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Radioembolization for the Treatment of Unresectable Liver Cancer: Initial Experience at a Single Center

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Radioembolization for the Treatment of Unresectable Liver Cancer: Initial Experience at a Single Center Diagn Interv Radiol 2010; 16:70–78 INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY © Turkish Society of Radiology 2010 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Radioembolization for the treatment of unresectable liver cancer: initial experience at a single center Bora Peynircioğlu, Barbaros Çil, Fani Bozkurt, Ece Aydemir, Ömer Uğur, Ferhun Balkancı PURPOSE nresectable liver cancer from primary or metastatic cancer causes Radioembolization with yttrium-90 microsphere (Y-90) ther- significant suffering and eventual death in many patients world- apy with SIR-Spheres® (Sirtex Medical, Lane Cove, Australia) was approved by the Turkish Ministry of Health in April 2008. Uwide each year. Yttrium-90 microsphere (Y-90) therapy for he- In this study, we present the preliminary experience at a terti- patic tumors—so-called radioembolization—has been increasingly used ary care center with early follow-up results of Y-90 therapy, as in the last decade, although its first clinical trials date back to the early well as a review of the related literature. 1960s (1). Transarterial treatment of liver tumors has been performed MATERIALS AND METHODS for 30 years all over the world. Chemoembolization was first introduced Complete evaluation for radioembolization was performed in 10 patients (8 males, 2 females; mean age, 52.3 years) during in the late 1970s; today, transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a an 8-month period at a single center, of which 9 were actually widely accepted treatment technique for patients with uncontrolled treated with SIR-Spheres®. All patients underwent meticulous pre- and post-procedural imaging studies to document the hepatocellular cancer (HCC) or metastatic liver cancer primarily caused therapy response. by colo-rectal carcinoma. Radioembolization, a new form of transarte- RESULTS rial therapy involving infusion of radioactive microparticles, has shown In order to isolate the target hepatic arterial circulation, fol- promise for the treatment of patients with unresectable liver tumors (2– lowing branches were embolized as they were considered 7). The therapeutic advantage of the hepatic arterial approach is based as potential gastrointestinal shunts: the gastroduodenal artery (n = 5), right gastric artery (n = 1), and supraduode- on the unique dual vascular supply of the liver. It is known that hepatic nal artery (n = 1). Radioembolization therapy could not be tumors receive 80–100% of afferent blood exclusively from the hepatic performed only in one patient because of a hepatogastric artery (8). Radioembolization takes advantage of this to provide liver-di- shunt of unknown origin. No significant hepatopulmonary shunting was identified (maximum, 9% shunting). The rected transarterial therapy. There are two distinct aspects of the proce- body surface area method was used to calculate the Y-90 dure: the first being the injection of embolic particles (“embolization”) dose in all patients (mean dose, 1.24 GBq). All patients had at least partial response of the targeted liver lesions, as the vehicle and the second being the delivery and administration, via according to RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid this embolic vehicle, of radiation (“radio”). Tumors). The Y-90 microsphere therapy with SIR-Spheres® (Sirtex Medical, Lane CONCLUSION Cove, Australia) was approved by the Turkish Ministry of Health in April In comparison to chemoembolization, radioembolization has 2008. Since then, increasing numbers of patients are receiving this treat- less systemic toxicity and can be performed as an outpatient procedure, which makes it more attractive to both patients ment in an effort to control or stabilize liver involvement of several and physicians. From our limited experience, the radioem- different inoperable cancers. In this study, we present the preliminary bolization procedure is a promising first-line treatment in experience at a single center with early follow-up results of Y-90 therapy, unresectable liver cancer; randomized controlled multi-center studies, however, are needed. as well as the review of the related literature. Key words: • therapeutic embolizations • yttrium radioisotopes Materials and methods • liver neoplasms In this study, complete evaluation for radioembolization procedure was performed in 10 patients (8 males, 2 females; mean age, 52.3 years) who were selected to be treated with radioembolization using SIR- Spheres during an 8-month period between April 2008 and January 2009 at a tertiary care hospital. However, 9 out of 10 patients did receive the actual treatment. In one patient, the radioembolization procedure could not be performed due to a hepatogastric shunt of unknown origin. Liver diseases of all selected patients were inoperable primary or metastatic From the Departments of Radiology (B.P. borapeynir@gmail. com, B.Ç., E.A., F.Balkancı), and Nuclear Medicine (F.Bozkurt, liver malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 1), cholan- Ö.U.), Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. giocarcinoma (n = 3), colorectal carcinoma metastases (n = 1), pancreatic Received 24 February 2009; revision requested 5 April 2009; revision adenocarcinoma metastases (n = 1), gastric adenocarcinoma metastases received 6 April 2009; accepted 15 April 2009. (n = 1), neuroendocrine tumor metastases (n = 1), breast cancer metas- tases (n = 1), and metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown origin (n = Published online 16 February 2010 DOI 10.4261/1305-3825.DIR.2693-09.1 1). All patients had undergone other treatments of liver disease prior to 70 radioembolization, including different zation; the only concern is the risk of Once hepatic arterial anatomy is chemotherapy regimens and surgical radiation exposure of the surgery team well documented, selective arteriogra- resection. Initial hepatic arteriography during the transplantation, which can phy is performed in the expected loca- with/without visceral artery emboliza- be significantly reduced by waiting at tion of the Y-90 treatment. To avoid tion and Technetium-99m-macroaggre- least a month for the surgery after the catheter/wire induced vasospasm that gated albumin (Tc-99m-MAA) infusion last radioembolization session. There may preclude optimal evaluation or prior to Y-90 treatment was performed was no transplant candidate patient treatment, microcatheter injections in all patients primarily for isolation of in our study group. For SIR-Spheres are recommended, particularly if the the hepatic artery circulation and to which were used in all patients in this vessels are small in caliber or demon- prevent extrahepatic shunting to the study, infusion is limited by the lung strate significant tortuosity. Following lungs and gastrointestinal tract. SIR- shunt fraction (contraindicated above the positioning of the catheter at the Spheres treatment was used in all pa- 20% shunting). Activity of SIR-Spheres desired location, the presence of lung tients; the TheraSphere (MDS Nordion, infused is adjusted based on tumor vol- shunting through the tumor must be Ottawa, Canada) is not yet available ume and lung shunt fraction (11). For determined. The lung-shunt fraction in our country. All patients had F-18 TheraSphere, which is not available in is calculated as the fraction of Tc-99m- fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission our country yet, the limitation of what MAA observed in the lungs relative tomography-computed tomography can be administered to the lungs is to the total Tc-99m-MAA activity ob- (FDG-PET-CT) and dynamic CT scans based on cumulative dose, irrespective served, and can be determined by in- before and after Y-90 therapy to deter- of lung shunt (12). fusing 5 mCi of Tc-99m labeled MAA mine the cross-sectional and metabolic particles through the catheter (Fig. 1). responses to the treatments. Initial angiographic evaluation MAA particles range in size from 10 to An initial angiographic evaluation is 60 nm, with a mean diameter of 35 Patient selection a routine practice once a patient has nm. The Tc-99m-MAA scan is also use- In general, patient selection criteria been selected as a candidate for radi- ful to demonstrate the presence of any for radioembolization are very similar oembolization. The hepatic arterial gastrointestinal flow. As we did, it is to those for chemoembolization (9). anatomy is to be evaluated primarily recommended that MAA injection be Adequate coagulation parameters and to identify the anatomic variants, and performed after all vessels of concern non-compromised pulmonary func- isolate the hepatic circulation by oc- have been embolized. The so-called tions to undergo arterial catheteriza- cluding extrahepatic vessels (13). The single photon emission computed to- tion and selective visceral catheteriza- technique includes standard visceral mography (SPECT-CT) fusion images, tion, and adequate liver function as angiography using a 4 or 5 French the fusion of the images of SPECT after in chemoembolization were sought diagnostic catheter. Following an ab- the infusion of the Tc-99m-MAA with in all patients. Pre-procedural intrave- dominal aortogram, a superior me- the diagnostic CT images, allow us to nous hydration with N-acetyl cysteine senteric artery injection is performed better localize any suspicious foci of ac- was administered in patients with im- to assess for the presence of accessory tivity (Fig. 2). The shunting evaluation paired renal function (10). Adequate or replaced hepatic arteries arising allows the physician to minimize any liver function in primary liver tumors from the superior mesenteric artery. uncertainty in microsphere distribu-
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