28/11/2019 Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
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Datasheet Additional resources (datasheet/additionalresources/6973? scientificName=Arracacia%20xanthorrhiza) Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
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Datasheet
Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
Index
Identity (datasheet/6973#toidentity) Summary of Invasiveness (datasheet/6973#tosummaryOfInvasiveness) Taxonomic Tree (datasheet/6973#totaxonomicTree) Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature (datasheet/6973#tonotesOnTaxonomyAndNomenclature) Description (datasheet/6973#todescription) https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6973 1/21 28/11/2019 Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
Plant Type (datasheet/6973#toplantType) Distribution (datasheet/6973#todistribution) Distribution Table (datasheet/6973#todistributionTable) History of Introduction and Spread (datasheet/6973#tohistoryOfIntroductionAndSpread) Introductions (datasheet/6973#tointroductions) Risk of Introduction (datasheet/6973#toriskOfIntroduction) Habitat (datasheet/6973#tohabitat) Habitat List (datasheet/6973#toenvironments) Biology and Ecology (datasheet/6973#tobiologyAndEcology) Climate (datasheet/6973#toclimate) Latitude/Altitude Ranges (datasheet/6973#tolatitudeAndAltitudeRanges) Air Temperature (datasheet/6973#toairTemperature) Rainfall (datasheet/6973#torainfall) Rainfall Regime (datasheet/6973#torainfallRegime) Soil Tolerances (datasheet/6973#tosoilTolerances) Notes on Natural Enemies (datasheet/6973#tonotesOnNaturalEnemies) Means of Movement and Dispersal (datasheet/6973#tomeansOfMovementAndDispersal) Pathway Causes (datasheet/6973#topathwayCauses) Pathway Vectors (datasheet/6973#topathwayVectors) Risk and Impact Factors (datasheet/6973#toriskAndImpactFactors) Uses (datasheet/6973#touses) Uses List (datasheet/6973#tousesList) Similarities to Other Species/Conditions (datasheet/6973#tosimilaritiesToOtherSpeciesOrConditions) Prevention and Control (datasheet/6973#topreventionAndControl) Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs (datasheet/6973#togapsInKnowledgeOrResearchNeeds) References (datasheet/6973#toreferences) Links to Websites (datasheet/6973#tolinksToWebsites) Contributors (datasheet/6973#tocontributors) Distribution Maps (datasheet/6973#toDistributionMaps) Summary
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Datasheet Type(s) Compendia CAB International Documented Species Wallingford Host Plant Oxfordshire OX10 8DE UK Preferred Scientific Name [email protected] (mailto:[email protected]) Arracacia xanthorrhiza
Preferred Common Name arracacha
Taxonomic Tree Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Dicotyledonae (datasheet/6973#toDistributionMaps) More information Summary of Invasiveness (datasheet/6973#toDistributionMaps) A. xanthorriza is a biennial to perennial herb, which is mainly reported from cultivation or as https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6973 2/21 28/11/2019 Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
persistent in old fields and nearby areas. It is mostly confined to South American Andean regions and is a major c...
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Identity Top of page
Preferred Scientific Name Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancr.
Preferred Common Name arracacha
Other Scientific Names Arracacha esculenta DC. Arracacia andina Britton Arracacia esculenta D.C. Bancroftia decipiens R.K.Porter Bancroftia xanthorrhiza (Bancr.) Billb. Conium arracacha Hook.
International Common Names English: peruvian carrot; Peruvian-carrot; Peruvian-parsnip; white-carrot; yellow cassava Spanish: apio criollo; arracacha; arracha (Bolivia); racacha (Bolivia); virraca (Bolivia) French: panéme; pomme de terre céleri Chinese: yalai jia li ya German: Arrakatascha
Local Common Names Bolivia: lacachu Brazil: batata baroa; batata-aipo; batata-cenoura; batata-fiusa; batata-fiúza; batata-jujuba; batata-suiça; batata- tupinambá; cenoura-amarela; mandioquinha; mandioquinha-salsa; pastinaca Chile: lacache Colombia: arocueche; guaud; huahué; pacucarrá; sacarracacha; yengó; zanahoria Cuba: afió Dominican Republic: afió; apio; paneme Ecuador: apio criollo; zanahoria; zanahoria blanca Peru: arrecate; huiasampilla; lacache; oqqe; racacha; ricacha; virraca; zanahoria blanca; zanahoria del país; zanahoria morada Puerto Rico: apio; apio tuberoso Venezuela: apio; apio criollo; aricachi; arrecare; kiu-titsí
EPPO code ABAXA (Arracacia xanthorrhiza) https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6973 3/21 28/11/2019 Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
Summary of Invasiveness Top of page
A. xanthorriza is a biennial to perennial herb, which is mainly reported from cultivation or as persistent in old fields and nearby areas. It is mostly confined to South American Andean regions and is a major commercial crop in Brazil. It is used by an estimated 30 million people in the Andes and 30 million people elsewhere, mainly in Brazil (Heywood, 2014 (datasheet\6973#14b8f8c7-e030-4e3b-8b78-471622ac672d)). It is not considered as an invasive species and wild populations are scarce (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)).
Outside of South America, it is reported as commercially cultivated in Puerto Rico and Costa Rica (Hodge, 1954 (datasheet\6973#01768968-0651-4bfe-b26b-39068e5c7a1f)). It is not reported as an invasive species in any of the places where is cultivated. It is listed as a species that has naturalised in Cuba with the tendency to spread in some localities (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012 (datasheet\6973#1af4ad79-dfe5-4198-8244-dd2a19ee446f)). Its introduction has been unsuccessful in some countries due to its photoperiod and temperature requirements, long growing cycle, its susceptibility to pests and diseases and the short shelf life of the roots (FAO, 2016 (datasheet\6973#aa499c76-3590-47d5-a4a0-77a181a5908f)).
Taxonomic Tree Top of page
Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Spermatophyta Subphylum: Angiospermae Class: Dicotyledonae Order: Apiales Family: Apiaceae Genus: Arracacia Species: Arracacia xanthorrhiza
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature Top of page
The Apiaceae, the family of the celery and the carrot, has about 300 genera and 2500–3000 species (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d); International Potato Center, 2016 (datasheet\6973#fd1f6277- f702-44f3-9668-1e928db6fb78)). Arracacia is a genus of about 30 species, extending from Mexico and Central America to South America, with A. xanthorrhiza being the only cultivated species (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78- b595-ea45368f316d)). Some of its common names, like racacha, virraca, lacache and arrecate have Andean origins (Kays and Dias, 1995 (datasheet\6973#b6f9c670-3859-4d35-af9b-88fc9b7e3cd3); Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842- 4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). Although the type for the species is from Jamaica; it is from a cultivated specimen, annotated to be of South American origin (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2016 (datasheet\6973#0354f9ec-3bd9-410e-85c7-30a0cd3550db)). The specific epithet xanthorrhiza comes from the Greek, meaning ‘yellow-rooted’, which refers to the yellowish varieties that are preferred in some countries (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)).
Some of the Arracacia species are regarded as not properly delimited, mainly due to the lack of appropriate herbarium material, some without reproductive structures or being at immature stages (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa- b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)).
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6973 4/21 28/11/2019 Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
Description Top of page
The following description is from Hermann (1997) (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d):
Plants stout, caulescent, 0.5–l.2 m tall, minutely squamulose and scaberulous, from a greatly swollen taproot. Leaves broadly ovate, l–3 cm long and broad, biternate or bipinnate, the leaflets ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 4–12 cm long, 1.5–6.5 cm broad, acuminate, mucronate-serrate and coarsely incised or lobed, squamulose or scaberulous. Petioles 8–45 cm long. Cauline leaves with narrow sheaths. Inflorescence a compound umbel; involucre lacking; rays 5–15, spreading-ascending, 1.5–4 cm long, scaberulous; involucel of 5–8 setaceous, entire bractlets 2–5 mm long. Pedicels 2–4 mm long; petals purple or greenish, oval; styles slender, the stylopodium depressed; carpophore 2–parted; fruit oblong, 10 mm long, 2–3 mm broad, constricted below apex, the ribs prominent, acute; vittae solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissure.
Plant Type Top of page
Biennial Broadleaved Herbaceous Perennial Vegetatively propagated
Distribution Top of page
A. xanthorrhiza is a biannual to perennial herb native to the Andes in South America, and has been cultivated for thousands of years (Heywood, 2014 (datasheet\6973#14b8f8c7-e030-4e3b-8b78-471622ac672d)). Wild populations are rare (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). It is mostly cultivated on a large scale in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Brazil (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)). It is also cultivated, but on a smaller scale, in Central America and the Caribbean (Heiser, 1965 (datasheet\6973#b9562ead-ae79-42d5-9123-d9182309a858); Kay, 1987 (datasheet\6973#f5b75edb-f431-4740-819f- 0f2b0aa30c37); Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). It is also reported from a few countries in Asia, Indonesia, Africa, North America, Europe and Oceania. The species is no longer present in some of the countries where it was introduced, and there is some uncertainty about its current presence in others (Hodge, 1954 (datasheet\6973#01768968-0651-4bfe-b26b-39068e5c7a1f)).
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6973 5/21 28/11/2019 Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
Distribution Table Top of page
The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Continent/Country/Region Distribution Last Origin First Invasive Reference Reported Reported
Asia
India (datasheet/108459) Absent, formerly Introduced Not Hermann, 1997 present invasive (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)
Sri Lanka Absent, formerly Introduced Not Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108485) present invasive (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)
Africa
Burundi Absent, formerly Introduced Not Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108374) present invasive (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)
Rwanda Absent, formerly Not Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108551) present invasive (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)
North America
Mexico Present Introduced Kay, 1987 (datasheet/108513) (datasheet\6973#f5b75e f431-4740-819f- 0f2b0aa30c37)
Central America and Caribbean
Costa Rica Present only in Introduced 1940 Not Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108402) captivity/cultivation invasive (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d); Missouri Botanical Garden, 2016
Cuba (datasheet/108405) Present Introduced Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d); Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012; New Y Botanical Garden, 2016
Dominican Republic Present Introduced Acevedo-Rodríguez and (datasheet/108414) Strong, 2012 (datasheet\6973#5820d4 9ef5-49fb-8460- b14fafe83298)
El Salvador Present Introduced Missouri Botanical Garde (datasheet/108571) 2016
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6973 6/21 28/11/2019 Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
Continent/Country/Region Distribution Last Origin First Invasive Reference Reported Reported
Guatemala Unconfirmed Introduced Not Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108445) record invasive (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d); Missouri Botanical Garden, 2016
Haiti (datasheet/108453) Present Introduced Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012 (datasheet\6973#5820d4 9ef5-49fb-8460- b14fafe83298)
Honduras Present only in Introduced Missouri Botanical Garde (datasheet/108451) captivity/cultivation 2016
Jamaica Present Introduced 1825 Missouri Botanical Garde (datasheet/108465) 2016
Panama Absent, formerly Introduced Not Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108530) present invasive (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)
Puerto Rico Present only in Introduced 1903 Not Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108541) captivity/cultivation invasive (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d); Acevedo- Rodríguez and Strong, 20 (datasheet\6973#5820d4 9ef5-49fb-8460- b14fafe83298); Missouri Botanical Garden, 2016
South America
Bolivia Present Native Missouri Botanical Garde (datasheet/108379) 2016
Brazil (datasheet/108381) Present only in Introduced Hermann, 1997 captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)
-Distrito Federal Present only in Orílio et al., 2017 captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#62d690 7a42-4fff-b824- f319baedb783)
-Espirito Santo Present only in Introduced Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108632) captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)
-Goias (datasheet/108634) Present only in Introduced Hermann, 1997 captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)
-Minas Gerais Present only in Introduced Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108636) captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)
-Parana Present only in Introduced Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108643) captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d) https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6973 7/21 28/11/2019 Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
Continent/Country/Region Distribution Last Origin First Invasive Reference Reported Reported
-Santa Catarina Present only in Introduced Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108649) captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)
-Sao Paulo Present only in Introduced Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108651) captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)
-Tocantins Present only in Introduced Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108652) captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)
Chile (datasheet/108396) Present only in Native Not Hermann, 1997 captivity/cultivation invasive (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)
Colombia Present only in Native Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108399) captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d); Missouri Botanical Garden, 2016
Ecuador Present only in Native Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108416) captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d); Missouri Botanical Garden, 2016
Peru (datasheet/108532) Present only in Native Hermann, 1997 captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d); Missouri Botanical Garden, 2016
Venezuela Present only in Introduced Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108601) captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#955d21 b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d); Missouri Botanical Garden, 2016
Europe
France Absent, formerly Introduced Not Hodge, 1954 (datasheet/108429) present invasive (datasheet\6973#017689 0651-4bfe-b26b- 39068e5c7a1f)
Switzerland Absent, formerly Introduced Not Hodge, 1954 (datasheet/108393) present invasive (datasheet\6973#017689 0651-4bfe-b26b- 39068e5c7a1f)
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6973 8/21 28/11/2019 Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
Continent/Country/Region Distribution Last Origin First Invasive Reference Reported Reported
UK (datasheet/108431) Absent, formerly Introduced Not Hodge, 1954 present invasive (datasheet\6973#017689 0651-4bfe-b26b- 39068e5c7a1f)
Oceania
New Zealand Present only in Introduced 1986 Fletcher and Fletcher, 200 (datasheet/108528) captivity/cultivation (datasheet\6973#7f4013 0169-483d-a76c- 300c62bfdb35)
History of Introduction and Spread Top of page
A. xanthorrhiza is a species from the Andes with a long history of cultivation by the highland Andean Indians, with plant remnants found in Peruvian tombs and depicted in Nasca pottery (Heiser, 1965 (datasheet\6973#b9562ead-ae79-42d5-9123- d9182309a858); Bruhns, 1981 (datasheet\6973#0ed8d496-22ba-4ea5-9090-3a231a1ad47b); Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). Its exact origin is debated, but wild types had been collected from Peru and Ecuador (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). It is noted as one of the four root crops grown in the Chuquimayo Valley of Peru in communications to the King of Spain in 1549 (Ugent et al., 1984 (datasheet\6973#d61fc305-64cb-473b-bd5b-61e6a1404310)). It is present in the Caribbean probably since the Spanish conquest and was introduced to Cuba by Haitian immigrants (Volpato et al., 2009 (datasheet\6973#d807797a-1815-400a- 83b4-d7c2be5f09c7); Hanelt and IPK, 2016 (datasheet\6973#2a4818e4-f033-4271-97d0-15a74482f5e7)). The species was apparently more widespread in the Caribbean, with the type from a cultivated plant in Jamaica (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). There are reports from Puerto Rico since the early 1900’s, where it is commercially cultivated on a smaller scale and can be found labelled as Apio in supermarkets (Hodge, 1954 (datasheet\6973#01768968-0651-4bfe-b26b-39068e5c7a1f); Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)).
A. xanthorrhiza was introduced to Brazil towards the end of the 1900’s, where it is grown commercially on a large scale (Hanelt and IPK, 2016 (datasheet\6973#2a4818e4-f033-4271-97d0-15a74482f5e7)). It is also reported as locally grown in some parts of Central America and Africa (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d); Hanelt and IPK, 2016 (datasheet\6973#2a4818e4-f033-4271-97d0-15a74482f5e7)). It was introduced in the late 1800’s into India and Sri Lanka by the British government, but although listed as present in those countries, its current status is not known (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). It was introduced to New Zealand in 1986 for its possible cultivation (Fletcher and Fletcher, 2001 (datasheet\6973#7f401356-0169-483d-a76c-300c62bfdb35)).
Several trials have been made to use the species as a crop in Europe, North America and Australia without success (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d); Hanelt and IPK, 2016 (datasheet\6973#2a4818e4-f033- 4271-97d0-15a74482f5e7)). There are reports of introductions in the mid 1800’s in Europe, but storage roots failed to develop (Hodge, 1954 (datasheet\6973#01768968-0651-4bfe-b26b-39068e5c7a1f)). It was introduced into the USA as a potential crop in 1825 without success as the species does not adapt well to temperate region conditions and is highly susceptible to nematode infestations (Hodge, 1954 (datasheet\6973#01768968-0651-4bfe-b26b-39068e5c7a1f); Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)).
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6973 9/21 28/11/2019 Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
Introductions Top of page
Introduced Introduced Year Reason Introduced Established in wild through References to from by Natural Continuous reproduction restocking
New Peru 1986 Crop production No No Fletcher and Fletcher Zealand (pathway cause) (2001) (datasheet/108067) (datasheet\6973#7f401 0169-483d-a76c- 300c62bfdb35)
Risk of Introduction Top of page
A. xanthorrhiza is a species with a low risk of introduction. It is mainly known from cultivation, with some wild populations known from the Andean highlands (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). It is only listed as a species that might become invasive in Cuba, without further details (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012 (datasheet\6973#1af4ad79-dfe5-4198-8244-dd2a19ee446f)). The species rarely reproduces by seeds, being vegetatively reproduced through its cormels (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). It has been tried as a crop in various countries in the past without success, mainly due to its specific environmental requirements and its susceptibility to pests and diseases in warmer tropical areas. It does not develop storage roots under warm tropical conditions or in temperate zones, so the introduction to those areas is unlikely (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa- b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d); Hanelt and IPK, 2016 (datasheet\6973#2a4818e4-f033-4271-97d0-15a74482f5e7)).
Habitat Top of page
A. xanthorrhiza natural habitat is not well known since the species is principally known from cultivation in tropical highlands (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). The species is believed to have its origins in the Andean tropical highlands, in “cloudy areas with a constant humidity” (FAO, 2016 (datasheet\6973#aa499c76-3590-47d5-a4a0- 77a181a5908f)). The reported wild populations occur along roadsides, disturbed sites or in “borders of natural vegetation” (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)).
Habitat List Top of page
Category Sub-Category Habitat Presence Status
Terrestrial
Terrestrial – Managed Cultivated / agricultural land Present, no further details Productive/non-natural
Disturbed areas Present, no further details Natural
Rail / roadsides Present, no further details Natural
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6973 10/21 28/11/2019 Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
Biology and Ecology Top of page
Development and Reproductive Biology The central rootstock is a swollen and compressed structure, and bears conical to cylindrical storage roots that each weigh 100 to 330 g. The rootstock also bears aerial stems or offshoots known as cormels which are segmented structures derived from stem tissue and have internodes, nodes and scars left from shed leaves. These may be used to propagate new plants. These offshoots bear 3–5 petiolate leaves and each will develop an inflorescence, a terminal umbel. Normally under cultivation flowering is rare but if allowed to flower the flowering period is 1–2 months long (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)).
The species seems to be a facultative outbreeder. Seeds are orthodox with a germination not higher than 30% (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). Seeds are seldom formed, as plants are usually harvested before the flowers are produced (Hodge, 1954 (datasheet\6973#01768968-0651-4bfe-b26b-39068e5c7a1f); Kay, 1987 (datasheet\6973#f5b75edb-f431-4740-819f-0f2b0aa30c37)). Seed set is impaired by high temperatures and anthers shrivel before they can shed pollen at those temperatures (Hodge, 1954 (datasheet\6973#01768968-0651-4bfe-b26b-39068e5c7a1f)).
Physiology and Phenology A. xanthorrhiza has slow growth and will take 10–16 months for the roots to be ready for harvesting (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). Short days and a moderate and evenly distributed rainfall of at least 600 mm are preferred for the storage roots to develop well (Kay, 1987 (datasheet\6973#f5b75edb-f431-4740-819f- 0f2b0aa30c37)). The application of phosphorus has been found to increase yields considerably, while heavy applications of nitrogen have an adverse effect (Heywood, 2014 (datasheet\6973#14b8f8c7-e030-4e3b-8b78-471622ac672d)).
The cultivated plants rarely flower due to the plants being harvested before flowering and because of the specific environmental conditions required. A combination of low temperatures, short days and drought periods are apparently needed to induce flowering. Flowering duration is 1–2 months (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)).
Environmental Requirements The species grows best in the tropical highlands, from 900 to 3300 m elevation, with an annual rainfall ranging from 600 to 5000 mm and mean temperatures of 15–20°C. It is not tolerant of frosts. The species will not develop the storage roots and will be affected by pests and diseases at higher frequencies in hot and wet environments. Plants thrive best when soil moisture is available throughout the cultivation period (Hodge, 1954 (datasheet\6973#01768968-0651-4bfe-b26b- 39068e5c7a1f); Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). Shading reduces the production of the storage roots (Barrella et al., 2011 (datasheet\6973#43892026-7ed3-4bf7-9285-e98130221980)). It grows in well-drained medium (loamy) soils with acid, neutral or alkaline pH (PFAF, 2016 (datasheet\6973#66416963-6b08-40fe-8938- d9b4672442f3)).
Climate Top of page
Climate Status Description Remark
Af - Tropical rainforest Preferred > 60mm precipitation per month climate
Aw - Tropical wet and dry Preferred < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total savanna climate annual precipitation{mm}/25])
Cw - Warm temperate Tolerated Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > climate with dry winter 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters)
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Latitude/Altitude Ranges Top of page
Latitude North (°N) Latitude South (°S) Altitude Lower (m) Altitude Upper (m)
19 -43 1500 3500
Air Temperature Top of page
Parameter Lower limit Upper limit
Mean annual temperature (ºC) 10 28
Rainfall Top of page
Parameter Lower limit Upper limit Description
Mean annual rainfall 600 1800 mm; lower/upper limits
Rainfall Regime Top of page
Summer Uniform
Soil Tolerances Top of page
Soil drainage free
Soil reaction acid alkaline neutral
Soil texture medium
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Notes on Natural Enemies Top of page
Many pests and diseases affect A. xanthorrhiza but they are usually controlled by crop rotations and management practices (Henz, 2002 (datasheet\6973#4cec87c8-ff77-4b27-bf5e-0bd09ac68453)). Some of the organisms reported affecting the species are: the bacteria Pectobacterium spp., Erwinia spp. and Xanthomonas campestris; the insects Tetranychus spp., Agrotis ipsilon, Conotrachelus cristatus, Epitrix spp., Systena sp., Papilio polyxenes, Automeris spp., Erythrogonia quadriguttata, Amastris simillima, Ellipes minuta, Ancognatha scarabeoides, Tetranychus spp. and several genera of the subfamily Melolonthinae of the Scarabaeidae; the fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Athelia rolfsii, Fusarium spp., Phoma sp., Rhizopus sp., Cercospora spp., Passalora depressa, Septoria apiicola, Gloeosporium sp., Ceratocystis fimbriata and Rhizoctonia sp.; the nematodes Meloidogyne sp. and Pratylenchus penetrans; and the oomycete Phytophthora palmivora (Lenys et al., 1984 (datasheet\6973#fe04919d-37cd-453e-a94f-9971a7fad6e6), Romeiro et al., 1988 (datasheet\6973#55010a0e-08d5-4bfa-90b1- 679265095a4c), Fornazier 1996 (datasheet\6973#a14b1375-d0e4-4351-a472-73c88c8b65a5), Rosa-Márquez et al., 2000 (datasheet\6973#f3e87db1-c3a9-4c5a-9ac1-e305ff8f0549), Henz et al., 2005 (datasheet\6973#0d6d03bf-49be-4b8a-a592- 801f6fe01a74), FAO, 2016 (datasheet\6973#aa499c76-3590-47d5-a4a0-77a181a5908f), Melo et al., 2016 (datasheet\6973#d2d511b7-8784-46f3-8fec-653629b3f5ec)).
Some viruses have been described for the species, their effects still not fully known: AVA (arracacha virus A), AVB (arracacha virus B), the potyvirus AP-1, the carlavirus AV-3 and PBRV/A (Kay, 1987 (datasheet\6973#f5b75edb-f431-4740-819f- 0f2b0aa30c37); Orílio et al., 2009 (datasheet\6973#cf687339-4951-4a2c-aa3c-cbeaaf299122)). Bidens mosaic virus was first reported on an arracacha crop in Brazil by Orílio et al. (2017) (datasheet\6973#62d69081-7a42-4fff-b824-f319baedb783).
Means of Movement and Dispersal Top of page
A. xanthorrhiza is a cultivated species from the Andean highlands. It has been successfully introduced by man to Brazil, where it is grown at a large commercial scale, and to a lesser extent in Costa Rica and Puerto Rico (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d); Kappelle et al., 2000 (datasheet\6973#59c3fd9a-75f5-4dd0-a9cf- b3d81b544b11)). Although there are reports of attempts of cultivation in other continents, most have been unsuccessful (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)).
Pathway Causes Top of page
Cause Notes Long Local References Distance
Crop production Commercial crop and a cash crop for local Yes Yes Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/108067) farmers, mainly in tropical highlands (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842- 4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)
Food Yes Yes Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/109033) (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842- 4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)
Forage Yes Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/109034) (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842- 4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)
Medicinal use With some local ethnobotanical and Yes Hermann, 1997 (datasheet/109047) veterinary uses. (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842- 4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)
Off-site preservation Preserved at various institutions, mainly in Yes Yes FAO, 2016 (datasheet/109050) South America. (datasheet\6973#aa499c76-3590- 47d5-a4a0-77a181a5908f)
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Pathway Vectors Top of page
Vector Notes Long Local References Distance
Germplasm Preserved at various institutions, including In Yes Yes FAO, 2016 (datasheet/109070) vitro propagation, mainly in South America. (datasheet\6973#aa499c76- 3590-47d5-a4a0- 77a181a5908f)
Risk and Impact Factors Top of page
Invasiveness Reproduces asexually
Uses Top of page
Economic Value A. xanthorrhiza is mainly cultivated commercially for its roots that are consumed boiled, pureed, roasted or fried (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). They are also eaten mashed and made into gnocchi. The leaves are eaten raw or cooked. It is used as a thickener for baby food formula, instant soups, in baking, and to prepare a mildly alcoholic beverage. It is a cash crop for thousands of families in South America, and cheaper to produce than potatoes (Vietmeyer, 1986 (datasheet\6973#018be358-5684-4017-89d6-173961a363ce)). The species is often intercropped with maize, beans, and coffee (Hodge, 1954 (datasheet\6973#01768968-0651-4bfe-b26b-39068e5c7a1f); Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d); International Potato Center, 2016 (datasheet\6973#fd1f6277- f702-44f3-9668-1e928db6fb78)). It is considered as a good source of minerals and vitamins (FAO, 2016 (datasheet\6973#aa499c76-3590-47d5-a4a0-77a181a5908f)). Crude starch granule size was determined to be 5.36–23.8 µm for arracacha and optimum cooking temperature was 89.1°C and cooking times were shorter than for potato (Bellido-Valencia et al., 2017 (datasheet\6973#14a83fe1-ed5e-423b-9271-4d616cea7372)). Experimental studies where cornflour was substituted with flour from roots and shoots produced biscuits that had increased fibre content, a darker colour and a harder texture. Calorific value was reduced (Gassi et al., 2016 (datasheet\6973#ed8aa2b0-0264-4416-b6a9-48b502bfebe4)).
The plant is also used as a fodder and to prepare animal meal (Hodge, 1954 (datasheet\6973#01768968-0651-4bfe-b26b- 39068e5c7a1f)). Much of Brazil's crop is processed into dried chips that are added to dehydrated soups.
The constraints to exploitation of this crop are that the roots are highly perishable, rotting within a few days after harvest and are very susceptible to mechanical damage (Henz, 2002 (datasheet\6973#4cec87c8-ff77-4b27-bf5e-0bd09ac68453)).
Social Benefit The medicinal uses reported for the species are: to induce post-partum placental elimination, in both humans and domestic animals, as a purgative and for breastfeeding pains (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595- ea45368f316d)).
Environmental Services The roots of A. xanthorrhiza might be effective in the phytoremediation of toxic nitro compounds (Pacheco et al., 2007 (datasheet\6973#765650c7-db3d-4351-a097-0fcb6b40d99a)).
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Uses List Top of page
Animal feed, fodder, forage Fodder/animal feed
Human food and beverage Beverage base Flour/starch Food additive Root crop Vegetable
Medicinal, pharmaceutical Traditional/folklore Veterinary
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions Top of page
The South American Arracacia species are not well defined, as some of the descriptions are poor due to lack of good herbarium specimens (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). Molecular and morphological studies show that A. xanthorrhiza and A. equatorialis are closely related (Blas et al., 2008 (datasheet\6973#c88b0b09-774c-464d-a250-8982dcc052b2)). These species are differentiated by the incisions of leaflets, and the shape and margin of involucel. The taxonomic differentiation among the wild Andean species is even more complicated as hybridization between the cultivated varieties and the wild populations occurs. A. incisa and A. xanthorrhiza are also morphologically similar (Hermann, 1997 (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d)). A. xanthorrhiza is widely distributed through Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador at elevations of 2000-4000 m; A. incisa is confined to the highlands of the central and southern regions of Peru.
Prevention and Control Top of page
Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
The herbicides halosulfuron, flazasulfuron, imazamox and bentazon have been reported to cause high toxicity and damage to A. xanthorrhiza when grown as a crop. Low and medium doses of linuron and oxadiazon, and low doses of ammonium- glufosinate, can be toxic in the early stages, but plants eventually recover (Freitas et al., 2004 (datasheet\6973#92665f79-5aa2- 45f9-a8ff-ae8b9bf7d96d)).
Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs Top of page
Hermann (1997) (datasheet\6973#955d21aa-b842-4a78-b595-ea45368f316d) reports the following research needs: the systematic relationships of the species to its closely related wild relatives; studies of the factors inducing flowering, research on the breeding system, seed conservation; how can the crop duration be reduced; and the improvement of the storage life of the root.
In terms of invasiveness, more information is needed to assess whether the species is invasive and has any effects on other species or habitats outside its cultivation.
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References Top of page
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Links to Websites Top of page
Website URL Comment
Food and Agriculture http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/gbase/data/pf000047.htm Organization (FAO) (http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/gbase/data/pf000047.htm)
Mansfeld’s World Database of http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de (http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de) Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
New York Botanical Garden http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/vh/ Database (http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/vh/)
Plants for a Future http://www.pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arracacia+xanthorrhiza (http://www.pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arracacia+xanthorrhiza)
The Barcode of Life Data http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_Home Systems (http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_Home)
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/6973 19/21 28/11/2019 Arracacia xanthorrhiza (arracacha)
Contributors Top of page
01/12/2016 Original text by:
Jeanine Vélez-Gavilán, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez
Distribution Maps Top of page
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Service (NRCS) CABI Invasive Species Data
Analyze by: Density Present, no further details
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