) from
Mt. Ali-shan, Chiayi County. No other collection has been made
since then.
The shape of leaves, numerous lamellae and papillate
capsules, also only the 1 cm high plant distinctly separate this
species from other species of Pogonatum in Taiwan.
5. Pogonatum gymnophyllum Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl. 1: 153,
1859;" Sasaoaka (1920, 1928); Brotherus (1925); Ihsiba (1929,
1935); Bartram (1939); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku to Mt. Pei-ta-wu-shan,
Chuang 1591 (UBC); Taitung Co. Ta-pu-shan, Chuang 5064 (UBC);
Ilan Co. Chi-lan, Chuang 6048 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil in forest.
Distribution: Himalaya, mainland China, Thailand, Vietnam,
Philippines, Burma, Celebes and Taiwan.
This species is very close to P. fastigiatum, but the plants are not branched, leaves are linear-lanceolate with lamellae 1-2
cells high and restricted to the costa. -76-
6. Pogonatum hetero-proliferum Horik., Bot. Mag. Tokyo 48: 461, 4,
1934; Ihsiba (1935); Horikawa (1939); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Horikawa Aug. 23, 1932
--Holotype of P. hetero-proliferum (HIRO)-- not seen.
Habitat: On soil of forest.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
This species is characterized by its lamellae that are three cells high.
7. Pogonatum inflexum ( Lindb.) Lac, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 4:
308, 1869; Cardot (1905); Brotherus (1925); Sasaoka (1928); Okamura
(1916); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (i960, 1970); Osada (I965).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Mt. Chi-hsin-shan, Chuang & Schofield
188 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil of slope.
Distribution: Mainland China, Korea, Japan and Taiwan. Its presence from the Caucasus, Laos, Tonkin, Burma should be re-examined
(Osada I965).
This species is similar to P. junghuhnianum in appearence, but the terminal cells of the lamellae are elliptical in surface view,
8. Pogonatum junghuhnianum ( Doz. & Molk.) Doz. & Molk., Bryol.
Jav. 1: 41, 31, 1856; Wang (I967, 1970); Iwatsuki (I969); Gangulee (1969).
Pogonatum akitense non Besch., sensu Wang (1967. 1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Wu-lai, Chuang 5532 (UBC), Kan-kou,
Chuang & Schofield 46 (UBC); Nantou Co. Chi-tou, Chuang & Schofield
251 (UBC); Kaohsiung Co. Liu-kuei, Chuang 969 (UBC); Shan-ping to -77-
Nan-feng-shan, Chuang 976 (UBC); Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-Ping-shan, Chuang
1965 (UBC), Chi-lan, Chuang 6047 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: West Himalaya, south India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand,
Tonkin, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, New Guinea, Philippines
and Taiwan.
This species is commoner than P. inflexum and widespread in
Taiwan. As Iwatsuki (I969) pointed out, both species are easily
confused, so that many specimens that have been reported as P.
inflexum may be P. junghuhnianum.
9. Pogonatum microstomum ( Schwaegr.) Brid., Bryol. Univ. 2: 74-5,
1827; Noguchi (1958); Wang (I967, 1970); Gangulee (I969).
Pogaonatum mirabile Horikawa Bot. Mag. Tokyo 4-9: 671, 26, 1935*
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, Y. Horikawa, Aug. 1932--
Holotype of P. mirabile (HIRO)--not seen.
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: West Himalaya, mainland China, south India, Ceylon,
Tonkin, Philippines, Taiwan.
This species is easily identified by its terminal cells of
lamellae that are divided into 2-3 prongs.
10. Pogonatum nudiusculum Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl. 1: 153,
1859; Yang & Lee (1962); Wang (1967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou, M. T. Kao, 45, 50 (TAI)—
not seen.
Habitat: On damp rocks in ravines.
Distribution: Himalaya, Ceylon, Philippines, mainland China and
Taiwan. -78-
This species is readily identified by the characteristic lamellae which cover only about half the width of the lamina, and their very thick-walled terminal cells.
11. Pogonatum oligotrichoides Horik., J. Jap. Bot. 11: 416, 2,
1935; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield
255 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
This small Pogonatum is only 12 mm high, the leaves are 4 mm long and Ungulate, lamellae are 1-2 cells high and restricted to the costa and possess a distinct spine on the upper part of lamina.
12. Pogonatum spurio-cirratum Brsth., Philipp., J. Sc. C, 5: 150,
1910; Sasaoka (1920); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Horikawa (1935); Wang
(I960, 1970); Osada (1965); Iwatsuki (1969).
Pogonatum cirratum non ( Sw.) Brid., sensu Wang (I967).
Pogonatum hetero-contortum Horikawa, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 49s 593,
1935; Horikawa (1936); Wang(1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Mt. Ali, Chuang 6207 (UBC);
Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku, Chuang 1323 (UBC).
Habitat: On sandy soil.
Distribution: Malasia, Celebes, Philippines, mainland China, Japan,
Ryukyu and Taiwan.
This species is very common in the broad leaved evergreen forest. Pogonatum hetero-contortum was reported by Horikawa (1935.
1936) from Yakushima Island and Taiwan. From its description and illustration, it seems to be identical with P. spurio-cirratum -79-
emphasized especially by the leaf shape, cross-section of the
leaves and the lamellae. The holotype of P. hetero-contortum needs reexamination.
13. Pogonatum takao-montanum Horik., J. Jap. Bot. 11: 505, 7, 1935}
Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Mt. Daijurin, Horikawa, Jan. 4, 1935--
Holotype of P. takao-montanum (HIRO)--not seen.
Habitat: on soil in shady forest.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
This species is closely related to P. hetero-proliferum as has been discussed by Horikawa (1935). The unicellular lamellae and broad lanceolate leaves are distinctive characters of this species
14. Pogonatum urnigerum ( Hedw.) P. Beauv., Prodr. 84, 1805;
Sasaoka (1928, 1928a); Osada (1965); Iwatsuki (I969); Wang (1968, 1970).
Polytrichum urnigerum Linn, ex Hedw., Sp. Muse. 100,22
f. 5-7, 1801; Yang (1962).
Pogonatum alpinum non ( Hedw.) Roehl., sensu Wang (I967).
Cited specimen: Hwalien Co. Luan-shan working station near Mt.
Chi-chiao-chuan-shan, Chuang 5568 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Europe, Siberia, Kamchatka, North America, West
Indies, Canaries, Caucasus, Persia, west Himalaya, India, mainland
China, Japan and Taiwan.
The species is distinguished from P. alpinum by its distinct mammillose cylindrical capsules with 32 peristome teeth and no stomata also terminal cells of lamellae rounded, ovate to elliptical and covered; by roundish papillae in surface view. -80-
Polytrichum Hedw., Sp. Mus. 88, 1801.
This genus cosists of two species, each represented by one variety in Taiwan.
Key to the Polytrichum of Taiwan
1. All terminal cells of lamellae rounded in cross-section
.. .* P. formosum var. densifolium
1. Terminal cells of lamellae retuse, truncate, obovate or
obcordate at the costal area; obliquely ovate or rounded toward
the marginal area P. commune var. swartzii
1. Polytrichum commune Hedw. var. swartzii ( Hartm.) Moenk., in Rabenh. Krypt. Fl. ed. 2, 4: 914, 1927; Osada (1966); Wang (I967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taitung Co. Pa-yu-lake, Chuang 5079 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Europe, North America, Greenland, northern Asia and
Taiwan.
Horikawa (1934) reported Polytrichum commune from Mt. Tai-
Ping-shan and Osada (I966) reported Polytrichum commune var. swartzii from the same locality. The specimen reported by Horikawa is the same one as studied by Osada. Yang (1962) reported P. commune from Mt. Chi-hsin-shan, northern Taiwan, the locality of the collection seems doubtful. I have followed Osada's treatment and have not included the species commune from Taiwan.
This variety is distinguished from var. commune by the polymorphic terminal cells of the lamellae and by the narrower leaves with less developed stereid bands. It is treated as an independent species in many manuals. -81-
2. Polytrichum formosum Hedw. var. densifolium ( Mitt.) Osada,
Osada & Yano, J. Jap. Bot. 41: 80, 1966; Osada (I966); Wang
(1966, 1970).
Polytrichum attenuatum Mez. ex Brid. Horikawa (1934);
Ihsiba (1935).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Mt. Ali, Chuang 6356 (UBC);
Taitung Co. Mt. Ta-pu-shan, Chuang 5062 (UBC); Hwalien Co.
Mt. Tai-lu-ko-ta-shan, Chuang 5640 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil of alpine areas.
Distribution: Himalaya, Taiwan and Japan.
The Taiwan variety of P. formosum has been studied by Osada
& Yano (1966), Osada (I966) stated that the variety could be recognized by its male heads and capsules. All of the specimens which were examined by Osada & Yano from Mt. Taiheizan, Mt. Ali and Naitaroko belong to the chromosome race n=l4 and were referred to P. formosum var. densifolium. Horikawa (1934) reported P. attenuatum from Mt. Taiheizan, Mt. Arisan and Mt. Morrison. This also appears to be P. formosum var. densifolium, since this is a very common Polytrichum in the alpine area of Taiwan.
The variety can be identified by its monoicous sexuality and the crenulate to weakly toothed margins of the lamellae.
Racelopodopsis Ther., Monde Pl. ser. 2, 9: 22, 1907.
One species found in Taiwan.
Racelopodopsis camusi Ther., Monde Pl. ser. 2, 9: 22, 1907;
Noguchi (1934); Ihsiba (1935); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Sun moon lake, Chuang & Schofield 667,
686 (UBC); Pingtung Co. Nan-jen-shan, Chuang 92 5 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil or moist rocks at 300-600 m elvations. -82-
Distribution: Ryukyu and Taiwan.
The species can be recognized by its broad, ovate leaves without lamellae, and its papillose seta.
The distribution of this species is restricted to Ryukyu and Taiwan. Noguchi (193*0 first reported this species from wu- lai, northern Taiwan. Now it can be extended southward to the central area and to the south end of the island as shown by my collections.
Subclass: Buxbaumiidae
Two families in this subclass.
Family: Buxbaumiaceae
One genus and one species in Taiwan.
Buxbaumia Hedw., Sp. Mus. 166, 1801.
One species in Taiwan.
Buxbaumia minakatae Okamura, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 25: 30, f. 1, 1911;
Chuang et Iwatsuki (1970).
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Chi-li-tien to Mt. Nan-hu-ta-shan,
Chuang 1731 (UBC).
Habitat: On rotten log.
Distribution: Siberia, Japan, Eastern Canada, Eastern USA, Taiwan.
The material with five capsules, was collected from a high elevation of northern Taiwan. The characters of the sporophyte: seta 4-5 mm long with dense papillae, spores 10-13 ju in diameter agree with Japanese specimens.
Family: Diphysciaceae
One genus with two species in Taiwan. -83-
Diphyscium Mohr, Obs. Bot. 34, 1803 & Mohr, Ind. Mus. Pl.
Crypt. 3. 1803.
Two species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Diphyscium
1. Leaf cells mammillose, margins minutely crenulate...D. fulvifolium
1. Leaf cells smooth, margins entire.. D. involutum
1. Diphyscium fulvifolium Mitt., Trans. Linn. Soc. London Bot. ser.
2, 3: 193, 1891; Horikawa (1935); Takaki (1950); Wang (1970).
Diphyscium perminutum Takaki, sensu Wang, Biol. Bull. Tunghai
Univ. 2: 4, i960.
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Mt. An-ma-shan, C. K. Wang 42—det. as D. perminutum (THU); Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 1981
(UBC).
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: Japan, Yakushima Island, Korea, Taiwan, mainland
China and Philippines.
This species is readily identified by its mammillose leaf cells and crenulate leaf margins. Wang (i960) repoted D. perminutum from Taiwan, that was based on misidentification of D. fulvifolium.
2. Diphyscium involutum Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl. 1: 149,
1859; Wang (1967, 1970).
Diphyscium formosicum Horik., Bot. Mag. Tokyo 49: 677, t. 31,
1935; Takaki (1950).
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Mt. Daijurin, Y. Horikawa, Jan. 4,
1935 (HIRO)--Holotype of D. formosicum—not seen.
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Japan, Ryukyu, Taiwan, Philippines, Ceylon, Khasia and south India. -84-
Horikawa (1935) reported D. formosicum from Taiwan. Based on the description and illustration of D. formosicum, it might be the same as D. involutum, I have not studied the type specimen which is deposited in HIRO, but the leaf-shape, smooth leaf-cells and aristate perichaetial leaves are identical with those of this species.
Subclass: Bryidae (Exclusive of Pleurocarpi)
Seventeen families in this subclass in Taiwan.
Family: Fissidentaceae
One genus in this family in Taiwan.
Fissidens Hedw., Spec. Muse. 152, 1801.
Thirty one species and two varieties in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Fissidens
1. Leaves without costa F. hyalinus
1. Leaves with costa 2
2. Leaves bordered .....3
3. Marginal bordered cells narrow, elongate-linear in
surface view
4. Leaves bordered all around the leaf-margins 5
5. Leaves bordered with 4-6 layers of narrow, colored cells.
P. gePPii
5. Leaves bordered with 1-3 layers of narrow, elongate,
colorless cells 6
6. Costa distinctly ending below the apex; leaf cells lax,
ovate-rhomboidal, 30 M F.,splachnobryoides
6. Costa reaching the apex? leaf cells irregularly
hexagonal 8-12, M. 7 -85-
7. Plants larger up to 11 mm long; leaves broader than 0.4 mm,
up to 0.5 mm; leaf apex rounded, apiculate...F. hetero-limbatus
7. Plants small usually 2-5 mm long; leaves less than 0.4 mm wide;
leaf apex obtuse or acuminate or acute 8
8. Leaves linear-lingulate, apex obtuse or subacute
F. bryoides
8. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, leaf apex long narrowly
acuminate F. saxatilis
4. Leaves bordered only at vaginant lamina.. 9
9. Leaf cells smooth F. ryukyuensis
9. Leaf cells papillose 10
10. Leaf cells unipapillate , .11
11. Plants smaller than 2.5 mm high; leaf margins
undulate; capsules thin-walled F. capitulatus
11. Plants 5-15 mm high; leaf margins straight;
capsules thick-walled...... 12
12. Leaves linear-lingulate, acute, 0.3 mm broad; dorsal blade
gradually narrowed, ending abruptly in the leaf base; leaf
cells 9-12 ju ...F. schwabei
12. Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 0.4-0.6 mm
broad; dorsal blade ending in a round lobe at the base; leaf
cells 5-6JA F. elmeri
10. Leaf cells pluripapillate .13
13- Leaf apex obtuse, costa ending below the apex
F. garberi
13. Leaf apex acute or acuminate, costa reaching the -86-
14. Leaves linear-lanceolate, extremely narrow (17-18.5 ju)
border cells very distinct, covering all margins of
duplicate lamina F. wichurae
14. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, broader (20-27.2JU in
width) j border cells very weak 15
15. Plants 2-3 mm high; leaves in 4-6 pairs..F. micro-serratus
15. Plants 4-5 mm high; leaves in 10-15 pairs 16
16. Plants on soils or rocks; leaves lanceolate-ovate,
cuspidate, margins undulate; dorsal lamina gradually
ending at the insertion F. ceylonensis
16. Plants on bark of trees; leaves oblong, short
acuminate, margins not undulate; dorsal lamina
rounded at the insertion F. hollianus
3. Marginal border cells rounded or quadrate, not elongate-
linear in surface view 17
17. Border cells unistratose; leaf cells mammillose..F. cristatus
17. Border cells bistratose; leaf cells smooth 18
18. Plants 4-8 cm high; leaves Ungulate or lanceolate,
acute F. nobilis
18. Plants 1-2 cm high; leaves linear-lanceolate,
acuminate F. .lavanicus
2. Leaves not bordered...... 19
19. Leaves bistratose, leaf margin entire 20
20. Vaginant lamina more than one cells layer near costa,
apex obtuse F. grandifrons var. planicaulis
20. Vaginant lamina unistratose throughout; apex always
acute F. perdecurrens -87-
19. Leaves unistratose throughout; margin crenulate or crenate...21
21. Plants taller than 1 cm; leaf cells papillose or
mammillose 22
22. Leaf cells distinctly papillose; margin strongly
crenate F. papillosus
22. Leaf cells mammillose; margin crenulate 23
23. Leaves strongly rolled and crumpled when dry;
seta terminal 24
24. Costa flexuose, ending just below or far below the apex,
leaf apex obtuse or rounded 25
25. Plants 5 mm high; leaves linear, obtuse F. formosanus
25. Plants 10-15 mm high; leaves Ungulate, rounded, apiculate
F. gymnogynus
24. Costa not flexuose; reaching the apex, leaf-apex acuminate....
26
26. Leaves narrowly linear, acute or narrowly Ungulate,
broadly acute or obtuse (28.6-35.8JU wide), base of dorsal
lamina narrower and not reaching base F. incrassatus
26. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate (21. 5-25. 7 JU wide);
dorsal lamina wider and rounded at the base..F. sylvaticus
23. leaves not rolled, but slightly crumpled when dry;
seta lateral except F. gymnogynus 27
27. Plants large, usually 3-5 cm high, at least taller than
2 cm high 28
28. Dorsal lamina long decurrent...F. geminiflorus var. nagasakinu
28. Dorsal lamina slightly tapering below and at leaf -88-
29. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate (0.9-1.25 mm), margin minutely
serrulate with projecting cell angles....}?, plagiochiloides
29. Leaves oblong-lingulate, broadly rounded obtuse and shortly
apiculate (1-1.1 mm), margin minutely crenulate all around...
F. areolatus
27. Plants usually 1-2 cm high 30
30. Leaves broadly Ungulate; seta terminal...F. gymnogynus
30. Leaves oblong-cultriform, oblong-lanceolate;
seta lateral 31
31. Costa shortly excurrent; surface of leaf-cells
somewhat rounded in cross section...F. taxifolius
31. Costa percurrent, surface walls very thick and
rather flat, with rather deep depressions between
cells in cross section of leaves F. adelphinus
21. Plants less than 1 cm high; leaf cells smooth.. 32
32. Protonema persistent; leaves in 2-3 pairs.
.F. . protonemaecola
32. Protonema not persistent; leaves in 4-10 pairs 33
33. Leaves broad oblong-lanceolate, 1 mm long; dorsal
lamina rather broad, rounded at the leaf base..
F. mitteni
33. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1.5 -2 mm long; dorsal
lamina ending abruptly at near the leaf base
• F. yamamotoi -89-
1. Fissidens adelphinus Besch., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 7, 17:
354, 1893; Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Hwalien Co. Tai-lu-ko Gorge, near Tien-hsiang,
Z. Iwatsuki & A. J. Sharp 1599 (NICH).
Habitat:On soil or boulders of limestone area.
Distribution: Japan, Korea, Ryukyu and Taiwan.
This species is very closely related to F. taxifolius.
The key character that distinguishes them is the cross-section of leaves. The former has very thick walls and the surface is rather flat with rather deep depressions between cells, the latter has a rounded surface in cross-section. The costa is always percurrent in this species, but shortly excurrent or percurrent in F. taxifolius. Iwatsuki (1969) stated that the cells of duplicate laminae of this species have 3-4 small papillae near the corners on their outer surface, but I made many cross- section of leaves, and found no such character, only a rather rough surface. I could not confirm that the papillae on older leaves disappear.
2. Fissidens areolatus Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 2: 506
1842; Noguchi (1952); Shin (1964); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. A-li and Tong-pu, Z. Iwatsuki, A. J.
& E. Sharp 2513c (NICH), Mt. A-li, near Guest house, Z. Iwatsuki,
A. J. & E. Sharp 190, 191, 2195 (NICH).
Habitat: On wet soil or rocky shaded slopes.
Distribution: Himalaya, Assam, Burma, Sumatra, Malaya, Thailand,
Philippines, Taiwan, Ryukyu and Japan. -90-
A rather robust species among Fissidens, this can be up to
5 cm high. The distinctive features of this species are: leaves
oblong-lingulate, broadly rounded obtuse and shortly apiculate.
The shape of leaves is rather variable, from the same stem are
leaves that show leaf apices acute or rounded obtuse.
3. Fissidens bryoides Hedw., Spec. Muse. 153, 1801; Shin (1964);
Wang (1967, 1970).
Fissidens taiwanensis Herz. & Noguchi J. Hattori Bot. Lab.
14: 57, 18, 1955.
Cited specimen: Gebirgesged im westlichen mitteltaiwan, G. H.
Schwabe, no. 5 p.p.--Holotype of F. taiwanensis (NICH).
Habitat: On moist soil.
Distribution: Europe, North America, Caucasus, Himalaya, Siberia,
South east Tibet, Ryukyu, Japan and Taiwan.
Herzog & Noguchi (1955) described F. taiwanensis from
Taiwan. Shin studied the type specimen and reduced this species under F. bryoides, although he considered some characters to be different such as the stems are laxly foliate, the leaves are more linear, and the leaf cells are smaller (6-10ju).
4. Fissidens capitulatus Noguchi J. Jap. Bot. 24: 146, 2, 1949;
Noguchi (1952); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Chia-yi, Noguchi 6795—Holotype (NOG)
--not seen.
Habitat: On moist muddy soil.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan. -91-
This tiny Fissidens is only 2.5 mm high with oblong or ovate-oblong, acute leaves, undulate margins and leptodermous capsules with large spores ( 20-32^u).
5. Fissidens ceylonensis Doz. & Molk., Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. ser.
3, 2: 304, 1844; Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. San-ti-men C. K. Wang 466 (NICH).
Habitat: On rocks near the roadside.
Distribution: Himalaya, Sikkim, India, Ceylon, Borneo, Burma,
Thailand, Indonesia, Sumatra, Java, Singapore, Philippines and
Taiwan. '
The distinctive characters of this species are: Plants
3-5 mm high, leaves ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, costa excurrent, margins undulate, leaf cells pluripapillose and seta smooth, terminal.
6. Fissidens cristatus Wils. ex Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl.
1: 137, 1859; Noguchi (1952); Shin (1964); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Kuan-kao, alt. 2500 m, A. Nog. 6984
(NOG)--not seen.
Habitat: Moist shady rocks or soils.
Distribution: Europe, Caucasus, Khasia, Saghalien, Africa, Java,
Himalaya, India, New Guinea, Philippines, mainland China, Japan,
Taiwan, Mexico, Honduras, Haiti, Aleutian Islands, eastern North
America.
This species is recognized by its distinct marginal 3-4 rows of lighter colored cells and oblong-lingulate to oblong- lanceolate leaves with irregularly crenulate-serrate acute apex. -92-
7. Fissidens elmeri Broth., Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 2: 652, 1909;
Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei, G. H.' Schwabe no. ? (JE )—not seen.
Habitat: not given.
Distribution: Philippines and Taiwan.
This species can be identified by its narrowly oblong- lanceolate, acuminate leaves and dorsal lamina ending in a rounded lobe at the base. Stems up to 5 mm high.
8. Fissidens formosanus Noguchi J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 7: 63, 5,
1952; Shin (1964); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Ten-son-pi, A. Noguchi 5965--Holotype
(NICH).
Habitat: On branches of shrubes.
Distribution: Japan and Taiwan.
This species can be separated from other Fissidens by its unbordered margins and the flexuose costa ending far below the obtuse apex.
9. Fissidens garberi Lesq. & Jam., Proc. Am. Ac. Arts. Sc. 14:
137, 1879; Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Hwalien Co. Tai-lu-ko Gorge, Z. Iwats., 3442
(NICH).
Habitat: On rocks in the limestone area.
Distribution: North America (Florida to Louisiana ), West Indies,
Berumuda, Mexico to Northern South America, Cocos Island, Puerto
Rico, Japan, Ryukyu, Taiwan and Philippines. -93-
This species is restricted to the limestone area. The distinctive characters are: oblong obtuse leaves, costa ending below the apex and 5-7 M. pluripapillose leaf cells.
10. Fissidens geminiflorus Doz. & Molk. var. nagasakinus (Besch.)
Iwatsuki J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 32: 272, 1969.
Fissidens nagasakinus Besch., J. de Bot. 12: 292, 1898;
Cardot (1905); Okamura (1916); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929,
193,5); Noguchi (1952); Shin (1964); Wang (1970).
Fissidens irroratus Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19: 99, 5,
1905; Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Kan-kou, Chuang & Schofield 13, 18
(UBC), Chuang 5333 (UBC); Keelung, Faurie 174 (KYO), Chui-chih
Faurie 124 (KYO)--Isotype of F. irroratus.
Habitat: On wet rocks.
Distribution: Japan, Ryukyu, mainland China, Taiwan, Philippines and Borneo.
Iwatsuki (1969) compared F. nagasakinus with type specimen of F. geminiflorus, he found that the only character that separates these species is the length of duplicate laminae which reach l/2
-2/3 of the former and 2/5-1/2 of leaf length in the latter.
Therefore he reduced F. nagasakinus to a variety of F. geminiflorus.
11. Fissidens geppii Fleisch., Mus. Fl. Buit. 1: 26, 1904;
Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Miaoli Co. near Chung-hsueh-shan, Z. Iwatsuki,
A. J. & E. Sharp 2798 (NICH); Taichung Co. Mt. An-ma-shan, Z.
Iwatsuki, A. J. & E. Sharp 3167 (NICH). -QL-
Habitat: On rocks in ravines in hardwood forest.
Distribution: Java, Japan and Taiwan.
The distinctive characters of this species: leaves bordered
with several layers of strongly colored, narrow linear cells.
12. Fissidens grandifrons Brid. var. planicaulis (Besch.) Noguchi
J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 7: 68, 8, 1952.
Fissidens planicaulis Besch., Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 7, 17: 335,
1893; Sasaoka (1920, 1928); Ihsiba (1929); Noguchi (1934).
Fissidens grandifrons Brid., sensu Yang (1962); Shin (1964);
Wang (1967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taitung Co. Kwai-ku, Chuang 1571 (UBC).
Habitat: On.wet rocks.
Distribution: Japan and Taiwan.
Noguchi (1952) made a careful study of F. planicaulis and
F. grandifrons and reduced the former species to a variety of
F. grandifrons. Although Shin (1964) combined this variety in
F. grandifrons again, his illustration in fig. 34, p. 129 clearly
shows a difference in cross-section of the dorsal lamina between
F. grandifrons from North America and F. grandifrons var. planicaulis
from Japan and Taiwan. I agree with Noguchi's opinion.
F. grandifrons has been reported by Yang (1962) from Taiwan.
The cross section of leaves in her plate II, fig. 3 clearly show
that this is variety planicaulis in its possession of an obtuse
apex and 4-6 layers of thick-walled cells in the dorsal lamina.
13. Fissidens gymnogynus Besch., J. de Bot. 12: 292, 1898; Shin
(1963); Wang (1967, 1970)5 Iwatsuki (1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Tung-pu to Lo-lo, Nakanishi 12611 (KU);
Lo-lo to Tui-kwan, S. Nakanishi 12706 (KU); Hwalien Co. Tai-lu-ko Gorge Z. Iwatsuki, A. J. & E. Sharp 17^2 (NICH), Tien- hsian Chuang 57^5 (UBC).
Habitats On the rocks and on the tree trunk.
Distributions Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
This species is characterized by its broad, lingulate and rounded apiculate leaves, its dorsal lamina with a round base, and terminal seta.
14. Fissidens hetero-limbatus Sak,, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 47: 736, 1933.
Cited specimens Taipei Co. Kan-kou Chuang & Schofield 29 (UBC).
Habitats On wet rocks and wet soils.
Distributions Japan. New to Taiwan I
The distinctive characters for this species are: broadly oblong leaves with roundish apiculate apex and 0.4-3-0.5 mm wide.
15. Fissidens hollianus Doz. & Molk., Bryol. Java. 1: 4, 1855;
Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Wu-lai, Z. Iwatsuki 3647b (NICH).
Habitat: On lianas or climbers.
Distribution: Java, Philippines, Sumatra and Taiwan.
This small Fissidens is only 3-5 mm high. This species can be identified by its oblong, short acuminate leaves, percurrent costa and rough seta. Only the upper leaves have bordered margins.
16. Fissidens hyalinus Hook. & Wils., in Hook., J. Bot. 3? 89,
1840; Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Mt. An-ma-shan, Z. Iwatsuki, A. J.
& E. Sharp 3187 (NICH).
Habitat: On moist rock surfaces. . . -96-
Distributions Eastern North America, Japan, Taiwan, Bonins.
This interesting species which occurs in North America,
Japan and Taiwan, can be distinguished from other local Fissidens by its ecostate leaves.
17. Fissidens incrassatus Sull. & Lesq., Proc. Am. Ac. Arts.
Sc. 4: 276, 1859; Iwatsuki (1966)1 Wang (1970).
Fissidens sakourae Par. & Broth., Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser.
2, 2S 921, 1902: Cardot (1905); Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka
(1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Noguchi (1952, 1955); Shin
(1955, 1964).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Yuan-shan, Faurie 18 (KYO)—det. as
F. sakourae; Kan-kou Chuang & Schofield 3, 33 (UBC), Yang-ming- shan Chuang & Schofield 156 (UBC).
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: Japn, Ryukyu, Taiwan and mainland China.
This species is very closely related to F. sylvaticus, but can be distinguish from it by the base of the dorsal lamina which is narrower and often does not reach the base.
The formosan specimens possess a wider leaf type which has been discussed by Noguchi (1952), he noted that most collections represent an intergradation between the two species.
18. Fissidens .ja^anicus Doz. & Molk. , Bryol. Jav. 1: 11, 1855;
Iwatsuki (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Wu-lai Z. Iwats. 3671 (NICH).
Habitat: On moist soil.
Distribution: Ryukyu, Taiwan and Java. -97-
Th is species is characterized by its linear-lanceolate,
acuminate leaves, 2.4 x 0.27 mm in size, and the distinct
bistratose marginal border. Stems about 1-2 cm high.
19. Fissidens micro-serratus Sakurai, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 47: 738,
1933; Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Gited'specimen: Taipei Co. Wu-lai, Z. Iwats., 3697 (NICH), Kan-
kou, Chuang & Schofield 30 (UBC).
Habitat: On clayey soils.
Distribution: Japan, Ryukyu and Taiwan.
This Fissidens is only 2-3 mm high. It can be separated
from others by its oblong-lanceolate, narrowly acute leaves and the weakly bordered duplicate laminae of perichaetial leaves.
20. Fissidens mittenii Par., Ind. Bryol. 477, I896; Noguchi (1951,
1952); Iwatsuki (1967, 1970); Shin (1964); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Yang-ming-shan, Z. Iwats., A. J. & E.
Sharp 19, 2030, 2052 (NICH), NTU campus Z. Iwats. & A. J. Sharp
6 (NICH); Miaoli Co. Hsueh-shan-shan-mo, Z. Iwats.,.A. J. & E.
Sharp 2736, 3191 (NICH); Nantou Co. Sun-moon lake Chuang &
Schofield 677 (UBC); Kaohsiung Co. Mt. Nan-feng-shan C. K. Wang
1030 (NICH).
Habitat: On moist muddy soil.
Distribution: Japan, Ryukyu, Taiwan, Philippines, Java, Sumatra,
Ceylon, Singapore and Thailand.
This tropical Fissidens is only 6-9 mm high. It can be identified by its oblong-lanceolate, short acuminate leaves and its dorsal lamina rather broad rounded at the insertion. -98-
21. Fissidens nobilis Griff., Calcutta J, Nat. Hist. 2t 505,
1842; Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Wang (I969).
Fissidens filicinus Doz. & Molk., Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. ser.
3, 2: 304, 1844; Dixon (19^3); Wang (I967, 1970).
Fissidens japonicus Doz. & Molk., Pl. Jungh. 313, 1854;
Okamura (1916); Ihsiba (1935); Noguchi (1952); Shin (1964).
Cited specimen; Nantou Co. Chi-tou, Chuang 6176 (UBC).
Habitat: On soils or rocks among forest.
Distribution: Himalaya, India, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, west
China, Philippines, Taiwan, Rhykyu and Japan.
Dixon (1943), Noguchi (1952) and Shin (1964) studied the very difficult taxa F. japonicus and F. nobilis. They all agreed both are so similar that there is no clear-cut line between them.
Dixon merged both species based on his observation of leaf characters. Noguchi found some differences between them, and considered both species to be separate, based on the following points: 1. Leaf, -cells 10-15JU in F. nobilis and 8-11 ju in
F. japonicus. 2. Marginal borders of leaf strongly clustered with elongate cells distinct from the lamina cells in F. nobilis, but in F. japonicus, the margin does not show a band of strongly differentiated cells. Shin reduced F. nobilis again under
F. japonicus, he gave a simple note on them, but no detailed discussion.
I studied F. nobilis based on specimens in UBC from Java (1),
New Guinea (1), Borneo (1) and Philippines (4), and several packets of Japanese and Formosan materials which were named as F. japonicus. -99-
I made the following conclusion; 1. The size of leaf-cells in both species is about the same, from 8 to 11ju, but rarely
15ju. 2. The marginal border leaf-cells of both species are the same. Elongate cells distinctly restricted only to vaginant lamina in both, but not present on dorsal lamina. 3. The characters of leaf cross-section showed little difference in both species.
The mammillae on dorsal lamina and outer surfaces of duplicate lamina on both species are are unstable; in some they are large, distinct and dense, but in others they are not. 4. The legitimate name for this species is F. nobilis.
22. Fissidens papillosus Lac, Natuurk. Verh. K. Ak. Wet. Ansterdam
13: 1, 1871; Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Tong-pu Gap, Z. Iwats., A. J. Sharp
294 (NICH).
Habitat: Bases of tree trunks.
Distribution: Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, North Borneo and Java.
This Fissidens, only 0.6-1.3 mm high, with a large papilla over each cell lumen and with strongly crenate leaf margins is distinct from other species.
23. Fissidens perdecurrens Besch., J. de Bot. 12: 293, I898;
Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (i960); Iwatsuki (1967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Between Mt. A-li and Tong-pu, Iwats.,
A. J. & E. Sharp 490 (NICH); Taichung Co. Chung-hsueh-shan, Z.
Iwats., A. J. & E. Sharp 756, 2648, 2652, 2790a, 2791 (NICH).
Habitat: On wet rocks.
Distribution: Japan and Taiwan. -100-
This species is very close to F. grandifrons var. planicaulis,
but can be readily separated by its acute leaf apex and uni-
stratose vaginant lamina.
Fissidens plagiochiloides Besch., J. de Bot. 12: 293, 1898;
Chuang & Iwatsuki (1970).
Cited "specimen: Chiayi Co. Between Tong-pu and Mt. A-li, Z. Iwats.
A. J. & E. Sharp 536, 540, 560a, 2502a, 2523, 2528 (NICH); Taichung
Co. Chung-hsueh-shan, Z. Iwats., A. J. & E. Sharp 916, 2647a (NICH)
Hwalien Co. Lu-chan-ta shan, Chuang 5644 (UBC).
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: Japan, mainland China, Taiwan.
This robust Fissidens can be up to 8 cm high. The species
is always sterile, but can be identified by its lanceolate-ovate,
acuminate leaves, flexuose costa and, the broader dorsal laminae
ending rounded at the base.
25. Fissidens protonemaecola Sakurai, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 47: 741, 4,
1933; Mizushima (1957); Shin (1964); Wang (1967, 1970).
Fissidens gemmaeeus Herz. & P. Vard., J. Hattori Bot.
Lab. 14: 55, 1955.
Cited specimen: JKarobetsu, G. H. Schwabe 17 p. p. (JE).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Japan and Taiwan.
This tiny Fissidens is only 0.1-0.2 mm high. The 2-3 pairs
of smooth leaves without bordered margins, and the persistent
protonema are the distinctive characters for this species. -101-
26. Fissidens ryukyuensis Bartram, Bryologist 50s 160, 194?;
Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Taitung Co. Pei-yuan-tsun, C. K. Wang 909 (NICH).
Habitats On rocks in creek.
Distribution: Japan, Ryukyu and Taiwan.
Only one locality has been reported from Taiwan. The lanceolate, acuminate and minutely denticulate leaves with marginal border only on the duplicate lamina, and smooth leaf- cells are the distinctive characters of this species.
27. Fissidens saxatilis Tuzibe & Noguchi, J. Jap. Bot. 24: 145,
19^9; Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Chung-hsueh-shan, Z. Iwats., A. J.
& E. Sharp 2767 (NICH), SW of Ta-hsueh-shan, Z. Iwats., A. J. &
E. Sharp 1159c (NICH), Mt. An-ma-shan, Z. Iwats., A. J. & E.
Sharp 3162, 3198 (NICH).
Habitat: On shaded soil and rocks of moist ravine.
Distribution: Japan and Taiwan.
This species is close to F. bryoides, but can be separated by its lanceolate leaves with a narrowly acute apex and broad vaginant lamina widest at the middle part.
28. Fissidens schwabei Noguchi, J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 14: 58, 19,
1955; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Karobetsu, G. H. Schwabe 66--Holotype (NICH);
Nantou Co. Chi-ti to water fall, Chuang & Schofield 600-23 (UBC).
Habitat: On shady cliff along trail.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan. -102-
This species resembles F. ceylonensis in its areolation, but possesses short capsules and narrower leaves with dorsal lamina gradually ending down at the leaf base. This species also resembles F. incrassatus in leaf shape, but the areolation is different.
29. Fissidens splachnobryoides Broth., Schum. & Lauterb., Fl.
Deutsch. Schutzgeb. Stidsee 81, 1900; Herzorg (1955); Chen (1963).
Cited specimens Botel Tobago, G. H. Schwabe 80 p. p. (JE).
Habitats On moist soil.
Distributions Java, New Guinea, Western Ghats, India, Philippines,
Ryukyu, Hainan Island, Botel Tobago.
This species was reported by Herzog (1955), based on G. H.
Schwabe*s collection with only one shoot among Heteroscyphus saccogynoides from Botel Tobago. The name was given as. a new formas subbrachneuron (Ther. &. P. d. Vard.) Herz. without any discussion.
This species is characterized by its lax, large, ovate- rhomboidal leaf-cells and the costa ending far below the leaf apex. I checked the above cited specimen and found that the leaf apex is rather narrowly acuminate.
30. Fissidens sylvaticus Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist, 2s 50?,
1842} Dixon (1922); Wang (1970).
Fissidens zippelianus Doz. & Molk., in Zoll., Syst. Ver-
zeichn. 29, 1854: Okamura (1916)5 Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba
(1929, 1935).
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Ssu-chung-chi, the 13th forest -103-
compartment, Chuang 909, 910 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil of low hill.
Distribution: Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Ceylon, New Guinea, Thailand,
Hongkong, Philippines and Taiwan.
The species is very close to F. incrassatus, but is
distinguished from it by the shape and width of the leaves which
are narrowly acuminate (21,45-25.74ju).
31. Fissidens taxifolius Hedw., Spec. Muse. 155, 39, f. 1-5,
1801; Nakanishi (1963); Wang (1967, 1970); Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Hsueh-shan-shan-mo, Z. Iwats., A. J.
& E. Sharp 1058, ll64a (NICH); Hsinohu Co. Lu-chang-to-shan,
C. K. Wang 1681 (NICH).
Habitat: On moist soil, rocks or rotten logs.
Distribution: Europe, Caucasus, Persia, Canary Island, Madeira,
N. V/. India, Nepal, Sikkim, Himalaya, Japan, Ryukyu, Taiwan,
Korea, Saghalien, North America.
This species is very close to F. adelphinus. Both species
have been discussed under F. adelphinus.
32. Fissidens wichurae Broth. & Fleisch., Hedwigia 38: 127, 1899;
Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Wu-lai, Z. Iwats., 3651 (NICH).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Java and Taiwan.
This species has extremely narrow, linear-lanceolate leaves;
the border cells are very distinct, covering all margins of -104- duplicate laminae; these features readily separate this species from others.
33 • Fissidens yamamotoi Sakurai, Bot, Mag. Tokyo 56i 218, 1952;
Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Yang-ming-shan, Z. Iwats., A. J. Sharp
2060 (NICH).
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: Japan and Taiwan.
This tiny Fissidens has linear-lanceolate leaves, about
1.5-2 mm long, dorsal lamina ends abruptly near the leaf-base and sterile and fertile shoots, are markly different. These features readily separate this species from other species of
Fissidens.
Family: Ditrichaceae
Six genera in Taiwan.
Key to the genera of Ditrichaceae
1. Capsules immersed among the perichaetial leaves 2
2. Costa percurrent; capsules irregularly dehiscent, peristome
absent Pleuridium
2. Costa strongly excurrent; capsules regularly dehiscent,
peristome present . Garckea
1. Capsules long-exerted 3
3. Capsules without distinct neck 4
4. Upper leaf cells linear; capsules smooth....Ditrichum
4. Upper leaf cells subquadrate; capsules strongly furrowed
when dry Ceratodon -105-
3. Capsules with distinct neck and urn 5
5. Leaves narrowly lingulate-lanceolate; capsules with short
urn, peristome teeth spirally striate....Wilsoniella
5. Leaves with short ovate base, narrowed to a linear point;
capsules with long urn, peristome teeth coarsely
vertically striolate... Trematodon
Ceratodon Brid., Bryol. Univ. Is 480, 1826.
Two species and one variety in Taiwan.
Key to species of Ceratodon
1. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at
apex 2
2. Capsules inclined to horizontal, seta red....C. purpureus
2. Capsules erect, yellowish, seta pale brown or yellow
C. stenocarpus
1. Leaves triangular lanceolate, long acuminate to subulate....
,C. purpureus var. formosicus
1. Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid., Bryol. Univ. 1: 480, 1826;
Horikawa (1939).
Cited specimens Taipei Co. Mt. Chi-hsin-shan, Chuang & Schofield
207 (UBC).
Habitat: On open soil along the hills.
Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
This common world-wide species has been neglected by many bryologists in Taiwan. Although Horikawa (1939) noted it from
Taiwan, he cited no specimen. -106-
2. Ceratodon purpureus var. formosicus Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl.
19: 100, 1905; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Tamsui, U. Faurie 85, 172--Isotype of
C. purpureus var. formosicus (KYO); Hwalien Co. Sakabesha, S. Suzuki
72 p. p. (TNS).
Habitat: On soils.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
This variety collected by Faurie (1903) from Tamsui, a small northern port village is distinctly separated from the species by its peculiar leaf-shape which is lanceolate, with a triangular base and subulate apex.
3. Ceratodon stenocarpus Bruch. & Schimp., ex C. Muell., Syn. It
647, 1849; Noguchi (195D; Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou to water fall, Chuang &
Schofield 566 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Europe, North America, Mexico, South America, Africa,
Australia, Himalaya, mainland China, Philippines and Taiwan.
The vegetative characters of this species scarcely distinguish it from C. purpureus: only the color of capsules and seta could distinguish them.
Ditrichum Hampe, Flora 50: 181, I867.
Four species in Taiwan.
Key to species of Ditrichum
1. Leaves abruptly narrowing to a long flexuose filiform awn,
autoicous D. difficile -107-
1. Leaves gradually narrow to subulate, paroicous or dioicous...2
2. Plants small, 10-15 mm high, paroicous; leaves 5-7 mm long,
awn serrulate; capsules oblong-ovoid, curved, inclined,
3 mm long, seta yellow D. pallidum
2. Plants larger, about 30 mm high, dioicous; leaves 1-3 mm
"long; capsules cylindrical straight, erect 2 mm long,
seta brown to red 3
3. Leaves 1-2 mm long, lower leaf-cells short and broad;
capsules asymmetrical, seta brown or yellowish brown...
D. brevidens
3. Leaves 2-3 long, lower leaf-cells long and narrow;
capsules symmetrical, seta dark red D. heteromallum
1. Ditrichum brevidens Noguchi, J. Jap. Bot. 20: 255, 27, 1944;
Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Kodama, A. Noguchi, 6352--Holotype
of D. brevidens (NOG); Pingtung Co. Wu-tan, Chuang 1157 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
This species is very similar to D. heteromallum, but can be
distinguished from it by the shorter leaves, wider and short basal
leaf cells, and asymmetrical capsules, as noted by Noguchi (1944).
2. Ditrichum difficile ( Dub.) Fleisch., Muse. Fl. Buitenzorg 1: 300, 50, 1904.
Ditrichum flexifolium Hampe, Flora 50: 182, 1867; Yang & Lee (1964)
Ditrichum formosicum Noguohi, J. Jap. Bot. 14: 397, 6, 1938;
Wang (1970). -108-
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, A. Noguchi 6647—
Holotype of D. formosicum (NOG).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: South Africa, Madagascar, India, Malaysia, Java,
Boreno, Philippines, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia,
South America, Chile, Patagonia and Taiwan.
The status of D. flexifolium has been discussed by Dixon
(1913), but the basionym: Dicranum flexifolium Hook, was an illegitimate homonym, thus Ditrichum difficile ( Dub.) Fleisch. became the proper name for the species.
Ditrichum formosicum was described by Noguchi (1938) from
Taiwan. I compared the type with Javanese specimens of D. difficile and found them to be identical with this species, except for the rather larger size of D. formosicum which was already pointed out by Noguchi. Herzog & Noguchi reported D. flexifolium from Taiwan;
I have checked the cited specimen and found it to be Dicranella heteromalla.
The characters of leaves abruptly narrowing to a long flexuose filiform awn and of sexuality can be used to distinguished this species from other Ditrichum.
3. Ditrichum heteromallum ( Hedw.) Britt., N. Am. Fl. 15: 64, 1913;
Yang & Lee (1964); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou, M. T. Kao & C. S. Feung 273
(TAl)--not seen; Li-shan, Chuang & Schofield 861 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil along the slope.
Distribution: Europe, Western North America (from Alaska to
California), Nova Scotia. -109-
Th is species can be recognized by its leaf shape which has
an ovate or broadly lanceolate base, and gradually narrows to a
long filiform awn, 2-3 mm long and its leaf-cells narrowly
rectangular to linear the margins.
4. Ditrichum pallidum ( Hedw.) Harap., Flora 50: 182, 1867; Ihsiba
(1935); Horikawa (1935); Takaki (1957); Wang (1968, 1970).
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang I967 (UBC).
Habitat: Open sunny soils.
Distribution: Europe, Eastern North America, Caucasus, mainland
China, Japan, Ryukyu and Taiwan.
The present species can be easily identified by its leaves with toothed awns, yellowish to yellowish brown seta and oblong
ovoid capsules that are sulcate when dry.
Garckea C. Muell., Bot. Zeit. 3: 865, 1845.
Only one species in Taiwan.
Garckea comosa ( Doz. & Molk.) Wijk. & Marg., Taxon 9: 190, i960.
Garckea phascoides ( Hook.) C. Muell., Bot. Zeit. 3s 865,
1845; Ihsiba (1931, 1935); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Sun moon lake, A. Noguchi 6478 (NICH);
Chuang & Schofield 664 (UBC).
Habitat: On open dry soil.
Distribution: Malaysia, Thailand, Tonkin, Java, Sumatra, Philippines,
Taiwan and Japan.
The upper leaves crowded at the apex of the stem, lanceolate,
entire, excurrent costa, and the immersed capsules among the -110-
perichaetial leaves seem to be the distinctive characters of
the species.
Pleuridium Brid., Mant. Muse. 10, 1819.
Only one species in Taiwan.
Pleuridium julaceum Besch., J. Bot. 12: 294, I898; Ihsiba (1929,
1935)"; Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: This species was reported by Ihsiba (1929, 1935)
from Taipei, Taiwan. This cited specimen may be present in TNS.
It needs reexamination in order to confirm its presence in
Taiwan.
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Japan and Taiwan.
This is a tiny moss with very short stems (only 4 mm long),
lanceolate-ovate leaves with serrulate apex, and small oblong-
ovoid capsules.
Trematodon Michx., Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 289, I8O3.
Only one species in Taiwan.
The systematic position of this genus has been discussed by
Takaki (1962). He considered Trematodon to belong to the Ditrich•
aceae, based on the following: 1. The characters of peristome
teeth in Trematodon are intermediate in form between Ditrichaceae
and Dicranaceae. 2. That capsules possesses the long neck and
are allied to Bruchia and Wilsoniella.
Trematodon longicollis Michx., Fl. Bor. Am. 2: 289, 1803; Okamura
(1916); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (i960, 1970);
Takaki (1962). -111-
Trematodon drepanellus Besch., J. Bot. 12: 283, 1898;
Cardot (1905); Okamura (1916); Sasaoka (1928); Brotherus
(1924); Ihsiba (1929, 1935)5 Horikawa (1936); Herz. &
Noguchi (1955); Wang (I960).
Trematodon flaccidisetus Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 17:
5, 4, 1904; Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Herz. & Noguchi (1955);
Wang (I960).
Trematodon paucifolius C. Muell., Syn. 1: 495, 1848; Herz.
& Noguchi (1955); Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Mt. Chi-hsin-shan, Chuang & Schofield
206 (UBC); Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield
249 (UBC); Taitung Co. Ta-pu-shan, Chuang 5040 (UBC). Botel Tobago
G. H. Schwabe 12,--det. as T. paucifolius (NICH. 298105).
Habitat: On soil, frequently sandy.
Distribution: Europe, Eastern USA, West Indies, Mexico, South
America, Hawaii, Ceylon, New Guinea, Philippines, Bonins, Korea,
Japan, Ryukyu, Taiwan and Java.
This species, can be easily identified by its very long necked capsules. Bartram (1939) discussed T. paucifolius and T. longicollis and reduced T. paucifolius to the latter without studying the type. Taiwan material of T. paucifolius was reported by Herzog & Noguchi (1955) from Botel Tobago, it seems to be identical with T. longicollis.
Wilsoniella C. Muell., Bot. Centralbl. 7» 345, 1881.
One species in Taiwan. -112-
Wilsoniella decipiens (Mitt.) Alston in Dix. , J. Bot. 68: 2, 1930.
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Nu-jeng-shan, alt. 600-800 m, Chuang
888, 904, 905, 912, 920 (UBC).
Habitat: On clayey soil.
Distribution: Ceylon, Java, Philippines. Genus new to Taiwan!
The peculiar structure of this species is quite interest•
ing. The leaf-cells are elongate or narrowly rhomboidal with
thickenings at apical angles; and peristome teeth are divided
into two long filiform spirally striolate forks. These characters
are never seen in Ditrichaceae and Dicranaceae. I suggest that
these characters to be of sufficient distinctiveness to place
this genus in its own family, but in this study, I place it in
Ditrichaceae, based on its filiform character of peristome teeth
split in two to the base.
Family: Bryoxiphiaceae
One genus in Taiwan.
Bryoxiphium Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 12: 580, I869.
Only one species in Taiwan.
Bryoxiphium norvegicum subsp. japonicum (Berggr.) LOve & LOve,
Bryologist 56: 197, 1953; Nakanishi (1964); Wang (1967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Pa-tun-kuan, upper parts of Lo-nung-
chi S. Nakanishi, 13444 (NICH), Chi-tou to Chi-ti, near water
fall Chuang & Schofield 593 (UBC).
Habitat: On shale cliffs near water courses of water fall.
Distribution: Kamchatka, Sakhalin, southern Sikhote-Alin, Japan
(from Hokkaido to Kyushu), mainland China, Korea, Taiwan,
Philippines, Lombok Island. -113-
This very interesting moss was discovered by Nakanishi
(1964) who first reported it from Taiwan. All specimens from
Taiwan are sterile, but it can be recognized by its distichous, keeled leaves and long, excurrent costa.
Family: Dicranaceae
14 genera, 36 species and 3 varieties in Taiwan.
Key to the genera of Dicranaceae
1. Costa broad, occupying more than 1/3 of the leaf base 2
2. Alar cells strongly differentiated 3
3. Leaves more or less falcate-secund, upper leaf-cells
usually narrowly linear, basal cells rectangular,
conspicously larger and broader near costa; costa in
cross-section with a median row of guide cells between
two stereid bands Dicranodontium
3. Leaves never falcate-secund, upper leaf-cells usually
quadrate or rhomboidal, basal bells not larger and
broader near costa; costa in cross-section with large
hyaline thin-walled cells on the upper surface, slightly
smaller guide cells in the middle and with or without
stereid bands both above and below, or below only....
Campylopus
2. Alar cells not, or only slightly, differentiated..... 4
4. Plants large, about 3-4 cm high or more; terminal leaves
without gemmae, in cross-section chlorophyllose cells
in the middle of costa; calyptra entire at the base...
Paral eucobryum
4. Plants small, less than 1 cm high; terminal leaves often -114-
with cluster of gemmae, in cross-section chlorophyllose
cells on both side of costa; calyptra fringed at the
base Brothera
1. Costa narrow, occupying less than 1/3 of leaf base 5
5. Alar cells strongly differentiated 6
-6. Leaves bordered with a band of linear hyaline cells;
leaf cells densely papillose Leucoloma
6. Leaves not bordered; leaf-cells smooth 7
7. Leaves from a clasping base; upper leaf cells
quadrate; capsules curved, distinctly strumose Oncophorus
7. Leaves not„clasping, falcate-secund; upper leaf
cells rectangular; capsules erect or inclined, not
strumose 8
8. Basal cells of leaves not sinuose between alar
cells and costa; peristome teeth divided mostly
about half-way down, papillose above....Dicranum
8. Basal cells of leaves strongly sinuose, numerous
narrowly elongate incrassate cells between alar
cells and costa; peristome teeth short, smooth
above and divided to below the middle into two
rather wide and obtuse forks Dicranoloma
5. Alar cells not differentiated or scarcely differentiated..^
9. Leaf cells with high pointed single mammillae..Oreoweisia
9. Leaf cells smooth 10
10. Stems julaceous; leaves closely appressed..Aongstroemia
10. Stems not julaceous; leaves spreading 11
11. Plants large, about 3-8 cm high; leaves strongly
crisped or contorted when dry 12 -115-
12. Leaves lanceolate, without sheathing base, irregularly-
denticulate, rounded obtuse; capsules with 8 deep grooves
Rhabdoweisia
12. Leaves elongate subulate, distinctly sheathing by a clasp•
ing base; capsules not grooved Symblepharis
11. Plants small, usually less, than 1 cm high; leaves erect
spreading or falcate-secund when dry 13
13. Leaves with distinct clasping base; upper leaf-cells short
quadrate or long rhomboidal; seta cygneous...Campylopodium
13. Leaves without distinct clasping base; upper leaf-cells
long rectangular; seta straight ...Dicranella
Aongstroemia B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. 1: 1?1, 1846.
Only one species in Taiwan.
Aongstroemia orientalis Mitt., Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, 3' 154,
1891; Noguchi (1944); Iwatsuki (1967); Wang (1970).
Cited specimens Chiayi Co. Between Tong-pu & Pai-mu-lin, Z. Iwats.,
A. J. & E. Sharp 2270, 2413, 24l6 (NICH).
Habitats On dry soil or rocks.
Distributions Mexico, Guatemala, Himalaya, India, Bhutan, Sikkim,
Yunnan, China, Burma, North Borneo, Philippines, Taiwan.
This species is very easily identified by its simple julaceous stems and appressed, broadly ovate leaves.
Brothera C. Muell., Gen. Muse. Fr. 258, 1900.
Only one species in Taiwan.
Brothera leana (Sull.) C. Muell., Gen. Muse. 259, 1901; Nakanishi
(1963); Wang (1967, 1970); Iwatsuki (1970). -116-
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Tui-kuan to Lo-lo, S. Nakanishi 542
(UK).
Habitat: On rotten logs.
Distribution: North America (Virginia, Wisconsin, Pensylvania,
Ohio, Tennessee and Minesota), Mexico, Guatemala, Siberia, Amur,
Manchuria, Korea, Philippines, Burma, Pakistan, Japan and Taiwan.
Takaki (1968) studied Brothera and found the structure of. costa to very distinctive, so he proposed a new subfamily brothero- ideae for Brothera to separate it from Paraleucobryum of Para- leucobryoideae which was established by Brotherus (1924).
The cross section of the costa shows a group of much smaller, thick-walled cells in the middle and large thin-walled cells, some of which are chlorophyllose, on both sides of the costa.
Campylopodium (C. Muell.) Besch., Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. ser. 5, 18:
One species in Taiwan.
Campylopodium euphorocladum (C. Muell.) Besch., Ann. Sci. Nat.
Bot. ser. 5, 18: 189, 1873; Cardot (1905); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba
(1929, 1935): Wang (i960, 1970).
Microcampylopus longifolius Noguchi, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 65:
87, 1952; Wang (1970).
Microcampylopus longifolium from, densifolius Noguchi Bot.
Mag. Tokyo 65: 88, 1952; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Mt. Chi-hsin-shan, Chuang & Schofield
199, 203, 204 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil of open hill.
Distribution: Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Java, Malaysia, Pacific
Island, Hawaii Island, Indian Archipelago, New Zealand, East Africa, -117-
Tahiti.
Noguchi (1952) studied Campylopodium euphorocladum from
Japan, Taiwan, Philippines and Java. He found Taiwan and
Philippine materials to be different from those of Japan and
Java in the absence of stomata in the capsules and the large papillae on the spores. He therefore proposed: Microcampylopus longifolium for the Taiwan and Philippine specimens. Recently
I studied the Taiwan material and discovered stomata to be present at the base of capsules, and the spores are minutely papillose. Therefore I concluded that Microcampylopus is not present in Taiwan; the type specimen of Microcampylopus longifolium should be reexamined.
Campylopus Brid., Mant. Muse. 71, 1819.
Ten species of Campylopus in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Campylopus
1. Costa without stereids in cross-section of leaves...C. schwarzii
1. Costa with stereids in cross-section of leaves .....2
2. Stereids on both sides of the costa ,.C. richardii
2. Stereids only on dorsal side of costa ,. 3
3. Vegetative propagation by numerous small deciduous
leaflets.. 4
4. Leaves without hyaline point; empty pellucid cells
larger than the middle guide cells and stereids
few in cross-section C. fragilis
4. Leaves with hyaline point; empty pellucid cells as
same size as guide cells and stereids numerous
in cross-section C. laxitexlus -118-
3. Plants without deciduous leaflets 5
5. Leaves with hyaline tips 6
6. Leaves narrowly lanceolate-subulate, gradually
long acuminate C. aureus
6. Leaves obiong, abruptly aristate...C. taiwanensis
5. Leaves without hyaline tips 7
7. Plants small, less than 2 cm long 8
8. Plants 5-6 mm long; leaves with ovate base and
very long slender subula C. gracidentus
8. Plants 4 mm long; leaves with oblong base and
without long slender subula C. gracilis
7. Plants more than 3 cm long 9
9. Cells of upper part of leaf quadrate or rec•
tangular, costa 2/3 of the width of leaf, empty
cells the same size as guide cells in cross-
section C. caudatus
9. Cells of upper part of leaf obliquely rhomboidal, costa 1/3-1/2 of the width of leaf, large empty cells twice as large as guide cells C. .japonicus
1. Campylopus aureus Besch. & Lac, Bryol. Jav. 1: 80, t. 67,
1854; Cardot (1905); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang
(I960, 1970).
Cited specimens Taipei Co. Taitum U. Faurie 28 (KYO); Hsinchu Co.
Kan-kou, Y. Shimada, Apr. 15, 1928 (NICH 298084a).
Habitats On soil.
Distribution: Ceylon, Nikobar, Java, Celebes, New Guinea, Taiwan. -119-
Taiwan may be at the northern limit of the distribution of this tropical species.
The leaf characters distinguish this species from other
Campylopus, being lanceolate-subulate with a hyaline tip, and the leaf-cells in the basal lamina are hyaline, rectangular and in median and upper parts vermicular.
2. Campylopus caudatus (C. Muell.) Mont, in Doz. & Molk., Bryol.
Jav. 1: 78, 65, 1858.
Cited specimens Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 1974 (UBC);
Taitung Co. Kwai-ku, Chuang 1474 (UBC).
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: Himalaya, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Moluccas,
Philippines. New to Taiwan I
In cross-section of leaves, this species shows the large empty cells and median guide cells to be similar in size. The leaf cells are rectangular and with yellowish, pellucid walls in the basal lamina and show small, quadrate or rectangular cells in vertical rows. The calyptra is entire at the base.
3. Campylopus fragilis (Brid.) B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. 1: 164, 1847;
Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Ali and Tung-pu, Z. Iwatsuki, A. J.
& E. Sharp 510, 512 (NICH).
Habitat: On rotten log and stumps.
Distribution: Europe, Azores, Maderira, Canary Islands, North
America (Florida), Japan, Taiwan, Africa, Guatemala, Cuba,
Jamaica. -120-
The color and shape of this species are very close to
Brothera leana, but the structure of costa is quite different.
4. Campylopus gracilentus Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19: 94,
f. 3, 1905; Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935);
Wang (I960, 1970).
Campylopus gracilentus var. brevifolius Card., Beih, Bot.
Centralbl. 19: 95, 1905; Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (i960,
1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Taitum U. Faurie 25, 35--Isotype of
C. gracilentus (KYO); Mt. Chi--shin-shan Chuang & Schofield
201 (UBC); Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku Chuang 1393b (UBC).
Habitat: On soils.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
This species is characterized by its leaves with ovate or short oblong base and subulate elongate to canalicular tip. Cardot
(1905) noted that the cross-section of leaves lacked stereids and
Brotherus (1924) placed this species under subgenus Pseudocampylopus,
I found this not to be correct: the cross-section of leaves shows distinct stereids on the dorsal side.
The variety brevifolius was reported by Cardot (1905) from the type locality of the species. From his description, it does not represent a sufficiently distinctive character for a variety: leaves are shorter and broader (2.75~3 x 0.4-0.5 mm) and subentire in this variety, while 3.5-4 x 0.35-0.4 mm and minutely denticulate in the species. In my Opinion the variety may be a young sterile form of the species. I place this variety as a synonym of the species. -121-
The type of this variety are not in KYO.
Sakurai (1932) reported this species from Isl. Sakura- shima, Japan, but Takaki (1967) excluded it from Japan, thus the species is endemic to Taiwan.
5. Campylopus gracilis (Mitt.) Jaeg., Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges.
18?0-71J 427, 1872.
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Sun moon lake, Chuang & Schofield
666 (UBC).
Habitats On soil.
Distributions Himalaya, Sikkim and new to Taiwan I
6. Campylopus japonicus Broth., Hedwigia 38s 207. 1899? Cardot
(1905); Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929. 1935);
Wang (i960, 1970); Takaki (1967).
Campylopus nakamurae Sakurai Bot. Mag. Tokyo 55* 212, f. 13,
1941; Wang (1970).
Cited specimens Taipei Co. Taitum, U. Faurie 29, 31 (KYO); Mt.
Chi-hsin-shan, Chuang & Schofield 162 (UBC); Chu-chi-hu (Tikusiko)
T. Nakamura, Apr. 20, 194-0—Holotype of C. nakamurae in Herb.
Sakurai 14202 (MAK); Nantou Co. Sun moon lake, Chuang & Schofield
685 (UBC).
Habitats On humus or rocks.
Distribution: Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
This species is closely related to C. caudatus, but it can be distinguished by the obliquely rhomboidal upper leaf-cells and large empty cells twice as large as guide cells, while the upper leaf-cells of C. caudatus are quadrate or short rectangular and -122- empty cells the same size as guide cells.
The cross section of the leaf, leaf-shape, and leaf-cells of C. nakamurae match well those of this species. It is better synonymized with this species. An illustration of capsules made by Sakurai are those of Dicranella coarctata.
7. Campylopus laxitexlus Lac, Natuurk. Verh. K. Ak. Wetensch.
Amsterdam 13s 10, 7a, 1872.
Cited specimens Kaohsiung Co. Shan-ping to Mt. Nan-feng-shan
Chuang 1007 (UBC).
Habitats On decaying log.
Distributions Java. New to Taiwan I
The above cited specimen was compared with Javanese materials collected by Zippelius in UBC and found to agree well with the species.
8. Campylopus richardii Brid., Mant. Muse 73, 1819; Takaki (1967)1
Wang (1970).
Thysanomitrium richardii (Brid.) Schwaegr., Sp. Muse suppl.
2(1)s 61, 118, 1823; Ihsiba (1929, 1935).
Campylopus blumei (Doz. & Molk.) Besch. & Lac, Bryol.
Jav. 1$ 81, t. 68, 1858; Cardot (1905).
Thysanomitrium blumei (Doz. & Molk.) Cardot, Ann. Cons.
Jard. Bot. Geneve 15-l6i l6l, 1912; Brotherus (1924);
Sasaoka (1928).
Cited specimens Taipei Co. Yang-ming-shan, Chuang & Schofield 159
(UBC); Kaohsiung Co. Shan-ping to Mt. Nan-feng-shan, Chuang 1054
(UBC); Pingtung Co. First water resource to Kwai-ku, Chuang 1303 -123-
(UBC), Kwai-ku Chuang 1383 (UBC); Hsin-wu-tan to first water
resource, Chuang 1168 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil or on rocks in sunny open places.
Distribution: Himalaya, Sikkim, Khasi Hills, Ceylon, India, Burma,
Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Borneo, south China, Japan, Taiwan,
Philippines, Tahiti, Polynesia, Mexico, South America, West Indies.
The cross-section of the leaves in this species show stereids
on both sides of the costa, distinct large guide cells in the
middle; and the dorsal side of the costa is deeply furrowed. The
present species usually possesses 3-4 aggregate cygneous setae
near the apex of stems.
9« Campylopus schwarzii Schimp., Muse. Eur. Nov. Bryol. Eur. suppl.
fasc. 1-2, 1: 1, 1864; Takaki (1967); Wang (1968, 1970).
Cited specimen: This species was reported by Takaki and Wang,
voucher specimen should be reexamined.
Habitat: On soil and moist humus.
Distribution: Europe, Alps. Scandinavia, Bukovina, North America,
Nepla, Korea, Japan, Taiwan.
This species is distinguished from other species of
Campylopus by the cross-section of leaves lacking stereids.
10. Campylopus taiwanensis Sakurai Bot. Mag. Tokyo 55s 206, f. 4
1941; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Pei-tou (Hokuto), Leg. ?, Nov. 1925—
Holotyoe of C. taiwanensis in Herb. Sakurai (MAK).
Habitat: not given.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan. -124-
This species is characterized by its leaves with a lanceolate base, and the abruptly aristate apex with a hyaline tip and
furrows on the dorsal upper part of the costa. The cross-section
of leaves shows large, empty, hyaline, thin-walled cells on the ventral surface, guide cells as large as the empty cells in the middle and small thick-walled cells on the margins of the costa with groups of stereids.
According to Sakurai (1941), the costa of leaves are
lamellate and the lamellae are sharply serrate on the dorsal
side. My observations do not confirm this: I found the lamellae
to be deeply furrowed on the back of costa only in the upper part.
Dicranella (C. Muell.) Schimp., Coroll. 13, 1856.
Two species and one variety in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Dicranella
1. Costa of leaves slender, occupying less than 1/3 of the width
of leaf at the base 2
2. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, gradually subulate,
margins distinctly serrulate on the upper half..D. heteromalla
2. Leaves slightly ovate at base, abruptly narrowed to
filiform apex, margins entire or denticulate only on the
tip D. coarctata
1. Costa of leaves strong, occupying l/3 of the width of leaf
at the base D. coarctata var. torrentium
1. Dicranella coarctata (C. Muell.) Bosch. & Lac, Bryol. Jav.
1: 84, t. 70, 1858; Cardot (1905)5 Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka
(1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935)5 Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Wang (I960, 1970). -125-
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Rahau, A. Noguchi 626l (NICH 298110);
Mt. Chi-hsin-shan Chuang & Schofield 600-4 (UBC); Ilan Co. Mt.
Tai-ping-shan A. Noguchi 6893 (NICH 297671); Nantou Co. sun moon lake, A. Noguchi 6334 (NICH 297675); Chi-tou Chuang & Schofield
200 (UBC); Hsinchu Co. Kan-kou, Y. Shimada, Apr. 15, 1928 (NICH
298084); Kaohsiung Co. Shan-ping Chuang 975 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Ceylon, Pegu, Java, Philippines, Hongkong, Taiwan.
This species, endemic in Asia, is very common at lower elevations. The abruptly-narrowed to filiform leaf-apex is a distinctive character for the present species.
The present species closely resembles Ditrichum pallidum in general appearence, but it can be distinguished by its rectangular leaf-cells at the base, while these are oblong hexagonal in
Ditrichum pallidum.
2. Dicranella coarctata var. torrentium Card., Beih, Bot. Centralbl.
19: 92, 1905; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929): Wang (I960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Mt. Ta-tun-shan (Taitum) U. Faurie 43
—Holotype of D. coarctata var. torrentium (KYO).
Habitat: On boulder.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
Cardot (1905) described this variety from Taitum, based on
Faurie's sterile materials. The shape of leaves, leaf-cells, and strong, broad costa which occupies 1/3 of the width of leaf at the base suggest that this does not belong to Dicranella. It may be some species of the Ditrichaceae. -126-
3. Dicranella heteromalla (hedw.) Schimp., Coroll. 13, 1855;
Okamura (1916); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1935); Wang (1968, 1970).
Ditrichum flexifolium non Hamp., sensu Herz. & Noguchi
Hattori Bot. Lab. 14: 58, 1955; Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Taipei G. H. Schwabe ll--det. as
Ditrichum flexifolium (NICH).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
The distinctive characters for the species are the leaf-margins distinctly serrulate on the upper half, and the mouth of capsules oblique when dry.
Dicranodontium B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. 1: 159, 1847.
Three species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Dicranodontium
1. Leaves distinctly auriculate at the base 2
2. Costa below indistinct D. denudatum
2. Costa below clearly delimited D. uncinatum
1. Leaves not auriculate at the base D. asperulum
1. Dicranodontium asperulum (Mitt.) Broth., Nat. Pfl. 1(3)* 336, 1901.
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku Chuang 1536, 1535 (UBC).
Habitat: On cliff or humus.
Distribution: Europe, Himalaya, Sikkim, North America. New to
Taiwan !
The characters of the above cited specimens are match quite well those of the type specimen from NY. -127-
2. Dicranodontium denudatum (Brid.) Britt., in Williams, N. Am.
Fl. 15s 151, 1913; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929); Wang (i960, 1970).
Dicranodontium longirostre (Web. & Mohr.) B. S. G., Bryol.
Eur. 1: 158, 88, 1847; Sasaoka (1920).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Onoe, S. Suzuki 313 (TNS); Chiayi Co.
Mt. A-li, T. S. Wang 1473. 1475 (THU), S. Matsuyama 48 (NICH 29795).
Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku to Mt. Pei-ta-wu-shan, Chuang 1553, 1558 (UBC).
Habitat: On rotten logs or rocks.
Distribution: Europe, North America, Alaska, Mexico, Guatemala,
Costa Rica, South America, Siberia, mainland China, Korea, Japan,
Caucasus, Himalaya, India.
The species, as mentioned by Noguchi (1966) is variable in general habit and in the indistinct costa in the leaf base.
Distinctive characters for the species: stems denuded when leaves fallen off, leaves falcate-secund from a ovate-lanceolate base and rather gradually narrowed to a setaceous point, margins serrulate on the upper part.
3. Dicranodontium uncinatum (Harv.) Jaeg., Ber. S. Gall. Nat. Ges.
1877-78: 380, 1880: Noguchi (i960); Takaki (1966); Wang (1967,
1970).
Dicranoloma euryloma Sakurai Bot. Mag. Tokyo 55$ 205, 1941.
Dicranoloma latilimbatum Sakurai Bot. Mag. Tokyo 65: 255,
1952; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, A. Tamoto, 3497--
Holotype of Dicranoloma euryloma (MAK), Chuang 1956 (UBC). -128-
Chiayi Co. Mt. A-li Z. Iwatsuki, A. J. & E. Sharp 136a (NICH);
Pingtung Co. The first water resource to Kwai-ku, Chuang 1312
(UBC); Kwai-ku to Pei-ta-wu-shan Chuang 1956 (UBC).
Habitat: On stumps.
Distribution: Central Europe, Britain, Alaska, Canada (northern coastal islands of British Columbia), Nepal, Sikkim, Vietnam,
Laos, Malay Penisula, Himalaya, Ceylon, Java, Molluccas, Japan,
Taiwan, Philippines, India, Thailand, Burma, South China.
Dicranoloma (Ren.) Ren., Rev. Bryl. 28: 85, 1901.
Three species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Dicranoloma
1. Leaf margins serrulate in the upper half, teeth short; leaf
cells between the costa and margins not differentiated, basal
cells strongly sinuous 2
2. Leaves 8-12 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide, with oblong base;
capsules arcuate, seta 3-4 P_« assimile
2. Leaves 7 mm long, 1 mm wide, with broad ovate base; seta
solitary D. cylindrothecium
1. Leaf-margins coarsely and sharply serrate in the upper half,
teeth long; leaf-cells along the costa short rectangular
forming a 3-4 distinct rows; basal cells not sinuous
.. . D. f ormosanum
1. Dicranoloma assimile (Hamp.) Par., Ind. Bryol. ed. 2, 2: 24,
1904; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929)? Sakurai (1941); Wang (i960,
1970).
Cited specimen: Taitung Co. Mt. Ta-wu-shan (Daibu) S. Ohashi 320
(TNS 3385). -129-
Habitat: On tree trunk.
Distribution: Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Borneo, Philippines and
Taiwan.
This species can be separated from D. cylindrothecium by its larger and broader leaves (8-12 x 1.5-2 mm) and 3-4, arcuate capsules with 1-1.5 cm setae.
2. Dicranoloma cylindrothecium (Mitt.) Sakurai Bot. Mag. Tokyo
65: 256, 1952; Takaki (1966); Wang (1970).
Dicranoloma subcylindrothecium Broth., Ann. Bryol. 1: 17,
1928; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1935).
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, S. Suzuki, Aug. 16,
1925--Holotype of Dicranoloma subcylindrothecium (H).
Habitat: On tree trunks or decayed wood.
Distribution: Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hainan.
The single, erect capsules with longer setae about 1.5-2 cm long are the distinctive characters for this species.
3. Dicranoloma formosanum Broth., Ann. Bryol. 1: 17, 1928; Sakurai
(1941); Ihsiba (1935); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Mt. Tankitake, Y. Shimada, Oct. 9,
1925--Holotype of D. formosanum (H, TNS); Pa-hsien-shan (Mt.
Hassen), S. Sasaoka Nov. 24, 1922 ex Herb. Sasaoka 2412 (H).
Habitat: On tree trunk.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
Brotherus (1928) has compared this species with D. dicarpum
(Nees.) Par., which is found in Australia, but I consider that this species to be very close to D. perarmatum Broth, of the
Philippines. It may prove to be the same species. -130-
This species can be distinguished from the others by its
3-4 rows of short rectangular leaf-cells forming a distinct area along the costa.
Dicranum Hedw., Spec. Muse. 126, 1801.
Eight species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Dicranum
1. Alar cells of leaf mostly unistratose; capsules erect and
straight 2
2. Leaves crispate and curved when dry; flagelliform
branchlets present ' D. mayrii
2. Leaves not crispate, falcate and appressed to the stems;
flagelliform branchlets absent D. hamulosum
1. Alar cells mostly bi- or multistratose; capsules curved or
inclined 3
3. Leaves fragile, tips of the leaves broken off
D. fragilifolium
3. Leaves not fragile, tips of the leaves not broken off..4
4. Each stem bearing 2-several sporophytes 5
5. Plants not glossy, leaves crisped when dry, 8-9 mm
long leaf-cells strongly mammillose in some cells. D. muehlenbecki
5. Plants glossy, leaves not crisped when dry, up to
12 mm long; leaf-cells smooth, D. majus
4. Each stem bearing a single sporophyte 6
6. Leaves broadly lanceolate with an obtuse or shortly
acute apex; teeth on the upper part of the costa -131-
not united to form a lamella D. nipponense
6. Leaves lanceolate with a long, setaceous apex; teeth of costa
united to form a lamella 7
7. Leaves loose, spreading, not falcate when dry...D. japonicum
7. Leaves crowded, regularly falcate-secund when dry
D. scoparium
1. Dicranum fragilifolium Lindb., Bot. Not. 1857s 147, 1857;
Nakanishi (1963); Wang (I967, 1970).
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Pa-tung-kuan to Mt. Morrison,
S. Nakanishi 326, 327, 328 (KU).
Habitat: On decayed logs and stumps.
Distribution: Europe, Scotland, Siberia, Northern North America,
Japan and Taiwan.
This species is characterized by its fragile and very long subulate leaves.
2. Dicranum hamulosum Mitt., Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. ser. 2, 3s
156, 1891; Chuang & Iwatsuki (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Ali, near guest house, Z. Iwatsuki,
A. J. & E. Sharp 123 (NICH); between Mt. A-li and Tong-pu, Z.
Iwatsuki, A. J. Sharp 675 (NICH); Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku, Chuang
1479 (UBC).
Habitat:0n tree trunks or bases.
Distribution: Saghalin, Japan and Taiwan.
This species can be distinguished from D. mayrii by its leaves which are not crispate when dry. -132-
3. Dicranum japonicum Mitt., Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3t 155, 1891;
Nakanishi.(I963); Wang (1963, 1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Tui-kuan to Kuan-kao, S. Nakanishi
202 (KU); Pingtung Co. The first water resource to Kwai-ku,
Chuang 1322, 1337 (UBC); Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan , Chuang 2080
(UBC).
Habitat: On humus, rich soils.
Distribution: Saghalien, Manchuria, Korea, mainland China, Japan
and Taiwan.
The characters which distinguish the present species are:
stems loosely foliate, densely covered by numerous rhizoids, leaves
spreading, not falcate when dry and teeth stronger than those of
D. scoparium, the upper leaf-cells more elongate with strongly
sinuous walls.
4. Dicranum ma,jus Turn., Muse. Hib. 59, 1804; Nakanishi (I963);
Wang (1967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Mt. Morrison, Pa-tung-kuan to Mt. Morrison,
5. Nakanishi 293 (UK); Ilan Co. Chi-li-tien to Mt. Nan-hu-ta-shan
Chuang 1816 (UBC).
Habitat: On humus, rich soils.
Distribution: Europe, North America, Saghalien, Siberia, Caucasus,
Korea, mainland China, Yunnan, Japan and Taiwan.
This species is very glossy, leaves are not cripsped when
dry, leaf-cells are elongate and smooth, and each stem bears
1-several setae. -133-
5. Dicranum mayrii Broth., Hedwigia 38s 207, 1899; Takaki (1964);
Wang (1967, 1970); Iwatsuki (I969).
Dicranum formosicum Broth., Rev. Bryol. n. ser. 2s 1, 1929;
Dicranum hamulosum sensu Wang Biol. Bull. Tunghai Univ. 31:
3, 19675 Wang (1970).
Cited specimens Hsinchu Co. Mt. Lu-chang-ta-shan, Kuei-shan to
Nao-liao, C. K. Wang 1668 (NICH); Chiayi Co. Mt. A-li, C. K. Wang
1476 (NICH).
Habitats On decayed wood.
Distributions Saghalien, Korea, Japan and Taiwan.
This species can be separated from D. hamulosum by its
crispate leaves and flagelliform branches.
6. Dicranum muehlenbeckii B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. Is 142, 1847;
Nakanishi 360 (KU).
Habitats On humus.
Distributions Europe, Siberia, Caucasus, North America, Japan,
Taiwan.
This species differs from D. majus by its leaves that are
crisped when dry and the leaf-cells quadrate or rectangular, some
strongly mammillose.
7. Dicranum nipponense Besch,, Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. ser. 7, 17:
332, 1893; Nakanishi (I963); Takaki (1964); Wang (1967. 1970).
Cited specimens Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 1924 (UBC);
Hsinchu Co. Mt. Lu-chang-ta-shan, Kuei-shan to Nao-liao,
C. K. Wang 1668a (NICH); Nantou Co. Tui-kuan to Kuan-kao,
S. Nakanishi 202 (KU). -134-
Habitat: On soils.
Distribution: Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
This species is distinguished from D. .japonicus and
D. scoparium by its broadly lanceolate leaves with a broad apex
and the strongly sinuous linear-rectangular cells at the upper
part of the leaf.
8. Dicranum scoparium Hedw., Spec. Muse. 126, 1801; Sasaoka (1928);
Nakanishi (1963); Wang (1967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Tui-kuan to Kuan-kao, S. Nakanishi
204 (KU); Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku to Mt. Pei-ta-wu-shan, Chuang
1515 (UBC).
Habitat: On humus rich soils.
Distribution: Europe, Azores, Madeira, Canaries, Siberia, Yunnan,
Alaska, North America, Mexico, New Zealnad, Korea, Japan and Taiwan.
This is a highly variable species of Dicranum. The leaves
are crowded, regularly falcate-secund, and teeth on the margins
are not"strong and short as those of D. japonicus. •
Leucoloma Brid., Bryol. Univ. 2: 218, 1827.
Only one species present in Taiwan.
Leucoloma molle ( C. Muell.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl. 1:
13, 1859; Sasaoka (1920, 1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Brotherus
(1924); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Mt. Chi-hsin-shan, Chuang & Schofield
240 (UBC).
Habitat: On tree trunks.
Distribution: Hong kong, Philippines, Japan, Ryukyu, mainland China, -135-
New Guinea, Malaysia, Hawaiian Islands, Pacific Islands.
The present species is distinguished from other species of Dicranaceae by having a margin formed by bands of linear, smooth, hyaline cells and the leaf-cells small oblong or elliptical, densely papillose in a broad median band.
Oncohporus ( Brid.) Brid., Bryol. Univ. Is 389, 1826.
One species and two varieties in Taiwan.
Key to the taxa of Oncophorus
1. Stems 4-5 cm high; leaves 7-8 mm long; seta 2-3 cm long
0. wahlenbergii var. longisetus
1. Stems 1-2.5 cm high; leaves 2-5 mm long; seta 1-1.5 cm long...2
2. Stems 1-2 cm high, leaves 2-5 mm long 0. wahlenbergii
2. Stems 2-2.5 cm high, leaves 5-6 mm long
..0. wahlenbergii var. .japonicus
1. Oncophorus wahlenbergii Brid., Bryol. Univ. 1: 400, 1826;
Sasaoka (1920, 1928); Ihsiba (1935); Wang (I968, 1970).
Cited specimens See discussion below.
Habitats On rotten wood.
Distributions Europe, Siberia, Japan, China, Central Asia, Alaska,
North America.
Sasaoka (1920, 1928), Ihsiba (1935) and Wang (I968, 1970) listed this species from Taiwan. I have not examined the above cited specimen. These specimens need to be reexamined.
2. Oncophorus wahlenbergii var. japonicus Noguchi J. Jap. Bot. 15$
756, f. 13, 1939; Wang. ( 1970). -136-
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, A. Noguchi 6345—
Holotype (NOG)—not seen.
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
Noguchi (1939) noted this variety to be different from the
species by its possession of leaves longer and wider in the upper
region, and its larger size. I have not studied the type of this variety, but because the species is very variable, it may be the
same taxon.
3. Oncophorus wahlenbergii var. longisetus Noguchi, J. Jap. Bot.
15: 756, f. 13, 1939; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku to Mt. Pei-ta-wu-shan,
Chuang 1578 (UBC).
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
Noguchi stated that this variety is distinguished from the
species by the much taller and larger plant (stems about 4-5 cm
high), and the loose leaves, and the much longer setae (2-3 cm Ion
Oreoweisia ( B. S. G.) De Not., Epil. 1: 489, I869.
Only one species in Taiwan.
Oreoweisia laxifolia ( Hook.f.) Kindb., Enum. Bryin. Exot. 69,
1888; Noguchi (195D; Iwatsuki (1969); Wang (1970).
Oreoweisia serrulata sensu Wang Biol. Bull. Tunghai Univ.
31: 2, I967; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Hsiao-hsueh-shan, C. K. Wang 1025
--det. as 0. serrulata (NICH). -137-
Habitat: On rocks.
Distributions Himalaya, Yunnan, Kashmir, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam,
South India, mainland China, Japan and Taiwan.
This Himalayan element is very similar to 0. serrulata which is widely scattered in boreal regions of Europe, but the high, pointed mammillose cells of the leaf are different from those of 0. serrulata.
Paraleucobryum ( Limpr.) Loesk., Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. 13s I67,
1907.
One species in Taiwan.
Paraleucobryum enerve ( Thed.) Loesk., Hedwigia 47t 171, I908;
Noguchi (1939); Wang (1970).
Paraleucobryum enerve form, falcatum Noguchi J. Jap. Bot.
15: 756, 1939; Wang (1970).
Cited specimens Ilan Co. Mt. Nan-hu-ta-shan, Chuang 1792 (UBC)!
Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku to'Mt. Pei-ta-wu-shan, Chuang 1515b (UBC).
Habitats On rocks of alpine regions.
Distributions Europe, Caucasus, Sikkim, Yunnan, North America,
Mexico and Taiwan.
This species is characterized by its costa which is composed of 3-4 layers of cells, the chlorophyllose cells in the middle of costa and surrounded on both sides by a layer of hyaline cells.
Noguchi (1939) recognized a form of the species with strongly falcate-secund leaves. I do not recognize this taxon.
P. formosanum Broth. Sasaoka (1928), Ihsiba (1935) based on
Y. Shimada 291 from Mt. Sylvia, Noguchi (1939) suggested that this undescibed species may be the same as P. enerve. -138-
Rhabdoweisia B. S. G. , Bryol. Eur. 1: 97, 1846.
One species in Taiwan.
Rhabdoweisia crenulata ( Mitt.) Jameson, Rev. Bryol. 17: 6, 1890;
Lawton (1961); Wang (1970).
Rhabdoweisia denticulata non; B. S. G.,sensu Noguchi (1950).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Kodama, A. Noguchi 7193 (NOG)-- not seen.
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Sikkim, British Isles, Germany, Belgium, France, mainland China, Taiwan, North America.
This species is characterized by its rounded obtuse or broadly acute, lanceolate leaves with denticulate margins, and capsules with eight deep grooves.
Symblepharis Mont., Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. ser. 2, 8: 252, I837.
Two species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Symblepharis
1. Plants small, 2-3 cm high; leaves obovate, gradually narrowed
to a grooved, spreading point; capsules cylindrical, 3 mm long
S. vaginata
1. Plants large, 5-8 cm high; leaves from a clasping base,
lanceolate-subulate, 7-8 mm long, up to 14 mm long; capsules
ovoid, 2 mm long.. S. reinwardtii
1. Symblepharis reinwardtii ( Doz. & Molk.) Mitt., Trans. R. Soc.
Edinburgh 31s 331, 1888; Sasaoka (1920, 1928); Ihsiba (1935);
Wang (i960, 1969, 1970); Noguchi (I966).
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Kilaishuzan, Y. Shimada (TNS)--not seen. -139-
Habitat: not given.
Distribution: Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Bengal, Naga Hills, Burma,
Java, Borneo, Philippines, Taiwan.
2. Symblepharis vaginata ( Hook.) Wijk. & :Marg., Taxon 8: 75, 1959.
Symblepharis helicophylla Mont., Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. ser. 2,
8: 252, 1837; Sasaoka (1927, 1928); Ihsiba. (1929, 1935);
Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Mt. Sylvia, Y. Shimada 292 (TNS)—not seen.
Habitat: On decaying wood.
Distribution: Himalaya, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Bengal, Yunnan, mainland China, Mexico, Panama, Guatemala, Costa rico, North
America ( southern United States), Taiwan.
This species which is distributed in Asia and Central
America disjunctively, and can be distinguished from S. reinwardtii by the leaves being 4-5 mm long, and the cylindrical capsules 3 mm long. I have not examined the Taiwan specimen.
Family: Leucobryaceae
Four genera in Taiwan.
Key to the genera of Leucobryaceae
1. Costa with stereid cells Leucophanes
1. Costa without stereid cells 2
2. Leaves with hyaline sheathing base; chlorocysts in at
least 3 layers Exodictyon
2. Leaves without hyaline sheathing base; chlorocysts one
layer on the middle of leaf 3 -140-
3. Leaves long-ovate or lanceolate, pointed; chlorocysts
quadrangular; capsules ovoid, inclined; peristome teeth
16 i Leucobryum
3. Leaves Ungulate, obtuse; chlorocysts triangular;
capsules erect, cylindrical; peristome teeth 8
Octoblepharum
Exodictyon Card., Rev. Bryol. 6, 1899.
One species in Taiwan.
Exodictyon blumii ( Hamp.) Fleisch., Musci Arch. Indici n. 58,
1899; Horikawa (1935, 1935a); Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Shin (1965);
Wang (I960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Nan-jen-shan, Chuang 929 (UBC).
Habitat: On tree trunks.
Distribution: Ryukyu, Taiwan, Philippines, Borneo, Malaya, Java.
The present species is characterized by its three layers of chlorocysts in cross-sections of the leaves. The stems are generally up to 2 cm or longer with leaves linear from an erect clasping base, with an obtuse apex, serrulate, about 4 mm long.
Leucobryum Hamp., Flora 20: 282, 1837.
Five species from Taiwan.
Key to the species of Leucobryum
1. Leaves strongly scabrous on back near the tip 2
2. Plants robust, 3-10 cm high; leaves with ovate to
lanceolate base, 8-15 mm long 3
3. Leaves distinctly falcate-secund, upper margins never
incurved, 12-14 x 2 mm long, leucocysts in 5-6 layers
at leaf-base L. javense -141-
3. Leaves erect-ascending, upper margins incurved, 8 x 1.7
mm long, leucocysts usually in 2-3 layers at leaf-base.
L. scabrum
2. Plants small, about 1 cm high? leaves with narrow long-
lanceolate base, 4-5 mm long L. scaberulum
1. Leaves smooth on the back 4
4. Leaves flexuose, leucocysts in 2-3 layers at the leaf
base L. bowringii
4. Leaves erect-spreading, leucocysts in 4-6 layers at leaf
base L. neilgherrense
1. Leucobryum bowringii Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Suppl. Is 26, 1859;
Cardot (1905); Sasaoka (1928); Horikawa (1920); Ihsiba (1929,
1935); Bartram (1939); Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Johnson (1964);
Shin (1965); Wang (1968, 1969, 1970).
Leucobryum bowringii Mitt. form, brevifolium,Cardot, Beih.
Bot. Centralbl. 19: 98, 1905; Horikawa (1920); Sasaoka
(1928); Ihsiba (1935); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Sun moon lake, Chuang & Schofield,
672 (UBC).
Habitats On base of tree trunk or rocks.
Distributions Japan, Ryukyu, Taiwan, mainland China, Philippines,
Celebes, Sumatra, Java, Malaya and Ceylon.
This species is distinguished from other species of
Leucobryum by having leaves with a long, flexuose apex and
leucocysts in 2 layers at the leaf-base. -142-
Cardot (1905) recognized a shorter leaf form of this species from Taiwan without any discussion. It might be better considered an ecological variation and is here combined with the species.
2. Leucobryum javense (Brid.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl.
1: 25, 1859; Wang (1970).
Cited specimens Kaohsiung Co. Shan-ping to Nan-feng-shan, Chuang
991 (UBC).
Habitats On tree roots.
Distribution: Southern India, Ceylon, Malaya, New Guinea, China
(Yunnan), Hongkong, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Laos,
Celebes. New to Taiwan!
Wang (1970) listed this species from Taiwan without any citation.
3. Leucobryum neilgherrense C. Muell., Bot. Zeit. 12: 556, 1854;
Cardot (1905)5 Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (i960, 1970).
Leucobryum neilgherrense var. minus Cardot., Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 19: 97, 1905j Horikawa (1920); Sasaoka (1928);
Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (1970).
Leucobryum confine Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19s 97, 1905;
Horikawa (1920);.Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba
(1929, 1935); Wang (i960, 1970).
Leucobryum neilgherrense var. galeatum (Besch.) Dix., Hong
Kong Natural suppl. 2: 7, 1933.
Leucobryum galeatum Besch., J. Bot. 12: 286, I898; Cardot
(1905); Sasaoka (1928); Horikawa (1920); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); -143-
Wang (I960, 1970).
Cited specimen; Taipei Co. Taitum, U. Faurie 50 (KYO)--Isotype of L. neilgherrense var. minus; Kushaku, U. Faurie 111 (KYO)—
Isotype of L. confine; Taitum U. Faurie 45 (KYO)—det. as L. galeatum; Kaohsiung Co. Mt. Nan-feng-shan to Shan-ping, Chuang
1109 (UBC): Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 2031 (UBC).
Habitat: On base of tree trunk, rocks and soils.
Distribution: Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, Celebes, Borneo, Tonkin,
India, mainland China, Japan, Philippines and Taiwan.
This species is very variable. Because of the smaller size of this plant with small, narrow leaves, Cardot (1905) described it as the variety minus based on Faurie's specimen no. 50. I made cross-sections of leaves of the isotype of the variety from KYO, which do not greatly differ from typical
L. neilgherrense on leucocysts present 4-6 layers in thick parts of leaves. I consider that this variety might be based on juvenile specimens of this species.
Using the external characters and cross section of the leaves of L. confine and L. galeatum cited above, I concluded that both species probably belong to L. neilgherrense, although some specimens showed leaves tending to be much smaller and narrower and more slender at the apex of the stem; some materials showed branched stems. As Dixon (1933) commented on var. galeatum,
"In its extreme forms this is very distinct, but it passes in- perceptibly into ordinary L. neilgherrense". I conclude that var. minus, var. galeatum and L. confine are the same taxon. -144-
4. Leucobryum scaberulum Card., in Ren. et Card., Bull. Soc. R.
Bot. Belg. 41(1); 26, 1905; Cardot (1905)i Horikawa (1920);
Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1935); Wang (1970).
Cited specimens Taipei Co. Yuan-shan, U. Faurie 1, 3 (KYO).
Habitats On rocks and soils.
Distributions Hong Kong and Taiwan.
5. Leucobryum scabrum Lac., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2s 292,
1866; Cardot (1905); Horikawa (1920); Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka
(1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (i960, 1970); Johson (1964).
Cited specimens Taipei Co. Taitum, U. Faurie 41 (KYO).
Habitats On humus, rocks and soils.
Distribution: Hong Kong, mainland China, Taiwan, Thailand,
Malaya, Japan, Ryukyu.
Leucophanes Hamp., Flora 282, I837.
Two species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Leucophanes
1. Robust glossy plants, up to 6 cm high; leaves strongly keeled
above, ovate-lanceolate, short apiculate... L. candidum
1. Slender, dull small plants, 2-3 mm high; leaves nearly flat
above, linear-lanceolate, acute L. octoblepharioides
1. Leucophanes candidum ( Schwaegr.) Lindb., Oefv. K. Vet. Ak.
Foerh. 21: 602, 1865; Wang (1969, 1970).
Cited specimen: Botel Tobago, Tien-chin, BT. no. 46, 47, 48, 49
(THU)--not seen.
Habitat: not given.
Distribution: Ceylon, Malaysia, New Guinea, Fiji and Samoa. -145-
Wang (1969) indicated that this species also occurred from
Taiwan by Chen (1963)1 but this seems to be on miscitation.
2. Leucophanes octoblepharioides Brid., Bryol. Univ. 1: 763,
1826; Noguchi (1935); Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Shin (1965)5 Wang
(i960, 1969, 1970).
Cited specimen: Botel Tobago, T. Kano, 14281 (HIRO)—not seen.
Habitat: On tree bark.
Distribution: India, Nepal, Ceylon, Thailand, Taiwan, Philippines,
Celebes, Borneo, Sarawak, Sumatra, Malaya, south Pacific Islands.
Noguchi (1935) reported this specimen from Botel Tobago, but gave no species name. The materials from Noguchi*s descrip• tion showed the size of leaves larger than those from the Philippine and Malaysia. A cross-section of leaves showed two layers of leucocysts present in this species.
Octoblepharum Hedw., Spec. Muse. 50, 1801.
One species in Taiwan.
Octoblepharum albidum Hedw., Spec. Muse. 50, 1801; Noguchi (193*0; Ihsiba (1935); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Sun-moon lake, Chuang & Schofield 662
(UBC).
Habitat: On tree trunk.
Distribution: North America (south Florida, Texas), West Indies,
Java, Malaysia, India, Philippines, Himalaya, Assam, Burma,
Thailand, Vietnam, mainland China, Indonesia, Africa, south
America, Mexico, Queensland and Pacific Islands.
This pantropical species is characterized by the small, -146- triangular chlorocyst in the middle and leucocysts on either side in a cross-section of the leaf.
Family: Encalyptaceae
One genus in Taiwan.
Encalypta Schreb. Hedw., Spec. Muse. 60, 1801.
One species in Taiwan.
Encalypta ciliata Hedw., Spec. Muse. 6l, 1801i Noguchi (1934);
Wang (I960, 1970).
Encalypta laciniata (Hedw.) Lindb., Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn.
10: 18, 1872; Chen (1963).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, A. Noguchi 6365, 6927
(NOG)--not seen.
Habitat: On rocks in the alpine area.
Distribution: Europe, Algiers, Abyssinia, Caucasus, Kashimir,
Himalaya, Central Asia, Siberia, Amur, North America, Mexico,
Japan, Korea, Hawaii, Australia.
This species is characterized by having leaves oblong round apiculate, Ungulate to spathulate; a costa ending below the apex; calyptra larger than the capsules, fringed, tubular and erect cylindrical.
Family: Calymperaceae
Two genera including ten species and one varieties in Taiwan.
Key to the genera of Calymperaceae
1. Leaves bordered; peristome teeth present; calyptra mitriform
Syrrhopodon -147-
1. Leaf margins not bordered; peristome absent; calyptra
campanulate Calymperes
Calymperes Sw. , in Web., Tab. Exh. Calyptr. Operc. Gen. 1813.
Six species and one variety in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Calymperes
1. Small plants less than 1 cm high, usually 0.5 cm 2
2. Leaves without teniolae or a thickened border 3
3. Leaves long-linear, about 2 cm long C. longifolium
3. Leaves Ungulate or ovate, about 2-3 mm long 4
4. Leaves Ungulate, 3 mm long, leaf-base broader than
the blade C. dozyanum
4. Leaves ovate, 2 mm long, leaf-base narrower than
the blade...... C. tenerum
2. Leaves with teniolae or a thickened border... 5
5. Leaves 1.5-2 mm long, linear-lanceolate, costa densely
tuberculate C. strictifolium
5. Leaves 5-7 mm long, linear, costa smooth....C. serratum
1. Robust plants, higher than 2 cm tall 6
6. Leaf apex rounded; leaf margins denticulate with
teniolae; leaf-cells papillose C. tahitense
6. Leaf apex acute or acuminate; leaf margins serrate,
without teniolae, leaf-cells smooth...C. johannis-winkleri
var. hasegawae
1. Calyperes dozyanum Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. suppl. 1: 42,
1859. Cited specimen: Botel Tobago, M. T. Kao, Aug. 27-31, 1969 (TAI). -148-
Habitat: On tree trunk;.
Distribution: Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines. New
to Taiwan I
This species can be recognized by its lingulate broad based
leaves, 3 mm long, with a rounded apex and an absence of teniolae.
2. Calymperes johannis-winkleri Broth, var. hasegawae (Takaki &
Iwatsuki) Iwats., J. Jap. Bot. 43: 476, 1968.
Syrrhopodon hasegawae Takaki & Iwatsuki, J. Hattori Bot.
Lab. 21: 240, 1959.
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Rahau, A. Noguchi, Aug. 13, 1932-- det. as C. moluccense (NICH no. 298213).
Habitat: On tree bark ..
Distribution: Japan, Hong Kong, Philippines, Thailand, New to
Taiwan!
This species is very close to C. tahitense. However, it can be distinguished from C. tahitense by leaf-characters. It has leaves with serrate margins, smooth cells, no teniolae and an acute or acuminate leaf-apex, while. C. tahitense has a denticulate leaf-margin, papillose lead-cells, distinct teniolae in the shoulder of leaves, and a round apex.
3. Calymperes longifolium Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 10: 173, 1868.
Calymperes cristatum Hamp., Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 4: 278,
Noguchi (1939).
Cited specimen: Botel Tobago, T. Kano, May 1936 (NICH 298220).
Habitat: Not given.
Distribution: Ryukyu, Taiwan, Borneo, Java, Micronesia. -149-
This species can be identified by its long, slender, narrowly linear leaves ( about 2 cm long ) without teniolae.
4. Calymperes serratum A. Brown, ex C. Muell., Sun. It 527, 1849;
Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimens Botel Tobago, G. H. Schwabe, no. 126 p. p.
Habitat: On tree bark .
Distribution: Java, Malaysian Archipelago, Hong Kong, Philippines,
Samoa, Taiwan.
This species is very close to C. longifolium in a general appearance, but C. serratum can be distinguished from C. longifolium by its leaves 1 cm long and teniolae present.
5. Calymperes strictifolium (Mitt.) Roth., Hedwigia 51: 127, 1911;
Wang (1970).
Calymperes tuberculosum (Th6r. & Dix.) Broth., Nat. Pfl.
fam. ed. 2, 10: 240, 1924; Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Wang (I960).
Cited specimen: Botel Tobago, G. H. Schwabe, 126 (NICH 298225).
Habitat: On tree bark.
Distribution: Borneo, Fiji, Samoa, Philippines, Taiwan.
This species is very easily recognized by the conspicuous tuberculae on the leaf-border and costa.
6. Calymperes tahitense (Sull.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 10:
172, 1868; Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: Botel Tobago, G. H. Schwabe, 80 (NICH 298226).
Pingtung Co. Nan-jen-shan, Chuang 927 (UBC).
Habitat: On tree trunk. -150-
Distribution: Samoa, Java, Borneo, Fiji, Tahiti, Philippines.
This species is very similar to C. johannis-winkleri var. hasegawae. The key character to distinguish these two species is discussed under C. johannis-winkleri var. hasegawae.
7. Calymperes tenerum C. Muell., Linnaea 37J 174, 1872; Herz. &
Noguchi (1955); Wang (I960).
Cited specimen: Botel Tobago, G. H. Schwabe 95 (NICH 298224);
Kaohsiung Co. Nan-feng-shan to Shan-ping, Chuang 1147 (UBC).
Habitat: On tree trunks along roadside.
Distribution: Bengal, Malacca, Java, New Caledonia, India,
Malaya, Pacific Islands, Hawaiian Islands, Taiwan.
This species is characterized by short stems (up to 1 cm long), ovate rounded leaves, entire margins, short rectangular cancellinae, and without teniolae.
Syrrhopodon Schwaegr., Spec. Muse, suppl. 2(1): 110, 1824.
Four species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Syrrhopodon
1. Leaf margins sharply serrate; not bordered with elongate
linear cells 2
2. Plants about 1 cm high, leaf-cells ovate or rounded, 8^,
strongly stellate-papillose S. gardneri
2. Plants about 5 cm high; leaf cells rectangular or quadrate,
9-15ju; papillose at the upper end of the cells
S. japonicus
1. Leaf margins entire; bordered with elongate linear cells....3
3. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear; leaf shoulder not -151-
ciliate.. .S. tosaensis
3. Leaves broadly Ungulate; leaf shoulder with 4-8 long
spine-like cilia S. larminatii
1. Syrrhopodon gardneri ( Hook.) Schwaeg., Spec. Muse. Suppl. 2(1) .•
110, 131, 1824; Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Sun moon lake, A. Noguchi--det. as
Calymperes cristatum (NICH 298219); Kaohsiung Co. Mt. Nan-feng- shan, C. K. Wang IO69 (NICH 229551), C. K. Wang 1089 (NICH 229552);
Chuang 1006 (UBC).
Habitats On decaying wood.
Distributions Philippines, Borneo, Java, Ceylon, Himalaya, Thailand,
Taiwan.
This species is closely related to S. japonicus, but differs from the latter species by having strongly stellate-papillose, ovate or rounded leaf-cells, while S. japonicus has quadrate or rectangular leaf cells with obtuse papillae at the upper ends of the cells.
2. Syrrhopodon japonicus ( Besch.) Broth., Nat. Pfl. fam. ed. 2,
10s 233, 1924; Wang (I967, 1970); Iwatsuki (I968).
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Li-shan, C. K. Wang 1846 (NICH 232012),
Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield 489 (UBC); Hsinchu Co.
Mt. Kuei-shan, C. K. Wang 1604 (NICH 2317IO), 1609 (NICH 231709).
Habitats On tree bark;
Distributions Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Boreno, Java, Sumatra,
Malaya and North Vietnam.
This species has been discussed by Iwatsuki (I968) in his -152-
" Notes on Asiatic Calymperaceae". In Taiwan, this species seems to occur around 1800-2500 m altitude in alpine coniferous forests.
3. Syrrhopodon tosaensis Card., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7: 716, 1907;
Noguchi (1948); Iwatsuki (1956); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Sun moon lake, A. Noguchi, Aug. 14, 1932
(NICH 298227).
Habitats On decayed tree trunks.
Distributions Japan and Taiwan.
This species is characterized by its linear, obtuse leaves with a distinct border, and long spines on the costa near apex.
4. Syrrhopodon larminatii Par. & Broth., Rev. Bryol. 28s 125, 1901.
Syrrhopodon tsushimae Card., Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, 7s
716, 1907; Wang (1970).
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Chi-tou, Chuang & Schofield 243 (UBC).
Habitats On bark of Cryptomeria japonica.
Distributions India, Assam, Philippines, Hong Kong, Japan,
North Vietnam. New to Taiwan!
Wang (1970) listed this species from Taiwan without citation.
This species can be separated from other Syrrhopodon by its leaf shoulder with 4-8 long spine-like cilia.
Family: Pottiaceae
Eighteen genera in Taiwan.
Key to the genera of Pottiaceae
1. Leaves generally broad; costa in cross section with only a
dorsal band 2 -153-
2. Small plants (less than 1 cm high); leaf cells thin-walled
margins entire 3
3. Leaves narrowly Ungulate, basal leaf cells short rectangular;
costa ending below the apex or percurrent, peristome absent
Scopelophila
3. Leaves Ungulate to spathulate, basal leaf-cells broad
and elongate; costa strongly excurrent into a long
hyaline hair point; peristome of long corkscrew-twisted
teeth Tortula
2. Larger plants (taller than 2 cm high); leaf cells thick-
walled, margin with large sharp teeth Leptodontium
1. Leaves generally narrow; costa in cross section with two
stereid bands 4
4. Leaf margin recurved . 5
5. Leaf-cells mostly pellucid; leaves lanceolate or
Ungulate, loosely papillose or nearly smooth, inner
perichaetial leaves small Hydrogonium
5. Leaf-cells obscure, densely papillose; leaves lanceolate
with broad base; inner perichaetial leaves large ..6
6. Leaf-apex round, back of costa scabrous....Semibarbula
6. Leaf-apex acute, apiculate, back of costa smooth or
papillose ?
7. Basal cells of leaf enlarged, hyaline, leaf-cells
with prominent c-shape papillae....Bryoerythrophyllum
7. Basal cells of leaf not differentiated, leaf-cells
with few o-shaped papillae Barbula -154-
Leaf margin plane or incurved 8
8. Leaves broad, Ungulate or spathulate 9
9. Leaf-cells with o-shaped papillae; capsules thick-walled
smooth when dry Hyophila
9. Leaf-cells with c-shaped papillae; capsules thin-walled
with several longitudinal furrows when dry..weissiopsis
8. Leaves narrow, linear, lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate..10
10. Leaves bistratose, ventral cells mammillose....Timmiella
10. Leaves unistratose; leaf-cells papillose 11
11. Margin strongly involute ...12
12. Capsules immersed, dehiscing irregularly;
peristome absent Astomum
12. Capsules long exserted, operculate; peristome
present or absent 13
13. Peristome teeth present Weissia
13. Peristome teeth absent Hymenostomum
11. Margin plane 14
14. Sporophytes lateral 15
15. Leaves margin entire...... 16
16. Leaves elongate linear Molendoa
16. Leaves lanceolate..' Anoectangium
15. Leaves margin serrate Pleurochaete
14. Sporophytes terminal... 17
17. Leaves distinctly three-ranked....Reimersia
17. Leaves more than three ranks 18 -155-
18. Plants small, slender, 2-3 cm high; leaves obtuse, costa
ending below the apex Hymenostylium
18. Plants rather robust, 4-6 cm high; leaves acuminate,
costa excurrent Pseudosymblepharis
Anoectangium Schwaegr., Spec. Muse, suppl. 1(1): 33, 1811.
One species and one variety in Taiwan.
Key to the species and variety of Anoectangium
1. Plants yellowish green; leaves lanceolate broadest part at
above middle; costa excurrent in a short point...A. thomsonii
1. Plants dark green; leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate,
broadest part at leaf base apex elongate-acuminate
A. stracheyanum var. gymnostomoides
1. Anoectangium thomsonii Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. suppl. 1: 31,
1859.
Anoectangium fauriei Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19: 90,
1905. Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929,
1935); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Kushaku, U. Faurie 129--Isotype of A. fauriei (KYO); Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield
406, 537 (UBC).
Habitat: On cliffs.
Distribution: North Himalaya, Sikkim, South Ihdia, Kumaon, China,
Japan. New to TaiwanJ
The characters of leaf-shape and leaf-cells of the endemic species, A. fauriei, match well those of A. thomsonii in which the leaves are narrowly lanceolate, broadest part at the above middle of the leaf, is somewhat spathulate and reflexed at leaf base. -156-
2. Anoectangium stracheyanum var. gymnostomoides (Borth. & Yas.)
wijk. & Marg., Taxon 7: 288, 1958.
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Chi-tif Chuang & Schofield
405 (UBC).
Habitat: On cliff.
Distribution: Japan, Korea. New to Taiwanl
Astomum Hamp., Flora 20: 285, 1837.
One species in Taiwan.
Astomum crispum (Hedw.) Hamp., Flora 20: 285, 1837; Iwatsuki &
Sharp (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Kan-kou, Chuang & Schofield 72 (UBC);
Pingtung Co. Shuang-liu, Chuang 882 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil and in crevices of rocks.
Distribution: Europe, Algeria, Egypt, Amur, China, Japan, Tonkin,
North America.
Barbula Hedw., Spec. Muse. 115, 1801.
Three species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Barbula
1. Costa ending below leaf apex B. convoluta
1. Costa percurrent or excurrent... 2
2. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to Ungulate, mucronate
.B. unguiculata
2. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, acuminate .B. fallax
1. Barbula convoluta Hedw.,. Spec. Muse. 120, 1801.
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Chi-li-tieng to Mt. Nan-hu-ta-shan,
Chuang 1732a (UBC).
Habitat: Sunny open rocks. -157-
Distribution: Europe, Azores, Canaries, Algeria, Tunis, Caucasus,
Africa, North America, Australia, Siberia, China, Japan. New to
Taiwan!
The above cited specimen grew among Grimmia ovalis. It can be recognized easily by oblong leaves with apiculate apex and quadrate leaf-cells with c-shape papillae.-
2. Barbula fallax Hedw., Spec. Muse. 120, 1801; Sasaoka (1928).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Mt. Neng-kao (Mt. No-ko), S. Suzuki
70 (TNS 1685).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Europe, Madeira, Algeria, Tunis, Morocco, Asia,
Japan, China, Taiwan, North America and Greenland.
3. Barbula unguiculata Hedw., Spec. Muse. 118, 1801; Sasaoka .
(1928); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Mt. East Neng-kao, S. Suzuki 90
(TNS 1745); Hwalien Co. Sakabe-sha, S. Suzuki 72 (TNS 1746).
Habitat: Sunny open ground and stone walls.
Distribution: Europe, Siberia, China, Japan, Azores, North
America, North Africa and Taiwan.
Bryoerythrophyllum Chen, Hedwigia 80: 4, 250, 194l.
One species in Taiwan.
Bryoerythrophyllum recurvirostrum (Hedw.) Chen, Hedwigia 80: 255,
52 f. 1-2, 1941.
Didymodon recurvirostris (Hedw.) Jenn. Man. Moss. W.
Pensylv. 96, 1913; Wang (1969).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Mt. East Neng-kao, S. Suzuki 63--det. as Barbula unguiculata (TNS 1744). -158-
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: North Himalaya, Tibet, China, Japan, East Siberia,
Manchuria, Europe, North America, Abyssinia, New Guinea, Greenland,
New Zealand, Tasmania, Mexico, Guatemala, New to Taiwan!
The above cited species can be recognized by the following characters; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, leaf-cells and costa prominently covered by very distinct c-shaped papillae; margin narrowly recurved; costa ending in or just below apex.
I have not examined the specimen reported as Didymodon recurvirostris from Botel Tobago by Wang (1969).
Hydrogonium ( C. Muell.) Jaeg., Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges.
1877-78: 405, 1880.
Five species and one variety in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Hydrogonium
1. Leaf cells smooth .H. arcuatum
1. Leaf cells papillose or mammillose 2
2. Leaf-apex round-obtuse 3
3. Leaves lanceolate, leaf cells densely papillose, upper
part obscure H. subeomosum
3. Leaves oblong, leaf cells scarcely papillose, upper part
pellucid H. pseudo-ehrenbergii
2. Leaf-apex acute or acuminate 4
4. Plants small, 1-2 cm high H. consanguineum
4. Plants more than 4 cm high 5
5. Leaves oblong or lanceolate with ovate base, acuminate,
margin not hyaline bordered H. anceps
5. Leaves lanceolate, acute, margin with hyaline border
:. H. subpellucidum var. hyaloloma -159-
Hydrogonium anceps ( Card.) Herzog & Noguchi, J. Hattori Bot.
Lab. 14: 60, 1955; Wang (i960).
Barbula anceps Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19: 102, 1905;
Sasaoka (1928)5 Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Kushaku, U. Faurie I30--Isotype of
Barbula anceps (KYO); loco incerto, G. H. Schwabe 119 (NICH 27982).
Habitat: not given.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
2. Hydrogonium arcuatum ( Griff.) Wijk. & Marg., Taxon 7» 289,
1958.
Barbula comosa Doz. & Molk., Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot.ser. 3, 2:
299, 1844; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929); Wang (i960, 1970).
Barbula subulata Broth., Philipp. J. Sci. 31(3): 282, I9265
Wang (I969) •
Cited specimen: Botel Tobago, S. S. Lin, BT-0034d (THU)--not seen.
Habitat: not given.
Distribution: Himalaya, Assam, mainland China, Philippines, Java,
Amboina, New Guinea.
3. Hydrogonium consanguineum ( Thw. & Mitt.) Hilp., Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 50(2): 626, 1933.
Barbula consanguinea ( Thw. & Mitt.) Jaeg., Ber. S. Gall.
Naturw. Ges. 1877-78: 409, 1880? Herzog & Noguchi (1955);
Wang (I960, I969, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taoyuan Co. Syori, H. Sasaoka 348 (TNS 1743);
Botel Tobago, G. H. Schwabe 149 (NICH 213779).
Habitat: On soil. -160-
Distribution: Ceylon, Vietnam, Burma, Singapore, Philippines,
Taiwan, Java, New Guinea.
4. Hydrogonium pseudo-ehrenbergii ( Fl.) Chen, Hedwigia 80: 242,
47, f. 2-5, 19415 Herzog & Noguchi (1955); Wang (i960).
Barbula pseudo-ehrenbergii Fl., Musci Fl. Buitenzorg 1: 356,
1904; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taitung Co. Shinko, G. H. Schwabe 67, 94 (NICH
279.5D.
Habitat: not given.
Distribution: Nepal, Java, Philippines, China, Taiwan, Japan.
5. Hydrogonium subcomosum ( Broth.) Chen, Hedwigia 80: 236, 1941;
Herzog & Noguchi (1955); Wang (i960).
Barbula subcomosa Broth., Hedwigia 38: 211, 1899; Cardot
(1905)5 Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Kushaku, U. Faurie 192 (KYO)--det. as
B. subcomosa; Keelung, U. Faurie 186 (KYO); Botel Tobago, G. H.
Schwabe 86 (NICH 28019).
Habitat: not given.
Distribution: Japan, Ryukyu and Taiwan.
6. Hyrdogonium subpellucidum ( Mitt.) Hilp. var. hyaloloma Herzog,
J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 14: 60, f. 20, 1955; Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: western central Taiwan, G. H. Schwabe, no. ?
—Holotype of H. subpellucidum var. hyaloloma (JE)—not seen.
Habitat: Stone wall near waterfall.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan. -161-
Wang (1970) changed this variety into Barbula subpellucidum var. hyaloloma without making a valid combination.
Hymenostomum R. Brown, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 12(2); 572, 1819.
Three species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Hymenostomum
1. Costa smooth on dorsal surface 2
2. Leaf-apex rounded obtuse; leaves oblong H. laxifolium
2. Leaf-apex acute; leaves linear-lanceolate H. edentulum
1. Costa densely papillose on dorsal surface H. malayense
1. Hymenostomum edentulum ( Mitt.) Besch., Bull. Soc. Bot. France
34: 95, 1887; Herzog & Noguchi (1955); Wang (i960, 1970).
Weissia edentula Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. suppl. Is 27,
1895; Chen (1941).
Cited specimens Taitung Co. Shinko, G. H. Schwabe 53, 54 (JE);
Botel Tobago, G. H. Schwabe 89 (JE).
Habitats On soil.
Distribution: India, Tonkin, China, Taiwan, Philippines, Ceylon,
Java, New Caledonia.
Historical collection of this species was dated on 3rd IV.
1861, made by Wichura from Taiwan.
On vegetative characters, this species is very difficult to distinguish from Weissia controversa.
2. Hymenostomum latifolium Noguchi Biogeogr. 2: 24, 1937; Noguchi
(1955); Wang (I960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Daiton, G. H. Schwabe 40 (NICH 27989),
32 (JE); Botel Tobago, G. H. Schwabe 158 (NICH 28036), 59 p.p. (JE). ' -162-
Habitat: On soil.
Distributions Japan and Taiwan.
3. Hymenostornum malayense Fleisch. , Muse. Fl. Buit. Is 315, 54 a-f, 1904; Cardot (1905); Brotherus (1924)t Sasaoka (1928);
Ihsiba (1929)5 Herzog & Noguchi (1955); Wang (i960, I970).
Cited specimens Taipei Co. Tamsui, U. Faurie 83 (KYO).
Habitats On soil.
Distributions Singapore, Java and Taiwan.
Using the characters of leaves, leaf-cells, papillae, cross section of costa, densely papillose costa, I am unable to distinguish this species from Semibarbula orientale, but a peristome and round stalked gemmae are absent in this species and present in the latter species; also the leaves of this species are narrower than in the latter species.
Noguchi (1953) reported this species from Japan; his illustration strongly resembles Semibarbula orientale.
Hymenostylium Brid., Bryol. Univ. 2: 81, suppl. 3, 1827.
Only one species in Taiwan.
Hymenostylium recurvirostre ( Hedw.) Dix., Rev. Bryol. Lich. 6s
96, 1934.
Gymnostomum recurvirostre Hedw., Spec. Muse. 33, 1801;
Noguchi (1953).
Gymnostomum curvirostrum ( Ehrh.) Brid., Spec. Muse. Is 39,
1806; Wang (1970).
Hymenostylium curvirostre Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. suppl.
Is 32, 1859; Sasaoka (1928). -163-
Hymenostylium pellucidum Broth. & Yas., Rev. Bryol. 53: 1.
1926; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (i960, 1970).
Amphidium mougeotii var. formosicum Cardot, Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 19: 104, 1905; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929);
Wang (1961, 1970).
Cited specimens Taipei Co. Kushaku, U. Faurie I30--Isotype of
Amphidium mougeotii var. formosicum (KYO); Nantou Co. Mt. Noko,
A. Yasuda 639--Holotype of Hymenostylium pellucidum (H).
Habitats On wet rocks.
Distributions Europe, Asia, North America, Guatemala, Mexico,
New Zealand.
This species has been discussed by many bryologists, including
Dixon (1927), Andrews (194-3), Chen (1941) and Noguchi (1953). The
species grows on limestone and is variable in structure;
taxonomically it is interesting but puzzling.
I made a study on the type specimen of Amphidium mougeotii
var. formosicum, which proved to be Hymenostylium recurvirostre.
The cross section of the leaf clearly shows scattered papillae
larger than those of Amphidium mougeotii which in European materials
are dense and crowded on leaf cell walls; costa structure is
completely different. Shape of leaves of Amphidium mougeotii var.
formosicum are linear acuminate, curved at back, leaf-cells are
collenchymatous which might belong to the aurantiacum type of
this species.
Based on the recurved margin at leaf-base and leaf-cells
twice as large, Brotherus (1926) named H. pellucidum. I have -164- examined the type specimen and conclude that it belongs to the recurvirostre type, which has a rather broader base. As Noguchi
(1953) pointed out, these two types present distinctly different species characters, but they show intermediate forms between them.
I have adopted Dixon and Noguchi's treatment and combine them into a single species, but further study should be made when more materials are available.
Hyophila Brid., Bryol. Univ. 1: 760, 1827.
Three species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Hyophila
1. Leaves distinctly serrate on margin of upper half...H. involuta
1. Leaves entire 2
2. Stalked gemmae present in leaf axils; leaf cells mammillose.
H. propagulifera
2. Gemmae absent; leaf cells densely papillose
H. stenophylla
1. Hyophila involuta ( Hook.) Jaeg., Ber; S. Gall. Naturw. Ges.
1871-72: 354, 1873; Chen (1941); Herzog & Noguchi (1955); Wang (i960, 1970).
Hyophila micholitzii Broth., Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Soc. Foerh.
35: 39, 1893; Cardot (1905); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1931,
1935); Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Tamsui, U. Faurie 106 p. p.--det. as
H. micholitzii (KYO).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Himalaya, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Burma, India, Java, -165-
Sumatra, Celebes, New Guinea, Ceylon, China, Manchuria, Japan
and Taiwan.
2. Hyophila propagulifera Broth., Hedwigia 39: 212, 1900;
Iwatsuki (I969).
Hyophila rosea sensu Wang, Biol. Bull. Tunghai Univ. 21:
4, 1967; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Hsiang-tsiao bay, on coral limestone
in virgin coastal forest, C. K. Wang 475 (NICH 2156I3).
Habitat: On stonewall or rocks.
Distribution: Japan and Taiwan.
3. Hyophila stenophylla ( Card.) Card., Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2,
332, 1908s Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935);
Chen (1941); Wang (i960, 1970); Iwatsuki (I969).
Hyophila angustifolia Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19: 101,
1905; Sasaoka (1928).
Hyophila rosea Williams, sensu Wang Biol. Bull. Tunghai
Univ. 31: 4, 1967, Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Kushaku, U. Faurie 148--Isotype of
H. angustifolia (KYO); Taoyuan Co. Tai-ti, C. K. Wang 837--
det. as H. rosea (NICH 215612).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
Leptodontium ( C. Muell.) Hamp. ex Lindb., Oefv. K. Vet. Ak.
Foerh. 21: 227, 1864.
Two species and one variety in Taiwan. -166-
Key to the species of Leptodontium
1. Plants 1.5-3 cm high, small, slender; leaves narrowly
Ungulate, acute, entire or sparsely denticulate at the
leaf apex L. gracillimum
1. Plants 3-6 cm high, robust or medium size, stout; leaves
elliptical or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, margin
sharply dentate or serrulate..... 2
2. Leaves strongly curved, apex acute, base narrowed....
L. taiwanense
2. Leaves spreading, not curved, apex narrowly acuminate,
leaf-base broadened..... L. viticulosoides var.
subdenticulatum
1. Leptodontium gracillimum Noguchi J. Jap. Bot. 20: 142, f. 22,
1944; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Tataka (A way to Mt. Morrison) A. Nog.
6095--Holotype of L. gracillimum (NOG); Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku to
Mt. Pei-ta-wu-shan, Chuang 1529 (UBC).
Habitat: On cliff.
Distribution: Japan and Taiwan.
2. Leptodontium taiwanense Noguchi J. Jap. Bot. 20: 145, f. 23,
1944; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. A-li to Tataka, A. Noguchi 8489—
Holotype of L. taiwanense (NOG); Taichung Co. Mt. Hsiao-hsueh- shan, C. K. Wang 698a (UBC); Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku, Chuang 1393
(UBC).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan. -167-
3. Leptodontium viticulosoides ( P. Beauv.) Wijk. & Marg.
var. subdenticulatum (C. Muell.) Wijk. & Marg., Taxon 11:
221, 1962.
Leptodontium subdenticulatum (G. Muell.) Lidb., Oefv. K.
Vet. Ak. Foerh. 21: 227, 1864; Noguchi (1939); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Kodama, A. Noguchi—not seen.
Habitat: On tree trunk.
Distribution: Java, Taiwan and Lombok.
Molendoa Lindb., Utkast Nat. Grupp. Eur. Bladmoss. 29, 1878.
One species in Taiwan.
Molendoa sendtneriana (B. S. G.) Limpr., Laubm. Deutschl. 1:
250, 1886; Chen (19^1); Iwatsuki (1970).
Hymenostylium formosicum Broth. & Yas., Rev. Bryol. 53:
1, 1926; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1935); Herz. & Noguchi
(1955); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Hwalien Co. Tai-lu-ko Gorge, trail across bridge over Tai-lu-ko river at Tien-hsiang, Z. Iwatsuki & A. J. & E. Sharp
3522, 3545. 3374, 1486 (NICH); Pingtung Co. Mt. Daibu, A. Yasuda
607--Holotype of H. formosicum (H)? Taitung Co. Taitung,
A. Yasuda 638 (H).
Habitat: On cliff.
Distribution: Europe, Caucasus, East Siberia, China, Japan,
Taiwan, North America.
Pleurochaete Lindb., Oefv. K. Vet. Ak. Foerh. 21: 253, 1864.
One species and one variety in Taiwan. -168-
Key to the taxa of Pleurochaete
1. Leaves linear, attenuate, 8 mm long; costa long excurrent..
P. squarrosa var. crispifolius
1. Leaves lanceolate 2-4 mm long; costa more or less
excurrent P. squarrosa
1. Pleurochaete squarrosa (Brid.) Lindb., Oefv. K. Vet. Ak.
Foerh. 21: 253, 1864; Wang (1968, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Chung-hsueh-shan, C. K. Wang 784
(THU)--not seen.
Habitat: On rocks in conifer forests.
Distribution: Himalaya, Pakistan, Iran, Caucasus, North America,
Mexico, Canary Islands, Europe, China, Japan and Taiwan.
2. Pleurochaete squarrosa (Brid.) Lindb. var. crispifolius
L J. Jap. Bot 27: 287, f. 5 , 1952.
Trichostomum crispifolium Noguchi J. Jap. Bot. 2?: 287,
1952. nom. nud.
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Rakuraku, A. Noguchi (NOG)—not seen.
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: Japan and Taiwan.
Pseudosymblepharis Broth., Nat. Pfl. ed. 2, 10: 26l, 1924.
One species in Taiwan.
Pseudosymblepharis papillosula (Card. & Ther.) Broth., Nat.
Pfl. ed. 2, 10: 26l, 1924.
Tortella tortuosa sensu Wang Biol. Bull. Tunghai Univ. 31:
3, 1963; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield
404, 424 (UBC); Kaohsiung Co. Mt. Nan-feng-shan C. K. Wang 1084 -169-
--det. as Tortella tortuosa (NICH 229572).
Habitat: On cliff.
Distribution: China, Vietnam, Japan and Taiwan. ,
This species was determined by Iwatsuki as species new
to Taiwan.
Reimersia Chen Hedwigia 80: 62, 1941.
One species in Taiwan.
Reimersia inconspicua (Griff.) Chen, Hedwigia 80: 62, 9, 1941;
Wang (1970).
Gymnostomum inconspicuum Griff., Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 2:
480, 1842; Noguchi (I960).
Rhacopilum formosicum Horikawa Bot. Mag. Tokyo 48: 458, 1934.
Cited specimen: Taitung Co. Mt. Chipon, Y. Horikawa, Dec. 29,
1932 (HIRO)--not seen.
Habitat: not given.
Distribution: North west Himalaya, Khasia, China, Yunnan, Taiwan,
Philippines.
Scopelophila (Mitt.) Lindb., Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 10: 269, 1872.
Merceya Schimp., Syn. ed. 2: 852, 1876.
Weissia sect. Scopelophila Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. 12: 135, 1869.
Two species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Scopilophila
1. Leaves linear or linear-spathulate, acute S. cataractae
1. Leaves Ungulate, obtuse to round-obtuse S. ligulata -170-
1. Scopelophila cataractae (Mitt.) Broth., Nat. Pfl. 1(3): 476, 1902.
Merceya gedeana (Lac.) Noguchi, Kumamoto J. Sci. B. 2, 2:
Merceyopsis formosica Broth, ex Sakurai Bot. Mag. Tokyo
48: 386, 1934; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1935).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Pu-li, S. Suzuki 57--Holotype of M. formosica (H), H. Sasaoka 1709—det. as M. formosica (MAK);
Lu-shan, Chuang & Schofield 775 (UBC).
Habitat: On cliff (shale).
Distribution: Himalaya, India, Java, Philippines, Korea, Taiwan,
Japan and South America.
2. Scopelophila ligulata (Spruce) Spruce, J. Bot. n. ser. 10: 14,
1881.
Merceya ligulata (Spruce) Schimp., Syn. ed. 2: 852, I876;
Noguchi (1956, 1956a); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Rakuraku, A. Noguchi, (NOG)—not seen.
Habitat: On soil containing copper, iron, silver or sulphur.
Distribution: Europe, Caucasus, Asia minor, Himalaya, Java, Azores,
China, Japan, Taiwan, North America, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa
Rica, Eucador.
Semibarbula Herz. ex Hilp., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 50(2): 626, 1933.
One species in Taiwan.
Semibarbula orientalis (Web.) Wijk. & Marg., Taxon 8: 75, 1959.
Trichostomum orientale Willd., ex C. Muell., Sys. Muse,
frond 1: 568, 1849; Salmon (1900); Cardot (1905).
Barbula orientalis (Web.) Broth., Nat. Pfl. 1(3): 409,
1902; Okamura (1916); Wang (i960). -171-
Barbula indica (Hook.) Spreng, in Stend. Nomencl. Bot.
2: 72, 1824; Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba
(1935); Toyama (1937); Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Wang
(I960, 1969, 1970).
Semibarbula indica (Hook.) Herz. ex Hilp., Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 50(2)s 626, 1933; Chen (1941).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Tamsui, U. Faurie 106 (KYO).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Nepal, Ceylon, Philippines, Borneo, Java, New
Guinea, China, Hongkong, Taiwan, West South Africa.
Timmiella (De Not.) Limpr., Laubm. Deutschl. 1: 590, 1888.
Only one species in Taiwan.
Timmiella anomala (B.S.G.) Limpr., Laubm. Deutschl. 1: 592,
173, 1888; Noguchi (1938); Chen (1941); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou to waterfall, Chuang &
Schofield 598 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Himalaya, North America (Florida, California),
Mexico, Guatemala, Japan, Taiwan and Europe.
Tortula Hesw., Spec. Muse. 122, 1801.
Two species and one variety in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Tortula
1. Leaf apex obcordate below hair point...T. muralis var. obcordata
1. Leaf apex obtuse below hair point 2
2. Leaves elongate Ungulate, round-obtuse with long hyaline
hair point T. muralis -172-
2. Leaves oblong, obtuse with a short hair point
T. nankomontana
1. Tortula muralis Hedw., Spec. Muse. 123, 1801; Ihsiba (1929,
1935); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: This species was reported by Ihsiba and Wang.
Voucher specimen need reexamination.
Habitat: On calcicole.
Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
2. Tortula muralis var. obcordata Schimp., Syn. ed. 2:202, I876;
Chen (1941); Wang (1970).
Tortula emarginata (Doz. & Molk.) Mitt., Trans. Linn. Soc.
Bot. ser. 2, 3: 160, 1891; Cardot (1905); Okamura (1916);
Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: Hsinchu Co. Chu-nan (Tikunan), H. Sasaoka 14945
(TNS 9889).
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Europe, South Africa, Japan and Taiwan.
3* Tortula nankomontana Noguchi, J. Jap. Bot. 20: 257, 1944;
Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Nan-hu-ta-shan, Nakamura, 15834 (NOG)
--Holotype of T. nankomontana--not seen.
Habitat: Not given.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
Weissia Hedw., Spec. Muse. 64, 1801.
Three species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Weissia
1. Leaves ligulate, obtuse; margin plane throughout,.W. planifolia -173-
1. Leaves ovate-oblong, elongate lanceolate, acute or acuminate;
leaf-margin strongly curved at the upper part 2
2. Leaves lanceolate-ovate, 1-1.5 mm; costa percurrent; seta
6 mm long; capsules ovoid, yellow W. semipallida
2. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 3 mm long; costa excurrent;
seta 10 mm long; capsules elliptical or ovate, yellowish
brown, slightly furrowed when dry W. controversa
1. Weissia controversa Hedw., Spec. Muse. 67, 1801; Wang (1970).
Weissia longidens Card., Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, 7:
712, 1907; Chen (1941, 1963)1 Wang (1968, 1970).
Weissia viridula Hedw., ex Brid., Mant. Muse. 38, 1819;
Okamura (1916); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929); Wang (i960).
Weissia longiseta sensu Cardot, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19:
91, 1905; Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929,
1935); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Lu-shan Chuang & Schofield 702 (UBC);
Kaohsiung Co. Shan-ping to Nan-feng-shan Chuang 1075 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil of cliff shelves.
Distribution: Europe, North America, Africa, Himalaya, China,
Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Java, New Zealand.
2. Weissia planifolia Dix., Rev. Bryol. n. ser. 1: 179, 1, 1928.
Weissia platyphylla Broth., Hedwigia 38: 205, 1899; Sasaoka
(1928); Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Wang (I960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taitung Co. Hsin-kan (Sinko) G. H. Schwabe no.
(JENA)--not seen.
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: China, Japan, Manchuria, Taiwan. -174-
3. Weissia semipallida C. Muell., Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. n. ser.
5s 185, 1898; Chen (1941).
Weissia platyphylloides Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19s
90, 1905; Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929,
1935); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimens Taipei Co. Tamsui, U. Faurie 86—Isotype of W. platyphylloides (KYO)—not seen.
Habitats not given.
Distributions China, Korea and Taiwan.
Weisiopsis Broth., Oefv. Fink. Vet. Soc. Foerh. 62 A(9)s 7,
1921.
One species in Taiwan.
Weisiopsis hyophiloides Dixon & Th£r., Rev. Bryol. et Lich. 13s
11, 1942; Noguchi (1954).
Cited specimens Hsinchu Co. Nihonmatsu, Y. Shimada, ex Herb.
Sasaoka 3853 (TNS)—Holotype of W. hyophiloides--not seen.
Habitats not given.
Distributions Endemic to Taiwan.
This species was reported by Dixon and Theriot (1942), based on Shimada's specimen from Taiwan. Noguchi (1954) reviewed this species and concluded that this species might be belong to
Tortula or Trichostomum for the following reasonss 1. Capsules thin-walled with several longitudinal furrows. 2. Leaf-cells mammillose and with c-shaped papillae. I have not examined the cited specimen, but provisionally I place this species here until the problem is clarified. -175-
Family: Grimmiaceae
Three genera present in Taiwan.
Key to the genera of Grimmiaceae
1. Leaf-cells linear, cell-wall unequally incrassate, very
sinuous, lumen long and narrow Rhacomitrium
1. Leaf-cells short quadrate or oblong, cell-wall equally
incrassate or somewhat unequally incrassate, not or only
slightly sinuous, lumen broad 2
2. Leaf-margins serrate, upper part of leaf bistratose;
capsules long exserted Ptychomitrium
2. Leaf-margins entire, upper part of leaf uni-bistratose;
capsules immersed or shortly exserted Grimmia
Grimmia Ehrh., ex Hedw., Spec. Muse. 75, 1801.
Five species and one variety in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Grimmia
1. Capsules immersed. 2
2. Costa and lamina in upper part at back distinctly
papillose G. apocarpa var. gracilis
2. Costa and lamina not papillose G. apocarpa
1. Capsules long exserted ..3
3. Capsules on erect seta..... 4
4. Leaves without hyaline point G. decalvata
4. Leaves with hyaline point at least in the upper part..
5. Leaves 2.5-3 mm long, with long hair points; costa
in cross-section flat; leaf-margins bistratose in
upper part G. ovalis -176-
5. Leaves 1-1.8 mm long with short hair points or muticous
at lower part of stem; costa in cross section terete;
leaf margins unistratose in upper part G. elongata
3. Capsules on short, arcuate seta Grimmia sp.
1. Grimmia apocarpa Hedw., Spec. Muse. 76, 1801; Wang (I967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Mt. Ta-hsueh-shan, C. K. Wang
1282 (THU)--not seen.
Habitat: On open cliff.
Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
2. Grimmia apocarpa var. gracilis Roehl., Deutsch. Fl. Krypt. ed. 2, 3: i+7, I8I3.
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Nan-hu-ta-shan, Chuang 1773b (UBC).
Habitat: On open rocks.
Distribution: Switzerland, Canada, USA, Mexico, Guatemala.
New to Taiwan!
A cross -section of leaf shows unistratose margins throughout the leaf. Costa and lamina of leaves dorsally strongly papillose.
3. Grimmia decalvata Card., Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2, 8(5): 332, 1908.
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku to Mt. Pei-ta-wu-shan,
Chuang 1523 (UBC).
Habitat: Open dry rocks.
Distribution: Japan. New to Taiwan' -177-
This species is without a hyaline, hairy-pointed leaves and has leaf-margins strongly recurved on one side. It is unistratose in the lower part of leaves, and bistratose only near extreme leaf apex.
4. Grimmia elongata Kaulf. in Sturm., Deutsch. Fl. 2(15); 14,
1816; Noguchi (1936); Nyholm (1956); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, Chuang Aug. 15, I966
(TAI).
Habitat: Open rocks of mountain.
Distribution: Europe, Greenland, Urals, Caucasus, Scotland,
East Siberia, Himalaya, Japan and Taiwan.
5. Grimmia ovalis ( Hedw.) Lindb., Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn. 10: 75, 1871.
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Nan-hu-ta-shan, Chuang 1773a (UBC),
1742 (UBC).
Habitat: On open rocks.
Distribution: Europe, Morocco, Central Africa, Caucasus, Himalaya,
Ceylon, North & Central Asia, North and Central America, Andes,
Greenland, Borneo. New to Taiwan!
Leaves elongate-lanceolate, with ovate base and with hyaline points about 2.5-3 mm long are the distinctive characters for this species. A cross section of leaf shows the costa flat and broad, leaf margins unistratose at the base of leaf, but bistratose
(9 rows) in the upper parts of leaves.
6. Grimmia sp.
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Nan-hu-ta-shan, Chuang 1801 (UBC). -178-
Habitat: On open rocks of mountain.
This species is characterized by its short arcuate seta, lanceolate, acuminate leaves with hyaline hair points. A cross section of leaves shows unistratose margin and costa sharply keeled. These characters are very different from G. trichophylla, which it resembles in general appearence.
Ptychomitrium Fuernr., Flora 12(2) Erg. 19. 1829.
Only one species in Taiwan.
Ptychomitrium formosicum Broth. & Yas., Ann. Bryol. 1: 19, 1928;
Sakurad (1939); Noguchi (1954); Wang (1970).
Ptychomitrium longipes Broth., ex Sasaoka Trans. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Formos. 18: 133 & 249, 1928.
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Mt. Dai-bu, A. Yasuda, Nov. 20, 1918
--Holotype of P. formosicum ( H ); Taichung Co. Onoe, S. Suzuki
2901, 2907 ( H ); Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 2208 (UBC).
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: Japan and Taiwan.
The systematic position of this genus has been discussed by Noguchi (1954). The characters of peristome and calyptra are closely related to Rhacomitrium. Also the features of leaves such as outline, general structure and areolation of lamina are like that of Grimmia and Rhacomitrium. Although Brotherus (I925) included this genus in its own family Ptychomitriaceae, I have followed Noguchi*s opinion.
The above species and genus are characterized by lacking sinuous thickenings of wall of leaf cells and papillae on the leaf-cells. -179-
Rhacomitrium Brid., Mant. Muse. 78, 1819.
This genus has six species and two varieties in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Rhacomitrium
Leaves with a hyaline point at least near the apex of stems...2
2. Leaf-cells narrowly elongate throughout leaf; hair-points
strongly papillose or smooth 3
3. Hair-points strongly papillose.. 4
4. Leaf-cells papillose throughout
R. canescens var. ericoides
4. Leaf-cells papillose on hair-point only
R. lanuginosum
3. Hair-point smooth .....R. crispulum
2. Leaf cells quadrate to short rectangular in upper part;
hair point smooth R. heterostichum
Leaves without a hyaline point throughout the whole stem....5
5. Leaf-cells at the middle part of leaf quadrate to
rectangular; leaf apex blunt R. carinatum
5. Leaf-cells at the middle part of leaf narrowly rectangular
or linear 6
6. Leaves with an ovate base, plicate, leaf-apex blunt with
2-3 cristae; stems with long branches and no short
branches R. anomodontoides
6. Leaves with ovate-oblong base, long attenuate, smooth
at leaf apex; stems pinnate, with many short branches..
R. fasciculare and its variety -180-
1. Rhacomitrium anomodontoides Card., Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2,
8: 335, 1908; Wang (1967, 1970).
Rhacomitrium formosicum Sak., Bot. Mag. Tokyo 51: 134, 9, 1937.
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 2207, 2219
(UBC); Taichung Co. Mt. Neng-kao-shan (Mt. Noko) S. Suzuki Aug.
5, 1926—Holotype of R. formosicum (MAK); Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku to Mt. Pei-ta-wu-shan, Chuang 1520 (UBC).
Habitat: On rocks of alpine area.
Distribution: Mainland China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
The present species is extremely variable. As Noguchi
(1958) pointed out, this species is very close to R. fasciculare, but he noted that for the time being, it is better retained as an independent species or as a variety or subspecies of R. fasciculare.
Rhacomitrium formosicum was reported by Sakurai (1937), based on S. Suzuki's collection from Mt. Neng-kao-shan, Nantou
County. Noguchi (1958) reduced it in R. fasciculare and Wang
(1970) recently reduced it under R. fasciculare var. orientale without any discussion.
According to my observation of the holotype of R. formosicum from Makino herbarium, Tokyo, Japan, I found that this species is R. anomodontoides by its possession of a leaf apex with 2-3 cristae and lanceolate leaves with a broad leaf-base.
2. Rhacomitrium canescens (Hedw.) Brid. var. ericoides (Hedw.)
Hamp., Flora 20: 281, 1837; Sasaoka (1928); Nakanishi (1963);
Wang (1967, 1970). -181-
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Chi-li-tieng to Mt. Nan-hu-ta-shan,
Chuang 1773 (UBC).
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: Europe, Caucasus, Siberia, Japan and North America.
3. Rhacomitrium carinatum Cardot Bull. Herb. Boiss. ser. 2,
8: 335, 1908i Wang (1967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Mt. Ta-hsueh-shan, Mt. Tonying-shan
C. K. Wang 1294 (THU).
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
This species is very closely resembles R. anomodontoides and R. fasciculare, but it is distinguished from the latter by plants having black green color, narrow leaves and obtuse leaf apex. Leaf-cells are distinctly quadrate in the middle part of the leaf.
Sakurai (1937) reduced R. carinatum to a Synonym of R. brevisetum, but he used both names as valid species in his
Muscologia Japonica (1954).
4. Rhacomitrium crispulum (Hook. f. & Wils. ) Hook, f. & Wils.
Fl. Nov. Zel. 2: 75, 1854; Wang (1970).
Rhacomitrium javanicum Doz. & Molk. in Zoll., Syst. Verz.
32, 1855; Cardot (1905); Sasaoka (1900, 1928); Ihsiba
(1929, 1935); Sakurai (1937); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Taitum, U. Faurie 51 (KYO)—not seen.
Habitat: On exposed rocks.
Distribution: Himalaya, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, New Guinea, -182-
East Australia, New Zealand, Andes, Costa Rica, Guatemala,
Mexico, Hawaii, Africa.
5. Rhacomitrium fasciculare (Hedw.) Brid., Mant. Muse. 80, 1819.
Cited specimens Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 2207 (UBC).
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: Europe, Iceland, Madeira, Greenland, Siberia, Japan,
China, Yunnan, North America, Alaska.
This species has been reported by Noguchi (1958), based on
R. formosicum Sak., but R. formosicum is here treated as a
synonym of R. anomodontoides. The specimen is not identical to
European or North American material.
6. Rhacomitrium fasciculare var. orientale Card., Bull. Herb.
Boiss. ser. 2, 8: 334, 1908; Sasaoka (1920, 1928); Ihsiba (1929,
1935); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Mt. Ta-wu-shan, E. Matsuda (TNS)
--not seen.
Habitat: On rocks.
Distribution: Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
Sakurai (1937) treated this variety as a species:
R. orientale. Based on his description, this species could be
R. anomodontoides by possessing leaves with 2-3 cristae on leaf apex and its stems having numerous lateral branches. The above specimen need reexamination.
7. Rhacomitrium heterostichum (Hedw.) Brid., Mant. Muse. 79,
1819; Ihsiba (1929); Wang (i960, 1967. 1970).
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Chi-li-tieng to Mt. Nan-hu-ta-shan, Chuang -183-
1862 (UBC); Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku to Pei-ta-wu-shan, Chuang 1511
(UBC).
Habitat; On rocks.
Distributions Europe, Iceland, Greenland, China, Japan, North
America, Tasmania, New Zealand.
This species has not been carefully evaluated in East Asia.
The distinctions between R. crispulum and Asian R. heterostichum is not clear.
8. Rhacomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid., Mant. Muse. 79, 1819;
Wang (1970).
Rhacomitrium hypnoides Lindb., Oefv. K. Vet. Ak. Foerh. 23s
552, 1866; Sasaoka (1920, 1928); Horikawa (195D; Wang
(1970).
Cited specimen; Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, Y. Horikawa 13618 (HIRO)
--not seen.
Habitat; On rocks.
Distributions Cosmopolitan.
Family: Funariaceae
Three genera in Taiwan.
Key to the genera of Funariaceae
1. Capsules globose or short pyriform Physcomitrium
1. Capsules elongate pyriform 2
2. Capsules nearly symmetric, with horizontal mouth and single
or no peristome; leaf-apex tapering into a long, capillary
point, margins usually bordered Entosthodon
2. Capsules strongly asymmetric, with oblique mouth and -184-
double peristome; leaf-apex not tapering into a long
capillary point, margins not bordered Funaria
Bntosthodon Schwaegr., Spec. Muse, suppl. 2(1)j 44, 1823. Two species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Entosthodon
1. Leaf margins nearly entire above, the border weakly
differentiated; peristome present E. physcomitrioides
1. Leaf margins clearly serrate above, the border well-
differentiated; peristome very rudimentary or lacking
E. buseanus
1. Entosthodon buseanus Doz. & Molk., Bryol. Jav. 1: 31, 22, f.
1-23, 1855; Cardot (1905); Noguchi (1944); Ochi (1968); Wang
(1970).
Funaria buseana (Doz. & Molk.) Broth., Nat. Pfl. 1(3):
524, 1903; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (193D; Toyama (1937);
Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Tamsui, U. Faurie 82 (KYO)--not seen.
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Himalaya, India, Ceylon, Java, mainland China,
Philippines, Taiwan.
2. Entosthodon Physcomitrioides (Mont.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. suppl. 1: 55, 1859; Ochi (1968); Wang (19?0). Entosthodon .javanicus Doz. & Molk., Pl. Jungh. 3s 321,
1854; Noguchi (1944). Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Kodama, A. Noguchi 6435 (NOG)— not seen.
Habitat: On soil. -185-
Distribution: India, Java, Vietnam, Taiwan, New Caledonia.
Funaria Hedw., Spec. Muse. 172, 1801.
Two species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Funaria
1. Leaves serrate above, costa ending below the. leaf ,apex; border
cells thick-walled; capsules not striate F. japonicus
1. Leaves entire, costa nearly percurrent; border cells slightly
thick-walled; capsules strongly sulcate F. hygrometrica
1. Funaria hygrometrica Hedw., Spec. Muse. 172, 1801; Okamura
(1916); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (i960, 1970); Ochi (I968).
Funaria calvescens Schwaegr., Sp. Mus. suppl. 1(2)! 77, 65,
1816; Ihsiba (1929); Wang (i960).
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield
248 (UBC).
Habitats On soil.
Distributions Cosmopolitan.
2. Funaria japonica Broth., Hedwigia 38s 216, 1899; Ochi (1968)1
Wang (1970).
Funaria mutica Broth., Rev. Bryol. n. ser.. 2s 4, 1924;
Ihsiba (1935).
Cited specimens Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 1975 (UBC);
Chiayi Co. Mt. A-li to Tung-pu, Chuang 3599 (UBC); Nantou Co.
Chi-ti to water fall, Chuang & Schofield 567 (UBC).
Habitats On soil.
Distributions Japan and Taiwan. -186-
Physcomitrium ( Brid.) Fuern., Flora 13: 9. 59, 1829.
Three species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Physcomitrium
1. Leaves not bordered; margins obtusely denticulate towards
the apex; capsules nearly spherical P. sphaericum
1. Leaves distinctly bordered with 1-3 rows of elongate cells;
capsules short pyriform 2
2. Margins bordered with one row of elongate, thick-walled
cells...... P. eurystomum
2. Margins bordered with 2-3 rows of elongate, linear-
vermicular cells.. P. japonicum
1. Physcomitrium eurystomum Sendtn., Denkschr. Bayer. Bot. Ges.
Regensburg 3: 142, 1841; Okamura (19l6)j Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba
(1929, 1935); Ochi (1968); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. NTU campus, Chuang & Schofield 1 (UBC),
Kan-kou, Chuang & Schofield 69 (UBC); Nantou Co. Chi-tou, Chuang
& Schofield 659 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil, clayey soil.
Distribution: Europe, India, Vietnam, mainland China, Taiwan,
Bonin Island, Ryukyu and Japan.
2. Physcomitrium japonicum ( Hedw.) Mitt., Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. ser. 2, 3s 164, I89I; Ochi (1968)5 Wang (1970).
Physcomitrium subeurystomum Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19s
106, 10, 1905; Okamura (1916); Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka
(1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935)5 Wang (i960).
Physcomitrium longifolium Sak., Bot. Mag. Tokyo 46: 738, -187-
1932; Ihsiba (1935).
Physcomitrium formosicum Broth., ex Sasaoka Trans. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Formos. 18: 132, 1928.
Physcomitrium angustifolium Broth, ex Ihsiba J. Soc. Trop.
Agr. 7: 202, 1935.
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield
248 (UBC); Taipei Co. Yuan-shan U. Faurie 19 (KYO)--Isotype of
P. subeurystomum.
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: India, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Ryukyu.
3. Physcomitrium sphaericum (Ludw.) Brid., Bryol. Univ. 2: 817,
1827; Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (i960, 1970); Ochi (1968).
Cited specimen: no detailed locality. W. Lee 172 (TAI ?)-- not seen.
Habitat: On soil.
Distribution: Europe. Siberia, Central to South East Asia, Korea,
Japan, Taiwan.
Family: Splachnaceae
Two genera in Taiwan.
Key to the genera of Splachnaceae
1. Cells smooth throughout the leaves; peristome present
Tayloria
1. Cells verrucose on upper part of the leaves; peristome
absent Gymnostomiella
Gymnostomiella Fleisch., Muse. Fl. Buitenzorg 1: 3°9, 1904.
Only one species in Taiwan. -188-
Gymnostomie11a longinervis Broth., Philipp. J. Sc. C. 13: 205,
1918; Noguchi (1944); Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Wang (I960, 1970).
Cited specimens Hwalien Co. Tong-meng, T. Nakamura, Aug. 1940
(NOG)--not seen.
Habitat: On limestone.
Distribution: Philippines, Taiwan, Ryukyu and Japan.
This species is characterized by its small size, oblong- obovate, rounded leaves; costa ending below the apex, and upper leaf cells papillose.
Tayloria Hook., J. Sc. Arts 2(3): 144, 3, I3l6.
Two species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Tayloria
1. Leaves entire, apex obtuse; costa ending below the leaf apex.
T. recurvi-marginata
1. Leaves toothed towards the apex; leaf-apex with costa
extending as an awn T. kwangiensis
Tayloria kwangiensis Reimers, Hedwigia 71: 45, 1931; Horikawa
(1935); Iwatsuki (1959); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Mt. Chung-hsueh-shan, Z. Iwatsuki,
A. J. & E. Sharp 2764 (NICH); Forest below Mt. An-ma-shan logging camp, Z. Iwatsuki, A. J. & E. Sharp 3066, 3067, 3068 (NICH).
Habitat: On decayed wood.
Distribution: South China, Taiwan and Japan.
2. Tayloria recurvi-marginata Noguchi, J. Jap. Bot. 20: 145, 1944;
Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, A. Noguchi, 6348b (NOG)-- not seen. -189-
Habitat: On open rocks.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
Family: Bryaceae
Nine genera in Taiwan.
Key to the genera of Bryaceae
1. Inflorescence distinctly lateral Mielichhoferia
1. Inflorescence distinctly terminal 2
2. Stems stoloniferous; capsules aggregate; plants robust,
more than 2.5 cm tall .Rhodobryum
2. Stems never stoloniferous; capsules single; plants small,
less than 2 cm tall 3
3- Stems slender, julaceous; leaf-cells vermicular to linear-
rhomboidal Anomobryum
3. Stems not julaceous, or if julaceous, leaf cells never
vermicular or linear-rhomboidal
4. Leaves narrowly linear, linear-lanceolate, leaf-cells
linear 5
5. Leaves 4-5 mm long, with slender costa; capsules
mostly erect, basal membrane of inner peristome
absent Orthodontium
5. Leaves 1-3 mm long, with broad strong costa;
capsules horizontal to pendulous, basal membrane
of inner peristome hyaline and high t • • • Leptobryum
4. Leaves lanceolate to ovate; leaf-cells linear to
rhomboidal 6 -190-
6. Plants dorsiventral, leaves dimorphic; costa ending far
below the apex . .Epipterygium
6. Plants not dorsiventral; leaves not dimorphic; costa
percurrent or excurrent 7
7. Leaves lanceolate; leaf-cells narrow and elongate,(4:1
or longer) Pohlia
7. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; leaf-cells in upper part
of leaf mostly elongate-hexagonal or rhomboidal (less
than 4:1) 8
8. Capsules erect or inclined; inner peristome teeth
without cilia Brachymenium
8. Capsules pendent or horizontal; inner peristome teeth
with cilia Bryum
Anomobryum Schimp., Syn. 382, i860.
This genus has two species and one variety in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Anomobryum
1. Plants up to 4 cm high, with bulbiform axillary gemmae;
leaf cells linear-rhomboidal in upper part of leaf, submerged
in water A. yasudae
1. Plants less than 3 cm high, without gemmae; leaf cells linear-
vermicular in upper part of leaf; growing on soil 2
2. Leaves broadly ovate, obtuse; costa ending below apex;
bulbils absent A. filiforme
2. Leaves ovate, acute; costa percurrent; bulbils present...
A. filiforme var. concinnatum -191-
1. Anomobryum filiforme (Dicks.) Solms in Rabenh., Bryoth. Eur.
25: 331, 1873.
Bryum filiforme Dicks., Pl. Crypt. Brit. fasc. 4: 16, 1801:
Ochi (1968); Wang (1970).
Bryum julaceum Smith., Fl. Brit. 3: 1357, 1804; Ochi (1959);
Wang (1967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield
529 (UBC); Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku, Chuang 1387 (UBC).
Habitat: On rocks or soil.
Distribution: Widespread in both hemispheres.
2. Anomobryum filiforme (Dicks.) Solms var. concinnatum (Sprue.)
Amann Rev. Bryol. 20: 43, 1893.
Bryum filiforme Dicks, var. concinnatum (Spr.) Boul.,
Muscin. France 294, 1884; Ochi (1964, 1968); Wang (1970).
Bryum julaceum var. concinnatum (Spr.) Wils., Bryol. Brit.
246, 1855; Ochi (1959, 1962); Wang (1967).
Anomobryum nitidum (Mitt.) Jaeg., Ber. S. Gall. Naturw.
Ges. 1873-74: 142, 1875; Cardot (1905); Sasaoka (1928);
Ihsiba (1929); Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Kushaku, U. Faurie 121 (KYO)--det as
A. nitidum; Hwalien Co. Li-shan, C. K. Wang 1906 (NICH).
Habitat: On rocks and soil.
Distribution: Widely distributed in warmer areas of the northern hemisphere.
I have examined a specimen which had been determined as
A. nitidum and cited in Cardot (1905) from KYO. Compared to the -192-
species, the leaves are less imbricate, the apex acute and with
a percurrent costa. I agree with Ochi (1959) and place this
specimen under the variety.
3. Anomobryum yasudae Broth., Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Soc. Foerh.
62A (9): 16, 1921; Noguchi (1940).
Bryum yasudae ( Broth.) Ochi, Rev. Bryac. Jap. 97. 1959;
Ochi (1962, I968); Wang (1970).
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield
525 (UBC); Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 2197 (UBC).
Habitats On wet rocks.
Brachymenium Schwaegr., Spec. Muse, suppl. 2(1)5 131, 1824.
- Three species and one variety in Taiwan.
Key to the species and variety of Brachymenium
1. Small plants, up to 6 mm high; leaves ovate, margins not
bordered B. exile
1. Larger plants, 1-1.5 cm high; leaves oblong-lingulate or
narrowly spathulate, bordered 2
2. Plants yellowish, strongly lustrous; leaves strongly
contorted and apressed to stem when dry; capsules narrowly
cylindrical, 6.4 mm long...... B. contortum
2. Plants yellowish green to green, slightly or not lustrous;
capsules pyriform or clavate, 2-5 mm long; leaves closely
imbricate and twisted around the stem when dry 3
3. Leaf-margins bordered with 2-4 rows of long thick-walled
cells; capsules 4-5.5 mm long B. nepalense -193-
3. Leaf-margins bordered with 1-2 rows of long thick-walled
cells; capsules 2 mm long B. nepalense var. clavulum
1. Brachymenium contortum Hamp., ex Ochi, J. Jap. Bot. 4-3(4):
109, 1, 1968; Ochi (1971).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Upstream area of Shih-pa-chang river,
C. K. Wang 10818 (THU)--not seen.
Habitat: On bark of stump.
Distribution: Nepal, Sikkim and Taiwan.
2. Brachymenium exile ( Doz. & Molk.) Bosch. & Lac, Bryol. Jav.
1: 139, I860; Cardot (1905); Sasaoka (1928, 1929); Herzog & Noguchi
(1955); Ochi (1959, 1968); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Yang-ming-shan to Tsu-tzu-hu, Chuang
& Schofield 146 (UBC).
Habitat: On rocks and soil.
Distribution: India, Ceylon, Sumatra, Philippines, Java, Korea,
Japan, Hawaii, Taiwan.
This species is very easily confused with Bryum argenteum in general appearance, except for its erect capsules and lack of silvery white leaves.
3. Brachymenium nepalense Hook., in Schwaegr., Spec. Muse suppl.
2(1): 131, 135, 1824; Ochi (1959); Wang (1967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. The first water resource to Kwai-ku
Chuang 1262 (UBC).
Habitat: On tree trunk.
Distribution: Himalaya, India, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, mainland
China, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Taiwan, Korea, Japan. -194-
4. Brachymenium nepalense Hook. var. clavulum ( Mitt.) Ochi,
Rev. Bry. Japan 50, 1959; Ochi (1964); Wang (196?, 1970).
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Tung-pu to Mt. Morrison, S. Nakanishi
12586, 12605, 12739, 12998 (KU).
Habitats On tree bark;
Distributions Himalaya, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Vladivostok.
Bryum Hedw., Spec. Muse. 178, 1801.
Sixteen species, one subspecies and one variety in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Bryum
1. Leaves distinctly bordered 2
2. Plants twisted when dry; leaves broadly obovate, oblong,
spathulate, serrate toward apex 3
3. Leaves 3-4 mm long, coarsely toothed B. truncorum
3. Leaves 2-3 mm long, minutely toothed 4
4. Leaves bordered with 3-4 rows of narrow and thick
walled cells B. salakense
4. Leaves bordered with 1-2 rows of cells.. B. capillare
2. Plants not twisted when dry; leaves ovate, lanceolate or
elongate-triangular, not serrate toward apex 5
5. Autoicuous, leaf-apex nearly entire B. pallescens
5. Dioicous, leaf-apex denticulate 6
6. Plants with red, globose, multicellar gemmae
B. atrovirens
6. Plants without gemmae 7
7. Stems slender, 1-2 cm high; leaf-base not decurrent;
median leaf cells 70wide B. leetocaulon -195-
7. Stems robust, elongate, up .to 4 cm high; leaf-base
long decurrent, median leaf-cells 16-20jx wide.... 8
8. Leaf apex distinctly acute; costa short excurrent,
leaf bordered with several rows of narrow,
elongate cells B. pseudotriquetrum
8. Leaf-apex acuminate; costa long excurrent; leaf
bordered with 1-2 rows of narrow elongate cells..
B. pseudotriquetrum var. gracilens
1. Leaves not bordered 9
9. Costa ending below the apex or percurrent 10
10. Plants robust, up to 5 cm tall; leaves broad, oblong or
lingulate B. blandum subsp. handelii
10. Plants small, up to 1 cm tall; leaves ovate 11
11. Plants silvery white when dry; leaves with acuminate
or cuspidate apex; leaf-cells 10-12jx long.....
B. argenteum
11. Plants brownish-yellow to reddish-brown; leaves with
obtuse apex; leaf-cells lax 15-20jx long
B. cellulare
9. Costa more or less excurrent .12
12. Capsules abruptly rounded at base 13
13. Neck of capsules grading into urn, shrinking little;
leaves ovate or broad-lanceolate, acute... B. bicolor
13. Neck of capsules thicker than urn, irregularly
shrinking; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate....
B. coronatum -196-
12. Capsules more or less tapering toward base 14
14. Leaves broadly ovate B. recurvulum
14. Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate 15
15. Costa very long-excurrent B. caespiticium
15. Costa percurrent or short-excurrent..... 16
16. Capsules often long-necked, with very large
mouth, outer peristome teeth orange...
B. plumosum
l6. Capsules short-necked, the mouth small, outer
peristome teeth yellow 17
17. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or triangular-
lanceolate, short to long acuminate; leaf
cells 60 X 12JA\ capsules horizontal to
nodding B. paradoxum
17. Leaves oblong, short acuminate or acute;
leaf cells 120-150 X 15-18ju; capsules
erect or suberect B. petelotii
1. Bryum argenteum Hedw., Spec. Muse. 181, 1801; Cardot (1905);
Sasaoka (1928, 1928a); Okamura (1916); Ihsiba (1929); Ochi (1959,
1968); Wang (I960, 1970). '
Bryum argenteum var. lanatum (P. Beauv.) Hamp., Linnaea
13: 44, 1839; Sasaoka (1928, 1928a); Ochi (1959, 1964)5
Wang (1967).
Bryum fujiyamae C. Muell. ex Sasaoka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Formos. 18: 192, 1928.
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Yang-ming-shan to Tsu-tzu-hu, Chuang
& Schofield 147 (UBC). -197-
Habitat: On soil and rocks.
Distributions Cosmopolitan,
Recently Ochi (I968) placed variety lanatum into synonym of this species. He states that there are many intergrations between this species and its variety and it is very difficult to distinguish them.
2. Bryum atrovirens Vill. ex Brid., Muse. Rec 2(3)s 48, 1803;
Ochi (I968); Wang (1970).
Bryum erythrocarpum Schwaegr., Spec. Muse, suppl. 1(2)1 100,
1816; Ochi (1959); Wang.(1967).
Bryum capillare sensu Sasaoka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formos.
18s 191, 1928.
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Onoe, S. Suzuki 2938 (TNS 2560)— det. as B. capillare.
Habitats On soil of bank or rocks.
Distributions Europe, Africa, Japan and Taiwan.
The above-cited specimen has been annotated by Ochi as
B. erythrocarpum in 1959, and I also checked that specimen and came to the same conclusion.
3. Bryum bicolor Dicks., Pl. Crypt. Brit. fasc. 4s 16, 1801;
Ochi (1959, 1968); Wang (I967, 1970).
Bryum sasaokae Broth., ex Sasaoka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Formos. 8s 135. 1918; Sasaoka (1921, 1928).
Cited specimens Hisnchu Co. Mt. Ritozan, H. Sasaoka, 41492 (TNS)
--det. as B. Sasaokae.
Habitats On moist soil. -198-
Distribution: Europe, Canaries, Madeira, Morocco, Asia Minor,
Caucasus, China, Japan, North America and Taiwan.
4. Bryum blandum Hook. f. & Wils., subsp. handelii ( Broth.) Ochi,
J. Jap. Bot. 43s 484, 1968.
Bryum handelii Broth., Symb. Sin. 4s 58, 1929; Ochi (1962,
1968)5 Wang (1970).
Bryum pulchro-alare Broth., Rev. Bryol. n. ser. 2s 5, 1929;
Ochi (1959, 1962); Wang (I967).
Cited specimens Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku to Mt. Pei-ta-wu-shan, Chuang
1568 (UBC).
Habitats On wet rocks in stream.
Distributions China ( Yunnan), Japan and Taiwan.
5. Bryum caespiticium Linn. ex Hedw., Spec. Muse. 1801, 1801;
Ochi (1959, 1968); Wang (I967, 1970).
Cited specimens Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, A. Noguchi 6159 (NOG)
--not seen.
This species is easily recognized by its ovate-lanceolate, acuminate leaves with a long excurrent costae, broad base, and margins unbordered and recurved.
6. Bryum capillare Linn, ex Hedw., Spec. Muse. 182, 1801; Ochi
(1964, 1968); Wang (1970).
Bryum capillare Linn, ex Hedw. var. rubrolimbatum ( Broth.)
Bartram., Philipp. J. Sci. 68: 142, 1939; Ochi (1959):
Wang (1967).
Bryum taitumense Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19: 110, 1905;
Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929); Wang (i960). -199-
Cited specimens Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 2217, 2221
(UBC).
Habitat: On rocks, tree bark and rotten log.
Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
7. Bryum cellulare Hook, in Schwaegr., Spec. Muse, suppl. 3(1):
214 a, 1827; Herzog & Noguchi (1955); Ochi (1959, 1964, 1968);
Wang (i960, 1970); Iwatsuki (I969).
Bryum cellulare var. epipterygioides ( Ochi) Ochi,
Rev. Bryac. Jap. 63, 1959.
Bryum formosanum Broth., Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Soc. Foerh. 62A
(9): 17, 1921; Sasaoka (1920, 1928); Ihsiba (1929);
Brotherus (1924); Chen (1963)1 wang (i960).
Bryum .japonense ( Besch.) Broth., Nat. Pfl. 1(3): 576, 1903;
Cardot (I905); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (I929); Herzog & Noguchi
(1955); Wang (I960).
Bryum tozeri sensu Wang, Biol. Bull. Tunghai Univ. 31: 5,
1967; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Kan-kou, Chuang & Schofield 14 (UBC);
Toseikak, E. Matsuda 27 (H)--Holotype ofB. formosanum.
Habitat: On moist rocks.
Distribution: Himalaya, Nepal, Assam, India, Java, Tonkin, Sumatra,
China, Philippines, Japan, Ryukyu and Taiwan.
8. Bryum coronatum Schwaegr., Spec. Muse, suppl. 1(2): 102, 71,
1816; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929); Ochi (1959, 1968); Wang
(I960, 1970).
Bryum coronatum Schwaegr. var. rnacrostomum Herzog, J. Hattori -200-
Bot. Lab. 14s 61, 1955; Wang (i960).
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Lu-shan, Chuang & Schofield 755 (UBC).
Habitats On soil and rocks.
Distributions Asia, Africa, North America, Australia, Oceanic
islands.
9* Bryum leptocaulon Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19(1)* HI, 12,
1905; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929); Ochi (1959, 1968); Wang
(I960, 1970).
Cited specimens Taipei Co. Keelung, U. Faurie 90 (KYO)—Holotype of B. leptocaulon--not seen.
Habitats On soil or coastal sand dunes.
Dsitributions Japan, Ryukyu and Taiwan.
10. Bryum pallescens Schleich. ex Schwaegr., Spec. Muse, suppl.
1(2): 107, 75, 1816; Ochi (1964, 1968); Wang (1967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, S. Nakanishi (KU 13^64).
Habitat: On soil and rocks.
Distribution: Circumboreal.
The Taiwan report of this species was made by Ochi (1964) based on Nakanishi's specimen, but he did question the dtermination.
This species need re-examination.
11. Bryum paradoxum Schwaegr., Spec. Muse, suppl. 3(1)s 224 a,
1827; Ochi (1968); Wang (1970).
Bryum pseudo-alpinum Ren. & Card., Bull. Herb. Boiss.
34(2): 62, I896; Ochi (1969); Wang (I967).
Bryum teretiusculum Hook., Ico. Pl. Is t. 20, f. 1, I836; Noguchi (I966). -201-
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield
535 (UBC); Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku to Pei-ta-wu-shan, Chuang 1506
(UBC).
Habitats On rocks and soil banks.
Distributions Himalaya, Sikkim, Nepal, India, China, Ceylon,
Korea, Japan and Taiwan.
12. Bryum petelotii Ther. & Henery, Rev. Bryol. n. ser. 1: 43,
1928; Ochi (1968)5 Wang (1970).
Intergeneric hybrids Bryum argenteum var. lanatum
X Brachymenium exile ( Doz. & Molk.) Bosch. & Lac, Ochi,
J. Jap. Bot. 29s 49, f. 1, 1954? Shin (1964); Wang (1967).
Cited specimens Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, T. Shin 874, 891.
This cited specimen is taken from Shin (1964)—not seen.
Habitats On soil.
Distributions Vietnam, Japan and Taiwan.
13. Bryum plumosum Doz. & Molk., Muse Frond. Ined. Archip. Ind.
3, 1844; Ochi (I968, 1969); Wang (I968, 1970).
Bryum ambiguum Dub., in Moritzi, Syst. Verz. Zolling. Pfl.
132, 1846; Sasaoka (1928, 1928a).
Bryum porhyroneuron C. Muell., Bot. Zeit. lis 22, 1853?
Sasaoka (1928, 1928a); Ochi (1959); Wang (I967).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Ta-shih-niao, C. K. Wang 433 (THU).
Habitat: On tree bark or rocks.
Distribution: Nepal, India, Ceylon, Indonesia, Vietnam, Java,
China ( Yunnan), Philippines, Sumatra, New Caledonia and Australia.
14. Bryum pseudotriquetrum ( Hedw.) Schwaegr., Spec Suppl. 1(2):
110, 1816; Ochi (1959, 1964, 1968); Wang (I967, 1970). -202-
Bryum suzukii Borth. ex Sasaoka, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Formos. 18: 192, 1928.
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, S. Suzuki, 2446 (TNS)
--det. as B. suzukii--not seen.
Habitat: On wet rocks and soil, sometime submerged in water.
Distribution: Europe, North America, Greenland, North and Central
Asia.
15. Bryum pseudotriquetrum var. gracilens ( Card.) Ochi, Rev. Bryac.
Jap. 81, 25, 1959; Shin (1964); Ochi (1964, 1969); Wang (I967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, T. Shin, 894, 890 (Herb.
Shin)--not seen.
Habitat: On moist rocks and soil.
Distribution: China, Himalaya, Japan and Taiwan.
16. Bryum recurvulum Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl. 1: 74, 1859;
Noguchi (1966); Ochi (I968); Wang (1970).
Bryum noguchii Ochi, J. Jap. Bot. 31: 364, f. 5, 1956;
Ochi (1962); Wang (196?).
Cited specimen: Pingtung to Taitung border, S. Okamoto (KYO ?)
--not seen.
Habitat: On rocks or increvices of limestone.
Distribution: Nepal, India, China, Japan and Taiwan.
17. Bryum salakense Card., Annuair. Cons. Jard. Bot. Geneve 15-16:
166, 1912; Ochi (1968, 1969); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Mt. An-ma-shan, C. K. Wang 1219 (THU)
--not seen.
Habitat: On humus soil in evergreen forest. -203-
Distribution: Java and Taiwan.
This species is closely related to B. capillare, but it is different from the latter in its larger leaves with a border consisting of 3-4 rows of narrow and thicker-walled cells.
18. Bryum truncorum ( Brid.) Brid., Mant. Muse. 119, 1819;
Ochi (1959, 1964); wang (1970).
Bryum ramosum ( Hook.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl.
Is 75, 1859; Cardot (1905); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929);
Herzog & Noguchi (1955); Wang (i960).
Bryum michurae Broth., Hedwigia 38s 219, 1899? Sasaoka
(1928); Ihsiba (1929)5 Wang (i960).
Rhodobryum wichurae ( Broth.) Par., Ind. Bryol. Suppl. 301,
1900; Okamura '(1916).
Cited specimens Kaohsiung Co. Shan-ping to Nan-feng-shan, Chuang
1056 (UBC); Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku to Hsin-ma-chia, Chuang I6I3
(UBC).
Habitats On humus.
Distribution: Nepal, Nilghiri, Ceylon, Java, Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu.
Epipterygium Lindb., Oefv. Kungl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Foreh. 19$
603, I863.
One species in Taiwan.
Epipterygium tozeri ( Grev.) Lindb., Oefv. Svensk. Vet. Akad.
Foerh. 21: 576, I865.
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield
252 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil or moist rocks. -204-
Distributions England, Wales, France, Italy, Portugal, Tangiers,
Madeira, Canary Islands, Himalaya, Java, Japan, Canada (British
Columbia), USA (Washington, Oregon, California), Azores, Caucasus.
This species is characterized by the dorsiventral plants, dimorphic leaves, and large leaf-cells that are narrow toward the margin forming a border. The above-cited specimen with capsules represents a genus new to Taiwan.
Leptobryum (B. S. G.) Wils., Bryol. Brit. 219, 1855.
One species in Taiwan.
Leptobryum pyriforme (Hedw.) Wils., Bryol. Brit. 219, 1855.
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-ti to waterfall, Chuang &
Schofield, 5^5 (UBC).
Habitat: Wet field and valleys.
Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
This species and genus are here first reported as new to
Taiwan. The narrowly lanceolate leaves, that are acuminate and slightly denticulate at the apex and with a broad costa give distinctive characters to this species.
Mielichhoferia Nees & Hornsch., Bryol. Germ. 2: 179, 1831.
One species in Taiwan.
Mielichhoferia mielichhoferi (Hook.) Wijk. & Marg., var. japonica (Besch.) Wijk. & Marg., Taxon 14: 197, 1965.
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Lu-shan, Chuang & Schofield 787 (UBC).
Habitat: On red soil.
Distribution: Japan. Genus new to Taiwan 1
The characters of the leaves are similar to Japanese species, -205- but the Japanese specimen grow in dense tufts whereas Taiwan materials grow loosely.
Orthodontium Schwaegr., Spec. Muse. Suppl. 2(2) s 123, 1826.
One species in Taiwan.
Orthodontium infractum Doz. et Molk., Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. ser. 3»
2: 33, 1844; Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimens Taichung Co. Hsueh-shan-shan-mo, near Chung-hsueh- shan, Z. Iwatsuki, A. J. & E. Sharp 940 (NICH).
Habitat: On rotten stumps.
Distributions Java, Borneo, Ceylon and Taiwan.
Pohlia Hedw., Spec. Muse. 171, 1801.
Five species and one variety in Taiwan.
Key to the species and variety of Pohlia
1. Leaf cells broad, 13-17ju wide; capsules as wide as long
when dry P. wahlenbergii
1. Leaf cells narrow, 3-7ju wide; capsules elongate-ovate,
cylindrical when dry 2
2. Costa ending below the apex ..3
3. Leaves ovate, leaf-cells rectangular or rhomboidal;
capsules pendulous P. nutans
3. Leaves lanceolate, leaf-cells vermicular; capsules
inclined P. longicolla
2. Costa percurrent or short excurrent
4. Leaves with distinct metallic lustre; leaf-margin
strongly revolute P. crudoides var. revolvens
4. Leaves without metallic lustre; leaf-margin not
revolute 5 -206-
5. Plants often with gemmae 5 costa reddish; capsules
with short neck, 3 mm long P. flexuosa
5. Plants without gemmae; costa greenish; capsules
with long neck, 5-6 mm long P. elongata
1. Pohlia crudoides (Sull. & Lesq.) Broth, var. revolvens
(Card.) Ochi, Rev. Bryac. Japan 13. 3, 1959; Ochi (1964, 1968);
Wang (1967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, S. Nakanishi (UK 13600).
Habitat: On soil or rocks.
Distribution: Alaska-Yukon, Japan and Taiwan.
2. Pohlia elongata Hedw., Spec. Muse. 171, 1801; Ochi (1959, 1962,
1964); Wang (1968, 1970).
Webera elongata (Hedw.) Schwaegr., Spec. Pl. ed. 4, 5(2):
48, 1832; Sasaoka (1928, 1928a).
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Chi-li-tien to Mt. Nan-hu-ta-shan,
Chuang 1733 (UBC).
Habitat: On soils.
Distribution: Europe, Macronesia, Africa, Kerguelen Islands, Asia,
Japan, North America.
3. Pohlia flexuosa Hook., Icon. Pl. Par. 1: 19, f. 5, I8365
Ochi (1959, 1962, 1964, 1968); Wang (1970).
Webera scabridens (Mitt.) Jaeg., Ber. S. Gall. Naturw. Ges.
1873-74: 130, 1875; Cardot (1905); Sasaoka (1928); Wang (I960).
Pohlia scabridens (Mitt.) Broth., Nat. Pfl. 1(3): 552, 1903;
Ihsiba (1935). -207-
Cited specimens Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 1978 (UBC);
Nantou Co. Chi-tou area, Chuang & Schofield 658 (UBC); Pingtung
Co. Shan-ping to Nan-feng-shan, Chuang 1978 (UBC).
Habitats On soil or moist rocks.
Distributions Malaya, China, Japan, Philippines, Ryukyu, Taiwan,
Central America, Northern South America.
4. Pohlia longicolla (Hedw.) Lindb., Muse. Scand. 18: 1879;
Ochi (1959, 1968); Wang (1967, 1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, A. Noguchi 6156, 6l88
(NOG)--not seen.
Habitat: On soil or rocks.
Distribution: Europe, Asia, North America.
5. Pohlia nutans (Hedw.) Lindb., Musci Scand. 18, 1879; Ochi
(1964); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, S. Nakanishi (UK 13510).
Habitat: Soils, rocks, humus and decaying wood.
Distribution: Widespread in both hemispheres.
6. Pohlia wahlenbergii (Web. & Mohr.) Andrew, in Grout, Moss Fl.
N. Am. 2: 203, 1935; Ochi (1959, 1968); Wang (1967. 1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, K. Kumata (Tl)--det. as
Mniobryum albicans--not seen.
Habitat: On soil and moist rocks.
Distribution: Europe, Algeria, Kerguelen Islands, North and
Central Asia, North and South America, Greenland.
Rhodobryum (Schimp.) Hamp., Linnaea 38: 663, 1874.
Two species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Rhodobryum -208-
1. Marginal teeth of leaf in one row; costa with a stereid just
below the centre in cross section; spores large (20-25ju)...
R. roseum
1. Marginal teeth of leaf in pairs; costa without a stereid in
cross-section; spores small (about 15>u) R. giganteum
1. Rhodobryum giganteum (Schwaegr.) Par., Ind. Bryol. 1116,
1898; Sasaoka (1920, 1928); Horikawa (1934); Ihsiba (1935);
Wang (I960).
Bryum giganteum (Schwaegr.) Arnott., Mem. Soc. Linn. Paris
5: 279, 1827; Ochi (1964, 1968); Wang (1970).
Rhodobryum roseum non Limpr., sensu Sasaoka Trans. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Formos. 18: 193, 1928.
Cited specimen: Kaohsiung Co. Nan-feng-shan, Chuang 989, 990
(UBC); Nantou Co. Chitou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield 467 (UBC).
Habitat: On cliff and humus.
Distribution: Himalaya, Sumatra, Java, Boreno, China, Japan,
Taiwan, Hawaii, Madagascar.
2. Rhodobryum roseum (Hedw.) Limpr., Laubm. Deutschl. 3? 444,
1892; Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (i960).
Bryum roseum (Hedw.) Crom., Samml. Deutsch. Laubm. 47, 1803;
Shin (1964); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. A-li, T. Shin 84l (Herb. Shin)
--not seen.
Habitat: On moist humus soil.
Distribution: Europe, Caucasus, Himalaya, Tibet, Nepal, China,
Japan, North America. -209-
Family: Mniaceae
According to Koponen's paper on "The keys to the Mniaceae in Taiwan" (in press), fifteen species of this family have been listed. Six species are reported as new to Taiwan. The citation of Mnium heterophyllum and Orthomnion loheri are based on my collections. I have followed some of Koponen's treatment.
Five genera present in Taiwan.
Key to the genera of Mniaceae
1. Leaf margin toothed 2
2. Plants branched at the upper portion of stems; margin not
bordered .Mnium immarginatum
2. Plants unbranched; leaf margins with differentiated
border. 3
3. Leaf-margin with single teeth Plagiomnium
3. Leaf-margin with double teeth Mnium
1. Leaf margin entire 4
k. Plants with upright shoots; leaf-border bi-multistratose;
reddish color present in gametophyte Rhizomnium
4. Plants with creeping shoots; leaf border unistratose;
reddish color absent in gametophyte 5
5. Leaf border absent or 1-2 cells wide; costa ending
below the leaf apex; capsules erect 6
6. Seta 0.5 cm long at most; calyptra not hairy; leaf-
cells isodiametric with distinctly pitted walls..
,, Orthomniopsis
6. Seta about 2 cm long; calyptra hairy; leaf-cells -210-
elongate, without distinctly pitted walls...Orthomnion
5. Leaf border 2-5 cells wide; costa reaching the leaf apex;
capsules horizontal or pendulous Plagiomnium
Mnium Hedw., Spec. Muse. 188, 1801.
Four species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Mnium
1. Costa ending below leaf-apex 2
2. Stems branched at the upper portion; leaf-margin not
border Mnium immarginatum
2. Stems not branched; leaf-margin bordered with elongate
cells M. heterophyllum
1. Costa reaching leaf-apex 3
3. Costa smooth; leaves oblong M. laevinerve
3. Costa toothed; leaves lanceolate...... ,M. lycopodioides
1. Mnium heterophyllum (Hook.) Schwaegr., Spec. Muse. Suppl.
2(2)s 22, 159, 1826.
Mnium heterophyllum var. sapporense (Besch.) Kabiersch,
Hedwigia 76: 22, 1936; Wang (1970).
Mnium sapporense Besch., Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. ser. 7, 17' 3^5,
1893; Horikawa (193*0 i Ihsiba (1935).
Cited specimen: Taichung Co. Li-shan, Chuang 833 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil under forest.
Distribution: East Manchuria, Japan and Taiwan.
2. Mnium immarginatum Broth., Act. Soc. Fenn. 19(12): 12, 1892;
Kabiersch (1936); Chen (1963); Wang (1970).
Mnium arcuatum Broth., Hedwigia 38: 221, 1899; Brotherus -211-
(1924); Noguchi (1934); Ihsiba (1935); Horikawa (1934);
Sakurai (1935); Wang (i960).
Cited specimens Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, A. Noguchi 6274, 6320,
6655 (NOG)--not seen.
Habitat: On decayed logs or humus in subalpine areas.
Distribution: Siberia, Central Asia (Altai), Yunnan, mainland
China, Manchuria, Korea, Japan and Taiwan.
Kabiersch (1936) and Koponen (1968) both have studied this
interesting species, which possesses intermediate characters
between Leucolepis, Trachystis and Mnium. The position of this
species is still uncertain. Kabiersch proposed a section Pseudo-
leucolepis for this species and Koponen suggests that this may
belong to Leucolepis.
This species can be recognized by its unistratose leaf
border, single teeth and curved stems about 4 cm high, branched
at the upper portion.
3. Mnium laevinerve Card., Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve ser. 2, 1: 128,
1909; Sakurai (1935); Wang (1968, 1970).
Mnium arisanense Sak., Bot. Mag. Tokyo 49: 682, 1935; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, A. Noguchi 4313 (MAK);
Chiayi Co. Mt. A-li-shan, A. Noguchi VIII, 1932—Holotype of
M. arisanense (MAK 4335).
Habitat: On soils.
Distribution: Himalaya, India, mainland China, Japan, Korea and
Taiwan. -212-
Koponen reduced M. arisanense to a synonym of M. leaevinerve, but my examination of the holotype of that species shows the leaf- margin sharply toothed with 3-4 rows of cells forming the borders this character does not precisely match M. laevinerve.
4. Mnium lycopodioides Schwaegr., Spec. Muse. Suppl. 2(2): 24, 160, 1826.
Mnium marginatum (With.) P. Beauv., Prodr. 75, 1805;
Sakurai (1935); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, A. Noguchi 4322 (MAK)— det. as M. marginatum.
Habitat: On soil and humus.
Distribution: Himalaya, Western China (Yunnan). New to Taiwan.
This species was discovered by Koponen as new to Taiwan.
I have checked a specimen named as M. marginatum in Makino Herb.
The character of leaf cells and marginal teeth match well those of M. lycopodioides.
Orthomnion Wils., in Mitten, Kew J. Bot. 9« 368, 1857.
One species in Taiwan.
Orthomnion loheri Broth. Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Soc. Foerh. 47(14): 6,
1905.
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 2101 (UBC).
Habitat: On tree trunk.
Distribution: Philippines and west Indies. New to Taiwan.
This species was discovered by Koponen as a species new to
Taiwan (Koponen in press). He pointed out that the 2 cm long, erect seta and leaf-characters match well those of the genus, -213-
but the leaves on stolons have a long, acute apex which differs
from the type.
Orthomniopsis Broth., Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Soc. Foerh. 4-9(10):
1, 1907.
One species in Taiwan.
Orthomniopsis dilatata (Mitt.) Nog., Flora E. Himalaya 563, 1966;
Koponen (1968).
Orthomniopsis japonica Broth., Oefv. Finsk. Vet. Soc. Foerh.
49: 1, 190?; Wang (1967. 1970).
Orthomnium curiossimum Horik., Bot. Mag. Tokyo 50: 382, 34,
1936.
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Y. Horikawa Aug. 23,
1932--Holotype of 0. curiossimum (HIRO)--not seen.
Habitat: On tree trunks or cliff walls.
Distribution: Himalaya, West China (Szechuan, Yunnan), Japan,
Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea.
This species is easily recognized by its pitted cell-walls
of leaf-cells. Koponen (in press) reduced Orthomnion curiossimum
to this species. From an examination of illustration of Horikawa
(1936),1 I agree with this disposition.
Plagiomnium Kop., Ann. Bot. Fenn. S' l45» 1968.
Six species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Plagiomnium--This key partly adapted
from Koponen (in press).
1. Leaves obovate or elliptic, acute; only the upper part of the
leaf-margin toothed P. trichomanes -214-
1. Leaves oblong, elliptic, obtuse or emarginate; leaf margin
toothed down to the leaf base 2
2. Marginal teeth short, formed by 1 (2-3) cells, leaves
elliptic or oblong; operculum rostrate 3
2. Marginal teeth ciliate, formed by 1-4 cells; leaves
elliptic; operculum not rostrate P. tezukae
3. Leaves oblong, undulate 4
4. Only a few cells at center of lamina longer than
25>u, cells irregularly arranged, incrassate;
dioecious. .P. maximoviczii
4. Numerous laminal cells longer than 25ju lamina
cells mainly in clear rows of similar shape, with
small corner thickening; cell-walls slightly
incrassate; synoecious P. rhynchophorum
3. Leaves narrowly elliptic to broadly elliptic, not
undulate 5
5. Leaf margin bordered by 3-4 rows of narrow linear
incrassate cells; costa generally reaching apex;
leaves with decurrent bases P. integrum
5- Leaf margin with only 1 (-2) rows of linear cells,
thin-walled; costa rarely reaching apex; leaves
without decurrent leaf bases... P. succulentum
1. Plagiomnium integrum (Bosch. & Lac.) Kop. in press.
Mnium succulentum var. integrum Nog., J. Jap. Bot. 2?: 32,
1952; Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Wang (i960, 1968, 1969, 19?0).
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 2182 (UBC).
Habitat: On wet rocks. -215-
Distribution: Tropical and subtropical eastern Asia and new to
Taiwan CKop. in press).
2. Plagiomnium maximoviczii (Lindb.) Kop., Ann. Bot. Fenn. 5:
147, 1968.
Mnium maximoviczii Lindb., Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn. 10: 224,
1872; Horikawa (193*0; Ihsiba (1935); Kabiersch (1936);
Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Iwatsuki (1959); Sakurai (1935);
Wang (i960, 1970).
Mnium spathulatum Mitt., Trans. Linn. Soc. London Bot.
ser. 2, 3: 166, 1899; Horikawa (193*+); Ihsiba (1935);
Herz. & Noguchi (1955); Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Li-shan, Chuang 828 (UBC); Pingtung Co.
First water resource to Kwai-ku, Chuang 1259 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil and rocks.
Distribution: China, Korea, Japan and Taiwan.
3. Plagiomnium rhyncophorum (Hook.) Kop. (in press).
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Chi-li-tien, Chuang 1903 (UBC); Nantou
Co. Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield 295 (UBC); Pingtung
Co. Kwai-ku, Chuang 1365 (UBC).
Habitat: On decayed log.
Distribution: Tropical and subtropical eastern Asia including
Japan (from Kop., in press).
4. Plagiomnium succulentum (Mitt.) Kop., Ann. Bot. Fenn. 5: l**-7»
1968.
Mnium succulentum Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl. 1: 143,
1859; Sakurai (1935); Noguchi (1952); Wang (i960, 1970). -216-
Mnium formosicum Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19: 112, 13,
1905; Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka (1928); Horikawa (1935);
Sakurai (1935, 1941); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Noguchi (1952).
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Hsin-wu-tan to first water resource
Chuang 1215 (UBC).
Habitat: On wet rock face.
Distribution: Himalaya, Assam, Tonkin, Sumatra, South West China,
Java, Japan, Ryukyu, Taiwan, Philippines.
5. Plagiomnium tezukae ( Sak.) Kop. (in press).
Cited specimen: Hwalien Co. Between Ta-yu-ling and Mt. Ho-huan-shan
K. 18081, 18083, 18200, 18229; Mt. Ho-huan-shan, K. 18161 — all cited specimens from Koponen (in press).
Habitat: On soil and humus.
Distribution: Japan, Korea. New to Taiwan 1 ( Koponen, in press).
6. Plagiomnium trichomanes ( Mitt.) Kop., Ann. Bot. Fenn. 5: 146, 1968.
Mnium trichomanes Mitt., Kew J. Bot. 8: 231, I856; Okamura
(1916); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Horikawa
(1935); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Hakkosho, Y. Shimada 20, VI, 1914
(NICH ?)—not seen.
Habitat: On soil or rocks.
Distribution: North West Himalaya, China, Manchuria, Kamutschaka,
Korea, Japan, Ryukyu and Taiwan.
Rhizomnium Koponen, Ann. Bot. Fenn. 5: 142, I968.
Three species in Taiwan. -217-
Key to the species of Rhizomnium, partly adapted from
from Koponen (in press).
1. Leaf apex not apiculate; border of a single layer, not reddish.
R. perssonii
1. Leaf apex apiculate; border of 2-3 layers of cells, reddish...2
2. Plants less than 3 cm high; leaves narrowly elliptic or
obovate; costa percurrent, laminal cells 80JA. . R. striatulum
2. Plants up to 5 cm high; leaves broadly obovate; costa
ending before the apex, laminal cells 120ju R. horikawae
1. Rhizomnium horikawae ( Nog.) Kop., J. Hattori Bot. Lab.
34: 380, 1971.
Mnium horikawae Nog., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formos. 24:
290, 1934; Sakurai (1935); Wang (i960, 1970).
Mnium punctatum var. horikawae ( Nog.) Noguchi, Fl. East
Himalaya 562, I966.
Mnium punctatum var. punctatum sensu Wang, Biol. Bull.
Tunghai Univ. 35: 5, 1968.
Cited specimen: Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, A. Noguchi 65IO (NICH)
--Holotype of M. horikawae--not seen.
Habitat: On rotten wood and humus.
Distribution: Himalaya and Taiwan.
2. Rhizomnium perssonii Kop., Memor. Soc. F. Fl. Fenn. 44: 34,
1968.
Mnium pseudopunctatum Bruch. & Schimp., London J. Bot. 2:
669, 1843; Kabiersch (1936); Wang (1970). -218-
Mnium subglobosum B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. 4s 205, 388, 1846;
Horikawa (1934, 1950); Ihsiba (1935); Sakurai (1935).
Cited specimens Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, A. Noguhci 636I (NICH)
--not seen.
Habitats On moist soil in open valley.
Distribution; Himalaya and Taiwan.
According to Koponen (in press), Taiwanese R. pseudopunctatum is possibly based on the synoecious race of R. perssonii. The sexuality of this race is similar to R. pseudopunctatum, but the shape of capsules and structure of outer peristome are quite different.
The Taiwan record of R. pseudopunctatum originated from
M. subglobosum B. S. G. which was reported by Horikawa (1934).
I have not studied the cited specimen, but I follow Koponen and treat that name as a synonym of R. perssonii.
3. Rhizomnium striatulum ( Mitt.) Kop., Ann. Bot. Fenn. 5s 143,
1968; Koponen (1971).
Mnium striatulum Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. ser. 2, 3: I67,
1891j Nakanishi (1963)1 Wang (I967. 1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Upper part of Lao-nung river, near
Pa-tung-kuan, S. Nakanishi 386 (UK 13454).
Habitat: On the rotten wood or rocks.
Distribution: Himalaya, Japan, Korea, India, Sikkim, Taiwan.
Family: Rhizogoniaceae
Only one genus present in this family.
Rhizogonium Brid., Bryol. Univ. 2: 644, 1827.
b -219-
Three species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Rhizogonium
1. Leaves about 1 cm long; floral buds and sporophyte arising from
the middle of stems.. R. dozyanum
1. Leaves about (3)5-6 mm long; floral buds and sporophytes
arising at the base of stems 2
2. Dioicous; leaves broadest at the middle R. badakense
2. Monoicous ( Synoicous); leaves broadest at the base
R. spiniforme
1. Rhizogonium badakense Fl., Muse. Fl. Buitenzorg 2; 595, 1904;
Horikawa (1935); Iwatsuki (1968).
Rhizogonium longiflorum sensu Noguchi, Misc. Bryol. et Lich.
4(5): 86, 1967.
Cited specimens Taipei Co. Yang-ming-shan to Tsu-tzu-hu, Chuang
& Sbhofield 141 (UBC).
Habitats On decayed log and humus.
Distributions Java, Taiwan, Ryukyu and Japan.
Dixon (1935) reduced R. badakense as a synonym of
R« longiflorum. Noguchi (I967) mentioned the distribution of
R. longiflorum involving Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia and Japan, but Iwatsuki (I969) studied the above two species and found them to be different taxa. R. longiflorum is restricted to North Borneo and therefore should be excluded from moss flora of Taiwan.
This species is characterized by its leaves not narrowed to the insertion, the filiform perichaetial leaves, acuminate with a broader base, and the dioicous inflorescence. -220-
2. Rhizogonium dozyanum Lac, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2: 295,
9, 1866; Noguchi (1938, 196?); Wang (1968, 1970).
Cited specimen: This species was reported by Noguchi and Wang.
Voucher specimen need reexamination.
Habitat: On humus.
Distribution: Japan, China and Taiwan.
3. Rhzogonium spiniforme ( Hedw.) Bruch in Krauss, Flora 29: 134,
1846; Okamura (1916); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935)5
Horikawa (1935); Herzog & Noguchi (1955); Wang (i960, 1970);
Shin (1965).
Rhizogonium armatum Sakurai, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 55: 207, 1941;
Sakurai (1951); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. A-li-shan, M. Sato, Jan. 1936—
Herb. Sak. 13922 (MAK).
Habitat: On decayed logs and soil.
Distribution: Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Malay Pen., Celebes, Boreno,
Sumatra, Java, Sumbowa, Ceylon, Philippines, Taiwan, Ryukyu, Japan,
Africa, Madagascar, Central and south America, Hawaii, Tahiti,
New Guinea, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia.
This species is similar to R. badakense in general appearence, but the shape of leaves, perichaetial leaves and monoicous inflorescence are different from the latter species.
As Shin (1965) has discussed, R. armatum is better reduced to a variation of R. spiniforme. My collections are strongly dendroid, I am not sure this form should be separated as a different taxon. -221-
Family: Hypnodendraceae
One genus in Taiwan.
Hypnodendron ( C, Muell.) Lindb., Oefv. K. Vet. Ak. Foerh.
18: 374, 1861.
Only one species in Taiwan.
Hypnodendron vitiense Mitt., in Seem., Fl. Vit. 401, 1873;
Noguchi (1963); Wang (I967, 1970); Zanten (1968).
Hypnodendron formosicum Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19:
147, 1905; Brotherus (1924); Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929,
1935); Horikawa (1936); Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Taitum, U. Faurie 55 (KYO)--Isotype
of Hypnodendron formosicum.
Habitat: On humus.
Distribution: Ryukyu, Taiwan, Philippines, Fiji, Solomon Island,
New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago.
This species is different from others of the genus by its
dendroid habit, narrowly linear-leaf-cells, about 3-5 u wide and
papillose on the back by projecting ends.
Family: Bartramiaceae
Six genera in Taiwan.
Key to the genera of Bartramiaceae
1. Leaves plicate at the base; basal leaf-cells linear...... Breutelia
1. Leaves not plicate; basal leaf-cells rectangular 2
2. Capsules ovoid, with a distinctly long neck..Fleischerobryum
2. Capsules globose,. without neck.. 3 -222-
3. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or subulate, with a distinctly
sheathing base Bartramia
3. Leaves lanceolate or ovate, without a distinctly sheathing
base . 4
4. Plants never branched in whorls at the top of stem; leaves
stiff, closely appressed when dry Anacolia
4. Plants branched in whorls at the top of stem; leaves soft,
not appressed when dry , 5
5. Sporophytes 2-5 in an aggregation; peristome single or
absent; leaf-cells smooth or with thicking at the apical
angle Bartramidula
5. Sporophytes single; peristome double; leaf-cells with
distinct papillae at the end. Philonotis
Anacolia Schimp., Syn. ed. 2: 513, 18?6,
One species in Taiwan.
Anacolia laevisphaera ( Tayl.) Flow., in Grout, Moss Fl. North Am.
2s 155, 1935s Iwatsuki & Sharp (1970).
Cited specimens Chiayi Co. near Mt. Morrison, between Tong-pu and
Pai-mu-ling, Z. Iwatsuki, A. J. & E. Sharp, 2274 (NICH).
Habitats On soil.
Distribution: India, North and South America, Juan Fernandez
Island, Abyssinia.
This species is characterized by the stems with many rhizoids, leaves sharply serrate by double teeth and leaf-cells papillae at both ends. -223-
Bartramia Hedw., Spec. Muse. 164, 1801.
Three species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Bartramia
1. Plants small, about 1-3 cm high; leaves with a hyaline and
sheathing base, margins finely serrate; upper part of lamina
opaque, partially bistratose B. ithyphylla
1. Plants large, up to 10 cm high; leaves without sharply
sheathing base, margins strongly doubly serrate, upper part
of lamina unistratose 2
2. Leaves linear-subulate, abruptly narrowed from a broad
subsheathing base; seta 2-3 aggregate, short, 3-5 (10) mm
long, not longer than length of leaves B. halleriana
2. Leaves with an ovate-base, narrowly elongate-lanceolate,
not sheathing, subulate; seta solitary, long exserted
3 cm long B. pomiformis
1. Bartramia halleriana Hedw., Sp. Mus. 164, 1801; Iwatsuki
(1955); Noguchi (I960); Ochi (1964). Wang (1967, 1970).
Bartramia norvegica Lindb., Oefv. Vet. Ak. Foerh. 20(7)
389, 1863; Horikawa (1939).
Bartramia alpicola Noguchi, J. Jap. Bot. 14: 400, 1938.
. Bartramia pomiformis Hedw. sensu Wang, Biol. Bull. Tunghai
Univ. 31: 6, 1967; Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Hsinchu Co. Kuei-shan, C. K. Wang 1583a, l66la
(THU)--det. as B. pomiformis.
Habitat: On soil and humus.
Distribution: Europe, Caucasus, North America, Aferica, mainland
China, Japan, Taiwan. -224-
The above-cited specimen reported by Wang (1967, 1970) as
B. pomiformis is this species.
2. Bartramia ithyphylla Brid., Muse. Rec. 2(3): 132, t. 1, f. 6.
1803; Ochi (1962, 1964); Wang (1967, 1970).
Bartramia morrisonensis Nog., J. Jap. Bot. 14: 402, 1938.
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. First water resource to Kwai-ku,
Chuang 1314 (UBC).
Habitat: On rocks covered with soils.
Distribution: Europe, Caucasus, Himalaya, mainland China, Hawaii,
Alaska, Africa, North America, Mexico, Japan, North and Central
Asia, Greenland.
3. Bartramia pomiformis Hedw., Spec. Muse. 164, 1801.
Bartramia crispata Schimp. ex Besch., Ann. Sci. Nat. ser.
7, 17: 348, 1893; Horikawa (1935).
Cited specimen: Mt. Morrison, Y. Horikawa, Aug. 19, 1932 (HIRO)— det. as B. crispata—not seen.
Habitat: On soil (rich humus) in shady places.
Distribution: Europe, North America, Greenland, Algeria, Maderia,
North and Central Asia, Japan.
The present species was reported by Horikawa from Taiwan under name of B. crispata. According to Ochi (1962) the name should be considered a synonym of B. pomiformis. I have not examined the cited specimen from HIRO.
Bartramidula B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. 4: 55. 1846.
Three species in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Bartramidula -225-
1. Leaf-margins strongly revolute; peristome present
B. bartramioides
1. Leaf-margins slightly recurved; peristome absent 2
2. Leaves lanceolate; costa percurrent or ending below
the apex; seta curved B. cernua
2. Leaves subulate-linear; costa long excurrent; seta
erect...... B. roylei
1. Bartramidula bartramioides (Griff.) Wijk. & Marg., Taxon
7: 289, 1958; Ochi (1963); V/ang (1970).
Bartramia griffithiana Kabiersch, Hedwigia 77s 92, 1937;
Sakurai (1941).
Philonotis griffithiana Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl.
Is 59, 1859s Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (I960).
Cited specimens Taipei Co. Raku-raku, A. Noguchi in Herb. Sak.
13047 (MAK)--not seen.
Habitats On soil and rocks.
Distributions Himalaya, Sikkim, Assam, India, Philippines, Burma,
Java and Taiwan.
2. Bartramidula roylei (Hook, f.) B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. 4s 55,
1846; Noguchi (1938); Ochi (1963); Wang (1970).
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Chi-tou to waterfall, Chuang &
Schofield 569 (UBC); Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 2004 (UBC).
Habitat: On soil and rocks.
Distribution: Himalaya, China (Yunnan), India, Philippines,
Ceylon, Taiwan. -226-
3. Bartramidula cernua (Wils.) Lindb., Oefv. Svensk. Vet. Ak.
Foerh. 20; 389, I863.
Bartramidula wilsonii B. S. G., Bryol. Eur. 4$ 57, 327,
1846; Noguchi (1938); Ochi (1963)? Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, T. Shin, in Herb. Sak.
14023 (MAK)--not seen.
Habitats On soil and rocks.
Distributions Europe, China (Yunnan), Taiwan, North America,
Iceland, Britain Islands, Fernando Po.
Breutelia (B. S. G.) Schimp., Coroll. 85, 1856.
Only one species in Taiwan.
Breutelia arundinifolia (Dub.). Fl., Musci Fl. Buitenzorg 2: 630,
120, 1904; Horikawa (1936); Ochi (1963, 1964); Zanten (1968);
Wang (1970).
Cited specimens Pingtung Co. Kwai-ku, Chuang 1421 (UBC).
Habitats On ground in forest.
Distributions Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Boreno, Celebes,
Sumatra, Java, New Guinea, Tasmania, Hawaii, Lombok, India.
This species is characterized by having a stem densely covered with rhizoids (up to 10-20 cm high) and by the plicate leaves with an obovate sheathing base and linear leaf-cells with papillae on the end walls.
Fleischerobryum Loesk., Stud. Morph. Syst. Laubm. 127, 1910.
Only one species in Taiwan.
Fleischerobryum longicblle (Hamp.) Loesk., Morph. Syst. Stud.
Laubm. 127, 1910; Ochi (1963); Wang (1968, 1970); Chuang &
Iwatsuki (1970). -227-
Breutelia chrysocoma sensu Yang & Lee, Bot. Bull. Acad.
Sinica n. ser. 5(2): 183, 1964; Wang (196?, 1970).
Philonotis longicollis (Hamp.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot.
Suppl. 1: 64, 1859? Noguchi (1938).
Cited specimen: Nantou Co. Chi-tou, M. T. Kao, 503 (TAI)—det. as
B. chrysocoma; Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield 409 (UBC).
Habitat: On moist or wet rocks.
Distribution: Himalaya, Java, India, China (Yunnan), Japan and
Taiwan.
Philonotis Brid., Bryol. Univ. 2: 15, 1827.
Eight species and one variety in Taiwan.
Key to the species of Philonotis
1. Costa ending below the apex 2
2. Leaf-margin not recurved; leaf-cells of apex linear or
narrow hexagonal; marginal cells distinctly mammillose...
P. vitrea
2. Leaf-margin distinctly recurved; leaf cells of apex
quadrate; marginal cells not mammillose P. hastata
1. Costa excurrent or percurrent 3
3. Leaves distinctly ovate; Leaf-cells rectangular 4
4. Leaves triangularly ovate, strongly carinate-concave,
margin plane, teeth single, the upper ends of leaf-cells
papillose 5
5. Costa excurrent, apex long acuminate....P. falcata
5. Costa nearly percurrent, apex short acute...
P. falcata var. carinata
4. Leaves broadly ovate, not keeled, margin revolute, -228-
teeth paired, the lower end or central part of leaf
cells mammillose P. fontana
3. Leaves distinctly narrow, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate,
leaf-cells linear 6
6. Basal leaf-cells distinctly quadrangular P. socia
6. Basal leaf-cells not quadrangular 7
7. Plants soft, leaves with long, filiform hair-
point, leaf-cells nearly smooth, areolation very
lax P. mollis
7. Plants rigid, leaves with bristle-like point, leaf-
cells papillose, areolation dense 8
8. Leaves triangular-linear, margin plane; costa
percurrent P. turneriana
8. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, margin
strongly revolute; costa long-excurrent
P. revoluta
1. Philonotis falcata (Hook.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl.
Is 62, 1859; Wang (1968, 1970).
Cited specimens Nantou Co. Chi-tou to Chi-ti, Chuang & Schofield
526 (UBC); Ilan Co. Mt. Tai-ping-shan, Chuang 2197 (UBC).
Habitat: On wet or moist soil and rocks.
Distributions Japan, Korea, Philippines, China (Yunnan), Nepal,
India, Africa.
According to Ochi (1962), this species has the following characters: leaves more triangular, more strongly carinate, arranged in regular rows on stems, acuminate, cells of leaf- -229-
blade conspicuously broader toward base, which is only slightly
narrowed. In my observation, the leaves are long-acuminate,
the costa excurrent.
2. Philonotis falcata (Hook, f.) Mitt. var. carinata (Mitt.)
Ochi, Nov. Hedwigia 4: 100, 1962; Wang (1967, 1970).
Philonotis laxissima non (C. Muell.) Bosch. & Lac. sensu
Cardot Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19: 108. 1905; Sasaoka (1928);
Ihsiba (1929, 1935)5 Sakurai (1941); Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Kushaku, U. Faurie 123 (KYO).
Habitats On moist or wet rocks and soils.
Distribution: Japan, Korea, Ryukyu and Taiwan.
This variety is very similar to the species, but the leaves are less carinate, more lanceolate than ovate or triangular leaf-base, irregularly shrinking when dry, leaf apex acute or obtuse; costa shorter percurrent or just ending below the apex and leaf-cells in upper part with lax areolation.
3. Philonotis fontana (Hedw.) Brid., Bryol. Univ. 2: 18, 1827;
Wang (1967, 1970).
Philonotis lutea Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. Suppl. 1: 63,
1859 5 Sakurai (1941).
Cited specimen: Chiayi Co. Mt. Morrison, T. Shin, July 1939
in Herb. Sak. 13223 (MAK). --not seen.
Habitat: On wet soil.
Distribution: Europe, North America, Alaska, Greenland, India
Sikkim, Himalaya and Taiwan.
Wang (1967) listed this species, but without definite -230- locality. Sakurai cited a specimen under name P. lutea.
This species is characterized by its broad ovate leaves and leaf-cells mammillose at the lower end or center.
4. Philonotis hastata (Dub.) Wijk. & Marg., Taxon 8: 74, 1959;
Ochi (1962); Wang (1967, 1970).
Philonotis glomerata non Mitt., sensu Herz. & Noguchi
J. Hattori 3ot. Lab. 14: 62, 1955; Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: Locality unknown. Citation from Herzog &
Noguchi (1955).
Habitat: On wet rocks.
Distribution: Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Madagacar, India,
Sumatra, Java, Borneo.
This species was listed by Herzog & Noguchi (1955) from
Taiwan under the name P. glomerata, but the locality of the above cited specimen is unknown. This species needs reassessment.
5. Philonotis mollis (Doz. & Molk.) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot.
Suppl. 1: 60, 1859.
Cited specimen: Pingtung Co. Shuang-liu, Chuang 873 (UBC).
Habitat: On wet soil by stream.
Distribution: Madagascar, India, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes,
Philippines, Japan, Java, Hawaii (?). New to Taiwan 1
The above-cited specimen has been compared with materials in UBC. The softer leaves with the longer excurrent costa forming a hair-point, more lax areolation and leaf-cells along costa on basal leaf 120-70 x 25-20ju are characteristic.
6. Philonotis revoluta Bosch. & Lac, Bryol. Jav. 1: 158, 128,
1961; Ochi (1963, 1964); Wang (1967, 1970). -231-
Philonotis radicalis non Brid., sensu Cardot Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 19: 108, 1905; Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929);
Wang (I960, 1970).
Philonotis setchuanica (C. Muell.) Par. var. formosica
Cardot, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19: 108, 1905; Ihsiba
(1935).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Keelung, U. Faurie, 185 (KYO)—det.
as P. setchuanica var. formosica; Nantou Co. Chi-tou, Chuang
& Schofield 657 (UBC).
Habitat: On mist or wet soils and rocks.
Distribution: Japan, Korea, East India, mainland China, Taiwan,
Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines.
This species is very close to P. turneriana, but the leaf- margin is strongly revolute, carinate and the costa long excurrent
with a denticulate arista.
7. Philonotis socia Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 8: 151, 1864;
Sasaoka (1928); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Ochi (1963, 1964); Wang (i960, 1970).
Philonotis setchuanica (C. Muell.) Par. var. formosica
Card., Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 19: 108, 1905; Sasaoka (1928);
Ihsiba (1935).
Philonotis falcata (Hook) Mitt. var. formosica (Card.) Wijk.
& Marg., Taxon 14: 197, 1965.
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Taitum, U. Faurie 168 (KYO)— Isotype
of P. setchuanica var. formosica.
Habitat: On moist or wet soils and rocks. -232-
Distribution: Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
This species is distinguished from the other species of
Philonotis by its distinctly quadrate basal leaf-cells.
Kabiersch (1938) compared P. setchuanica var. formosica
with P. falcata and concluded that both are identical. Wijk. &
Margadent (1965) placed this variety under P. falcata without
any discussion.
According to Ochi (1963), P. setchuanica var. formosica
is a synonym of P. socia, he gave a critical discussion as
follows: The plants are slightly more robust than typical
P. socia but the leaves are very similar in both shape and areolation; the cells in the basal marginal part are nearly quadrangular and are very characteristic.
8. Philonotis turneriana (Schwaegr ) Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot.
Suppl. 1: 62, 1859; Sasaoka (1920); Ihsiba (1929); Herz. &
Noguchi (1955); Ochi (1962); Wang (i960, 1970).
Philonotis palustris Mitt., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 8: 150,
1864; Salmon (1900); Cardot (1905); Sasaoka (1928);
Okamura (1916); Ihsiba (1929, 1935); Wang (i960).
Philonotis radicalis non Brid., sensu Cardot Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 19: 108, 1905; Ihsiba (1935).
Philonotis mollis non (Doz. & Molk.) Mitt, sensu Herz.
& Noguchi J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 14: 62, 1955; Wang (i960).
Cited specimen: Taipei Co. Tamsui, U. Faurie 82 (KYO)—det. as
P. radicalis; Greenland Island (Kwashyto) G. H. Schwabe 115
(NICH 28045); Botel Tobago G. H. Schwabe 86 (NICH 28018). -233-
Habitat: On wet or moist soils and rocks, cliffs.
Distribution: Japan, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Philippines,
Nepal, Himalaya, Burma, Java, Hawaii.
This species was reported by Salmon in 1900; he examined a specimen of Oldham's collection from Taiwan, which was de• posited in Kew Herbarium and named P. palustris, but with specific locality unknown.
I have studied two specimens of P. mollis from NICH which were cited in Herzog & Noguchi (1955) and found them to be P. turneriana. As Herzog & Noguchi indicated, this species is doubtfully placed in P. mollis, because the leaf apex is shorter and the areolation thicker.
9. Philonotis vitrea Herz. & Noguchi, J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 14:
62, 1955; Ochi (1963); Wang (i960, 1970).
Cited specimen: Botel Tobago, G. H. Schwabe l6la (NICH 28038)--
Holotype of P. vitrea.
Habitat: On wet rocks.
Distribution: Endemic to Taiwan.
This species is very similar to P. hastata, however, the leaf-cells of apex are linear or narrow hexagonal instead of quadrate as in P. hastata. The distinctly mammillose leaf-margin is characteristic.
Family: Spiridentaceae
One genus in Taiwan.
Spiridens Nees, Nov. Act. Ac. Leop. Car. 11(1): 143, I823. -234-
One species in Taiwan.
Spiridens reinwardtii Nees, Nov. Act. Ac. Leop. Car. 11(1): 143,
17a, 1823; Horikawa (1934, 1939); Wang (1970).
Cited specimen: Taitung Co. Ching-suei-ying, M. Tagawa, 2942
(NICH)
Habitat: On tree trunk.
Distribution: Java, Celebes, New Guinea, Molucca, Timor, Borneo,
Philippines and Taiwan. -235-
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